TEDxPeachtree
Paul Root Wolpe: It's time to question bio-engineering
保罗·茹特·沃尔普：是时候质疑生物工程了
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在TEDxPeachtree台上，生物伦理学家保罗·茹特·沃尔普描述了最近一系列惊人的生物工程试验，从杂交动物到长着人耳的老鼠。他质疑道：是不是应该设置一些底线规则的时候了？
Paul Root Wolpe - Ethicist
Paul Root Wolpe examines the ethical implications of new science -- genetic modification, neuroscience and other breakthroughs that stretch our current philosophy to the breaking point. He's the chief bioethicist at NASA, among other appointments. Full bio
Paul Root Wolpe examines the ethical implications of new science -- genetic modification, neuroscience and other breakthroughs that stretch our current philosophy to the breaking point. He's the chief bioethicist at NASA, among other appointments. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Today I want to talk about design,
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今天我们要来谈谈改造,
00:17
but not design as we usually think about it.
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但是不是那种我们平时谈的那种改造。
00:20
I want to talk about what is happening now
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我想探讨的是那些现在正在
00:22
in our scientific, biotechnological culture,
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发生在我们科学界，生物科技领域的事，
00:25
where, for really the first time in history,
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这里，是历史上真正的第一次，
00:28
we have the power to design bodies,
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我们有能力来改造生物体，
00:30
to design animal bodies,
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改造动物体，
00:32
to design human bodies.
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改造人体。
00:35
In the history of our planet,
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在我们地球的历史上，
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there have been three great waves of evolution.
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已经经历了三次大规模的进化潮。
00:42
The first wave of evolution
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第一次大规模的进化潮
00:44
is what we think of as Darwinian evolution.
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是我们熟知的达尔文式进化。
00:47
So, as you all know,
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那是，就一如你们所知的，
00:49
species lived in particular ecological niches
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生物生活在特殊的生物环境
00:51
and particular environments,
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和特殊的生态环境下，
00:53
and the pressures of those environments
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这些环境的生存压力
00:55
selected which changes,
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挑选出那些改变了的，
00:57
through random mutation in species,
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通过随机变异的生物体，
00:59
were going to be preserved.
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来进一步生存。
01:01
Then human beings stepped out
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接着人类跳出了
01:04
of the Darwinian flow of evolutionary history
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达尔文式进化历史的潮流
01:07
and created the second great wave of evolution,
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并创造出第二个大规模的进化潮，
01:11
which was we changed the environment
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就是我们改变那些
01:14
in which we evolved.
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让我们进化的环境。
01:16
We altered our ecological niche
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我们通过创造文明
01:19
by creating civilization.
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从而改变了我们的生物环境。
01:21
And that has been the second great --
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这就是第二个大规模的--
01:23
couple 100,000 years, 150,000 years --
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好几万年前的，15万年前--
01:26
flow of our evolution.
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进化潮流。
01:28
By changing our environment,
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通过改变我们的环境，
01:30
we put new pressures
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我们找寻到新的压力来
01:32
on our bodies to evolve.
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促使我们进化。
01:34
Whether it was through settling down in agricultural communities,
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无论是通过经历农业社会，
01:37
all the way through modern medicine,
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一直经历到现代医学社会，
01:40
we have changed our own evolution.
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我们已经改变了我们的演变历程。
01:43
Now we're entering a third great wave
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现在我们正步入进化史上第三次
01:46
of evolutionary history,
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大规模进化潮，
01:48
which has been called many things:
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这次进化有很多别称：
01:50
"intentional evolution,"
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意识性进化，
01:52
"evolution by design" --
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改造性进化--
01:54
very different than intelligent design --
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和智能改造很不同--
01:56
whereby we are actually now
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借此我们实际现在
01:59
intentionally designing and altering
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正在有意识的改造和改变
02:03
the physiological forms that inhabit our planet.
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栖息在我们地球的生物的生物形态。
02:06
So I want to take you through a kind of whirlwind tour of that
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所以我想带大家经历一场进化的暴风之旅
02:09
and then at the end talk a little bit
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并接着在最后讨论一些
02:11
about what some of the implications are for us
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对于我们，对于我们种族，
02:14
and for our species, as well as our cultures,
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同时也对于我们的文明会有什么样的影响，
02:17
because of this change.
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从这次转变。
02:19
Now we actually have been doing it for a long time.
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现在我们实际上已经转变了很久了。
02:24
We started selectively breeding animals
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我们在数千年之前
02:27
many, many thousands of years ago.
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就开始有选择的喂养动物。
02:30
And if you think of dogs for example,
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如果你以狗作为例子来思考，
02:32
dogs are now intentionally-designed creatures.
