Laura Robinson: The secrets I find on the mysterious ocean floor
Laura Robinson: Os segredos que descubro no misterioso fundo marinho
Dr. Laura Robinson's scientific mission is to document and understand the processes that govern climate. Full bio
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of the ocean today.
of the ocean in the past.
of deepwater corals.
de corais de águas profundas.
of these corals behind me.
de um destes corais atrás de mim.
thousands of meters below the sea,
milhares de metros abaixo do nível do mar,
do tipo de corais
than the kinds of corals
if you've had a tropical holiday.
de férias para um destino tropical.
a quatro dimensões.
beautiful two-dimensional image
como esta bela imagem bidimensional
so it's got tremendous spatial resolution.
por isso, tem imensa resolução espacial.
extremamente fáceis de compreender.
easy to understand.
because there's more sunlight.
porque há mais luz do sol.
porque há menos luz do sol.
because there's less sunlight.
grandes calotes de gelo na Antárctida
to build up on Antarctica
ou mesmo se molharmos os dedos dos pés,
or even put your toes in the sea,
à medida que descemos,
that fill the abyss of the ocean
que enchem as zonas abissais do oceano
where the waters are dense.
nas quais as águas são densas.
20,000 years ago,
of one of the major differences
de uma das principais diferenças
if you went back that long.
and they extended out over the ocean.
e estendiam-se sobre o oceano.
much lower than they are today.
eram muito mais baixos do que hoje.
to five degrees colder overall,
três a cinco graus mais fria no geral,
in the polar regions.
nas regiões polares.
are trying to understand,
estão a tentar perceber,
cold climate condition
de um clima frio
que temos hoje.
that we enjoy today.
de amostras de gelo
cold conditions to warm conditions
para situações quentes
from the slow increase in solar radiation.
por um aumento lento na radiação solar.
de gelo porque, se perfurarmos o gelo,
because if you drill down into ice,
and you can see this in the iceberg.
e podemos ver isso no icebergue.
de gelo e podemos medir o CO2
so we can measure CO2 --
era menor no passado.
was lower in the past --
also tells us about temperature
como era a temperatura
from 20,000 years ago to the modern day,
para os dias de hoje,
o oceano tem muito a ver com isto.
has a lot to do with this.
enormes quantidades de carbono,
do que está presente na atmosfera.
than is in the atmosphere.
across the equator,
ao longo do Equador,
and it controls primary productivity.
e controla a produtividade primária.
o que se passa no oceano profundo,
what's going on down in the deep sea,
coming from a seamount
de uma montanha submarina
em águas internacionais
in international waters
to see this bit of the seafloor,
a ver este pedaço do fundo marinho,
a minha equipa de investigação.
and do some very intense taxonomy.
e fazer uma taxonomia muito intensa.
growing on these corals.
like tentacles coming out of corals.
a sair dos corais.
formas de carbonato de cálcio
of calcium carbonate
massive undersea mountain,
nesta enorme montanha submarina.
those are fossilized corals,
são corais fossilizados,
a little more about those
um pouco mais sobre eles
um navio de investigação.
to charter a research boat.
an ocean-class research vessel
um navio oceanográfico
pés de marinheiro.
a little more like this.
que não perdemos amostras preciosas.
that we don't lose precious samples.
de um lado para o outro e eu enjoo imenso,
and I get terribly seasick,
but overall it is.
mas no geral é.
muito bons cartógrafos para fazer isto.
a really good mapper to do this.
coral abundance everywhere.
espectacular de corais em todo o lado.
mesmo os sítios certos.
the right places.
and overlaid was our cruise passage
e tinha sobreposto o nosso percurso
os nossos próprios mapas
of the seafloor in seven weeks,
de fundo marinho em sete semanas,
of the seafloor.
do fundo marinho.
look featureless on a big-scale map,
nada a assinalar num mapa a grande escala,
are as big as Everest.
são tão altas quanto o Everest.
de cerca de 100 metros,
para lançar o equipamento,
to deploy our equipment,
remotely-operated vehicles
de enviar veículos não tripulados
acima do fundo marinho.
that are one-meter resolution
com resolução de um metro
na parte de cima.
of big lights on the top.
manipulator arms,
braços de manipulação,
to put your samples.
para pôr as nossas amostras.
of this particular cruise,
mergulho desta expedição em particular,
para garantir que os ROV
the remotely operated vehicles
por nenhuns outros navios.
à escala de um metro.
it's a small sea slug, basically.
basicamente é uma lesma-do-mar pequena.
está acelerada,
you is speeded up,
foi uma grande surpresa.
coming up was a big surprise.
e surpreendeu-nos a todos.
and it took us all a bit surprised.
e já estávamos bem rápidos no gatilho,
and we were all a bit trigger-happy,
gigante começou a rolar ali ao lado.
sea monster started rolling past.
ou um tunicado colonial, se quiserem.
or colonial tunicate, if you like.
deep sea corals.
corais do oceano profundo.
of one in a moment.
tem uns cinco centímetros de altura.
so you can see its tentacles there,
e podem ver os tentáculos aqui,
for about a hundred years.
vive provavelmente uns cem anos.
chemicals from the ocean.
substâncias químicas do oceano.
ou a quantidade de substâncias,
or the amount of chemicals,
it depends on the pH,
dependem do pH,
these chemicals get into the skeleton,
como são incorporadas no esqueleto,
collect fossil specimens,
colher exemplares fósseis,
used to look like in the past.
