TEDxPeachtree
Paul Root Wolpe: It's time to question bio-engineering
Pol Rut Volp: Vreme je da porazmislimo o bio-inženjeringu
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Na TedxPeachtree konferenciji, čovek koji se bavi bioetikom Pol Rut Volp nam opisuje neverovatnu seriju skorašnjih eksperimenata u sferi bio-inženjeringa, od hibridnih kućnih ljubimaca do miševa na kojima rastu ljudske uši. On postavlja pitanje: zar nije vreme da postavimo neka osnovna pravila?
Paul Root Wolpe - Ethicist
Paul Root Wolpe examines the ethical implications of new science -- genetic modification, neuroscience and other breakthroughs that stretch our current philosophy to the breaking point. He's the chief bioethicist at NASA, among other appointments. Full bio
Paul Root Wolpe examines the ethical implications of new science -- genetic modification, neuroscience and other breakthroughs that stretch our current philosophy to the breaking point. He's the chief bioethicist at NASA, among other appointments. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Today I want to talk about design,
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Ja danas želim da pričam o dizajnu,
00:17
but not design as we usually think about it.
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ali ne o dizajnu na način kako ga uobičajeno doživljavamo.
00:20
I want to talk about what is happening now
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Želim da pričam o tome šta se danas dešava
00:22
in our scientific, biotechnological culture,
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u našoj naučnoj, biotehnološkoj kulturi,
00:25
where, for really the first time in history,
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kada, zaista po prvi put u istoriji,
00:28
we have the power to design bodies,
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mi imamo tu moć da dizajniramo tela,
00:30
to design animal bodies,
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da dizajniramo tela životinja,
00:32
to design human bodies.
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da dizajniramo tela ljudi.
00:35
In the history of our planet,
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U celokupnoj istoriji naše planete,
00:39
there have been three great waves of evolution.
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postojala su tri velika talasa evolucije.
00:42
The first wave of evolution
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Prvi talas evolucije je ono
00:44
is what we think of as Darwinian evolution.
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što mi smatramo Darvinovom evolucijom.
00:47
So, as you all know,
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Pa, kao što vi svi znate,
00:49
species lived in particular ecological niches
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biološke vrste su živele u određenim ekološkim nišama,
00:51
and particular environments,
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a određena prirodna okruženja
00:53
and the pressures of those environments
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i pritisak tih okruženja je prosto
00:55
selected which changes,
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selektovao koje će promene,
00:57
through random mutation in species,
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koje su nastale kao rezultat slučajnih
00:59
were going to be preserved.
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mutacije kod neke vrste, biti sačuvane.
01:01
Then human beings stepped out
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Tada su ljudska bića istupila
01:04
of the Darwinian flow of evolutionary history
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iz Darvinovog toka evolucijske istorije
01:07
and created the second great wave of evolution,
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i stvorila drugi veliki talas evolucije,
01:11
which was we changed the environment
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gde smo promenili sredinu u kojoj
01:14
in which we evolved.
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mi evoluiramo.
01:16
We altered our ecological niche
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Mi smo promenili našu ekološku nišu
01:19
by creating civilization.
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stvarajući civilizaciju.
01:21
And that has been the second great --
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I taj tok naše evolucije,
01:23
couple 100,000 years, 150,000 years --
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koji traje nekoliko stotina hiljada godina, 150,000 godina,
01:26
flow of our evolution.
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je bio drugi po značajnosti.
01:28
By changing our environment,
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Menjajući našu životnu sredinu
01:30
we put new pressures
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mi smo uspostavili nove pritiske
01:32
on our bodies to evolve.
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na evoluciju naših tela.
01:34
Whether it was through settling down in agricultural communities,
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Bez obzira da li je to bilo usled uspostavljanja poljoprivrednih zajednica,
01:37
all the way through modern medicine,
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pa sve do današnje moderne medicine,
01:40
we have changed our own evolution.
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mi smo promenili našu sopstvenu evoluciju.
01:43
Now we're entering a third great wave
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A sada ulazimo u treći veliki talas
01:46
of evolutionary history,
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u istoriji evolucije,
01:48
which has been called many things:
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koji je poznat po mnogim imenima:
01:50
"intentional evolution,"
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usmerena, namerena evolucija,
01:52
"evolution by design" --
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evolucija po šablonu--
01:54
very different than intelligent design --
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što je mnogo drugačije od inteligentnog dizajna--
01:56
whereby we are actually now
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gde mi sada u principu
01:59
intentionally designing and altering
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namerno dizajniramo i menjamo
02:03
the physiological forms that inhabit our planet.
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fiziološke forme koje nastanjuju našu planetu.
02:06
So I want to take you through a kind of whirlwind tour of that
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Želim sada da vam dočaram pomoću jedne slikovite ture taj proces
02:09
and then at the end talk a little bit
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i potom na kraju mog predavanja bih pričao malo
02:11
about what some of the implications are for us
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o nekim od posledica ili implikacija koje taj proces ima na sve nas
02:14
and for our species, as well as our cultures,
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i na našu vrstu, kao i na našu kulturu,
02:17
because of this change.
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a što je uslovljeno ovim promenama.
02:19
Now we actually have been doing it for a long time.
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Mi to u stvari radimo već jako dugo.
02:24
We started selectively breeding animals
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Mi smo počeli da selektivno ukrštamo životinje
02:27
many, many thousands of years ago.