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狗是有意识的被改造的生物。
02:36
There isn't a dog on this earth that's a natural creature.
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在生态环境下地球上没有狗。
02:39
Dogs are the result
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狗是我们
02:41
of selectively breeding traits that we like.
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根据我们喜好而选择性喂养的产物。
02:44
But we had to do it the hard way in the old days
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但是我们在过去不得不用一种艰苦的方式
02:47
by choosing offspring that looked a particular way
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来选择那些有着特定特征的后代
02:49
and then breeding them.
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来喂养它们。
02:51
We don't have to do it that way anymore.
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我们再也不必在这样做了。
02:53
This is a beefalo.
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这是个皮弗娄牛。
02:56
A beefalo is a buffalo-cattle hybrid.
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皮弗娄牛是水牛和肉牛的杂交种。
03:00
And they are now making them,
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他们现在正在研究它们，
03:02
and someday, perhaps pretty soon,
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到了某天，也许会很快，
03:04
you will have beefalo patties
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你会在你当地的超市里
03:06
in your local supermarket.
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吃到皮弗娄牛肉饼。
03:09
This is a geep,
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这是头山绵羊，
03:11
a goat-sheep hybrid.
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山羊，绵羊的杂交种。
03:14
The scientists that made this cute little creature
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创造出这可爱小东西的科学家们
03:17
ended up slaughtering it and eating it afterwards.
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最后把它屠宰了随后吃了它。
03:20
I think they said it tasted like chicken.
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我记得他们说它尝起来像鸡肉。
03:23
This is a cama.
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这是匹卡马驼。
03:25
A cama is a camel-llama hybrid,
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卡马驼是骆驼，美洲驼的杂交种，
03:29
created to try to get the hardiness of a camel
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为了尝试使之有骆驼的耐劳力
03:32
with some of the personality traits
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和美洲驼的一部分性格特点
03:34
of a llama.
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而创造。
03:36
And they are now using these in certain cultures.
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它们现已在某些环境下得到利用。
03:40
Then there's the liger.
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这是狮虎兽，
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This is the largest cat in the world --
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世界上最大的猫科动物--
03:45
the lion-tiger hybrid.
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狮子，老虎的杂交种。
03:47
It's bigger than a tiger.
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它的体型比老虎的大。
03:49
And in the case of the liger,
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这个类狮虎兽的案例，
03:51
there actually have been one or two that have been seen in the wild.
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实际上在野生环境下已经被观察到一两次了。
03:54
But these were created by scientists
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但是这些科学家创造的那些生物
03:57
using both selective breeding and genetic technology.
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使用了选择性喂养和基因技术。
04:00
And then finally, everybody's favorite,
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接着最后，大家的最爱，
04:03
the zorse.
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卓斯马，
04:05
None of this is Photoshopped. These are real creatures.
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没有一个是被修改过的；它们是真实的生物。
04:08
And so one of the things we've been doing
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我们已经掌握的其中一种技术
04:10
is using genetic enhancement,
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是使用基因改良，
04:13
or genetic manipulation,
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或者基因操控，
04:15
of normal selective breeding
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加以常规的选择性喂养
04:18
pushed a little bit through genetics.
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来推进基因的改良。
04:20
And if that were all this was about,
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如果这就是所有的全部，
04:23
then it would be an interesting thing.
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那它是一件有趣的事。
04:25
But something much, much more powerful
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但是一些更加有影响力的事
04:28
is happening now.
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正在发生。
04:31
These are normal mammalian cells
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正常的哺乳类动物细胞
04:34
genetically engineered with a bioluminescent gene
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和从深海水母上提取出的荧光基因
04:37
taken out of deep-sea jellyfish.
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基因程度上融合。
04:39
We all know that some deep-sea creatures glow.
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我们都知道一些深海动物发光。
04:43
Well, they've now taken that gene, that bioluminescent gene,
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嗯，他们现在已经提取出这基因，这生物发光的基因，
04:46
and put it into mammal cells.
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并把它融入哺乳动物细胞。
04:48
These are normal cells.
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这是正常的细胞。
04:50
And what you see here
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这里你看到的
04:52
is these cells glowing in the dark
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是在黑暗中发出
04:54
under certain wavelengths of light.
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特定波长的光的细胞。
04:57
Once they could do that with cells, they could do it with organisms.
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一旦他们能在细胞上应用，他们也能用在生物体上。
05:00
So they did it with mouse pups,
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于是他们把它用在幼鼠上，
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kittens.
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小猫上。
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And by the way, the reason the kittens here are orange and these are green
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顺道提一下，小猫呈现橙色小鼠呈现绿色
05:10
is because that's a bioluminescent gene from coral,
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是因为一个的发光基因来自珊瑚，
05:13
while this is from jellyfish.
