TED2016
Alexander Betts: Our refugee system is failing. Here's how we can fix it
亞歷山大·貝玆: 如何修復崩解中的歐洲難民系統
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亞歷山大·貝玆 說，今年有一百萬難民抵達歐洲，而『我們的反應，坦白說，非常可悲』。貝茲研究強制遷徙，指出難民面臨三種艱難的選擇：難民營、都市貧困、透過危險非法的旅程。在貝茲頗具洞見的演說中，他提出了四種方法來改變我們對待難民的方式，讓他們可以對他們的新家園立即作出貢獻。貝玆 說：『難民不一定無可避免地會成為社會成本。』『他們擁有技能、才能、志向，具有作出貢獻的能力 - 如果我們允許的話。』
Alexander Betts - Social scientist
Alexander Betts explores ways societies might empower refugees rather than pushing them to the margins. Full bio
Alexander Betts explores ways societies might empower refugees rather than pushing them to the margins. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
There are times when I feel
really quite ashamed
really quite ashamed
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有時候
我真的覺得很丟臉
我真的覺得很丟臉
00:16
to be a European.
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因爲我是歐洲人。
00:18
In the last year,
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光是去年，
00:20
more than a million people
arrived in Europe in need of our help,
arrived in Europe in need of our help,
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就有超過一百萬人來歐洲尋求幫助
00:24
and our response,
frankly, has been pathetic.
frankly, has been pathetic.
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而歐洲的反應，坦白說，很可悲。
00:29
There are just so many contradictions.
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過程中實在充斥著許多矛盾。
00:32
We mourn the tragic death
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在我們哀悼慘死的
00:34
of two-year-old Alan Kurdi,
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兩歲幼兒艾蘭·庫迪之後，
00:38
and yet, since then,
more than 200 children
more than 200 children
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從那時起，卻又有超過兩百名兒童
00:41
have subsequently drowned
in the Mediterranean.
in the Mediterranean.
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溺斃於地中海。
00:45
We have international treaties
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雖然國際公約認定
00:47
that recognize that refugees
are a shared responsibility,
are a shared responsibility,
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難民收容應由各國共同分擔，
00:50
and yet we accept that tiny Lebanon
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但我們收容的黎巴嫩難民很少
00:53
hosts more Syrians
than the whole of Europe combined.
than the whole of Europe combined.
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所收容的敘利亞難民
卻超過全歐洲的人口。
卻超過全歐洲的人口。
00:58
We lament the existence
of human smugglers,
of human smugglers,
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我們悲嘆人口偷渡的存在，
01:02
and yet we make that the only viable route
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卻又使偷渡成為
難民唯一去歐洲尋求幫助的
難民唯一去歐洲尋求幫助的
01:05
to seek asylum in Europe.
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可行途徑。
01:08
We have labor shortages,
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我們的勞工短缺，
01:10
and yet we exclude people who fit
our economic and demographic needs
our economic and demographic needs
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然而我們卻將符合
歐洲經濟及人口結構需求的人
歐洲經濟及人口結構需求的人
01:16
from coming to Europe.
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排拒於歐洲之外。
01:19
We proclaim our liberal values
in opposition to fundamentalist Islam,
in opposition to fundamentalist Islam,
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我們宣稱我們對自由的價值觀
與伊斯蘭基本教義派對立，
與伊斯蘭基本教義派對立，
01:24
and yet --
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然而，
01:27
we have repressive policies
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我們用高壓政策
01:30
that detain child asylum seekers,
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來拘留尋求庇護的兒童，
01:33
that separate children
from their families,
from their families,
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拆散兒童跟他們的家人，
01:36
and that seize property from refugees.
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並且掠奪難民的財物，
01:40
What are we doing?
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我們到底在做什麼？
01:42
How has the situation come to this,
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怎麼會讓情況演變成這樣，
01:45
that we've adopted such an inhumane
response to a humanitarian crisis?
response to a humanitarian crisis?