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mnogo,mnogo hiljada godina u nazad.
02:30
And if you think of dogs for example,
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Ukoliko razmislite o psima na primer,
02:32
dogs are now intentionally-designed creatures.
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psi su namerno kreirana stvorenja.
02:36
There isn't a dog on this earth that's a natural creature.
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Ne postoji ni jedan jedini pas na ovoj planeti koji je prirodno stvorenje.
02:39
Dogs are the result
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Psi su rezulat selektivnog
02:41
of selectively breeding traits that we like.
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ukrštanja osobina koje se nama sviđaju.
02:44
But we had to do it the hard way in the old days
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Ali to smo morali da radimo na teži način u stara vremena
02:47
by choosing offspring that looked a particular way
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birajući potomstvo koje je izgledalo na tačno određen način
02:49
and then breeding them.
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i ukrštajući to potomstvo.
02:51
We don't have to do it that way anymore.
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Danas to više ne moramo da radimo.
02:53
This is a beefalo.
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Ovo je "bizoka".
02:56
A beefalo is a buffalo-cattle hybrid.
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"Bizoka" je hibrid bizona i stoke.
03:00
And they are now making them,
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I danas ih proizvode,
03:02
and someday, perhaps pretty soon,
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i jednog dana, verovatno u skorijoj budućnosti,
03:04
you will have beefalo patties
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imaćete na ponudi bizoka pljeskavice
03:06
in your local supermarket.
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u vašem lokalnom supermarketu.
03:09
This is a geep,
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Ovo je "kovca",
03:11
a goat-sheep hybrid.
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hibrid koze i ovce.
03:14
The scientists that made this cute little creature
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Naučnici koji su napravili ovo malo slatko stvorenje
03:17
ended up slaughtering it and eating it afterwards.
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su ga na kraju zaklali i pojeli.
03:20
I think they said it tasted like chicken.
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Mislim da su rekli da ima ukus piletine.
03:23
This is a cama.
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Ovo je "kama".
03:25
A cama is a camel-llama hybrid,
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Hibrid kamile i lame,
03:29
created to try to get the hardiness of a camel
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napravljena kako bi se došlo do izdržljivosti kamile
03:32
with some of the personality traits
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i nekih određenih osobina
03:34
of a llama.
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lame u jednoj životinji.
03:36
And they are now using these in certain cultures.
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U nekim zajednicama danas i koriste ove životinje.
03:40
Then there's the liger.
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A postoji i "lavgar".
03:42
This is the largest cat in the world --
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Ovo je najveća mačka na svetu.
03:45
the lion-tiger hybrid.
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hibrid lava i tigra.
03:47
It's bigger than a tiger.
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Veći je od tigra.
03:49
And in the case of the liger,
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A što se tiče lavgara,
03:51
there actually have been one or two that have been seen in the wild.
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važno je to što su neki primerci već viđeni u divljini.
03:54
But these were created by scientists
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Ali njih su stvorili naučnici
03:57
using both selective breeding and genetic technology.
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koristeći i selektivno ukrštanje i genetičku tehnologiju.
04:00
And then finally, everybody's favorite,
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I na kraju, omiljeni primer svih ljudi,
04:03
the zorse.
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"zebronj".
04:05
None of this is Photoshopped. These are real creatures.
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Ove slike nisu obrađene u fotošopu,ovo su živa stvorenja.
04:08
And so one of the things we've been doing
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Tako da je to jedna od stvari koju smo radili,
04:10
is using genetic enhancement,
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koristeći unapređivanje genetikom,
04:13
or genetic manipulation,
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ili genetičku manipulaciju,
04:15
of normal selective breeding
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normalno selektivno ukrštanje
04:18
pushed a little bit through genetics.
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pomalo potpomognuto genetikom.
04:20
And if that were all this was about,
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I ukoliko bi to bilo sve što smo uradili,
04:23
then it would be an interesting thing.
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bio bi to možda i interesantan fenomen.
04:25
But something much, much more powerful
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Ali danas se dešava i nešto što ima
04:28
is happening now.
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mnogo, mnogo veći uticaj.
04:31
These are normal mammalian cells
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Ovo su normalne ćelije sisara
04:34
genetically engineered with a bioluminescent gene
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ali im je genetičkim inženjeringom ubačen gen bioluminiscencije
04:37
taken out of deep-sea jellyfish.
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koji je izolovan iz meduza.
04:39
We all know that some deep-sea creatures glow.
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Svi mi znamo da neka stvorenja koja žive u velikim dubinama svetle.
04:43
Well, they've now taken that gene, that bioluminescent gene,
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Pa, oni su sada izolovali taj gen, gen bioluminiscencije,
04:46
and put it into mammal cells.
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i stavili ga u sisarske ćelije.
04:48
These are normal cells.
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Ovo su normalne ćelije.
04:50
And what you see here
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A ono što vidite ovde
04:52
is these cells glowing in the dark
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su te ćelije koje svetle u mraku
04:54
under certain wavelengths of light.
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pod svetlošću određene talasne dužine.
04:57
Once they could do that with cells, they could do it with organisms.
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Jednom kada su uspeli da urade to sa ćelijama, mogli su to da urade i sa živim organizmima.
05:00
So they did it with mouse pups,
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Tako da su to uradili sa bebama miševa,
05:04
kittens.
