TED2016
Alexander Betts: Our refugee system is failing. Here's how we can fix it
Aleksander Bets (Alexander Betts): Naš sistem za izbeglice ne funkcioniše. Evo kako da ga popravimo
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Readability: 5.4
959,835 views
Milion izbeglica je ove godine stiglo u Evropu, kaže Aleksandar Bets, a "naš je odgovor, iskreno, bio bedan". Bets izučava prinudne migracije, nemoguće izbore za porodice, između kampova, urbanog siromaštva i opasnih nelegalnih putovanja do sigurnosti. U ovom pronicljivom govoru, nudi četiri načina da promenimo naš odnos prema izbeglicama, kako bi mogle istog trena da doprinesu svojim novim domovima. "Izbeglice ne moraju nužno da budu trošak", kaže Bets. "One su ljudska bića sa veštinama, talentima, težnjama, u stanju da naprave doprinos - ako im to dopustimo."
Alexander Betts - Social scientist
Alexander Betts explores ways societies might empower refugees rather than pushing them to the margins. Full bio
Alexander Betts explores ways societies might empower refugees rather than pushing them to the margins. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
There are times when I feel
really quite ashamed
really quite ashamed
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Ponekad me je zaista prilično sramota
00:16
to be a European.
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što sam Evropljanin.
00:18
In the last year,
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Prošle godine
00:20
more than a million people
arrived in Europe in need of our help,
arrived in Europe in need of our help,
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je preko milion ljudi
stiglo u Evropu tražeći našu pomoć,
stiglo u Evropu tražeći našu pomoć,
00:24
and our response,
frankly, has been pathetic.
frankly, has been pathetic.
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a naš je odgovor, iskreno, bio bedan.
00:29
There are just so many contradictions.
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Prosto je tu previše protivrečnosti.
00:32
We mourn the tragic death
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Oplakujemo tragičnu smrt
00:34
of two-year-old Alan Kurdi,
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dvogodišnjeg Alana Kurdija,
00:38
and yet, since then,
more than 200 children
more than 200 children
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pa ipak, od tad, više od 200 dece
00:41
have subsequently drowned
in the Mediterranean.
in the Mediterranean.
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se naknadno udavilo u Sredozemnom moru.
00:45
We have international treaties
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Imamo međunarodne sporazume
00:47
that recognize that refugees
are a shared responsibility,
are a shared responsibility,
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koji prepoznaju izbeglice
kao zajedničku odgovornost,
kao zajedničku odgovornost,
00:50
and yet we accept that tiny Lebanon
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pa ipak dozvoljavamo da sićušni Leban
00:53
hosts more Syrians
than the whole of Europe combined.
than the whole of Europe combined.
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ugosti više Sirijaca
od sveukupno čitave Evrope.
od sveukupno čitave Evrope.
00:58
We lament the existence
of human smugglers,
of human smugglers,
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Jadikujemo zbog postojanja
krijumčara ljudima,
krijumčara ljudima,
01:02
and yet we make that the only viable route
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pa ipak se staramo da to bude
jedina održiva trasa
jedina održiva trasa
01:05
to seek asylum in Europe.
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za traženje azila u Evropi.
01:08
We have labor shortages,
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Nedostaju nam radnici,
01:10
and yet we exclude people who fit
our economic and demographic needs
our economic and demographic needs
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ali odbijamo ljude koji se uklapaju
u naše ekonomske i demografske potrebe
u naše ekonomske i demografske potrebe
01:16
from coming to Europe.
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od dolaska u Evropu.
01:19
We proclaim our liberal values
in opposition to fundamentalist Islam,
in opposition to fundamentalist Islam,
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Deklamujemo o našim liberalnim vrednostima
koje su suprotne islamskom fundametalizmu,
koje su suprotne islamskom fundametalizmu,
01:24
and yet --
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pa ipak -
01:27
we have repressive policies
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imamo represivne zakone
01:30
that detain child asylum seekers,
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koji pritvaraju decu koja traže azil,
01:33
that separate children
from their families,
from their families,
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koji odvajaju decu od njihovih porodica
01:36
and that seize property from refugees.
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i koji oduzimaju imovinu izbeglicama.
01:40
What are we doing?
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Šta mi to radimo?
01:42
How has the situation come to this,
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Kako je došlo do ovoga,
01:45
that we've adopted such an inhumane
response to a humanitarian crisis?
response to a humanitarian crisis?
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kako smo usvojili tako nehuman odgovor
na humanitarnu krizu?
na humanitarnu krizu?
01:51
I don't believe
it's because people don't care,
it's because people don't care,
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Ne verujem da se to desilo
jer ljude nije briga,
jer ljude nije briga,
01:53
or at least I don't want to believe
it's because people don't care.
it's because people don't care.
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ili bar ne želim da verujem
da je tako jer ljude nije briga.
da je tako jer ljude nije briga.
01:56
I believe it's because
our politicians lack a vision,
our politicians lack a vision,
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Verujem da je tako
jer naši političari nemaju viziju,
jer naši političari nemaju viziju,
02:00
a vision for how to adapt
an international refugee system
an international refugee system
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viziju kako da prilagode
međunarodni program za izbeglice,
međunarodni program za izbeglice,
02:04
created over 50 years ago
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koji je stvoren pre 50 godina,
02:06
for a changing and globalized world.
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promenljivom i globalizovanom svetu.
02:09
And so what I want to do
is take a step back
is take a step back
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Pa želim da se vratim malo unazad
02:12
and ask two really fundamental questions,
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i da postavim dva temeljna pitanja,
02:15
the two questions we all need to ask.
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dva pitanja koja svi moramo da postavimo.
02:18
First, why is the current
system not working?
system not working?
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Prvo: zašto trenutni
sistem ne funkcioniše?
sistem ne funkcioniše?
02:21
And second, what can we do to fix it?
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I drugo: kako možemo da ga popravimo?