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我們竟然用如此不人道的方式
來處理人道主義危機
來處理人道主義危機
01:51
I don't believe
it's because people don't care,
it's because people don't care,
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我不相信
原因是因為人們不在乎，
原因是因為人們不在乎，
01:53
or at least I don't want to believe
it's because people don't care.
it's because people don't care.
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至少我不願意相信
這個理由。
這個理由。
01:56
I believe it's because
our politicians lack a vision,
our politicians lack a vision,
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我認為是因為
政客缺乏一種遠見，
政客缺乏一種遠見，
一種遠見來改寫50多年前建立的國際難民系統
02:00
a vision for how to adapt
an international refugee system
an international refugee system
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02:04
created over 50 years ago
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02:06
for a changing and globalized world.
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因應世界的瞬息萬變和全球化趨勢
02:09
And so what I want to do
is take a step back
is take a step back
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所以我想做的是
退一步
退一步
02:12
and ask two really fundamental questions,
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然後問兩個真的很基本的問題，
02:15
the two questions we all need to ask.
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兩個我們都需要問的問題。
02:18
First, why is the current
system not working?
system not working?
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第一，為什麼
目前的系統不能用？
目前的系統不能用？
02:21
And second, what can we do to fix it?
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第二，怎麼修復它？
02:26
So the modern refugee regime
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現今的難民保護制度
02:28
was created in the aftermath
of the Second World War by these guys.
of the Second World War by these guys.
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是被這些人創立於二戰的戰後時期。
02:34
Its basic aim is to ensure
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它的基本目的在於確保
02:37
that when a state fails,
or worse, turns against its own people,
or worse, turns against its own people,
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當一個國家失敗，
或者更糟，逼迫自國人民時，
或者更糟，逼迫自國人民時，
02:41
people have somewhere to go,
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人民有地方可以去投奔，
02:43
to live in safety and dignity
until they can go home.
until they can go home.
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在可重返祖國之前
能夠安全且有尊嚴的活著。
能夠安全且有尊嚴的活著。
02:46
It was created precisely for situations
like the situation we see in Syria today.
like the situation we see in Syria today.
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這個系統所針對的情況，
正如我們今日所看到的敘利亞現況。
正如我們今日所看到的敘利亞現況。
02:52
Through an international convention
signed by 147 governments,
signed by 147 governments,
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通過一個由147個政府所簽署的國際公約，
02:57
the 1951 Convention
on the Status of Refugees,
on the Status of Refugees,
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1951年《難民地位公約》，
03:00
and an international organization, UNHCR,
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和一個國際組織，聯合國難民署，所約定，
03:03
states committed to reciprocally
admit people onto their territory
admit people onto their territory
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簽署國相互
允許人們進入他們的領土範圍
允許人們進入他們的領土範圍
03:08
who flee conflict and persecution.
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來逃離紛爭以及迫害。
03:11
But today, that system is failing.
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然而今天，這個系統卻在崩解中。
03:14
In theory, refugees
have a right to seek asylum.
have a right to seek asylum.
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理論上，難民具有
尋求庇護的權利。
尋求庇護的權利。
03:18
In practice, our immigration policies
block the path to safety.
block the path to safety.
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現實中，我們的移民政策
堵住了通往安全的道路。
堵住了通往安全的道路。
03:23
In theory, refugees have a right
to a pathway to integration,
to a pathway to integration,
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理論上，難民有權利
透過途徑居留在庇護國，
透過途徑居留在庇護國，
03:27
or return to the country
they've come from.
they've come from.
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或返回他們自己的國家。
03:30
But in practice, they get stuck
in almost indefinite limbo.
in almost indefinite limbo.
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但是在現實中，他們卻陷入了
幾乎無止境的混沌狀態中。
幾乎無止境的混沌狀態中。
03:34
In theory, refugees
are a shared global responsibility.
are a shared global responsibility.