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mačićima.
05:06
And by the way, the reason the kittens here are orange and these are green
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I uzgred budi rečeno, mačići su narandžasti, a ovi su zeleni
05:10
is because that's a bioluminescent gene from coral,
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jer je ovaj gen biolomuniscencije izolovan iz korala,
05:13
while this is from jellyfish.
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dok je ovaj izolovan iz meduze.
05:16
They did it with pigs.
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Uradili su to sa svinjama,
05:19
They did it with puppies.
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uradili su to sa kučićima,
05:21
And, in fact,
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i činjenica je da su
05:23
they did it with monkeys.
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uradili to i sa majmunima.
05:25
And if you can do it with monkeys --
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I ukoliko možete to da uradite sa majmunima
05:27
though the great leap in trying to genetically manipulate
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iako postoji velika razlika u pokušaju da genetički manipulišete
05:30
is actually between monkeys and apes --
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majmune i šimpanze--
05:32
if they can do it in monkeys,
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ukoliko mogu to da urade sa majmunima,
05:34
they can probably figure out how to do it in apes,
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verovatno mogu i da savladaju problem manipulacije šimpanzi,
05:36
which means they can do it in human beings.
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što znači da oni to mogu da urade i sa ljudima.
05:40
In other words, it is theoretically possible
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Drugim rečima, teoretski je moguće
05:43
that before too long we will be biotechnologically capable
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da ćemo u bliskoj budućnosti biti u biotehnološkoj mogućnosti
05:46
of creating human beings
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da kreiramo ljudska bića
05:49
that glow in the dark.
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koja bi sijala u mraku.
05:54
Be easier to find us at night.
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Bilo bi lakše da nas tako pronađu u mraku.
05:56
And in fact, right now in many states,
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Činjenica je, da baš sada u mnogim državama,
05:59
you can go out and you can buy bioluminescent pets.
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vi možete da odete i kupite bioluminiscentne kućne ljubimce.
06:02
These are zebra fish. They're normally black and silver.
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Ovo su ribe-zebre. One su prirodno crne i srebrne boje.
06:05
These are zebra fish that have been genetically engineered
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Ovo su ribe-zebre izmenjene genetičkim inžinjerstvom kako bi bile
06:08
to be yellow, green, red,
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žute, zelene, crvene,
06:10
and they are actually available now in certain states.
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i sada su dostupne u radnjama u nekim državama SAD-a.
06:13
Other states have banned them.
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U nekim državama je zabranjena njihova prodaja.
06:15
Nobody knows what to do with these kinds of creatures.
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Niko ne zna šta da radi sa ovim tipom stvorenja.
06:18
There is no area of the government -- not the EPA or the FDA --
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Ne postoji nijedna vladina administracija, ni za zaštitu prirode, ni za hranu i lekove,
06:21
that controls genetically-engineered pets.
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koja kontroliše genetički modifikovane kućne ljubimce.
06:25
And so some states have decided to allow them,
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Tako da su neke od država odlučile da ih odobre,
06:28
some states have decided to ban them.
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a druge su odlučile da ih zabrane.
06:32
Some of you may have read
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Neki od vas su možda već pročitali
06:34
about the FDA's consideration right now
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nešto o trenutnom razmatranju Agencije za hranu i lekove SAD-a
06:36
of genetically-engineered salmon.
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o genetički modifikovanom lososu.
06:39
The salmon on top
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Losos na vrhu je
06:41
is a genetically engineered Chinook salmon,
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genetički modifikovan "Chinook" losos,
06:43
using a gene from these salmon
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dobijen korišćenjem jednog gena iz lososa,
06:45
and from one other fish that we eat,
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i gena iz druge ribe koju jedemo
06:47
to make it grow much faster
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ne bi li rastao mnogo brže
06:49
using a lot less feed.
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koristeći mnogo manje hrane.
06:51
And right now the FDA is trying to make a final decision
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I upravo u ovom trenutku Agencija za hranu i lekove donosi krajnju odluku o tome
06:54
on whether, pretty soon, you could be eating this fish --
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da li ćete, u skorijoj budućnosti, biti u mogućnosti da jedete ovu ribu--
06:57
it'll be sold in the stores.
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biće prodavana u prodavnicama.
06:59
And before you get too worried about it,
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A, pre nego što se zabrinete oko toga,
07:01
here in the United States,
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ovde u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama,
07:03
the majority of food you buy in the supermarket
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većina hrane koju kupujete u supermarketima
07:05
already has genetically-modified components to it.
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već sadrži genetički modifikovane sastojke.
07:09
So even as we worry about it,
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Tako da čak dok mi brinemo o tome,
07:11
we have allowed it to go on in this country -- much different in Europe --
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mi smo već dozvolili slobodni ulaz na tržište u ovoj zemlji -- u Evropi je to drugačije --
07:14
without any regulation,
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bez ikakvih regulacija, pravila,
07:16
and even without any identification on the package.
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pa čak i bez ikakvih oznaka na pakovanjima hrane.
07:20
These are all the first cloned animals
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Ovo su prve klonirane životinje
07:23
of their type.
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predstavnici svoje vrste.