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另外一个来自水母。
05:16
They did it with pigs.
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他们把它用在猪上。
05:19
They did it with puppies.
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他们把它用在小狗上，
05:21
And, in fact,
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并且，实际上，
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they did it with monkeys.
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他们把它用在了猴子上。
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And if you can do it with monkeys --
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如果你能把它作用在猴子上--
05:27
though the great leap in trying to genetically manipulate
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虽然从猴子到猿事实上对于基因操作
05:30
is actually between monkeys and apes --
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是巨大的跃进--
05:32
if they can do it in monkeys,
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如果他们能把它作用在猴子上，
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they can probably figure out how to do it in apes,
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他们就可能想出如果作用在猿上，
05:36
which means they can do it in human beings.
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这就意味着他们能让它作用在人类上。
05:40
In other words, it is theoretically possible
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换句话说，理论上这是可能的
05:43
that before too long we will be biotechnologically capable
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在很久以后我们生物技术上能够
05:46
of creating human beings
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创造出能在黑夜
05:49
that glow in the dark.
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发光的人类。
05:54
Be easier to find us at night.
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在夜晚就更容易发现我们。
05:56
And in fact, right now in many states,
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实际上，现在很多州内，
05:59
you can go out and you can buy bioluminescent pets.
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你能出去买到生物荧光的宠物。
06:02
These are zebra fish. They're normally black and silver.
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这些是斑马鱼。正常的他们是黑色和银色的。
06:05
These are zebra fish that have been genetically engineered
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这些斑马鱼已经被基因重组
06:08
to be yellow, green, red,
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成黄色，绿色，红色，
06:10
and they are actually available now in certain states.
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它们实际上如今在一些州已经能买到。
06:13
Other states have banned them.
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另外一些州则被禁止。
06:15
Nobody knows what to do with these kinds of creatures.
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没人知道对这种生物荧光怎么做。
06:18
There is no area of the government -- not the EPA or the FDA --
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政府间没有相关部门--这不归环境保护局或者食品药物监管局管--
06:21
that controls genetically-engineered pets.
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来控制基因改造过的宠物。
06:25
And so some states have decided to allow them,
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所以一些州决定允许它们，
06:28
some states have decided to ban them.
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一些州则决定禁止它们。
06:32
Some of you may have read
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你们中的一些如今可能了解
06:34
about the FDA's consideration right now
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食品药物监管局对于
06:36
of genetically-engineered salmon.
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基因改造的鲑鱼的焦虑。
06:39
The salmon on top
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上面的鲑鱼
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is a genetically engineered Chinook salmon,
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是被基因改造的且努克鲑鱼，
06:43
using a gene from these salmon
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利用了这种鲑鱼
06:45
and from one other fish that we eat,
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和另外一种我们食用的鱼的基因
06:47
to make it grow much faster
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来让它长的更快
06:49
using a lot less feed.
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吃的更少。
06:51
And right now the FDA is trying to make a final decision
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如今食物药品监管局正试着作出最后的决定
06:54
on whether, pretty soon, you could be eating this fish --
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关于是否你可以食用这种鱼--
06:57
it'll be sold in the stores.
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（一旦通过）这种鱼就会被出售。
06:59
And before you get too worried about it,
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在你太担心它之前，
07:01
here in the United States,
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在美国，
07:03
the majority of food you buy in the supermarket
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你超市里买到的大多数食物
07:05
already has genetically-modified components to it.
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在包装上已经有基因改造标示。
07:09
So even as we worry about it,
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所以即使你担心它，
07:11
we have allowed it to go on in this country -- much different in Europe --
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我们已经允许它进入这个国家--不同于欧盟--
07:14
without any regulation,
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毫无任何条例，
07:16
and even without any identification on the package.
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甚至包装上没有任何表明。
07:20
These are all the first cloned animals
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这些全是第一批它们种群的
07:23
of their type.
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克隆动物。
07:25
So in the lower right here,
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在右下方，
07:27
you have Dolly, the first cloned sheep --
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是多利，第一头克隆羊--
07:29
now happily stuffed in a museum in Edinburgh;
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如今在爱丁堡某个博物馆幸福的成为了标本；
07:32
Ralph the rat, the first cloned rat;
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拉尔夫鼠，第一只克隆鼠；
07:35
CC the cat, for cloned cat;
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赛赛猫，克隆猫；
07:38
Snuppy, the first cloned dog --
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史努比，第一只克隆狗
07:40
Snuppy for Seoul National University puppy --
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首尔国立大学小狗史努比--
07:43
created in South Korea
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生育于韩国
07:45
by the very same man that some of you may remember
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由也许你们还记得的南韩造假丑闻的同一个研究员
07:47
had to end up resigning in disgrace
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他最后不得不羞辱的辞职
07:49
because he claimed he had cloned a human embryo, which he had not.