02:26
So the modern refugee regime
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Dakle, savremeni režim za izbeglice
02:28
was created in the aftermath
of the Second World War by these guys.
of the Second World War by these guys.
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su ovi ljudi stvorili
na zgarištu Drugog svetskog rata.
na zgarištu Drugog svetskog rata.
02:34
Its basic aim is to ensure
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Njegov osnovni cilj je da se postara
02:37
that when a state fails,
or worse, turns against its own people,
or worse, turns against its own people,
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da kada država zataji, ili još gore,
okrene se protiv sopstvenog naroda
okrene se protiv sopstvenog naroda
02:41
people have somewhere to go,
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da ljudi imaju gde da odu,
02:43
to live in safety and dignity
until they can go home.
until they can go home.
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da žive bezbedno i dostojanstveno
sve dok mognu da se vrate kući.
sve dok mognu da se vrate kući.
02:46
It was created precisely for situations
like the situation we see in Syria today.
like the situation we see in Syria today.
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Stvoren je baš zbog situacija, nalik
situaciji koju trenutno vidimo u Siriji.
situaciji koju trenutno vidimo u Siriji.
02:52
Through an international convention
signed by 147 governments,
signed by 147 governments,
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Putem međunarodne konvencije
koju je potpisalo 147 vlada,
koju je potpisalo 147 vlada,
02:57
the 1951 Convention
on the Status of Refugees,
on the Status of Refugees,
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Konvencije o statusu izbeglica iz 1951.
03:00
and an international organization, UNHCR,
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i međunarodne organizacije, UNHCR,
03:03
states committed to reciprocally
admit people onto their territory
admit people onto their territory
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države su se obavezale da će recipročno
primati na svoju teritoriju
primati na svoju teritoriju
03:08
who flee conflict and persecution.
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ljude koji beže od ratova i proganjanja.
03:11
But today, that system is failing.
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Međutim, trenutno je taj sistem zatajio.
03:14
In theory, refugees
have a right to seek asylum.
have a right to seek asylum.
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U teoriji, izbeglice
imaju pravo da traže azil.
imaju pravo da traže azil.
03:18
In practice, our immigration policies
block the path to safety.
block the path to safety.
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U praksi, naši zakoni o imigraciji
blokiraju puteve do sigurnosti.
blokiraju puteve do sigurnosti.
03:23
In theory, refugees have a right
to a pathway to integration,
to a pathway to integration,
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U teoriji, izbeglice imaju pravo
na otvorenu stazu integracije
na otvorenu stazu integracije
03:27
or return to the country
they've come from.
they've come from.
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ili da se vrate u zemlju iz koje potiču.
03:30
But in practice, they get stuck
in almost indefinite limbo.
in almost indefinite limbo.
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Međutim u praksi, zaglavljene su
u skoro beskonačnom limbu.
u skoro beskonačnom limbu.
03:34
In theory, refugees
are a shared global responsibility.
are a shared global responsibility.
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U teoriji, izbeglice
su zajednička globalna odgovornost.
su zajednička globalna odgovornost.
03:38
In practice, geography means
that countries proximate the conflict
that countries proximate the conflict
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U praksi, geografija određuje
da zemlje koje su najbliže ratu
da zemlje koje su najbliže ratu
03:42
take the overwhelming majority
of the world's refugees.
of the world's refugees.
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preuzimaju ogromnu većinu
svetskih izbeglica.
svetskih izbeglica.
03:46
The system isn't broken
because the rules are wrong.
because the rules are wrong.
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Sistem nije nefunkcionalan
jer su pravila pogrešna.
jer su pravila pogrešna.
03:49
It's that we're not applying them
adequately to a changing world,
adequately to a changing world,
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Već se radi o tome da ih ne primenjujemo
kako treba u promenljivom svetu,
kako treba u promenljivom svetu,
03:53
and that's what we need to reconsider.
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a o tome moramo da razmislimo.
03:56
So I want to explain to you a little bit
about how the current system works.
about how the current system works.
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Želim da vam ukratko objasnim
kako trenutni sistem funkcioniše.
kako trenutni sistem funkcioniše.
04:00
How does the refugee regime actually work?
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Kako zapravo funkcioniše
režim za izbeglice?
režim za izbeglice?
04:03
But not from a top-down
institutional perspective,
institutional perspective,
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Ali ne iz ugla
hijerarhijski ustrojenih institucija,
hijerarhijski ustrojenih institucija,
04:06
rather from the perspective of a refugee.
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već iz ugla izbeglice.
04:10
So imagine a Syrian woman.
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Pa, zamislite Sirijku.
04:12
Let's call her Amira.
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Nazovimo je Amira.
04:14
And Amira to me represents
many of the people I've met in the region.
many of the people I've met in the region.
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A Amira za mene predstavlja mnoge ljude
koje sam upoznao iz tog regiona.
koje sam upoznao iz tog regiona.
04:19
Amira, like around 25 percent
of the world's refugees,
of the world's refugees,
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Amira, kao i otprilike 25 procenata
izbeglica u svetu,
izbeglica u svetu,
04:22
is a woman with children,
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je žena koja ima decu
04:24
and she can't go home
because she comes from this city
because she comes from this city
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i ne može da se vrati kući
jer potiče iz ovog grada
jer potiče iz ovog grada
04:28
that you see before you, Homs,
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koji je pred vama, iz Homsa,
04:30
a once beautiful and historic city
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nekad prelepog grada sa istorijom,
04:32
now under rubble.
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koji je sad u ruševinama.
04:34
And so Amira can't go back there.
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Pa, Amira ne može da se vrati tamo.
04:37
But Amira also has no hope
of resettlement to a third country,
of resettlement to a third country,
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Ali Amira se takođe ne nada
da će se naseliti u treću državu
da će se naseliti u treću državu
04:41
because that's a lottery ticket
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jer je to kao tiket za loto,
04:42
only available to less than one percent
of the world's refugees.
of the world's refugees.
