TED2013
John McWhorter: Txtng is killing language. JK!!!
John McWhorter: Smskovanie zabíja jazyk. Len žartujem!!!
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Zhoršuje smskovanie dobrý písomný prejav? John McWhorter predpokladá, že smsky majú väčší jazykový a kultúrny význam, ako sa môže zdať. A to sú len dobré správy.
John McWhorter - Linguist
Linguist John McWhorter thinks about language in relation to race, politics and our shared cultural history. Full bio
Linguist John McWhorter thinks about language in relation to race, politics and our shared cultural history. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
We always hear that texting is a scourge.
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Často počujeme ako smskovanie ničí jazyk.
00:15
The idea is that texting spells the decline and fall
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Považuje ho za akúsi predzvesť úpadku a zániku
00:20
of any kind of serious literacy, or at least writing ability,
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nielen schopnosti písať, ale aj gramotnosti
00:23
among young people in the United States
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mladých ľudí v USA,
00:26
and now the whole world today.
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ako aj po celom svete.
00:28
The fact of the matter is that it just isn't true,
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Ľahko si možno myslieť,
že tomu tak naozaj je.
že tomu tak naozaj je.
00:32
and it's easy to think that it is true,
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Pravda je však inde.
00:34
but in order to see it in another way,
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No aby sme mohli smkovanie vidieť z iného uhla,
00:36
in order to see that actually texting is a miraculous thing,
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vidieť, že ide o podivuhodný fenomén,
00:40
not just energetic, but a miraculous thing,
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nie len silný, ale naozaj podivuhodný fenomén,
00:43
a kind of emergent complexity
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ktorého komplexnosť sa dostáva na povrch
00:44
that we're seeing happening right now,
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a ktorého sme práve svedkami,
00:47
we have to pull the camera back for a bit
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musíme sa naň pozrieť s odstupom
00:49
and look at what language really is,
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a zistiť, čo vlastne jazyk je.
00:52
in which case, one thing that we see
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Až vtedy uvidíme, že smskovanie
00:55
is that texting is not writing at all.
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nie je ani zďaleka písaním, ako ho poznáme.
00:59
What do I mean by that?
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Čo tým myslím?
01:01
Basically, if we think about language,
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V podstate, ak sa pozrieme na jazyk,
01:04
language has existed for perhaps 150,000 years,
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existuje možno ak nie 150 000,
01:07
at least 80,000 years,
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tak aspoň 80 000 rokov.
01:09
and what it arose as is speech. People talked.
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Vznikol z hovoreného slova. Ľudia rozprávali.
01:14
That's what we're probably genetically specified for.
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Pravdepodobne sme na rozprávanie geneticky predurčení.
01:17
That's how we use language most.
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Práve takýmto spôsobom jazyk využívame najviac.
01:19
Writing is something that came along much later,
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Jeho písaná podoba sa objavila oveľa neskôr
01:22
and as we saw in the last talk,
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a pri poslednom prejave sme videli,
01:24
there's a little bit of controversy as to exactly when that happened,
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že polemika, kedy sa to stalo, ešte stále pretrváva.
01:27
but according to traditional estimates,
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Podľa tradičných odhadov,
01:29
if humanity had existed for 24 hours,
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ak by ľudstvo existovalo 24 hodín,
01:33
then writing only came along at about 11:07 p.m.
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písmo by sa objavilo až o 23:07.
01:38
That's how much of a latterly thing writing is.
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Písmo sa objavilo oveľa neskôr.
01:42
So first there's speech, and then writing comes along
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Na začiatku bola reč a až potom prišlo písmo
01:45
as a kind of artifice.
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ako akýsi vynález.
01:47
Now don't get me wrong, writing has certain advantages.
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Nechápte ma zle, písanie má svoje výhody.
01:51
When you write, because it's a conscious process,
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Pri písaní ako vedomom procese,
01:53
because you can look backwards,
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kde sa môžete vrátiť späť,
01:56
you can do things with language that are much less likely
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sa s jazykom dajú robiť také veci, ktoré by ste asi
01:58
if you're just talking.
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pri hovorenej reči nerobili.
02:01
For example, imagine a passage from Edward Gibbon's
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Napríklad, zoberme si úryvok z Gibbonoveho diela
02:05
"The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire:"
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„Úpadok a zánik Rímskej ríše."