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因为他声称他已经克隆出人类细胞，其实他没有。
07:53
He actually was the first person
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他实际上是第一个
07:55
to clone a dog, which is a very difficult thing to do,
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克隆狗的人，其实这是个很艰苦的工作，
07:58
because dog genomes are very plastic.
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因为狗的基因排列的可塑性是很强的。
08:01
This is Prometea, the first cloned horse.
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这是普罗提耶，第一匹马。
08:04
It's a Haflinger horse cloned in Italy,
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它是在意大利的哈弗灵克隆马，
08:06
a real "gold ring" of cloning,
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克隆界的一个金戒指，
08:08
because there are many horses that win important races
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因为很多赢得重要比赛的马
08:11
who are geldings.
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是被阉割的。
08:13
In other words, the equipment to put them out to stud
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换句话说，让他们成为种马的器官
08:16
has been removed.
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已经被移除了。
08:18
But if you can clone that horse,
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但是如果你能克隆这些马，
08:20
you can have both the advantage of having a gelding run in the race
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你能同时拥有阉割马在比赛上的优势
08:23
and his identical genetic duplicate
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和它独特的基因组
08:26
can then be put out to stud.
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来让它繁衍下一代。
08:29
These were the first cloned calves,
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这些是第一批克隆的小牛，
08:31
the first cloned grey wolves,
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第一批克隆的灰狼。
08:33
and then, finally,
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接着，最终，
08:35
the first cloned piglets:
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第一批克隆的小猪：
08:37
Alexis, Chista, Carrel, Janie and Dotcom.
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亚历克西斯，克里斯蒂娜，卡雷尔，贾妮和道蒂肯。
08:41
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
08:45
In addition, we've started to use cloning technology
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另外，我们开始利用克隆技术
08:48
to try to save endangered species.
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来试着拯救濒危物种。
08:51
This is the use of animals now
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现在也有作用于动物
08:53
to create drugs and other things in their bodies
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使其能从体内制造药物和其他
08:56
that we want to create.
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我们想要的东西。
08:58
So with antithrombin in that goat --
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这山羊体内有抗凝血酶--
09:00
that goat has been genetically modified
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这山羊已经被基因改造过了
09:02
so that the molecules of its milk
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所以它的羊奶分子
09:05
actually include the molecule of antithrombin
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实际上包含了GTC基因
09:08
that GTC Genetics wants to create.
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创造的抗凝血酶分子。
09:11
And then in addition, transgenic pigs, knockout pigs,
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接着，转基因的猪，改造过的猪，
09:14
from the National Institute of Animal Science in South Korea,
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来自于韩国的生物科学研究所，
09:18
are pigs that they are going to use, in fact,
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实际上，他们用这些猪来
09:21
to try to create all kinds of drugs
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试着制造所有的药物
09:25
and other industrial types of chemicals
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或其他工业化学物质
09:29
that they want the blood and the milk
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他们想要这些动物的
09:31
of these animals
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血和奶
09:33
to produce for them,
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来制造这些物质，
09:35
instead of producing them in an industrial way.
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而不是用工业制造的方式。
09:39
These are two creatures
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这两种生物
09:41
that were created
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是为了拯救濒危生物
09:44
in order to save endangered species.
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而被创造的。
09:46
The guar
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瓜尔牛
09:48
is an endangered Southeast Asian ungulate.
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是东南亚濒危蹄类动物。
09:52
A somatic cell, a body cell,
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一个肉细胞，身体细胞，
09:54
was taken from its body,
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从它身上提取出来
09:56
gestated in the ovum of a cow,
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在一头牛的子宫中怀孕，
09:58
and then that cow gave birth to a guar.
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接着让牛生下这头瓜尔牛。
10:02
Same thing happened with the mouflon,
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同样的事也发生在这摩弗伦羊上，
10:04
where it's an endangered species of sheep.
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它是一种濒危的羊类动物。
10:07
It was gestated in a regular sheep body,
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它在一头普通羊体内受孕，
10:13
which actually raises an interesting biological problem.
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这实际上产生了一个有趣的生物学问题。
10:16
We have two kinds of DNA in our bodies.
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我们体内有两种DNA。
10:18
We have our nucleic DNA
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我们有我们细胞核内的DNA
10:20
that everybody thinks of as our DNA,
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就是每个人都知道的DNA，
10:22
but we also have DNA in our mitochondria,
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但是我们也有DNA在我们线粒体内，
10:24
which are the energy packets of the cell.