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jedino je dostupan manjem broju
od jednog procenta izbeglica u svetu.
od jednog procenta izbeglica u svetu.
04:46
So Amira and her family
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Pa su Amira i njena porodica
04:49
face an almost impossible choice.
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suočeni sa gotovo nemogućim izborom.
04:51
They have three basic options.
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Imaju tri osnovne opcije.
04:54
The first option is that Amira
can take her family to a camp.
can take her family to a camp.
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Prva je da Amira
povede svoju porodicu u kamp.
povede svoju porodicu u kamp.
05:00
In the camp, she might get assistance,
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U kampu bi mogla da dobije pomoć,
05:03
but there are very few prospects
for Amira and her family.
for Amira and her family.
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ali mali su izgledi
za Amiru i njenu porodicu.
za Amiru i njenu porodicu.
05:06
Camps are in bleak, arid locations,
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Kampovi su na pustim, bezvodnim mestima,
05:10
often in the desert.
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često u pustinjama.
05:12
In the Zaatari refugee camp in Jordan,
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U izbegličkom kampu Zatari u Jordanu,
05:14
you can hear the shells
across the border in Syria at nighttime.
across the border in Syria at nighttime.
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noću možete čuti otvorenu vatru
preko granice u Siriji.
preko granice u Siriji.
05:20
There's restricted economic activity.
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Ograničena je ekonomska aktivnost.
05:23
Education is often of poor quality.
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Obrazovanje je često lošeg kvaliteta.
05:25
And around the world,
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A širom sveta,
05:27
some 80 percent of refugees
who are in camps
who are in camps
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nekih 80 procenata izbeglica
koje su u kampovima,
koje su u kampovima,
05:30
have to stay for at least five years.
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moraju u njima da ostanu bar pet godina.
05:33
It's a miserable existence,
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To je bedan život
05:34
and that's probably why, in reality,
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i verovatno zato u stvarnosti
05:37
only nine percent of Syrians
choose that option.
choose that option.
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svega devet procenata Sirijaca
bira tu opciju.
bira tu opciju.
05:41
Alternatively, Amira can head
to an urban area
to an urban area
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Alternativno, Amira može
da krene u urbanu sredinu
da krene u urbanu sredinu
05:45
in a neighboring country,
like Amman or Beirut.
like Amman or Beirut.
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u susednoj državi,
poput Amana ili Bejruta.
poput Amana ili Bejruta.
05:49
That's an option that about 75 percent
of Syrian refugees have taken.
of Syrian refugees have taken.
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To je opcija koju je izabralo
oko 75 procenata sirijskih izbeglica.
oko 75 procenata sirijskih izbeglica.
05:54
But there, there's
great difficulty as well.
great difficulty as well.
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Međutim tu takođe imate velike poteškoće.
05:57
Refugees in such urban areas
don't usually have the right to work.
don't usually have the right to work.
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Izbeglice na sličnim urbanim mestima
obično nemaju pravo na rad.
obično nemaju pravo na rad.
06:02
They don't usually get
significant access to assistance.
significant access to assistance.
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Obično ne dobijaju
značajan pristup pomoći.
značajan pristup pomoći.
06:05
And so when Amira and her family
have used up their basic savings,
have used up their basic savings,
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Pa kad Amira i njena porodica
potroše svoju osnovnu ušteđevinu,
potroše svoju osnovnu ušteđevinu,
06:09
they're left with very little
and likely to face urban destitution.
and likely to face urban destitution.
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ostaje im vemo malo
i suočavaju se s urbanom bedom.
i suočavaju se s urbanom bedom.
06:14
So there's a third alternative,
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Dakle, imaju treću alternativu,
06:16
and it's one that increasing
numbers of Syrians are taking.
numbers of Syrians are taking.
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a nju bira sve veći broj Sirijaca.
06:21
Amira can seek some hope for her family
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Amira može da potraži nadu
za svoju porodicu
za svoju porodicu
06:26
by risking their lives
on a dangerous and perilous journey
on a dangerous and perilous journey
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rizikujući njihove živote
na opasnom i rizičnom putovanju
na opasnom i rizičnom putovanju
06:29
to another country,
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u drugu državu,
06:31
and it's that which we're seeing
in Europe today.
in Europe today.
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a to je ono što trenutno gledamo u Evropi.
06:35
Around the world, we present refugees
with an almost impossible choice
with an almost impossible choice
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Širom sveta nudimo izbeglicama
skoro nemoguć izbor
skoro nemoguć izbor
06:40
between three options:
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između tri opcije:
06:42
encampment, urban destitution
and dangerous journeys.
and dangerous journeys.
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kampa, urbane bede i opasnih putovanja.
06:47
For refugees, that choice is
the global refugee regime today.
the global refugee regime today.
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Za izbeglice je taj izbor
trenutni globalni režim za izbeglice.
trenutni globalni režim za izbeglice.
06:52
But I think it's a false choice.
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No, smatram da je to pogrešan izbor.
06:54
I think we can reconsider that choice.
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Mislim da možemo da ga preispitamo.
06:57
The reason why we limit those options
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Razlog zašto ograničavamo te opcije
07:02
is because we think
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je jer mislimo
07:05
that those are the only options
that are available to refugees,
that are available to refugees,
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da su to jedine opcije
koje su dostupne izbeglicama,
koje su dostupne izbeglicama,
07:09
and they're not.
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a nisu.
07:11
Politicians frame the issue
as a zero-sum issue,
as a zero-sum issue,
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Političari formulišu taj problem
kao gubitničku strategiju,
kao gubitničku strategiju,
07:14
that if we benefit refugees,
we're imposing costs on citizens.
we're imposing costs on citizens.
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da ako pomognemo izbeglicama,
građane izlažemo trošku.
građane izlažemo trošku.
07:18
We tend to have a collective assumption
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Nekako kolektivno pretpostavljamo
07:20
that refugees are an inevitable cost
or burden to society.
or burden to society.