02:09
"The whole engagement lasted above twelve hours,
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„Ozbrojený konflikt trval viac ako 12 hodín,
02:12
till the graduate retreat of the Persians was changed
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pokým sa postupný ústup Peržanov nezvrátil
02:14
into a disorderly flight, of which the shameful example
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na rozvášnený boj, v ktorom nám
02:17
was given by the principal leaders and the Surenas himself."
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dali velitelia i samotný rod Surenovcov, hanebný príklad."
02:20
That's beautiful, but let's face it, nobody talks that way.
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To je krásna veta, no priznajme si. Nikto tak nehovorí.
02:24
Or at least, they shouldn't if they're interested
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Alebo by tak ani nemal hovoriť, ak by jedného dňa chcel
02:28
in reproducing. That --
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mať potomkov.
02:31
(Laughter)
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(Smiech)
02:33
is not the way any human being speaks casually.
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Ani jedna ľudská bytosť takto prirodzene nehovorí.
02:36
Casual speech is something quite different.
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Prirodzená reč má od tohto dosť ďaleko.
02:39
Linguists have actually shown
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Jazykovedci dokázali,
02:41
that when we're speaking casually in an unmonitored way,
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že pri prirodzenej a nekontrolovanej reči
02:43
we tend to speak in word packets of maybe
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rozprávame skôr v zhlukoch slov,
02:46
seven to 10 words.
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ktoré majú 7 až 10 slov.
02:48
You'll notice this if you ever have occasion to record
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Všimnite si to, ak budete mať možnosť nahrať sa
02:51
yourself or a group of people talking.
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pri rozhovore so skupinkou ľudí.
02:54
That's what speech is like.
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Takáto je reč.
02:55
Speech is much looser. It's much more telegraphic.
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Reč je oveľa voľnejšia. Oveľa stručnejšia.
02:59
It's much less reflective -- very different from writing.
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Je menej hĺbavá - na rozdiel od písania.
03:03
So we naturally tend to think, because we see language
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Je úplne normálne myslieť si, že jazyk je práve taký,
03:06
written so often, that that's what language is,
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pretože ho často vidíme v takej forme.
03:08
but actually what language is, is speech. They are two things.
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V skutočnosti jazykom je reč. Sú to dve rozdielne veci.
03:12
Now of course, as history has gone by,
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Ako čas plynul, bolo prirodzené,
03:16
it's been natural for there to be a certain amount of bleed
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že sa hranica medzi rečou a písaním
03:18
between speech and writing.
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prelínala.
03:21
So, for example, in a distant era now,
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Napríklad v minulosti
03:26
it was common when one gave a speech
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bolo bežné, že sa prejavy prednášali tak,
03:29
to basically talk like writing.
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ako sa aj písali.
03:32
So I mean the kind of speech that you see someone giving
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Ako keď v starom filme niekto prednáša prejav,
03:34
in an old movie where they clear their throat, and they go,
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odkašle si a povie:
03:37
"Ahem, ladies and gentlemen," and then they speak
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„Ehm, dámi a páni," a začne rozprávať spôsobom,
03:39
in a certain way which has nothing to do with casual speech.
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ktorý nemá nič spoločné s prirodzeným prejavom.
03:43
It's formal. It uses long sentences like this Gibbon one.
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Hovorí formálne. Používa dlhé vety ako z úryvku od Gibbona.
03:46
It's basically talking like you write, and so, for example,
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V podstate sa rozpráva, ako sa píše.
03:50
we're thinking so much these days about Lincoln
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V poslednom čase uvažujeme nad Lincolnom viac,
03:52
because of the movie.
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pretože jeho život bol nedávno sfilmovaný.
03:55
The Gettysburg Address was not the main meal of that event.
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Gettysburgský príhovor nebol hlavným chodom udalosti.
03:58
For two hours before that, Edward Everett spoke
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Dve hodiny predtým Edward Everett prednášal
04:02
on a topic that, frankly, cannot engage us today
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na tému, ktorá nás v súčasnosti pravdupovediac zaujať nedokáže
04:05
and barely did then.
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a sotva by zaujala vtedy.
04:06
The point of it was to listen to him
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Chceli sme si vypočuť, ako sa jeho príhovor
04:09
speaking like writing.
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podobá na písanú reč.