07:25
So in the lower right here,
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U donjem desnom uglu vidite
07:27
you have Dolly, the first cloned sheep --
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Doli, prvu kloniranu ovcu--
07:29
now happily stuffed in a museum in Edinburgh;
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sada srećno prepariranu u muzeju u Edinburgu
07:32
Ralph the rat, the first cloned rat;
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Ralf-pacov, prvi klonirani pacov;
07:35
CC the cat, for cloned cat;
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CC-mačka, prva klonirana mačka,
07:38
Snuppy, the first cloned dog --
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Snupi, prvi klonirani pas
07:40
Snuppy for Seoul National University puppy --
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Snupi- kuče iz Nacionalnog Univerziteta u Seulu--
07:43
created in South Korea
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koje je stvoreno u Južnoj Koreji,
07:45
by the very same man that some of you may remember
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a stvorio ga je isti čovek, kojeg se možda neki od vas sećaju,
07:47
had to end up resigning in disgrace
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koji je usled velike sramote dao ostavku,
07:49
because he claimed he had cloned a human embryo, which he had not.
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jer je tvrdio da je klonirao ljudski embrion, a to nije uradio.
07:53
He actually was the first person
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On je u stvari prva osoba koja je uspela
07:55
to clone a dog, which is a very difficult thing to do,
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da klonira psa, a to je veoma teško učiniti,
07:58
because dog genomes are very plastic.
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jer je genom psa veoma plastičan.
08:01
This is Prometea, the first cloned horse.
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Ovo je Prometeja, prvi klonirani konj.
08:04
It's a Haflinger horse cloned in Italy,
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to je Halfinger konj koji je kloniran u Italiji,
08:06
a real "gold ring" of cloning,
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a to je pravi zlatni pehar u kloniranju,
08:08
because there are many horses that win important races
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jer su mnogi konji koji pobeđuju na značajnim trkama
08:11
who are geldings.
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uštrojeni.
08:13
In other words, the equipment to put them out to stud
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Drugim rečima, njihovo oruđe za razmnožavanje
08:16
has been removed.
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je uklonjeno.
08:18
But if you can clone that horse,
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Ali ukoliko klonirate tog konja,
08:20
you can have both the advantage of having a gelding run in the race
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imate tu prednost da imate uštrojenog konja u trci
08:23
and his identical genetic duplicate
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a njegov identični genetički duplikat
08:26
can then be put out to stud.
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može da se koristi za ukrštanje.
08:29
These were the first cloned calves,
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Ovo su prva klonirana telad,
08:31
the first cloned grey wolves,
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prvi klonirani sivi vukovi.
08:33
and then, finally,
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I na kraju
08:35
the first cloned piglets:
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prvi klonirani prasići:
08:37
Alexis, Chista, Carrel, Janie and Dotcom.
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Aleksis, Krista,Karel, Dženi i Dotcom.
08:41
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
08:45
In addition, we've started to use cloning technology
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Pored toga, počeli smo sa upotrebom tehnologije kloniranja
08:48
to try to save endangered species.
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u cilju spašavanja ugroženih vrsta.
08:51
This is the use of animals now
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Ovo ovde predstavlja upotrebu životinja
08:53
to create drugs and other things in their bodies
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za proizvodnju lekova i drugih supstanci u njihovim telima
08:56
that we want to create.
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koje mi želimo da kreiramo.
08:58
So with antithrombin in that goat --
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Ovo je koza koja proizovdi anti-trombin--
09:00
that goat has been genetically modified
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koza je genetički modifikovana na takav način
09:02
so that the molecules of its milk
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da su sastavni deo njenog mleka
09:05
actually include the molecule of antithrombin
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u principu i molekuli anti-trombina
09:08
that GTC Genetics wants to create.
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koje kompanija "GTC Genetika" želi da proizvede.
09:11
And then in addition, transgenic pigs, knockout pigs,
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Pored toga postoje transgene svinje, svinje bez određenih gena,
09:14
from the National Institute of Animal Science in South Korea,
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na Nacionalnom institutu za istraživanje životinja u Južnoj Koreji,
09:18
are pigs that they are going to use, in fact,
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a to su svinje koje će oni u principu koristiti
09:21
to try to create all kinds of drugs
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za proizvodnju različitih vrsta lekova
09:25
and other industrial types of chemicals
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i drugih vrsta industrijskih hemikalija
09:29
that they want the blood and the milk
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za čiju proizvodnju oni žele da krv i mleko
09:31
of these animals
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ovih životinja
09:33
to produce for them,
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umesto načina
09:35
instead of producing them in an industrial way.
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klasične industrijske proizvodnje.
09:39
These are two creatures
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Ovo su dva stvorenja
09:41
that were created
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koje smo stvorili
09:44
in order to save endangered species.
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ne bismo li spasili ugrožene vrste.
09:46
The guar
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Guar
09:48
is an endangered Southeast Asian ungulate.
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je ugrožena vrsta kopitara u Jugoistočnoj Aziji.
09:52
A somatic cell, a body cell,
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Somatska ćelija, ćelija iz tela,
09:54
was taken from its body,
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je izolovana iz njegovog tela,
09:56
gestated in the ovum of a cow,
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a period gestacije je odvijen u jajnoj ćeliji krave,
09:58
and then that cow gave birth to a guar.
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a potom je krava donela ne svet malog guara.
10:02
Same thing happened with the mouflon,
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Ista stvar se desila i sa muflonom,
10:04
where it's an endangered species of sheep.