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理論上，難民
是全球各國共同承擔的責任。
是全球各國共同承擔的責任。
03:38
In practice, geography means
that countries proximate the conflict
that countries proximate the conflict
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在現實中，地理位置
鄰近紛爭的那些國家
鄰近紛爭的那些國家
03:42
take the overwhelming majority
of the world's refugees.
of the world's refugees.
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收容了全球絕大多數的難民。
03:46
The system isn't broken
because the rules are wrong.
because the rules are wrong.
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難民系統行不通
不是因為系統的規定是錯的。
不是因為系統的規定是錯的。
03:49
It's that we're not applying them
adequately to a changing world,
adequately to a changing world,
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而是因為我們沒有合適地
應用這些規定到瞬息萬變的世界，
應用這些規定到瞬息萬變的世界，
03:53
and that's what we need to reconsider.
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而這就是我們需要進行反思的。
03:56
So I want to explain to you a little bit
about how the current system works.
about how the current system works.
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所以我想跟你們解釋一下
目前的系統是如何運作的。
目前的系統是如何運作的。
04:00
How does the refugee regime actually work?
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難民保護制度到底是怎麼運作的呢？
04:03
But not from a top-down
institutional perspective,
institutional perspective,
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但是不從一個從上往下的
機構角度，
機構角度，
04:06
rather from the perspective of a refugee.
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而是從一個難民的角度來看。
04:10
So imagine a Syrian woman.
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所以試想一個敘利亞女人。
04:12
Let's call her Amira.
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讓我們稱她為阿米拉。
04:14
And Amira to me represents
many of the people I've met in the region.
many of the people I've met in the region.
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而阿米拉對我來說
代表了許多我在該地區遇到的人。
代表了許多我在該地區遇到的人。
04:19
Amira, like around 25 percent
of the world's refugees,
of the world's refugees,
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阿米拉，如同世界上
大約百分之二十五的難民，
大約百分之二十五的難民，
04:22
is a woman with children,
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是一名有孩子的婦女，
04:24
and she can't go home
because she comes from this city
because she comes from this city
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而她不能回家
因為她來自這個城市
因為她來自這個城市
04:28
that you see before you, Homs,
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你眼前所看到的城市，霍姆斯，
04:30
a once beautiful and historic city
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一個曾經美麗以及歷史悠久的城市
04:32
now under rubble.
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如今卻形同廢墟。
04:34
And so Amira can't go back there.
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所以阿米拉不能夠回去那裡。
04:37
But Amira also has no hope
of resettlement to a third country,
of resettlement to a third country,
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但是阿米拉也沒有
再安置到第三國的希望，
再安置到第三國的希望，
04:41
because that's a lottery ticket
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因為那是一張彩票
04:42
only available to less than one percent
of the world's refugees.
of the world's refugees.
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全世界僅有少於百分之一的難民可獲得。
04:46
So Amira and her family
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所以阿米拉和她的家人
04:49
face an almost impossible choice.
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面對著一個幾乎沒有可能的選擇。
04:51
They have three basic options.
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他們有三個基本的選項：
04:54
The first option is that Amira
can take her family to a camp.
can take her family to a camp.
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第一個選項是阿米拉可以
帶著她的家人到難民營。
帶著她的家人到難民營。
05:00
In the camp, she might get assistance,
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在難民營中，
她可能得到幫助，
她可能得到幫助，
05:03
but there are very few prospects
for Amira and her family.
for Amira and her family.
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但是那裡對於阿米拉
和她的家庭來說幾乎沒有前途可言。
和她的家庭來說幾乎沒有前途可言。
05:06
Camps are in bleak, arid locations,
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難民營位於荒涼和乾旱的地方，
05:10
often in the desert.
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通常是在沙漠。
05:12
In the Zaatari refugee camp in Jordan,
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在約旦的扎塔利難民營，
05:14
you can hear the shells
across the border in Syria at nighttime.
across the border in Syria at nighttime.
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在夜間，你可以
聽到穿越敘利亞邊境的砲彈聲。
聽到穿越敘利亞邊境的砲彈聲。
05:20
There's restricted economic activity.