04:10
Ordinary people stood and listened to that for two hours.
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Stáli tam obyčajní ľudia a počúvali ho dve hodiny.
04:13
It was perfectly natural.
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Bolo to úplne prirodzené.
04:14
That's what people did then, speaking like writing.
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Ľudia v minulosti hovorili ako písali.
04:17
Well, if you can speak like writing,
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Vlastne ak dokážete hovoriť ako píšete,
04:19
then logically it follows that you might want to also
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potom z toho logicky vyplýva, že niekedy sa vám môže
04:23
sometimes write like you speak.
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zachcieť písať ako hovoríte.
04:26
The problem was just that in the material,
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Problémom bolo, že z materiálneho a
04:28
mechanical sense, that was harder back in the day
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mechanického hľadiska to bolo v tom čase ťažšie,
04:31
for the simple reason that materials don't lend themselves to it.
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a to z prostého dôvodu, nedostatku potrebného materiálu.
04:34
It's almost impossible to do that with your hand
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Je takmer nemožné zapísať to všetko rukou,
04:37
except in shorthand, and then communication is limited.
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iba ak rýchlopisom. Vtedy je komunikácia obmedzená.
04:40
On a manual typewriter it was very difficult,
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Na písacom stroji to nešlo veľmi ľahko,
04:42
and even when we had electric typewriters,
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dokonca ani na elektrickom,
04:45
or then computer keyboards, the fact is
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a ani na klávesnici. Skutočnosť je taká,
04:47
that even if you can type easily enough to keep up
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že aj keď dokážete písať s ľahkosťou a viacmenej
04:49
with the pace of speech, more or less, you have to have
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udržiavate tempo s prejavom, prijímateľ
04:52
somebody who can receive your message quickly.
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musí správu zvládnuť rýchlo prijať.
04:54
Once you have things in your pocket that can receive that message,
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Keď už máte vo vrecku vecičku, ktorá dokáže prijímať správy,
04:58
then you have the conditions that allow
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máte aj podmienky, ktoré vám umožňujú
05:00
that we can write like we speak.
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písať ako hovoríte.
05:04
And that's where texting comes in.
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A tu na scénu prichádza smskovanie.
05:07
And so, texting is very loose in its structure.
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Štruktúra smsiek je veľmi voľná.
05:11
No one thinks about capital letters or punctuation when one texts,
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Pri písaní nemyslíme na veľké písmená či interpunkciu.
05:15
but then again, do you think about those things when you talk?
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No ale rozmýšľate nad tými vecami, keď rozprávate?
05:17
No, and so therefore why would you when you were texting?
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Nie. A prečo by ste to mali robiť pri smskovaní?
05:21
What texting is, despite the fact that it involves
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Smskovanie napriek tomu, že pozostáva
05:24
the brute mechanics of something that we call writing,
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zo základného mechanizmu tzv. písania,
05:27
is fingered speech. That's what texting is.
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je reč prstov. Presne to smskovanie je.
05:30
Now we can write the way we talk.
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Teraz už môžeme písať, ako hovoríme.
05:34
And it's a very interesting thing, but nevertheless
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Je to zaujímavé, no napriek tomu
05:36
easy to think that still it represents some sort of decline.
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je ľahké vidieť v ňom istý druh úpadku.
05:41
We see this general bagginess of the structure,
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Vidíme, že štruktúre vo všeobecnosti chýba forma,
05:45
the lack of concern with rules and the way that we're used to
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nerobí si starosti s pravidlami, a ani so spôsobom,
05:48
learning on the blackboard, and so we think
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ktorým sme sa v škole učili, a preto sa nám zdá,
05:50
that something has gone wrong.
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že niekde sa stala chyba.
05:53
It's a very natural sense.
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Je to prirodzený pocit.
05:56
But the fact of the matter is that what is going on
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No v skutočnosti vzniká
06:00
is a kind of emergent complexity.
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typ komplexného systému.
06:04
That's what we're seeing in this fingered speech.
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Vidíme ho práve v reči prstov.
06:07
And in order to understand it, what we want to see
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A aby sme jej porozumeli, musíme vidieť
06:10
is the way, in this new kind of language,
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spôsob, tohto nového druhu jazyka,
06:15
there is new structure coming up.
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vznik novej štruktúry.
06:18
And so, for example, there is in texting a convention,
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Pri smskovaní často používame slovíčko
06:24
which is LOL.