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它是细胞的能量源。
10:27
That DNA is passed down through our mothers.
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这种DNA是从母系上得到传承。
10:30
So really, what you end up having here
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所以实际上，我们最终有的
10:33
is not a guar and not a mouflon,
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不是一头瓜尔牛也不是头摩弗伦羊，
10:35
but a guar
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而是一头瓜尔牛
10:37
with cow mitochondria,
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有着奶牛的线粒体，
10:39
and therefore cow mitochondrial DNA,
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因此有奶牛的线粒体DNA，
10:41
and a mouflon with another species of sheep's
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和一头摩弗伦羊有着另外一种羊的
10:44
mitochondrial DNA.
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线粒体DNA。
10:46
These are really hybrids, not pure animals.
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它们实际上是杂交种，而不是纯种。
10:49
And it raises the question of how we're going to define animal species
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这产生了个我们如果定义生物种类的问题
10:52
in the age of biotechnology --
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在这生物技术的时代--
10:54
a question that we're not really sure yet
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一个我们还不确定如何解决的
10:57
how to solve.
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问题。
10:59
This lovely creature
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这些可爱的生物
11:01
is an Asian cockroach.
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是亚洲蟑螂。
11:04
And what they've done here
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他们做的是
11:06
is they've put electrodes in its ganglia and its brain
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是把电极放进它的神经中枢和大脑
11:10
and then a transmitter on top,
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并在头部放置一个发射器，
11:12
and it's on a big computer tracking ball.
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它正在一个电脑追踪球上。
11:14
And now, using a joystick,
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现在，使用操纵杆，
11:16
they can send this creature
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他们能把这个生物送到
11:18
around the lab
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实验室四周
11:20
and control whether it goes left or right,
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并控制他们向左或向右，
11:22
forwards or backwards.
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向前或者向后。
11:24
They've created a kind of insect bot,
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他们已经制造出一种昆虫机器，
11:26
or bugbot.
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或者叫虫器。
11:28
It gets worse than that -- or perhaps better than that.
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它可能比这个差一点--或者可能比这个好一点。
11:31
This actually is one of DARPA's very important --
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这是事实是DARPA的一个很重要的--
11:34
DARPA is the Defense Research Agency --
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DARPA就是防御远景研究规划局--
11:36
one of their projects.
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项目。
11:38
These goliath beetles
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这些歌利亚甲虫
11:40
are wired in their wings.
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在翅膀上有天线。
11:42
They have a computer chip strapped to their backs,
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它们的背上捆绑这一个电脑芯片，
11:44
and they can fly these creatures around the lab.
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他们就能在实验室周围飞行这种生物。
11:48
They can make them go left, right. They can make them take off.
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他们能让它向左，向右。他们能让它停下来。
11:50
They can't actually make them land.
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实际上他们还不能让它们着陆。
11:52
They put them about one inch above the ground,
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他们把它们降落到地面上一英尺高
11:54
and then they shut everything off and they go pfft.
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接着他们就关闭所有设备后它们就砰然落下。
11:56
But it's the closest they can get to a landing.
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但是这是他们能降落的最近高度。
12:00
And in fact, this technology has gotten so developed
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实际上，这项技术已经如此发达
12:03
that this creature --
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以至于这生物--
12:05
this is a moth --
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这是个蛾。
12:07
this is the moth in its pupa stage,
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这是蛾的蛹期，
12:09
and that's when they put the wires in
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这也是他们设置天线
12:11
and they put in the computer technology,
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和电脑技术的时期。
12:14
so that when the moth actually emerges as a moth,
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所以当这蛾变成蛾的时候，
12:17
it is already prewired.
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它已经被埋入天线好了。
12:20
The wires are already in its body,
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天线已经在它的体内，
12:23
and they can just hook it up to their technology,
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他们只要把它连接和他们的技术相连接，
12:26
and now they've got these bugbots
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它们就能变成虫器
12:28
that they can send out for surveillance.
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它们就能被派出作为侦查。
12:30
They can put little cameras on them
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他们可以把微型摄像头放在它们上面
12:32
and perhaps someday deliver
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或者某天运送
12:34
other kinds of ordinance
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某种军用设备
12:36
to warzones.
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去战场。
12:39
It's not just insects.
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这还不仅仅用昆虫。
12:41
This is the ratbot, or the robo-rat
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这是个老鼠机器，或者叫机器鼠
12:43
by Sanjiv Talwar at SUNY Downstate.
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由美国纽约州立大学的三久·塔瓦尔研发。
12:46
Again, it's got technology --
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再一次，它包含了现代科技，
12:48
it's got electrodes going into its left and right hemispheres;
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电极刺入它的左右半脑，
12:51
it's got a camera on top of its head.