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da su izbeglice neizbežan trošak
iliti teret za društvo.
iliti teret za društvo.
07:24
But they don't have to.
They can contribute.
They can contribute.
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Ali ne moraju to da budu.
Mogu da nam doprinesu.
Mogu da nam doprinesu.
07:26
So what I want to argue
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Pa želim da iznesem tvrdnju
07:28
is there are ways in which we can
expand that choice set
expand that choice set
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da postoje načini na koje
možemo da proširimo ponuđeni izbor
možemo da proširimo ponuđeni izbor
07:31
and still benefit everyone else:
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i da i svi ostali imaju koristi:
07:33
the host states and communities,
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države domaćini i zajednice,
07:35
our societies and refugees themselves.
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naša društva, kao i same izbeglice.
07:39
And I want to suggest four ways
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I želim da predložim četiri načina
07:41
we can transform the paradigm
of how we think about refugees.
of how we think about refugees.
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na koje možemo da transformišemo
paradigmu razmišljanja o izbeglicama.
paradigmu razmišljanja o izbeglicama.
07:45
All four ways have one thing in common:
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Sva četiri načina imaju nešto zajedničko:
07:48
they're all ways in which we take
the opportunities of globalization,
the opportunities of globalization,
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sve su to načini putem kojih koristimo
mogućnosti globalizacije,
mogućnosti globalizacije,
07:52
mobility and markets,
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mobilnosti i tržišta,
07:54
and update the way we think
about the refugee issue.
about the refugee issue.
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i njima dopunjujemo naše viđenje
problema izbeglica.
problema izbeglica.
07:58
The first one I want to think about
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Prvi o kom želim da razmislim
08:00
is the idea of enabling environments,
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je zamisao o okruženjima s mogućnostima,
08:02
and it starts from
a very basic recognition
a very basic recognition
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a počinje od osnovnog prepoznavanja
08:05
that refugees are human beings
like everyone else,
like everyone else,
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da su izbeglice ljudska bića
kao svi drugi,
kao svi drugi,
08:08
but they're just
in extraordinary circumstances.
in extraordinary circumstances.
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ali da su prosto
u izvanrednim okolnostima.
u izvanrednim okolnostima.
08:11
Together with my colleagues in Oxford,
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Zajedno sa kolegom iz Oksforda,
08:13
we've embarked on
a research project in Uganda
a research project in Uganda
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započeli smo
istraživački projekat u Ugandi
istraživački projekat u Ugandi
08:15
looking at the economic lives of refugees.
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posmatrajući ekonomski život izbeglica.
08:19
We chose Uganda not because
it's representative of all host countries.
it's representative of all host countries.
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Izabrali smo Ugandu ne zbog toga
što ona predstavlja sve zemlje domaćine.
što ona predstavlja sve zemlje domaćine.
08:23
It's not. It's exceptional.
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Nije to. Ona je izuzetna.
08:25
Unlike most host countries
around the world,
around the world,
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Za razliku od većine
zemalja domaćina širom sveta,
zemalja domaćina širom sveta,
08:28
what Uganda has done
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Uganda
08:29
is give refugees economic opportunity.
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pruža izbeglicama ekonomske mogućnosti.
08:32
It gives them the right to work.
It gives them freedom of movement.
It gives them freedom of movement.
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Pruža im pravo na rad.
Pruža im slobodu kretanja.
Pruža im slobodu kretanja.
08:36
And the results of that are extraordinary
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A rezulatati toga su izvanredni,
08:39
both for refugees and the host community.
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kako za izbeglice
tako i za zajednicu domaćina.
tako i za zajednicu domaćina.
08:42
In the capital city, Kampala,
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U glavnom gradu, Kampali,
08:44
we found that 21 percent of refugees
own a business that employs other people,
own a business that employs other people,
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otkrili smo da 21 procenat izbeglica
poseduje firme koje zapošljavaju druge,
poseduje firme koje zapošljavaju druge,
08:49
and 40 percent of those employees
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a 40 procenata tih zaposlenih
08:52
are nationals of the host country.
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su pripadnici zemlje domaćina.
08:54
In other words, refugees are making jobs
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Drugim rečima, izbeglice stvaraju poslove
08:56
for citizens of the host country.
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za građane zemlje domaćina.
08:59
Even in the camps,
we found extraordinary examples
we found extraordinary examples
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Čak i u kampovima
smo otkrili izvanredne primere
smo otkrili izvanredne primere
09:03
of vibrant, flourishing
and entrepreneurial businesses.
and entrepreneurial businesses.
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preduzetničkih poslova
koji su živahni i cvetaju.
koji su živahni i cvetaju.
09:07
For example, in a settlement
called Nakivale,
called Nakivale,
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Na primer, u smeštaju po imenu Nakivale,
09:11
we found examples of Congolese refugees
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otkrili smo primere izbeglica iz Konga
09:14
running digital music exchange businesses.
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kako vode posao razmene digitalne muzike.
09:16
We found a Rwandan
who runs a business that's available
who runs a business that's available
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Otkrili smo Ruanđanina
koji vodi pristupačan posao
koji vodi pristupačan posao
09:20
to allow the youth to play computer games
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koji omogućuje omladini
da igra kompjuterske igrice
da igra kompjuterske igrice
09:23
on recycled games consoles
and recycled televisions.
and recycled televisions.
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na recikliranim konzolama
i recikliranim televizorima.
i recikliranim televizorima.
09:28
Against the odds of extreme constraint,
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Uprkos uslovima ekstremnog ograničenja,
09:31
refugees are innovating,
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izbeglice prave izume,
09:33
and the gentleman you see before you
is a Congolese guy called Demou-Kay.
is a Congolese guy called Demou-Kay.
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a gospodin koga vidite
je momak iz Konga po imenu Demu-Kej.
je momak iz Konga po imenu Demu-Kej.