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那裡有受到限制的經濟活動。
05:23
Education is often of poor quality.
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教育品質通常很差。
05:25
And around the world,
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而且在全世界，
05:27
some 80 percent of refugees
who are in camps
who are in camps
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大約百分之八十處於
難民營中的難民
難民營中的難民
05:30
have to stay for at least five years.
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需要待在那裡至少五年。
05:33
It's a miserable existence,
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那是一種悲慘的生活，
05:34
and that's probably why, in reality,
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而那大概就是為什麼，在現實中，
05:37
only nine percent of Syrians
choose that option.
choose that option.
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僅有百分之九的敘利亞人民
選擇如此。
選擇如此。
05:41
Alternatively, Amira can head
to an urban area
to an urban area
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或者，阿米拉可以
前往一個城市地區
前往一個城市地區
05:45
in a neighboring country,
like Amman or Beirut.
like Amman or Beirut.
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一個鄰近國家的城市，
例如安曼或者貝魯特。
例如安曼或者貝魯特。
05:49
That's an option that about 75 percent
of Syrian refugees have taken.
of Syrian refugees have taken.
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那是大概百分之七十五
敘利亞難民的抉擇。
敘利亞難民的抉擇。
05:54
But there, there's
great difficulty as well.
great difficulty as well.
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但是在那裡，
在那裡也有極大的困難。
在那裡也有極大的困難。
05:57
Refugees in such urban areas
don't usually have the right to work.
don't usually have the right to work.
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在這些城市地區的難民
通常沒有工作的權利。
通常沒有工作的權利。
06:02
They don't usually get
significant access to assistance.
significant access to assistance.
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他們通常沒有太多途徑可以得到幫助。
06:05
And so when Amira and her family
have used up their basic savings,
have used up their basic savings,
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因此當阿米拉和她的家人
花光了他們的積蓄時，
花光了他們的積蓄時，
06:09
they're left with very little
and likely to face urban destitution.
and likely to face urban destitution.
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他們所剩無幾
並有可能面臨都市貧困。
並有可能面臨都市貧困。
06:14
So there's a third alternative,
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所以他們還有第三個選項，
06:16
and it's one that increasing
numbers of Syrians are taking.
numbers of Syrians are taking.
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而這正是越來越多
敘利亞人民的選擇。
敘利亞人民的選擇。
06:21
Amira can seek some hope for her family
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阿米拉可以給她的家人帶來希望，
06:26
by risking their lives
on a dangerous and perilous journey
on a dangerous and perilous journey
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通過冒著生命危險
走上一段險象環生的旅程
走上一段險象環生的旅程
06:29
to another country,
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前往另外一個國家，
06:31
and it's that which we're seeing
in Europe today.
in Europe today.
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這就是我們如今
在歐洲所看到的。
在歐洲所看到的。
06:35
Around the world, we present refugees
with an almost impossible choice
with an almost impossible choice
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在世界各地，我們給難民
幾乎都沒有辦法選擇的選項
幾乎都沒有辦法選擇的選項
06:40
between three options:
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在三個選項中：
06:42
encampment, urban destitution
and dangerous journeys.
and dangerous journeys.
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難民營、都市貧困、
和危險旅程中進行選擇。
和危險旅程中進行選擇。
06:47
For refugees, that choice is
the global refugee regime today.
the global refugee regime today.
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對難民來說，那選擇
代表著當今全球難民保護制度。
代表著當今全球難民保護制度。
06:52
But I think it's a false choice.
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但是我認為它是
一個錯誤的選擇。
一個錯誤的選擇。
06:54
I think we can reconsider that choice.
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我認為我們應該
對這個選擇進行反思。
對這個選擇進行反思。
06:57
The reason why we limit those options
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我們之所以限制選項數量
07:02
is because we think
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是因為我們認為
07:05
that those are the only options
that are available to refugees,
that are available to refugees,
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只有那些是難民可以獲得
的選項，
的選項，
07:09
and they're not.