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在它的头上有一个摄像机。
12:54
The scientists can make this creature
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科学家就能让这个生物
12:56
go left, right.
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向左，向右走。
12:58
They have it running through mazes, controlling where it's going.
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他们能让它穿行于迷宫中，控制它的走向。
13:01
They've now created an organic robot.
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他们已经创造出了生物机器人。
13:05
The graduate students
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在三久·塔瓦尔实验室的
13:07
in Sanjiv Talwar's lab
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研究生
13:09
said, "Is this ethical?
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说，“这是道德的吗？
13:11
We've taken away the autonomy of this animal."
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我们剥夺了这动物的自主权。”
13:14
I'll get back to that in a minute.
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我会过一会儿再讲这些。
13:16
There's also been work done with monkeys.
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这技术也应用在猴子上。
13:19
This is Miguel Nicolelis of Duke.
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这是杜克的米格尔·尼古拉雷思。
13:22
He took owl monkeys,
303
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他使用猫头鹰猴，
13:24
wired them up
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2000
置入电极
13:26
so that a computer watched their brains while they moved,
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电脑就能监视它们的大脑，当它们运动的时候，
13:28
especially looking at the movement of their right arm.
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特别是当他们右手活动的时候。
13:30
The computer learned what the monkey brain did
307
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2000
电脑会学习猴脑如何运作
13:32
to move its arm in various ways.
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用不同方式来移动它的手臂。
13:34
They then hooked it up to a prosthetic arm,
309
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接着他们把它连接到一个假肢上，
13:37
which you see here in the picture,
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就如你能看到的一样，
13:39
put the arm in another room.
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把手臂放在另一个房间。
13:41
Pretty soon, the computer learned, by reading the monkey's brainwaves,
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很快，电脑就学会，通过读取猴子的脑电波，
13:44
to make that arm in the other room
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来控制另外那个房间的手臂
13:46
do whatever the monkey's arm did.
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3000
做任何猴子手臂在做的事情。
13:49
Then he put a video monitor
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2000
接着他把一个视频显示器
13:51
in the monkey's cage
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2000
放在猴子的笼子里
13:53
that showed the monkey this prosthetic arm,
317
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给猴子看这个假肢，
13:55
and the monkey got fascinated.
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结果猴子对此很着迷。
13:57
The monkey recognized that whatever she did with her arm,
319
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2000
猴子意识到无论她用手做什么，
13:59
this prosthetic arm would do.
320
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2000
那假肢也会做什么。
14:01
And eventually she was moving it and moving it,
321
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3000
最后她会动一下动一下的，
14:04
and eventually stopped moving her right arm
322
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2000
最终会停止舞动她的右手
14:06
and, staring at the screen,
323
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2000
并，盯着屏幕，
14:08
could move the prosthetic arm in the other room
324
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3000
挥舞来另外一个房间的假肢
14:11
only with her brainwaves --
325
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2000
仅仅靠她的脑电波--
14:13
which means that monkey
326
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这意味着猴子
14:15
became the first primate in the history of the world
327
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已经成为世界历史上一个拥有
14:18
to have three independent functional arms.
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三个独立功能手臂的灵长类动物。
14:22
And it's not just technology
329
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这不仅仅是个科级
14:24
that we're putting into animals.
330
849000
2000
让我们应用在动物上。
14:26
This is Thomas DeMarse at the University of Florida.
331
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这是佛罗里达大学的托马斯·迪马斯。
14:29
He took 20,000 and then 60,000
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它实验了2万，接着6万个
14:31
disaggregated rat neurons --
333
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3000
分解的鼠神经元--
14:34
so these are just individual neurons from rats --
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3000
这些只是老鼠身上的分离的神经细胞--
14:37
put them on a chip.
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把它们放入芯片中。
14:39
They self-aggregated into a network,
336
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它们会自主的连接到网络中，
14:42
became an integrated chip.
337
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成为一个完整的芯片。
14:45
And he used that
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他把这
14:47
as the IT piece
339
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作为电脑芯片
14:49
of a mechanism which ran a flight simulator.
340
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3000
来运行飞行模拟机械。
14:52
So now we have organic computer chips
341
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3000
现在我们有了生物电脑芯片
14:55
made out of living, self-aggregating neurons.
342
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3000
由自主连接的神经细胞组成。
15:00
Finally, Mussa-Ivaldi of Northwestern
343
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最后，西北部的穆萨·伊瓦尔迪
15:03
took a completely intact,
344
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2000
完成了一个完整无缺的，
15:05
independent lamprey eel brain.