09:37
Demou-Kay arrived
in the settlement with very little,
in the settlement with very little,
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Demu-Kej je stigao u smeštaj
gotovo praznih ruku,
gotovo praznih ruku,
09:40
but he wanted to be a filmmaker.
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ali želeo je da pravi filmove.
09:43
So with friends and colleagues,
he started a community radio station,
he started a community radio station,
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Pa je sa prijateljima i kolegama
osnovao radio stanicu za zajednicu,
osnovao radio stanicu za zajednicu,
09:47
he rented a video camera,
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iznajmio je video kameru
09:48
and he's now making films.
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i trenutno snima filmove.
09:50
He made two documentary films
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Snimio je dva dokumentarca
09:52
with and for our team,
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s našim timom i za naš tim
09:54
and he's making a successful business
out of very little.
out of very little.
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i stvara uspešan posao iz skoro ničega.
09:58
It's those kinds of examples
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Ovakvi primeri
10:00
that should guide
our response to refugees.
our response to refugees.
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bi trebalo da budu vodilje
našem odgovoru na izbeglice.
našem odgovoru na izbeglice.
10:03
Rather than seeing refugees
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Umesto što vidimo izbeglice
10:04
as inevitably dependent
upon humanitarian assistance,
upon humanitarian assistance,
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kao neizbežne zavisnike
o humanitarnoj pomoći,
o humanitarnoj pomoći,
10:08
we need to provide them
with opportunities for human flourishing.
with opportunities for human flourishing.
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moramo da im obezbedimo
mogućnosti za ljudski procvat.
mogućnosti za ljudski procvat.
10:12
Yes, clothes, blankets, shelter, food
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Da, odeća, ćebad, sklonište, hrana
10:16
are all important in the emergency phase,
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sve to jeste važno u fazi hitne pomoći,
10:19
but we need to also look beyond that.
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ali takođe moramo
da gledamo dalje od toga.
da gledamo dalje od toga.
10:22
We need to provide opportunities
to connectivity, electricity,
to connectivity, electricity,
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Moramo da im obezbedimo mogućnosti
za povezivanje, struju,
za povezivanje, struju,
10:26
education, the right to work,
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obrazovanje, pravo na rad,
10:29
access to capital and banking.
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pristup kapitalu i bankarstvu.
10:31
All the ways in which we take for granted
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Sve ono što uzimamo zdravo za gotovo
10:33
that we are plugged in
to the global economy
to the global economy
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dok smo priključeni
na globalnu ekonomiju
na globalnu ekonomiju
10:35
can and should apply to refugees.
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bi trebalo i moralo
da se odnosi na izbeglice.
da se odnosi na izbeglice.
10:39
The second idea I want to discuss
is economic zones.
is economic zones.
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Druga zamisao o kojoj želim da raspravljam
su ekonomske zone.
su ekonomske zone.
10:43
Unfortunately, not every
host country in the world
host country in the world
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Nažalost, svaka zemlja domaćin u svetu
10:46
takes the approach Uganda has taken.
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nema pristup kakav ima Uganda.
10:48
Most host countries don't open up
their economies to refugees
their economies to refugees
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Većina zemalja domaćina
ne otvara svoje ekonomije za izbeglice
ne otvara svoje ekonomije za izbeglice
10:51
in the same way.
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na isti način.
10:53
But there are still pragmatic
alternative options that we can use.
alternative options that we can use.
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Ali i dalje imamo pragmatične alternativne
opcije koje možemo da koristimo.
opcije koje možemo da koristimo.
10:59
Last April, I traveled to Jordan
with my colleague,
with my colleague,
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Prošlog aprila sam putovao u Jordan
sa mojim kolegom,
sa mojim kolegom,
11:01
the development economist Paul Collier,
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ekonomistom razvoja Polom Kolijerom,
11:04
and we brainstormed an idea
while we were there
while we were there
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i dok smo bili tamo
zajedno smo došli na ideju,
zajedno smo došli na ideju,
11:07
with the international community
and the government,
and the government,
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sa međunarodnom zajednicom i vladom,
11:09
an idea to bring jobs to Syrians
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ideju da pružimo poslove Sirijcima,
11:12
while supporting Jordan's
national development strategy.
national development strategy.
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istovremeno podržavajući
nacionalnu razvojnu strategiju Jordana.
nacionalnu razvojnu strategiju Jordana.
11:15
The idea is for an economic zone,
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Ideja je o ekonomskoj zoni,
11:19
one in which we could potentially
integrate the employment of refugees
integrate the employment of refugees
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u kojoj bismo potencijalno mogli
da integrišemo zapošljavanje izbeglica
da integrišemo zapošljavanje izbeglica
11:22
alongside the employment
of Jordanian host nationals.
of Jordanian host nationals.
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uz zapošljavanje domaćina, Jordanaca.
11:26
And just 15 minutes away
from the Zaatari refugee camp,
from the Zaatari refugee camp,
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A samo 15 minuta dalje
od izbegličkog kampa Zatari,
od izbegličkog kampa Zatari,
11:30
home to 83,000 refugees,
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doma za 83,000 izbeglica,
11:32
is an existing economic zone
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nalazi se postojeća ekonomska zona
11:34
called the King Hussein
Bin Talal Development Area.
Bin Talal Development Area.
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po imenu Razvojno područje
kralja Huseina Bin Talala.
kralja Huseina Bin Talala.
11:37
The government has spent
over a hundred million dollars
over a hundred million dollars
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Vlada je potrošila
preko sto miliona dolara
preko sto miliona dolara
11:40
connecting it to the electricity grid,
connecting it to the road network,
connecting it to the road network,
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da bi ga priključila na struju,
da bi ga priključila na putnu mrežu,
da bi ga priključila na putnu mrežu,
11:44
but it lacked two things:
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ali su mu nedostajale dve stvari:
11:46
access to labor and inward investment.
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pristup radu i unutrašnje investicije.