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„LOL."
06:27
Now LOL, we generally think of
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Vo všeobecnosti LOL znamená
06:29
as meaning "laughing out loud."
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„nahlas sa smejem."
06:32
And of course, theoretically, it does,
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Teoreticky to aj doslovne znamená,
06:34
and if you look at older texts, then people used it
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no ak sa pozriete na staršie správy, ľudia to napísali,
06:37
to actually indicate laughing out loud.
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lebo sa aj v skutočnosti nahlas zasmiali.
06:39
But if you text now, or if you are someone who
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Ak to napíšete teraz a prijímateľ
06:43
is aware of the substrate of texting the way it's become,
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rozumie smskám tak, ako sa vyvíjali,
06:47
you'll notice that LOL
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všimnete si, že LOL
06:48
does not mean laughing out loud anymore.
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už viac neznamená nahlas sa smiať.
06:51
It's evolved into something that is much subtler.
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Význam skratky zoslabol.
06:54
This is an actual text that was done
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Máme tu jednu reálnu správu,
06:58
by a non-male person of about 20 years old
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ktorú nedávno napísalo dievča
07:02
not too long ago.
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okolo dvadsiatky.
07:03
"I love the font you're using, btw."
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„btw, pouzivas uzasny font.“
07:06
Julie: "lol thanks gmail is being slow right now"
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Julie: „lol diky, gmail mi ide dost pomaly.“
07:10
Now if you think about it, that's not funny.
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Keď sa nad tým zamyslíte, nie je to práve najvtipnejšie.
07:12
No one's laughing. (Laughter)
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Nikto sa nesmeje. (Smiech)
07:15
And yet, there it is, so you assume
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Až teraz, asi predpokladáte,
07:16
there's been some kind of hiccup.
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že je v tom nejaký ten háčik.
07:18
Then Susan says "lol, I know,"
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A Susan odpovedá, „lol, viem,“
07:20
again more guffawing than we're used to
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a zase sa rehoce viac ako zvyčajne,
07:22
when you're talking about these inconveniences.
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keď rozprávame o takýchto problémoch.
07:25
So Julie says, "I just sent you an email."
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Julie jej odpovedá, „prave som ti poslala email.“
07:28
Susan: "lol, I see it."
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Susan: „lol, uz ho vidim.“
07:30
Very funny people, if that's what LOL means.
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Naozaj zábavní ľudia, ak LOL znamená to, čo predtým.
07:33
This Julie says, "So what's up?"
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Julie hovorí, „tak co mas nove?“
07:35
Susan: "lol, I have to write a 10 page paper."
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Susan: „lol, musim napisat 10 stranovu pracu.“
07:38
She's not amused. Let's think about it.
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Nebaví sa veľmi. Pozrime sa na to.
07:40
LOL is being used in a very particular way.
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LOL sa používa v špecifických situáciach.
07:43
It's a marker of empathy. It's a marker of accommodation.
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Je ukazovateľom empatie. Ukazovateľom kompromisu.
07:47
We linguists call things like that pragmatic particles.
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My jazykovedci nazývame také slovíčka pragmatickými časticami.
07:50
Any spoken language that's used by real people has them.
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Nájdeme ich v každej hovorovej reči.
07:54
If you happen to speak Japanese, think about
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Ak náhodou hovoríte po japonsky, zamyslite sa
07:55
that little word "ne" that you use at the end of a lot of sentences.
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nad slovíčkom „ne“, ktoré sa používa na konci viet.
07:59
If you listen to the way black youth today speak,
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Ak sa započúvate do rozhovorov mladých černochov,
08:01
think about the use of the word "yo."
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zamyslite sa nad použitím slova „jou.“
08:03
Whole dissertations could be written about it,
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Dali by sa o ňom napísať dizertačné práce
08:05
and probably are being written about it.
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a pravdepodobne ich aj niekto práve píše.
08:07
A pragmatic particle, that's what LOL has gradually become.
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Z LOL sa postupne stala pragmatická častica.
08:11
It's a way of using the language between actual people.
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Skutoční ľudia používajú jazyk presne takto.
08:15
Another example is "slash."
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Ďalším príkladom je slovo „slash“ - lomeno.