345
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3000
独立的鳗鱼脑。
15:08
This is a brain from a lamprey eel.
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这就是那个鳗鱼脑。
15:10
It is living --
347
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2000
它是活着的，
15:12
fully-intact brain in a nutrient medium
348
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3000
完整无损的大脑浸在营养液中
15:15
with these electrodes going off to the sides,
349
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3000
通体置入了电极，
15:18
attached photosensitive sensors to the brain,
350
903000
3000
连接着大脑的光敏感应器，
15:21
put it into a cart --
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2000
然后把它放进一个推车--
15:23
here's the cart, the brain is sitting there in the middle --
352
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3000
这就是那个推车，大脑就在这个里面--
15:26
and using this brain as the sole processor for this cart,
353
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3000
并用这个大脑作为这推车的单独的处理器，
15:29
when you turn on a light and shine it at the cart,
354
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2000
当你打开灯照射这推车的时候，
15:31
the cart moves toward the light;
355
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2000
推车会向光源移动；
15:33
when you turn it off, it moves away.
356
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2000
当你关闭光源，它就会远离。
15:35
It's photophilic.
357
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它是趋光性的。
15:37
So now we have a complete
358
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3000
现在我们有了个完整的
15:40
living lamprey eel brain.
359
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2000
活体的鳗鱼脑。
15:42
Is it thinking lamprey eel thoughts,
360
927000
2000
它是不是用鳗鱼的思维方式，
15:44
sitting there in its nutrient medium?
361
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2000
而浸泡在这营养液中呢？
15:46
I don't know,
362
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2000
我不知道，
15:48
but in fact it is a fully living brain
363
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4000
但是事实是它是一个完整的活体的大脑
15:52
that we have managed to keep alive
364
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3000
是我们试着让它保持生命活性
15:55
to do our bidding.
365
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3000
来行使我们的命令。
15:58
So, we are now at the stage
366
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所以，我们现在在一个
16:01
where we are creating creatures
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我们能够依照我们自己目的
16:03
for our own purposes.
368
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创造生命的阶段。
16:05
This is a mouse created by Charles Vacanti
369
950000
3000
这是只由马萨诸塞大学的查尔斯·瓦坎蒂
16:08
of the University of Massachusetts.
370
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3000
创造的老鼠。
16:11
He altered this mouse
371
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3000
他改造了这老鼠
16:14
so that it was genetically engineered
372
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2000
所以它是被基因改造过的
16:16
to have skin that was less immunoreactive to human skin,
373
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3000
有着更少排斥性的人类肌肤，
16:19
put a polymer scaffolding of an ear under it
374
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4000
在它内部有着支撑耳朵的聚合脚手架
16:23
and created an ear that could then be taken off the mouse
375
968000
3000
这创造出的耳朵能从老鼠体内取出
16:26
and transplanted onto a human being.
376
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2000
并移植给人类。
16:28
Genetic engineering
377
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2000
基因工程
16:30
coupled with polymer physiotechnology
378
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2000
伴随着聚合物理技术
16:32
coupled with xenotransplantation.
379
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2000
协同异种移植技术。
16:34
This is where we are in this process.
380
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3000
这就是我们在这个过程中的进度。
16:37
Finally, not that long ago,
381
982000
3000
最后，不久之前，
16:40
Craig Venter created the first artificial cell,
382
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克雷格·范特创造出了一个人工细胞，
16:43
where he took a cell, took a DNA synthesizer,
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他用了一个真的细胞，利用DNA合成器（读取了它的染色体），
16:45
which is a machine,
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这是一种
16:47
created an artificial genome,
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能制造人工染色体的机器，
16:49
put it in a different cell --
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再把合成器放进另一个细胞中--
16:52
the genome was not of the cell he put it in --
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另一个细胞的染色体和第一个细胞的是不一样的--
16:55
and that cell then reproduced
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当第二个细胞自己复制
16:57
as the other cell.
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就复制出了第一个细胞。
16:59
In other words,
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换句话说，
17:01
that was the first creature in the history of the world
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这是世界历史上一个用电脑作为
17:03
that had a computer as its parent --
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父母的生物--
17:05
it did not have an organic parent.
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它没有生物意义上的父母。
17:08
And so, asks The Economist:
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所以，《经济学家》提出
17:11
"The first artificial organism and its consequences."
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“第一个人工生物和它的结局。”
17:14
So you may have thought
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你可能会想
17:16
that the creation of life
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这生物的生命
17:18
was going to happen in something that looked like that.
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会变成看起来像这样的东西。
17:21
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
17:23
But in fact, that's not what Frankenstein's lab looks like.
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但是实际上，这不是弗兰肯斯坦实验室的样子。
17:26
This is what Frankenstein's lab looks like.