11:48
So what if refugees
were able to work there
were able to work there
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Dakle, šta ako su izbeglice
u stanju da tu rade,
u stanju da tu rade,
11:51
rather than being stuck in camps,
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a ne samo da budu zaglavljene u kampu,
11:53
able to support their families and develop
skills through vocational training
skills through vocational training
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da izdržavaju svoje porodice
i da razvijaju veštine putem stručne obuke
i da razvijaju veštine putem stručne obuke
11:57
before they go back to Syria?
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dok se vrate u Siriju?
11:59
We recognized that
that could benefit Jordan,
that could benefit Jordan,
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Shvatili smo da bi Jordan
imao koristi od toga
imao koristi od toga
12:02
whose development strategy
requires it to make the leap
requires it to make the leap
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jer strategija razvoja
zahteva od njega da pređe
zahteva od njega da pređe
12:04
as a middle income country
to manufacturing.
to manufacturing.
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na proizvodnju,
pošto je zemlja sa osrednjim dohodkom.
pošto je zemlja sa osrednjim dohodkom.
12:07
It could benefit refugees,
but it could also contribute
but it could also contribute
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To bi koristilo izbeglicama,
ali bi takođe doprinelo
ali bi takođe doprinelo
12:11
to the postconflict
reconstruction of Syria
reconstruction of Syria
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posleratnom obnavljanju Sirije;
12:13
by recognizing that we need
to incubate refugees
to incubate refugees
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razumevanje da moramo da obučimo izbeglice
12:16
as the best source
of eventually rebuilding Syria.
of eventually rebuilding Syria.
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kao najbolje izvore
eventualnog obnavljanja Sirije.
eventualnog obnavljanja Sirije.
12:20
We published the idea
in the journal Foreign Affairs.
in the journal Foreign Affairs.
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Objavili smo ovu ideju
u časopisu "Forin Afers".
u časopisu "Forin Afers".
12:23
King Abdullah has picked up on the idea.
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Kralj Abdul je prihvatio ideju.
12:26
It was announced at the London
Syria Conference two weeks ago,
Syria Conference two weeks ago,
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Najavljena je pre dve nedelje
na konferenciji Sirija u Londonu,
na konferenciji Sirija u Londonu,
12:29
and a pilot will begin in the summer.
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a njeno sprovođenje počinje na leto.
12:32
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
12:37
The third idea that I want to put to you
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Treća ideja koju želim da vam izložim
12:39
is preference matching
between states and refugees
between states and refugees
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je uparivanje prioriteta
između država i izbeglica
između država i izbeglica
12:43
to lead to the kinds of happy outcomes
you see here in the selfie
you see here in the selfie
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koje vodi do srećnih ishoda,
koje vidite ovde na selfiju
koje vidite ovde na selfiju
12:46
featuring Angela Merkel
and a Syrian refugee.
and a Syrian refugee.
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Angele Merkel i sirijske izbeglice.
12:50
What we rarely do is ask refugees
what they want, where they want to go,
what they want, where they want to go,
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Mi retko pitamo izbeglice šta žele,
gde žele da idu,
gde žele da idu,
12:54
but I'd argue we can do that
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ali smatram da možemo to da uradimo
12:56
and still make everyone better off.
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i da i dalje svi budu zadovoljni.
12:59
The economist Alvin Roth has developed
the idea of matching markets,
the idea of matching markets,
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Ekonomista Alvin Rot je razvio ideju
podudarnih tržišta,
podudarnih tržišta,
13:03
ways in which the preference ranking
of the parties shapes an eventual match.
of the parties shapes an eventual match.
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to kako rangiranje prioriteta dve strane
oblikuje eventualne podudarnosti.
oblikuje eventualne podudarnosti.
13:09
My colleagues Will Jones
and Alex Teytelboym
and Alex Teytelboym
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Moje kolege, Vil Džons i Aleks Tejtlbojm
13:12
have explored ways in which that idea
could be applied to refugees,
could be applied to refugees,
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su istraživali na koji način bi ova ideja
mogla da se primeni na izbeglice;
mogla da se primeni na izbeglice;
13:16
to ask refugees to rank
their preferred destinations,
their preferred destinations,
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pitajući izbeglice da rangiraju
željena odredišta,
željena odredišta,
13:20
but also allow states to rank
the types of refugees they want
the types of refugees they want
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ali takođe da se omogući državama
da rangiraju tipove izbeglica koje žele
da rangiraju tipove izbeglica koje žele
13:24
on skills criteria or language criteria
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po kriterijumu veština i jezika
13:27
and allow those to match.
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i da im omoguće da se upare.
13:28
Now, of course
you'd need to build in quotas
you'd need to build in quotas
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Sad, naravno,
morali biste da napravite kvote
morali biste da napravite kvote
13:31
on things like diversity
and vulnerability,
and vulnerability,
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zbog stvari poput raznovrsnosti
i ranjivosti,
i ranjivosti,
13:34
but it's a way of increasing
the possibilities of matching.
the possibilities of matching.
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ali to je način za povećanja
mogućnosti uparivanja.
mogućnosti uparivanja.
13:37
The matching idea
has been successfully used
has been successfully used
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Ideja o uparivanju se uspešno koristi
13:40
to match, for instance,
students with university places,
students with university places,
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da bi se uparili, na primer,
studenti sa univerzitetskim jedinicama,
studenti sa univerzitetskim jedinicama,
13:45
to match kidney donors with patients,
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da bi se uparili
donatori bubrega sa pacijentima
donatori bubrega sa pacijentima
13:48
and it underlies the kind of algorithms
that exist on dating websites.
that exist on dating websites.
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i u njenoj srži je tip algoritma
koji postoji na sajtovima za upoznavanje.
koji postoji na sajtovima za upoznavanje.
13:52
So why not apply that
to give refugees greater choice?
to give refugees greater choice?
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Pa, zašto da to ne primenimo
i pružimo izbeglicama širi izbor?
i pružimo izbeglicama širi izbor?