08:18
Now, we can use slash in the way that we're used to,
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Slash používame rovnako, ako sme zvyknutí,
08:21
along the lines of, "We're going to have
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„Budeme mať oslavu slash
08:23
a party-slash-networking session."
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pracovné stretnutie.“
08:26
That's kind of like what we're at.
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Na takom niečom práve pracujeme.
08:28
Slash is used in a very different way
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V súčasnosti sa slash používa pri smskovaní
08:32
in texting among young people today.
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medzi mladými úplne inač.
08:35
It's used to change the scene.
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Mení sa ním téma rozhovoru.
08:37
So for example, this Sally person says,
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Napríklad, ak tá Sally povie:
08:40
"So I need to find people to chill with"
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„Musim si najst kamosov do partie,“
08:41
and Jake says, "Haha" --
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a Jake jej odpovie, „Haha“ -
08:43
you could write a dissertation about "Haha" too, but we don't have time for that —
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o slove haha by sa tiež dala napísať aj dizertačka, no na to teraz nemáme čas -
08:46
"Haha so you're going by yourself? Why?"
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„Haha tak pojdes sama? Preco?“
08:48
Sally: "For this summer program at NYU."
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Sally: „Kvoli tomu letnemu kurzu na NYU.“
08:51
Jake: "Haha. Slash I'm watching this video with suns players
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Jake: „Haha. Slash. Prave pozeram video o basketbalistoch
08:54
trying to shoot with one eye."
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ktori sa snazia skorovat s jednym okom zavretym."
08:56
The slash is interesting.
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To slovíčko slash je veľmi zvláštne.
08:57
I don't really even know what Jake is talking about after that,
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Naozaj neviem, o čom hovorí Jake potom,
09:00
but you notice that he's changing the topic.
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ale všimnite si, ako mení tému.
09:05
Now that seems kind of mundane,
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Vyzerá to dosť banálne,
09:07
but think about how in real life,
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no zamyslite sa, ak v reálnom živote
09:08
if we're having a conversation and we want to change the topic,
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chceme zmeniť tému rozhovoru,
09:11
there are ways of doing it gracefully.
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existuje viacero spôsobov, ako to spraviť slušne.
09:12
You don't just zip right into it.
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Jednodnucho ju tak rýchlo nezmeníte.
09:14
You'll pat your thighs and look wistfully off into the distance,
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Oprášite si nohavice a túžobne sa zahľadíte do diaľky
09:18
or you'll say something like, "Hmm, makes you think --"
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alebo poviete niečo ako: „Hm, zaujímavé.“
09:22
when it really didn't, but what you're really --
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Aj keď to tak nie je, ale o čo vám v skutočnosti ide -
09:25
(Laughter) —
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(Smiech)
09:27
what you're really trying to do is change the topic.
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o čo vám ide, je zmeniť tému.
09:30
You can't do that while you're texting,
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To sa pri smskovaní spraviť nedá.
09:31
and so ways are developing of doing it within this medium.
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Preto vznikajú nové spôsoby, ako by sa to dalo.
09:35
All spoken languages have what a linguist calls
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Každá hovorová reč má niečo, čo jazykovedci nazývajú
09:37
a new information marker -- or two, or three.
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novou informačnou značkou - dvomi, alebo aj tromi.
09:41
Texting has developed one from this slash.
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Smskovaním sa zo slash vytvorila jedna značka.
09:45
So we have a whole battery of new constructions
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Vzniká tak celý rad nových konštrukcií
09:48
that are developing, and yet it's easy to think,
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a ľahko sa dá pomyslieť si,
09:51
well, something is still wrong.
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že tu niečo nie je v poriadku.
09:53
There's a lack of structure of some sort.
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Chýba mu nejaká štruktúra.
09:57
It's not as sophisticated
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Nie je vycibrený ako jazyk
09:59
as the language of The Wall Street Journal.
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magazínu The Wall Street Journal.
10:01
Well, the fact of the matter is,
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Vlastne -
10:03
look at this person in 1956,
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pozrite sa na túto osobu z roku 1956,
10:05
and this is when texting doesn't exist,
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keď smsky ešte neexistovali a
10:08
"I Love Lucy" is still on the air.