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to je ugrožena vrsta ovce.
10:07
It was gestated in a regular sheep body,
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Proces gestacije se odvijao u telu druge vrste ovce,
10:13
which actually raises an interesting biological problem.
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a to dovodi do interesantnog problema u biologiji.
10:16
We have two kinds of DNA in our bodies.
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Mi imamo dva tipa DNK u našem telu.
10:18
We have our nucleic DNA
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Imamo nukleinsku DNK
10:20
that everybody thinks of as our DNA,
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na koju svi pomislimo kada pomenemo DNK,
10:22
but we also have DNA in our mitochondria,
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ali isto tako imamo i DNK koja se nalazi u mitohondrijama,
10:24
which are the energy packets of the cell.
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a to su energetske mašine naših ćelija.
10:27
That DNA is passed down through our mothers.
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Ta DNK se prenosi na potomstvo preko majke.
10:30
So really, what you end up having here
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Tako da ono što vidimo ovde
10:33
is not a guar and not a mouflon,
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nije ni guar i nije muflon,
10:35
but a guar
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već guar
10:37
with cow mitochondria,
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koji nosi mithondrije krave,
10:39
and therefore cow mitochondrial DNA,
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i usled toga ima mitohondrijalnu DNK krave,
10:41
and a mouflon with another species of sheep's
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i muflon sa mitohondrijalnom DNK
10:44
mitochondrial DNA.
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druge vrste ovce.
10:46
These are really hybrids, not pure animals.
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Tako da su ovo pravi hibridi, a ne čistokrvne životinje.
10:49
And it raises the question of how we're going to define animal species
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Tako da se postavlja pitanje kako ćemo definisati životinjske vrste
10:52
in the age of biotechnology --
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u eri biotehnologije--
10:54
a question that we're not really sure yet
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a to je problem koji zaista ne znamo
10:57
how to solve.
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kako da rešimo.
10:59
This lovely creature
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Ovo preslatko stvorenje
11:01
is an Asian cockroach.
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je azijska buba-švaba.
11:04
And what they've done here
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Ono što su naučnici ovde uradili
11:06
is they've put electrodes in its ganglia and its brain
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oni su stavili elekrode u ganglije i mozak životinje
11:10
and then a transmitter on top,
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a potom postavili odašiljač na vrh svega toga,
11:12
and it's on a big computer tracking ball.
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a to je postavljeno na velikoj elektronskoj lopti koja to prati.
11:14
And now, using a joystick,
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I sada, koristeći upravljač,
11:16
they can send this creature
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mogu da kontrolišu kretanje ovog stvorenja
11:18
around the lab
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po čitavoj laboratoriji
11:20
and control whether it goes left or right,
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i tako kontrolišu da li ide levo ili desno,
11:22
forwards or backwards.
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napred ili nazad.
11:24
They've created a kind of insect bot,
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Stvorili su neku vrstu insekt-robota,
11:26
or bugbot.
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ili bube robota.
11:28
It gets worse than that -- or perhaps better than that.
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Ali postaje još gore od toga--ili možda još bolje.
11:31
This actually is one of DARPA's very important --
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Ovo je jedan od DARPA-inih veoma značajnih--
11:34
DARPA is the Defense Research Agency --
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DARPA je Agencija za istraživanje odbrane--
11:36
one of their projects.
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njihovih projekata.
11:38
These goliath beetles
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Ove bube golijati
11:40
are wired in their wings.
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imaju uspostavljene provodnike u svojim krilima.
11:42
They have a computer chip strapped to their backs,
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Takođe imaju računarske čipove privezane na leđima,
11:44
and they can fly these creatures around the lab.
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i oni mogu da upravljaju letenjem ovih stvorenja po laboratoriji.
11:48
They can make them go left, right. They can make them take off.
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Mogu da kontrolišu njihovo kretanje u levo, u desno. Mogu da kontrolišu njihovo poletanje.
11:50
They can't actually make them land.
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Ali ne mogu da reše problem sletanja.
11:52
They put them about one inch above the ground,
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Oni ih postave na 2.5 cm iznad nivoa zemlje,
11:54
and then they shut everything off and they go pfft.
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i onda isključe sistem i insekti samo padnu.
11:56
But it's the closest they can get to a landing.
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To je najbliže sletanju što su smislili do sada.
12:00
And in fact, this technology has gotten so developed
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Činjenica je da je ovaj tip tehnologije toliko napredovao
12:03
that this creature --
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da ovo stvorenje--
12:05
this is a moth --
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ovo je moljac.
12:07
this is the moth in its pupa stage,
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Ovo je moljac u stadijumu lutke,
12:09
and that's when they put the wires in
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i oni tada postavljaju provodnike u njegov organizam
12:11
and they put in the computer technology,
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i postavljaju računarsku tehnologiju.
12:14
so that when the moth actually emerges as a moth,
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Tako da kada se moljac razvije u moljca
12:17
it is already prewired.
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on je već pod komandom.
12:20
The wires are already in its body,
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Provodnici su već u njegovom telu,
12:23
and they can just hook it up to their technology,
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tako da oni samo treba da povežu svoju tehnologiju,
12:26
and now they've got these bugbots
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i jednostavno dobiju buba-robote
12:28
that they can send out for surveillance.
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koje mogu da pošalju u osmatranje.