Moglo bi se koristiti
i na nacionalnom nivou,
i na nacionalnom nivou,
13:55
It could also be used
at the national level,
at the national level,
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13:57
where one of the great challenges we face
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gde se suočavamo sa najvećim izazovom
13:59
is to persuade local communities
to accept refugees.
to accept refugees.
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ubeđivanja lokalnih zajednica
da prihvate izbeglice.
da prihvate izbeglice.
14:03
And at the moment,
in my country, for instance,
in my country, for instance,
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A trenutno u mojoj državi, na primer,
14:05
we often send engineers to rural areas
and farmers to the cities,
and farmers to the cities,
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često šaljemo inženjere u ruralne oblasti,
a poljoprivrednike u gradove,
a poljoprivrednike u gradove,
14:09
which makes no sense at all.
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a to nema nikakvog smisla.
14:11
So matching markets offer a potential way
to bring those preferences together
to bring those preferences together
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Pa bi uparivanje tržišta pružilo
mogući put za spajanje ovih prioriteta
mogući put za spajanje ovih prioriteta
14:16
and listen to the needs and demands
of the populations that host
of the populations that host
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i poštovanje potreba i zahteva
domaće populacije
domaće populacije
14:20
and the refugees themselves.
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i samih izbeglica.
14:22
The fourth idea I want to put to you
is of humanitarian visas.
is of humanitarian visas.
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Četvrta ideja koju ću da vam izložim
je o humanitarnim vizama.
je o humanitarnim vizama.
14:27
Much of the tragedy and chaos
we've seen in Europe
we've seen in Europe
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Veći deo tragedije i haosa
koje smo videli u Evropi
koje smo videli u Evropi
14:29
was entirely avoidable.
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mogao se potpuno izbeći.
14:32
It stems from a fundamental contradiction
in Europe's asylum policy,
in Europe's asylum policy,
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On je iznikao iz temeljne protivrečnosti
evropske politike o azilu,
evropske politike o azilu,
14:36
which is the following:
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koja glasi:
14:37
that in order to seek asylum in Europe,
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da biste tražili azil u Evropi,
14:40
you have to arrive spontaneously
by embarking on those dangerous journeys
by embarking on those dangerous journeys
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morate spontano da stignete,
krećući na ta opasna putovanja
krećući na ta opasna putovanja
14:45
that I described.
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koja sam opisao.
14:47
But why should those journeys be necessary
in an era of the budget airline
in an era of the budget airline
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Ali zašto bi ova putovanja bila nužna
u eri jeftinih letova
u eri jeftinih letova
14:52
and modern consular capabilities?
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i savremenih konzularnih mogućnosti.
14:54
They're completely unnecessary journeys,
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To su potpuno nepotrebna putovanja,
14:57
and last year, they led to the deaths
of over 3,000 people
of over 3,000 people
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a prošle godine su uzrokovala smrt
preko 3000 ljudi
preko 3000 ljudi
15:00
on Europe's borders
and within European territory.
and within European territory.
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na evropskim granicama
i unutar evropske teritorije.
i unutar evropske teritorije.
Da je izbeglicama prosto dozvoljeno
15:05
If refugees were simply allowed
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15:07
to travel directly
and seek asylum in Europe,
and seek asylum in Europe,
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da putuju direktno i traže azil u Evropi,
15:09
we would avoid that,
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izbegli bismo to,
15:11
and there's a way of doing that
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a postoji način da to uradimo
15:12
through something
called a humanitarian visa,
called a humanitarian visa,
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putem nečeg što se naziva
humanitarnom vizom,
humanitarnom vizom,
15:15
that allows people
to collect a visa at an embassy
to collect a visa at an embassy
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koja omogućuje ljudima
da u ambasadi preuzmu vizu
da u ambasadi preuzmu vizu
15:18
or a consulate in a neighboring country
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ili u konzulatu u susednoj državi,
a da onda jednostavno plate sopstveni put
15:20
and then simply pay their own way
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15:22
through a ferry or a flight to Europe.
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trajektom ili letom do Evrope.
15:26
It costs around a thousand euros
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Plaćaju oko 1000 evra
15:28
to take a smuggler
from Turkey to the Greek islands.
from Turkey to the Greek islands.
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krijumčarima da ih prevedu
od Turske do grčkih ostrva.
od Turske do grčkih ostrva.
15:31
It costs 200 euros to take a budget
airline from Bodrum to Frankfurt.
airline from Bodrum to Frankfurt.
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Budžetski let od Bodruma do Frankfurta
košta 200 evra.
košta 200 evra.
15:36
If we allowed refugees to do that,
it would have major advantages.
it would have major advantages.
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Kad bismo to omogućili izbeglicama,
imali bismo velike prednosti.
imali bismo velike prednosti.
15:40
It would save lives,
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To bi spasilo živote,
15:42
it would undercut
the entire market for smugglers,
the entire market for smugglers,
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podrilo bi čitavo tržište krijumčara
15:46
and it would remove the chaos
we see from Europe's front line
we see from Europe's front line
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i odstranjen bi bio haos
koji vidimo na ulaznim granicama u Evropu,
koji vidimo na ulaznim granicama u Evropu,
15:50
in areas like the Greek islands.
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na mestima poput grčkih ostrva.
15:52
It's politics that prevents us doing that
rather than a rational solution.
rather than a rational solution.
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Politika nas sprečava u tome,
pre nego racionalna rešenja.
pre nego racionalna rešenja.
15:56
And this is an idea that has been applied.
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A to je ideja koja je već primenjivana.
15:59
Brazil has adopted a pioneering approach
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Brazil je usvojio pionirski pristup
16:01
where over 2,000 Syrians
have been able to get humanitarian visas,
have been able to get humanitarian visas,
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kada je preko 2,000 Sirijaca dobilo
mogućnost dobijanja humanitarnih viza,
mogućnost dobijanja humanitarnih viza,
16:06
enter Brazil, and claim refugee status
on arrival in Brazil.
on arrival in Brazil.