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然而並不是的。
07:11
Politicians frame the issue
as a zero-sum issue,
as a zero-sum issue,
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政客們把這個問題
設計成一個零和的問題，
設計成一個零和的問題，
07:14
that if we benefit refugees,
we're imposing costs on citizens.
we're imposing costs on citizens.
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如果讓難民得到好處，
我們就會把成本強加於公民身上。
我們就會把成本強加於公民身上。
07:18
We tend to have a collective assumption
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我們傾向集體假設
07:20
that refugees are an inevitable cost
or burden to society.
or burden to society.
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認為難民對社會會
造成不可避免的損失或負擔。
造成不可避免的損失或負擔。
07:24
But they don't have to.
They can contribute.
They can contribute.
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但是他們不一定如此。
他們可以作出貢獻。
他們可以作出貢獻。
07:26
So what I want to argue
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所以我想要提出的是
07:28
is there are ways in which we can
expand that choice set
expand that choice set
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我們仍有許多方式可以
去擴增那些選項組合
去擴增那些選項組合
07:31
and still benefit everyone else:
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同時讓每個人都得到好處：
07:33
the host states and communities,
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難民收容國和社會群體，
07:35
our societies and refugees themselves.
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我們的社會和難民都得到好處。
07:39
And I want to suggest four ways
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而我想要提出四種方式
07:41
we can transform the paradigm
of how we think about refugees.
of how we think about refugees.
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能夠讓我們改變
我們對難民問題的思考模式。
我們對難民問題的思考模式。
07:45
All four ways have one thing in common:
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這四種方式都有一個共同點：
07:48
they're all ways in which we take
the opportunities of globalization,
the opportunities of globalization,
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都是透過把握
全球化，
全球化，
07:52
mobility and markets,
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流動性和市場的機會，
07:54
and update the way we think
about the refugee issue.
about the refugee issue.
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更新我們對難民問題的
想法。
想法。
07:58
The first one I want to think about
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第一個我想要思考的是
08:00
is the idea of enabling environments,
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有利環境這個概念，
08:02
and it starts from
a very basic recognition
a very basic recognition
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它始於一個很基本的認知
08:05
that refugees are human beings
like everyone else,
like everyone else,
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那就是難民和每個人一樣都是人類，
08:08
but they're just
in extraordinary circumstances.
in extraordinary circumstances.
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只是他們處於
很特別的境況中。
很特別的境況中。
08:11
Together with my colleagues in Oxford,
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和我在牛津大學的同事們一起，
08:13
we've embarked on
a research project in Uganda
a research project in Uganda
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我們著手了一個
在烏干達的研究項目
在烏干達的研究項目
08:15
looking at the economic lives of refugees.
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這個項目著眼於
難民的經濟生活。
難民的經濟生活。
08:19
We chose Uganda not because
it's representative of all host countries.
it's representative of all host countries.
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我們選擇烏干達並不是因為
它代表了所有的難民收容國。
它代表了所有的難民收容國。
08:23
It's not. It's exceptional.
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它並沒有。它是例外的。
08:25
Unlike most host countries
around the world,
around the world,
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跟世界上大多數的難民收容國不一樣，
08:28
what Uganda has done
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烏干達所做的
08:29
is give refugees economic opportunity.
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是給予難民經濟上的機會。
08:32
It gives them the right to work.
It gives them freedom of movement.
It gives them freedom of movement.
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它給予他們工作的權利。
它給予他們活動的自由。
它給予他們活動的自由。
08:36
And the results of that are extraordinary
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而由此產生的結果是
非同尋常的，
非同尋常的，
08:39
both for refugees and the host community.
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對於難民和難民收容國的社會
他們雙方來說都是。
他們雙方來說都是。
08:42
In the capital city, Kampala,
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在首都，坎帕拉，
08:44
we found that 21 percent of refugees
own a business that employs other people,
own a business that employs other people,
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我們發現有百分之二十一的
難民們擁有自己的生意並雇用其他人，
難民們擁有自己的生意並雇用其他人，
08:49
and 40 percent of those employees
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而百分之四十的員工
08:52
are nationals of the host country.