12:30
They can put little cameras on them
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Mogu da postave male kamere na njih
12:32
and perhaps someday deliver
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i možda će jednog dana isporučivati
12:34
other kinds of ordinance
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druge tipove borbenih tehnika
12:36
to warzones.
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u zonama rata.
12:39
It's not just insects.
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Ali ne radi se to samo na insektima.
12:41
This is the ratbot, or the robo-rat
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Ovo je pacobot, ili pacov-robot, kojeg je kreirao
12:43
by Sanjiv Talwar at SUNY Downstate.
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Sandživ Talvar sa "SUNY Downstate" Univerziteta.
12:46
Again, it's got technology --
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Ponovo, govorimo o tehnologiji postavljenja
12:48
it's got electrodes going into its left and right hemispheres;
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elektroda u levu i desnu hemisferu mozga
12:51
it's got a camera on top of its head.
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i pacov ima kameru na vrhu svoje glave.
12:54
The scientists can make this creature
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Naučnici mogu kontrolisati ovo biće
12:56
go left, right.
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da ide levo, desno.
12:58
They have it running through mazes, controlling where it's going.
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Mogu da upravljaju njime da kreće kroz lavirint, kontorlišući gde se kreće.
13:01
They've now created an organic robot.
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Oni sada prave organski robot.
13:05
The graduate students
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Student postdiplomac
13:07
in Sanjiv Talwar's lab
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u laboratoriji Sandživa Talvara
13:09
said, "Is this ethical?
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se zapitao, "Da li je to etički?
13:11
We've taken away the autonomy of this animal."
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Oduzeli smo autonomiju ovoj životinji."
13:14
I'll get back to that in a minute.
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Vratiću se ovom problemu uskoro.
13:16
There's also been work done with monkeys.
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Takođe dosta eksperimenata je urađeno i na majmunima.
13:19
This is Miguel Nicolelis of Duke.
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Ovo je Migel Nikolelis sa Djuk Univerziteta.
13:22
He took owl monkeys,
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On radi sa majmun-sovama,
13:24
wired them up
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i on uspostavi provodnike u njih
13:26
so that a computer watched their brains while they moved,
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tako da računar posmatra njihove mozgove dok se kreću,
13:28
especially looking at the movement of their right arm.
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a naročito obraćajući pažnju na pokrete njihove desne ruke.
13:30
The computer learned what the monkey brain did
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Računar je potom naučio šta je to što mozak
13:32
to move its arm in various ways.
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majmuna radi kako bi pomerao ruku na različite načine.
13:34
They then hooked it up to a prosthetic arm,
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A potom su prikačili veštačku ruku,
13:37
which you see here in the picture,
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koju možete videti na ovoj slici,
13:39
put the arm in another room.
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i stavili tu ruku u drugu sobu.
13:41
Pretty soon, the computer learned, by reading the monkey's brainwaves,
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Ubrzo je računar naučio čitajući moždane talase mozga majmuna
13:44
to make that arm in the other room
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da kontroliše ruku u drugoj sobi tako da ona čini
13:46
do whatever the monkey's arm did.
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sve što radi i ruka majmuna.
13:49
Then he put a video monitor
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A onda je postavio monitor
13:51
in the monkey's cage
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u kavez majmuna
13:53
that showed the monkey this prosthetic arm,
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koji je majmunu pokazivao ovu veštačku ruku,
13:55
and the monkey got fascinated.
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a to je fasciniralo majmuna.
13:57
The monkey recognized that whatever she did with her arm,
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Majmunica je shvatila da šta god ona uradila sa svojom rukom,
13:59
this prosthetic arm would do.
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veštačka ruka učini isto.
14:01
And eventually she was moving it and moving it,
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Tako da je majmunica pokretala i pokretala ruku,
14:04
and eventually stopped moving her right arm
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a potom je prestala da pomera svoju desnu ruku
14:06
and, staring at the screen,
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i samo zureći u ekran je mogla
14:08
could move the prosthetic arm in the other room
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da pokrene veštačku ruku u drugoj sobi
14:11
only with her brainwaves --
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koristeći samo svoje moždane talase--
14:13
which means that monkey
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a to znači da je ovaj majmun
14:15
became the first primate in the history of the world
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prvi primat u istoriju našeg sveta
14:18
to have three independent functional arms.
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koji ima tri nezavisne funkcionalne ruke.
14:22
And it's not just technology
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Ali nije to samo tehnologija koju
14:24
that we're putting into animals.
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implantiramo u životinje.
14:26
This is Thomas DeMarse at the University of Florida.
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Ovo je Tomas DeMars koji radi na Univerzitetu u Floridi.
14:29
He took 20,000 and then 60,000
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On je uzeo 20,000 a potom 60,000
14:31
disaggregated rat neurons --
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izolovanih neurona pacova--
14:34
so these are just individual neurons from rats --
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tako da su ovo samo indvidualni neuroni pacova--
14:37
put them on a chip.
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i postavio ih je na čip.
14:39
They self-aggregated into a network,
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Neuroni su se sami po sebi organizovali u mrežu,
14:42
became an integrated chip.
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postali integrisani čip.
14:45
And he used that
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On je to iskoristio
14:47
as the IT piece
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kao deo opreme informacione tehnologije
14:49
of a mechanism which ran a flight simulator.
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mehanizma koji funkcioniše kao simulator letenja.