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ulaska u Brazil i traženja statusa
izbeglica po dolasku.
izbeglica po dolasku.
16:10
And in that scheme,
every Syrian who has gone through it
every Syrian who has gone through it
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A u toj shemi,
svaki Sirijac koji je prošao kroz to
svaki Sirijac koji je prošao kroz to
16:13
has received refugee status
and been recognized as a genuine refugee.
and been recognized as a genuine refugee.
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je dobio status izbeglice
i prepoznat je kao prava izbeglica.
i prepoznat je kao prava izbeglica.
16:18
There is a historical precedent
for it as well.
for it as well.
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To se već desilo ranije.
16:20
Between 1922 and 1942,
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Između 1922. i 1942,
16:24
these Nansen passports
were used as travel documents
were used as travel documents
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ovi nansenski pasoši
su korišćeni kao putna dokumenta
su korišćeni kao putna dokumenta
16:28
to allow 450,000 Assyrians,
Turks and Chechens
Turks and Chechens
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da bi omogućili 450,000 Asiraca,
Turaka i Čečena
Turaka i Čečena
16:33
to travel across Europe
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da putuju Evropom
16:35
and claim refugee status
elsewhere in Europe.
elsewhere in Europe.
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i da zahtevaju status izbeglice
bilo gde u Evropi.
bilo gde u Evropi.
16:38
And the Nansen
International Refugee Office
International Refugee Office
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A Nansenska međunarodna
kancelarija za izbeglice
kancelarija za izbeglice
16:41
received the Nobel Peace Prize
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je dobila Nobelovu nagradu za mir
16:43
in recognition of this
being a viable strategy.
being a viable strategy.
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jer je ovo prepoznato
kao održiva strategija.
kao održiva strategija.
16:47
So all four of these ideas
that I've presented you
that I've presented you
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Dakle, sve ove četiri ideje
koje sam vam predstavio
koje sam vam predstavio
16:50
are ways in which we can expand
Amira's choice set.
Amira's choice set.
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su načini na koje možemo proširiti
skup Amirinih izbora.
skup Amirinih izbora.
16:53
They're ways in which we can have
greater choice for refugees
greater choice for refugees
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Oni su načini na koje možemo
da pružimo izbeglicama više izbora
da pružimo izbeglicama više izbora
16:57
beyond those basic,
impossible three options
impossible three options
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mimo tri osnovne, nemoguće opcije
17:01
I explained to you
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koje sam vam objasnio,
17:02
and still leave others better off.
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i da i dalje svi budu zadovoljni.
17:04
In conclusion,
we really need a new vision,
we really need a new vision,
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Da zaključim,
zaista nam je potrebna nova vizija,
zaista nam je potrebna nova vizija,
17:08
a vision that enlarges
the choices of refugees
the choices of refugees
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vizija koja proširuje izbor za izbeglice,
17:11
but recognizes that they
don't have to be a burden.
don't have to be a burden.
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ali i prepoznaje
da oni ne moraju da budu teret.
da oni ne moraju da budu teret.
17:13
There's nothing inevitable
about refugees being a cost.
about refugees being a cost.
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Izbeglice ne moraju nužno da budu trošak.
17:17
Yes, they are a humanitarian
responsibility,
responsibility,
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Da, one su odgovornost humanitaraca,
17:20
but they're human beings
with skills, talents, aspirations,
with skills, talents, aspirations,
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ali one su ljudska bića
sa veštinama, talentima, težnjama,
sa veštinama, talentima, težnjama,
17:24
with the ability to make
contributions -- if we let them.
contributions -- if we let them.
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sposobne da pruže doprinos -
ako im to dozvolimo.
ako im to dozvolimo.
17:28
In the new world,
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U novom svetu,
17:30
migration is not going to go away.
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migracija neće nestati.
17:32
What we've seen in Europe
will be with us for many years.
will be with us for many years.
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Ono što smo videli u Evropi,
pratiće nas mnogo godina.
pratiće nas mnogo godina.
17:35
People will continue to travel,
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Ljudi će i dalje da putuju,
17:37
they'll continue to be displaced,
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i dalje će da budu raseljeni,
17:39
and we need to find rational,
realistic ways of managing this --
realistic ways of managing this --
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a mi moramo da pronađemo racionalne,
realistične načine da se bavimo ovim -
realistične načine da se bavimo ovim -
17:42
not based on the old logics
of humanitarian assistance,
of humanitarian assistance,
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koji nisu zasnovani na staroj logici
humanitarne pomoći,
humanitarne pomoći,
17:45
not based on logics of charity,
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nisu zasnovani na logici milosrđa,
17:48
but building on the opportunities
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već na iskorištavanju mogućnosti
17:49
offered by globalization,
markets and mobility.
markets and mobility.
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koju nude globalizacija,
tržište i mobilnost.
tržište i mobilnost.
17:53
I'd urge you all to wake up
and urge our politicians
and urge our politicians
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Pozivam se na vašu trezvenost
i pozivam naše političare
i pozivam naše političare
17:56
to wake up to this challenge.
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da budu trezveni za ovaj izazov.
17:58
Thank you very much.
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Mnogo vam hvala.
17:59
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Alexander Betts - Social scientistAlexander Betts explores ways societies might empower refugees rather than pushing them to the margins.
Why you should listen
In media and in public debate, refugees are routinely portrayed as a burden. Professor Alexander Betts argues that refugees, who represent a wide spectrum of professional backgrounds, are in fact an untapped resource that could benefit nations willing to welcome them into their economies.
Betts is the director of the Refugee Studies Centre at the University of Oxford, where he spearheads research on refugee and other forced migrant populations. His book, Survival Migration, explores the predicaments of people who are fleeing disaster yet fall outside legal definitions of refugee status.
Alexander Betts | Speaker | TED.com