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1976
是難民收容國的國民。
08:54
In other words, refugees are making jobs
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換句話說，難民在創造
工作機會
工作機會
08:56
for citizens of the host country.
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給難民收容國的公民。
08:59
Even in the camps,
we found extraordinary examples
we found extraordinary examples
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更甚至在難民營中，
我們也發現了不尋常的例子
我們也發現了不尋常的例子
09:03
of vibrant, flourishing
and entrepreneurial businesses.
and entrepreneurial businesses.
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那裡有著充滿活力、蓬勃發展的
自創生意。
自創生意。
09:07
For example, in a settlement
called Nakivale,
called Nakivale,
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例如，在一個叫
納吉瓦萊的安置所，
納吉瓦萊的安置所，
09:11
we found examples of Congolese refugees
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我們找到一些剛果難民的例子
09:14
running digital music exchange businesses.
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他們經營數字音樂交換的生意。
09:16
We found a Rwandan
who runs a business that's available
who runs a business that's available
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我們發現了一位盧旺達人
經營一種生意
經營一種生意
09:20
to allow the youth to play computer games
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可以讓年輕人玩電子遊戲
09:23
on recycled games consoles
and recycled televisions.
and recycled televisions.
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通過回收利用的遊戲機和電視機。
09:28
Against the odds of extreme constraint,
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跟極端限制相反，
09:31
refugees are innovating,
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難民們在進行創新，
09:33
and the gentleman you see before you
is a Congolese guy called Demou-Kay.
is a Congolese guy called Demou-Kay.
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還有你們眼前所看到的這位先生
是一位叫Demou-Kay的剛果人。
是一位叫Demou-Kay的剛果人。
09:37
Demou-Kay arrived
in the settlement with very little,
in the settlement with very little,
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Demou-Kay來到安置所的時候
幾乎什麼都沒有，
幾乎什麼都沒有，
09:40
but he wanted to be a filmmaker.
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但是他想成為一名電影製作人。
09:43
So with friends and colleagues,
he started a community radio station,
he started a community radio station,
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3936
所以他和朋友同事們一起，
開辦了一個社區無線電台，
開辦了一個社區無線電台，
09:47
he rented a video camera,
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他租了一臺攝影機，
09:48
and he's now making films.
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然後現在在拍電影。
09:50
He made two documentary films
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1976
他拍攝了兩部紀錄片
09:52
with and for our team,
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1976
和我們組一起拍，
並且是為了我們組而拍攝的，
並且是為了我們組而拍攝的，
09:54
and he's making a successful business
out of very little.
out of very little.
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他正在創造一個成功的生意，
在幾乎一無所有的情況下。
在幾乎一無所有的情況下。
09:58
It's those kinds of examples
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1976
就是這些例子
10:00
that should guide
our response to refugees.
our response to refugees.
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應該被用來引導我們
對難民問題所作出的反應。
對難民問題所作出的反應。
10:03
Rather than seeing refugees
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與其視難民為
10:04
as inevitably dependent
upon humanitarian assistance,
upon humanitarian assistance,
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不可避免地依賴著
人道援助的人，
人道援助的人，
10:08
we need to provide them
with opportunities for human flourishing.
with opportunities for human flourishing.
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我們需要提供他們
讓人類得以繁榮的機會。
讓人類得以繁榮的機會。
10:12
Yes, clothes, blankets, shelter, food
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是的，衣服、毛毯、避難所、食物
10:16
are all important in the emergency phase,
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這些在緊急階段都是重要的，
10:19
but we need to also look beyond that.
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但是我們也需要看得更遠一些。
10:22
We need to provide opportunities
to connectivity, electricity,
to connectivity, electricity,
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我們需要提供機會讓他們
可以與外界連結、供電、
可以與外界連結、供電、
10:26
education, the right to work,
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提供教育、工作權利，
10:29
access to capital and banking.