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vysielal sa ešte seriál „I Love Lucy.“
10:09
"Many do not know the alphabet or multiplication table,
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„Mnoho ľudí nevie abecedu alebo násobilku,
10:13
cannot write grammatically -- "
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a určite nepíšu gramaticky správne - "
10:14
We've heard that sort of thing before,
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Takéto reči sme počuli aj predtým,
10:17
not just in 1956. 1917, Connecticut schoolteacher.
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nielen v roku 1956, ale aj v roku 1917. Učiteľ v Connecticute.
10:21
1917. This is the time when we all assume
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Rok 1917. Všetci sa domnievame, že v tom čase
10:23
that everything somehow in terms of writing was perfect
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bolo písanie dokonalé,
10:27
because the people on "Downton Abbey" are articulate,
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lebo ľudia zo seriálu „Downton Abbey“ boli výreční,
10:29
or something like that.
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či niečo také.
10:30
So, "From every college in the country goes up the cry,
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„Zo všetkých škôl v tejto krajine sa zdvíha nárek,
10:33
'Our freshmen can't spell, can't punctuate.'"
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prváci nevedia, kde dať čiarku, kde ypsilon či mäkké i."
10:36
And so on. You can go even further back than this.
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A tak ďalej. Môžeme sa vrátiť ešte viac do minulosti.
10:38
It's the President of Harvard. It's 1871.
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Autorom je rektor Harvardu. Píše sa rok 1871.
10:41
There's no electricity. People have three names.
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Elektrina ešte nebola objavená. Ľudia majú tri mená.
10:44
"Bad spelling,
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„Gramatické chyby,
10:46
incorrectness as well as inelegance of expression in writing."
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nesprávnosť a neohrabanosť v písomnom prejave."
10:50
And he's talking about people who are otherwise
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A to hovorí o ľudoch, ktorí sú dobre pripravení
10:52
well prepared for college studies.
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na vysokoškolské štúdium.
10:54
You can go even further back.
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Môžeme sa vrátiť ešte viac.
10:56
1841, some long-lost superintendent of schools is upset
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Rok 1841. Istý školský inšpektor bol rozhorčený
10:59
because of what he has for a long time "noted with regret
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pretože už dlho „so smútkom v očiach pozoroval,
11:03
the almost entire neglect of the original" blah blah blah blah blah.
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že sa originál takmer úplne zanedbáva," bla bla bla.
11:06
Or you can go all the way back to 63 A.D. -- (Laughter) --
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Alebo môžeme ísť ešte viac dozadu do roku 63 pred Kristom. (Smiech)
11:11
and there's this poor man who doesn't like the way
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Jednému chudobnému mužovi sa nepáčilo,
11:14
people are speaking Latin.
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ako ľudia hovorili po latinsky.
11:15
As it happens, he was writing about what had become French.
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A náhodou sa z toho, na čo sa sťažoval, stala francúzština.
11:18
And so, there are always — (Laughter) (Applause) —
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A tak stále nájdeme - (Smiech) (Potlesk)
11:25
there are always people worrying about these things
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stále nájdeme ľudí, ktorí si robia ťažkú hlavu z takýchto vecí
11:27
and the planet somehow seems to keep spinning.
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a Zem sa stále točí ďalej.
11:30
And so, the way I'm thinking of texting these days is
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Podľa môjho názoru je súčasná forma smskovania
11:35
that what we're seeing is a whole new way of writing
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úplne novým spôsobom písania,
11:38
that young people are developing,
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ktorý rozvíjajú mladí ľudia,
11:40
which they're using alongside their ordinary writing skills,
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a používajú ho súčasne s bežným písomným prejavom.
11:44
and that means that they're able to do two things.
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Znamená to, že sú schopní robiť dve veci naraz.
11:47
Increasing evidence is that being bilingual
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Máme čoraz viac dôkazov, že bilingválni ľudia
11:50
is cognitively beneficial.
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majú istú kognitívnu výhodu.
11:52
That's also true of being bidialectal.
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Platí to aj pre ľudí, ktorí ovládajú iný dialekt.
11:54
That's certainly true of being bidialectal in terms of your writing.
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A určite to platí aj pre písomný prejav.
11:57
And so texting actually is evidence of a balancing act
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Preto je smskovanie dôkazom rovnováhy,
12:02
that young people are using today, not consciously, of course,
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ktorú mladí ľudia dosahujú, samozrejme nevedomky,
12:05
but it's an expansion of their linguistic repertoire.
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no rozširujú si ním jazykový repertoár.