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这才是弗兰肯斯坦实验室的原貌。
17:28
This is a DNA synthesizer,
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这是个DNA合成器，
17:30
and here at the bottom
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在这底部
17:32
are just bottles of A, T, C and G --
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有着标记着A,T,C和G的瓶子--
17:34
the four chemicals
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这四种化学物质
17:36
that make up our DNA chain.
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组成了我们的DNA链。
17:38
And so, we need to ask ourselves some questions.
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所以，我们需要问我们自己一些问题。
17:41
For the first time in the history of this planet,
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作为地球史上第一次
17:44
we are able to directly design organisms.
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我们能够直接设计生物体。
17:47
We can manipulate the plasmas of life
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我们用空前的力量操控
17:49
with unprecedented power,
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生物等离子体。
17:52
and it confers on us a responsibility.
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如果赋予我们的是一种责任。
17:54
Is everything okay?
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那我们做什么都可以吗？
17:56
Is it okay to manipulate and create
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操控和制造任何我们想要的
17:58
whatever creatures we want?
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生物是可行的吗？
18:00
Do we have free reign
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我们是否可以无约束
18:02
to design animals?
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地设计生命体？
18:04
Do we get to go someday to Pets 'R' Us
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某天我们是否会根据喜好决定宠物
18:07
and say, "Look, I want a dog.
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并说，“看，我想要一只狗。
18:09
I'd like it to have the head of a Dachshund,
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我想要它有达克斯猎狗的头，
18:12
the body of a retriever,
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猎狗的身体，
18:14
maybe some pink fur,
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也许一些粉色的毛，
18:16
and let's make it glow in the dark"?
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再让它在黑暗中发光。”
18:18
Does industry get to create creatures
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是否工业创造生物
18:20
who, in their milk, in their blood, and in their saliva
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用它们的奶，血，和唾液
18:23
and other bodily fluids,
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和其他的体液，
18:25
create the drugs and industrial molecules we want
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来生产我们需要的药物和工业分子
18:28
and then warehouse them
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并圈养它们成为生物制药机器
18:30
as organic manufacturing machines?
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是可以的？
18:33
Do we get to create organic robots,
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是否我们创造出生命机器，
18:36
where we remove the autonomy from these animals
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导致这些动物失去自由
18:39
and turn them just into our playthings?
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来把它们变成我们的玩物是可以的？
18:42
And then the final step of this,
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接着最后的一布，
18:45
once we perfect these technologies in animals
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一旦我们用动物体完善了这些科技
18:47
and we start using them in human beings,
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我们就会开始在人体上运用，
18:49
what are the ethical guidelines
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这就涉及到道德界限
18:51
that we will use then?
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我们是否可能用？
18:54
It's already happening. It's not science fiction.
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这已经发生了；这不是科幻小说。
18:57
We are not only already using these things in animals,
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我们不仅仅已经运用在动物体内，
19:00
some of them we're already beginning to use
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我们也开始运用一部分
19:03
on our own bodies.
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在我们人体内。
19:05
We are now taking control of our own evolution.
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我们现在在说的是控制我们自己的进化。
19:08
We are directly designing
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我们正直接的设计
19:10
the future of the species of this planet.
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星球上的未来的物种。
19:13
It confers upon us an enormous responsibility
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它赋予了我们巨大的责任
19:16
that is not just the responsibility
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而且不仅仅是对那些思考这问题
19:18
of the scientists and the ethicists
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和论述这问题的科学家
19:20
who are thinking about it and writing about it now.
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和论理学家的责任。
19:22
It is the responsibility of everybody
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它也是每个人的责任所在
19:25
because it will determine what kind of planet and what kind of bodies
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因为它关系到未来我们将会有哪些生物体
19:28
we will have in the future.
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居住在这星球。
19:30
Thanks.
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谢谢
19:32
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul Root Wolpe - EthicistPaul Root Wolpe examines the ethical implications of new science -- genetic modification, neuroscience and other breakthroughs that stretch our current philosophy to the breaking point. He's the chief bioethicist at NASA, among other appointments.
Why you should listen
Paul Root Wolpe directs the Center for Ethics at Emory University, where he works on the biggest issues most of us face in our life-long ethical journey: death and dying, new reproductive technologies, and new medical and scientific breakthroughs that are not covered in our traditional ethics (what would the Bible say about growing a human ear on a mouse?).
He's also the chief bioethicist at NASA, where he advises on the medical experiments that happen during space travel.
Read the TED Blog's Q&A with Paul Root Wolpe >>
Read Wolpe's lively TED Conversation thread >>
Paul Root Wolpe | Speaker | TED.com