14:52
So now we have organic computer chips
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Tako da mi sada imamo organske računarske čipove
14:55
made out of living, self-aggregating neurons.
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koji su napravljeni od živih neurona sa sposobnošću samo-agregacije.
15:00
Finally, Mussa-Ivaldi of Northwestern
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I na kraju, Musa-Ivaldi sa Univerziteta Nortvestern
15:03
took a completely intact,
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je izolovao potpuno neoštećeni
15:05
independent lamprey eel brain.
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nezavisan mozak zmijuljice jegulje.
15:08
This is a brain from a lamprey eel.
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Ovo je mozak zmijuljice jegulje.
15:10
It is living --
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Mozak je živ,
15:12
fully-intact brain in a nutrient medium
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potpuno neoštećeni mozak u hranljivom medijumu
15:15
with these electrodes going off to the sides,
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sa ovim elektrodama postavljenim sa svih strana
15:18
attached photosensitive sensors to the brain,
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i senzorima osetljivim na svetlost koji su pridodati mozgu,
15:21
put it into a cart --
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postavio je sve to u kutiju--
15:23
here's the cart, the brain is sitting there in the middle --
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ovo je kutija, mozak je baš ovde negde u sredini---
15:26
and using this brain as the sole processor for this cart,
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i koristeći mozak kao jedini procesor ove kutije,
15:29
when you turn on a light and shine it at the cart,
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kada uključite svetlo i usmerite ga na kutiju,
15:31
the cart moves toward the light;
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kutija se kreće ka svetlosti;
15:33
when you turn it off, it moves away.
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kada isključite svetlosti, pomera se od izvora.
15:35
It's photophilic.
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Privlači je svetlost.
15:37
So now we have a complete
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Ovo ovde je kompletno funkcionalan
15:40
living lamprey eel brain.
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i živ mozak zmijuljice jegulje.
15:42
Is it thinking lamprey eel thoughts,
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Da li razmišlja kao zmijuljica,
15:44
sitting there in its nutrient medium?
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dok sedi u tom hranljivom medijumu?
15:46
I don't know,
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Ne znam,
15:48
but in fact it is a fully living brain
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ali to jeste potpuno funkcionalan mozak
15:52
that we have managed to keep alive
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koji smo uspeli da održimo u životu
15:55
to do our bidding.
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da uradi ono što želimo.
15:58
So, we are now at the stage
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Tako da smo mi danas na stupnju
16:01
where we are creating creatures
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gde možemo da dizajniramo druga stvorenja
16:03
for our own purposes.
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za naše sopstvene potrebe.
16:05
This is a mouse created by Charles Vacanti
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Ovaj miš je delo Čarlsa Vakantija
16:08
of the University of Massachusetts.
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koji radi na Univerzitetu Masačusets.
16:11
He altered this mouse
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On je izmenio ovog miša tako što je
16:14
so that it was genetically engineered
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genetički modifikovao njegovu kožu
16:16
to have skin that was less immunoreactive to human skin,
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kako bi se inhibirala imunološka reakcija na ljudsku kožu,
16:19
put a polymer scaffolding of an ear under it
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a onda postavio osnovu za uvo od polimera ispod kože
16:23
and created an ear that could then be taken off the mouse
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i napravio uvo koje se potom može izolovati sa miša
16:26
and transplanted onto a human being.
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i transplantirati na čoveka.
16:28
Genetic engineering
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Genetički inženjering
16:30
coupled with polymer physiotechnology
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u sintezi sa fiziotehnologijom polimera
16:32
coupled with xenotransplantation.
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i ksenotransplantacijom.
16:34
This is where we are in this process.
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Ovde se mi nalazimo u tom procesu.
16:37
Finally, not that long ago,
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Na kraju, ne tako davno,
16:40
Craig Venter created the first artificial cell,
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Kreg Venter je stvorio prvu veštačku ćeliju,
16:43
where he took a cell, took a DNA synthesizer,
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on je uzeo ćeliju i spravu za sintezu DNK,
16:45
which is a machine,
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a to je mašina,
16:47
created an artificial genome,
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stvorio je veštački genom,
16:49
put it in a different cell --
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implantirao to u drugu ćeliju--
16:52
the genome was not of the cell he put it in --
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a genom nije bio genom ćelije u koju je isti stavio--
16:55
and that cell then reproduced
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i ta ćelija se potom razmnožavala
16:57
as the other cell.
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kao druga ćelija.
16:59
In other words,
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Drugim rečima,
17:01
that was the first creature in the history of the world
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to je bilo prvo stvorenje u istoriji sveta
17:03
that had a computer as its parent --
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čiji je roditelj računar--
17:05
it did not have an organic parent.
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a ne živi roditelj.
17:08
And so, asks The Economist:
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Tako da "Ekonomist" pita:
17:11
"The first artificial organism and its consequences."
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"Prvi veštački organizam i posledice toga."
17:14
So you may have thought
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Možda ste mislili
17:16
that the creation of life
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da će se stvaranje života desiti
17:18
was going to happen in something that looked like that.
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na mestu koje izgleda nekako ovako.
17:21
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
17:23
But in fact, that's not what Frankenstein's lab looks like.
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Činjenica je da laboratorija Frankenštajna ne izgleda ovako.
17:26
This is what Frankenstein's lab looks like.