12:09
It's very simple.
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Veľmi jednoduché.
12:10
If somebody from 1973 looked at
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Keby sa niekto z roku 1973 pozrel
12:14
what was on a dormitory message board in 1993,
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na oznam na internátnej tabuli z roku 1993,
12:18
the slang would have changed a little bit
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slang by bol trochu iný
12:20
since the era of "Love Story,"
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od éry firmu „Love Story,“
12:22
but they would understand what was on that message board.
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no odkazu na nástenke by porozumeli.
12:25
Take that person from 1993 -- not that long ago,
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Napríklad takí ľudia z roku 1993, čo nebolo až tak dávno,
12:28
this is "Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure" -- those people.
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ľudia zo sci-fi „Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure“ z roku 1989.
12:31
Take those people and they read
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Pozrite sa na nich. Čítajú
12:33
a very typical text written by a 20-year-old today.
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typický text, ktorý by dnes napísal 20 ročný človek.
12:36
Often they would have no idea what half of it meant
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Z toho často nerozumeli ani len polovici,
12:39
because a whole new language has developed
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pretože sa vyvinul úplne nový jazyk
12:43
among our young people doing something as mundane
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medzi mladými, ktorí robili niečo také všedné
12:45
as what it looks like to us when they're batting around
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ako baviť sa s ľuďmi
12:48
on their little devices.
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cez ich malé zariadenia.
12:49
So in closing, if I could go into the future,
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Na záver poviem, že ak by som mohol cestovať v čase,
12:53
if I could go into 2033,
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keby som mohol ísť do roku 2033,
12:57
the first thing I would ask is whether David Simon
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hneď by som sa spýtal, či David Simon
13:00
had done a sequel to "The Wire." I would want to know.
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urobil pokračovanie k „The Wire.“ Rád by som to vedel.
13:04
And — I really would ask that —
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Naozaj by som sa to chcel opýtať.
13:07
and then I'd want to know actually what was going on on "Downton Abbey."
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A potom by som chcel vedieť, čo sa to vlastne stalo v „Downton Abbey.“
13:10
That'd be the second thing.
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To by so sa spýtal ako druhé.
13:12
And then the third thing would be,
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A ako tretie by som poprosil,
13:14
please show me a sheaf of texts
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aby mi ukázali zopár smskiek
13:18
written by 16-year-old girls,
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16 ročných dievčat,
13:19
because I would want to know where this language
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lebo by som rád vedel, kam sa tento jazyk dostal
13:22
had developed since our times,
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od našich čias.
13:24
and ideally I would then send them back to you and me now
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A najradšej by som ich nám preposlal do súčasnosti,
13:28
so we could examine this linguistic miracle
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aby sme mohli preskúmať tento jazykovedný zázrak,
13:30
happening right under our noses.
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ktorý sa odohráva priamo pred našimi očami.
13:32
Thank you very much.
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Ďakujem veľmi pekne.
13:34
(Applause)
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(Potlesk)
13:39
Thank you. (Applause)
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Ďakujem. (Potlesk)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
John McWhorter - LinguistLinguist John McWhorter thinks about language in relation to race, politics and our shared cultural history.
Why you should listen
John McWhorter is Associate Professor of English and Comparative Literature at Columbia University, teaching linguistics, Western Civilization and music history. He is a regular columnist on language matters and race issues for Time and CNN, writes for the Wall Street Journal "Taste" page, and writes a regular column on language for The Atlantic. His work also appears in the Washington Post, the Chronicle of Higher Education, Aeon magazine, The American Interest and other outlets. He was Contributing Editor at The New Republic from 2001 until 2014.
McWhorter earned his PhD in linguistics from Stanford University in 1993 and is the author of The Power of Babel, Doing Our Own Thing, Our Magnificent Bastard Tongue, The Language Hoax and most recently Words on the Move and Talking Back, Talking Black. The Teaching Company has released four of his audiovisual lecture courses on linguistics. He guest hosted the Lexicon Valley podcast at Slate during the summer of 2016.
Beyond his work in linguistics, McWhorter is the author of Losing the Race and other books on race. He has appeared regularly on Bloggingheads.TV since 2006, and he produces and plays piano for a group cabaret show, New Faces, at the Cornelia Street Cafe in New York City.
John McWhorter | Speaker | TED.com