do oceano no passado.
that coral with a vacuum system,
este coral com um sistema de vácuo,
devo acrescentar.
carefully, I should add.
vivem até mais tempo.
uma imagem captada pelo meu colega,
an image taken by my colleague,
meters below Hawaii.
de profundidade no Havai.
of these corals and polish it up,
de um destes corais e o polirmos,
de 100 micrómetros de diâmetro.
ao longo deste coral
across this coral --
that these are actual annual bands,
estas são bandas anuais,
de profundidade,
as alterações sazonais,
us back to our last glacial maximum.
nos levar ao nosso último máximo glaciar.
junto da minha equipa de investigação.
with my research team.
there are swimming holothurians,
to these dead fossil areas
até estas áreas de fósseis mortos
around on the seafloor.
a revolver o fundo marinho.
bring them back, we sort them out.
trazemo-los, identificamo-los.
tem uma idade diferente,
quantos anos têm
those chemical signals,
medir estes sinais químicos,
in the ocean in the past.
polished it very carefully
poli-o com muito cuidado
put it in a nuclear reactor,
pu-lo num reactor nuclear,
a distribuição do urânio.
de fama muito duvidosa,
a descobrir as taxas e as datas
about the rates and dates
when we're thinking about climate.
quando estamos a pensar no clima.
para analisar o urânio
thorium, in these corals,
o tório, nestes corais,
qual a idade dos fósseis.
how old the fossils are.
do Oceano Antárctico,
of the Southern Ocean
how we're using these corals
como estamos a usar estes corais
do oceano antigo.
ocean feedbacks.
of the surface water
the Southern Ocean is.
como o Oceano Antárctico é dinâmico.
particularly the Drake Passage,
sobretudo no Estreito de Drake,
currents in the world
mais fortes do mundo
indo de oeste para leste.
flowing from west to east.
estas enormes montanhas submarinas,
great big undersea mountains,
with the atmosphere in and out.
de CO2 e de calor com a atmosfera.
through the Southern Ocean.
a respirar através do Oceano Antárctico.
para trás e para a frente,
across this Antarctic passage,
com a minha datação com urânio:
from my uranium dating:
to the interglacial.
do glacial para o interglacial.
com as fontes de alimento
to do with the food source
sobre o clima
we've found about climate
do Oceano Antárctico.
We collected little fossil corals.
que fizemos dos corais,
we've made in the corals,
era muito rica em carbono
was very rich in carbon,
estagnada na parte superior.
layer sitting on top.
coming out of the ocean.
saia do oceano.
that are of an intermediate age,
de idade intermédia,
partway through that climate transition.
do oceano ao longo da transição climática.
out of the deep ocean.
saia do oceano profundo.
closer to the modern day,
mais próximos dos dias de hoje,
where carbon can exchange in and out.
na qual pode haver trocas de carbono.
we can use fossil corals
sobre o ambiente.
with this last slide.
com esta última imagem.
piece of footage that I showed you.
da primeira filmagem que vos mostrei.
to find things this beautiful.
encontrar coisas tão bonitas.
to appreciate the fossil corals
para apreciarem os corais fósseis
de sobrevoar o oceano,
to fly over the ocean
sea mountains down there
maciças ali em baixo
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Laura Robinson - Ocean scientistDr. Laura Robinson's scientific mission is to document and understand the processes that govern climate.
Why you should listen
Dr. Laura Robinson's research the processes that govern climate on time scales ranging from the modern day back through hundreds of thousands of years. To do this research, Robinson uses geochemical techniques, with an emphasis on radioactive elements including uranium series isotopes and radiocarbon. These elements are particularly valuable as they have a wide range of decay rates and geochemical properties and can be analyzed in geologic materials such as corals, marine sediments and seawater.
Through a combination of field work and lab work, Robinson has been tackling questions relating to: timing of Pleistocene climate change events; palaeoclimate reconstructions; deep-sea coral paleo-biogeography; impact of weathering on the ocean and climate; biomineralization; development of new geochemical proxies for past climate conditions; chemical tracers of ocean circulation.
Robinson describes the inspiration behind her work:
“When I finished my PhD, I moved to California to work with Professor Jess Adkins at Caltech on a project using deep-sea corals. Before that time, like many people, I did not know that corals lived in the deep ocean. The first thing I did was prepare for a research cruise to the North Atlantic. We took the research submarine 'Alvin' out to undersea mountains and were able to collect fossil corals from the seafloor. The start of my work in the Southern Ocean came from analysis of a single coral specimen from the Smithsonian Natural History Museum in Washington DC. They loaned us the sample, and we found that it was about 16,000 years old, just right for looking at the middle of the last global deglaciation. Being able to access and work on these specimens is a fantastic way of starting a science project. We published a paper on that sample, and then, together with a coral biologist, I wrote a proposal to fund specific expeditions to the Southern Ocean, and to the Equatorial Atlantic to gain a wider view of how the Atlantic Ocean behaved during major climate transitions.
I love the research as it combines field work, lab work and collaborations with all kinds of people including scientists, engineers as well as the ships' crews. In terms of scientists, I work with biologists, oceanographers, chemists, geologists, habitat specialists and a whole range of people who have technical expertise across these fields.”
Learn more about Robinson's current expidition in the Southern Ocean.
Laura Robinson | Speaker | TED.com