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Ovako izgleda laboratorija Frankenštajna.
17:28
This is a DNA synthesizer,
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Ovo je mašina za proizvodnju DNK,
17:30
and here at the bottom
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a ovde na dnu
17:32
are just bottles of A, T, C and G --
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su flašice sa A, T, C i G--
17:34
the four chemicals
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četiri hemikalije
17:36
that make up our DNA chain.
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koje su dovoljne za sintezu DNK lanca.
17:38
And so, we need to ask ourselves some questions.
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Tako da je neophodno da postavimo sebi neka pitanja.
17:41
For the first time in the history of this planet,
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Po prvi put u istoriji naše planete,
17:44
we are able to directly design organisms.
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mi smo u mogućnosti da direktno kreiramo žive organizme.
17:47
We can manipulate the plasmas of life
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Možemo manipuliasti esenciju života
17:49
with unprecedented power,
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moćima koje do sada nisu postojale.
17:52
and it confers on us a responsibility.
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A to nam nameće odgovornost.
17:54
Is everything okay?
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Da li je sve to u redu?
17:56
Is it okay to manipulate and create
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Da li je u redu da mi manipulišemo i dizajniramo
17:58
whatever creatures we want?
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bilo koje stvorenje koje želimo?
18:00
Do we have free reign
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Da li mi imamo tu slobodu
18:02
to design animals?
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da kreiramo životinje?
18:04
Do we get to go someday to Pets 'R' Us
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Da li je zaista u redu da jednog dana dođemo u prodavnicu kućnih ljubimaca
18:07
and say, "Look, I want a dog.
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i kažemo, "Slušaj, želim jednog psa.
18:09
I'd like it to have the head of a Dachshund,
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Ja bih voleo da ima glavu jazavičara,
18:12
the body of a retriever,
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telo retrivera,
18:14
maybe some pink fur,
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možda roze boju dlake,
18:16
and let's make it glow in the dark"?
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i želim da svetli u mraku."
18:18
Does industry get to create creatures
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Da li je industriji dozvoljeno da stvara životinje
18:20
who, in their milk, in their blood, and in their saliva
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koje će u mleku, krvi, pljuvačci
18:23
and other bodily fluids,
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i drugim telesnim tečnostima
18:25
create the drugs and industrial molecules we want
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proizvoditi lekove i druge industrijske supstance koje želimo
18:28
and then warehouse them
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i da ih potom skladište
18:30
as organic manufacturing machines?
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kao mašine za organsku proizvodnju?
18:33
Do we get to create organic robots,
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Da li nam je zaista dozvoljeno da proizvodimo organske robote
18:36
where we remove the autonomy from these animals
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pri čemu oduzimamo autonomnost ovim životinjama
18:39
and turn them just into our playthings?
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i pretvaramo ih u naše igračke?
18:42
And then the final step of this,
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A završni korak u svemu ovome je taj,
18:45
once we perfect these technologies in animals
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da kada jednom dovedemo do savršenosti te tehnologije na životinjama
18:47
and we start using them in human beings,
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i počnemo da ih koristimo i na ljudskim bićima
18:49
what are the ethical guidelines
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koji su to etički principi
18:51
that we will use then?
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kojima ćemo se tada upravljati?
18:54
It's already happening. It's not science fiction.
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To se već dešava, to nije naučna fantastika.
18:57
We are not only already using these things in animals,
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Mi ne samo da već upotrebljavamo ove izume na životinjama,
19:00
some of them we're already beginning to use
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neke od tih izuma mi već počinjemo da koristimo
19:03
on our own bodies.
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i na našim telima.
19:05
We are now taking control of our own evolution.
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Mi sada preuzimamo kontrolu nad našom sopstvenom evolucijom.
19:08
We are directly designing
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Mi neposredno kreiramo budućnost
19:10
the future of the species of this planet.
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vrsta na našoj planeti.
19:13
It confers upon us an enormous responsibility
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A to nam nameće nesagledivu odgovornost
19:16
that is not just the responsibility
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koja nije samo odgovornost
19:18
of the scientists and the ethicists
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naučnika i etičara
19:20
who are thinking about it and writing about it now.
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koji razmišljaju i pišu o tome.
19:22
It is the responsibility of everybody
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Ova odgovornost leži na svima nama
19:25
because it will determine what kind of planet and what kind of bodies
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obzirom da će to odrediti kakvu ćemo planetu
19:28
we will have in the future.
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i kakva tela imati u budućnosti.
19:30
Thanks.
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Hvala vam.
19:32
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul Root Wolpe - EthicistPaul Root Wolpe examines the ethical implications of new science -- genetic modification, neuroscience and other breakthroughs that stretch our current philosophy to the breaking point. He's the chief bioethicist at NASA, among other appointments.
Why you should listen
Paul Root Wolpe directs the Center for Ethics at Emory University, where he works on the biggest issues most of us face in our life-long ethical journey: death and dying, new reproductive technologies, and new medical and scientific breakthroughs that are not covered in our traditional ethics (what would the Bible say about growing a human ear on a mouse?).
He's also the chief bioethicist at NASA, where he advises on the medical experiments that happen during space travel.
Read the TED Blog's Q&A with Paul Root Wolpe >>
Read Wolpe's lively TED Conversation thread >>
Paul Root Wolpe | Speaker | TED.com