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資金和銀行業務的使用權。
10:31
All the ways in which we take for granted
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我們理所當然地用來
10:33
that we are plugged in
to the global economy
to the global economy
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緊跟全球經濟步伐的所有方式
10:35
can and should apply to refugees.
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能夠也應該適用於難民。
10:39
The second idea I want to discuss
is economic zones.
is economic zones.
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第二個我想要討論的概念是
經濟區域。
經濟區域。
10:43
Unfortunately, not every
host country in the world
host country in the world
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不幸的是，並不是
每個世界上的難民收容國
每個世界上的難民收容國
10:46
takes the approach Uganda has taken.
196
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採用烏干達所採用的方法。
10:48
Most host countries don't open up
their economies to refugees
their economies to refugees
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大部分的難民收容國沒有
像烏干達那樣
像烏干達那樣
10:51
in the same way.
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向難民們開放它們的經濟。
10:53
But there are still pragmatic
alternative options that we can use.
alternative options that we can use.
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但是我們還是有其它
實用的選項可以使用。
實用的選項可以使用。
10:59
Last April, I traveled to Jordan
with my colleague,
with my colleague,
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去年四月，我和我的同事，發展經濟學家保羅·科利爾
11:01
the development economist Paul Collier,
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到約旦旅行，
11:04
and we brainstormed an idea
while we were there
while we were there
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當我們在那裡時，我們想出了一個主意
11:07
with the international community
and the government,
and the government,
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2456
和國際社會還有當地政府在一起，
11:09
an idea to bring jobs to Syrians
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一個給敘利亞人民帶來工作
11:12
while supporting Jordan's
national development strategy.
national development strategy.
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並同時支持著約旦的
國家發展策略的主意。
國家發展策略的主意。
11:15
The idea is for an economic zone,
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這是一個關於經濟區域的主意，
11:19
one in which we could potentially
integrate the employment of refugees
integrate the employment of refugees
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3536
一個我們也許能夠
把對難民的雇用
把對難民的雇用
11:22
alongside the employment
of Jordanian host nationals.
of Jordanian host nationals.
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和對約旦國民們的雇用
綜合起來的主意。
綜合起來的主意。
11:26
And just 15 minutes away
from the Zaatari refugee camp,
from the Zaatari refugee camp,
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在距離扎塔利難民營僅有
15分鐘距離的
15分鐘距離的
11:30
home to 83,000 refugees,
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居住著83,000位難民的地方，
11:32
is an existing economic zone
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是一個現存的經濟區域
11:34
called the King Hussein
Bin Talal Development Area.
Bin Talal Development Area.
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它叫本塔拉勒國王侯賽因開發區。
11:37
The government has spent
over a hundred million dollars
over a hundred million dollars
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政府已經花費了
超過一億
超過一億
11:40
connecting it to the electricity grid,
connecting it to the road network,
connecting it to the road network,
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把它連接到電網和道路網，
11:44
but it lacked two things:
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但它缺兩種東西：
11:46
access to labor and inward investment.
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勞動力和內部投資。
11:48
So what if refugees
were able to work there
were able to work there
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所以如果難民
能夠在那裡工作
能夠在那裡工作
11:51
rather than being stuck in camps,
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而不是滯留在難民營中，
11:53
able to support their families and develop
skills through vocational training
skills through vocational training
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能夠支撐他們的家庭
還有通過職業培訓發展技能
還有通過職業培訓發展技能
11:57
before they go back to Syria?
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在他們回去敘利亞之前，
這會怎麼樣呢？
這會怎麼樣呢？
11:59
We recognized that
that could benefit Jordan,
that could benefit Jordan,
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我們認識到
這會使約旦受惠，
這會使約旦受惠，
12:02
whose development strategy
requires it to make the leap
requires it to make the leap
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因為它的發展策略
要求它實現跳躍
要求它實現跳躍
12:04
as a middle income country
to manufacturing.
to manufacturing.
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成為一個製造業的
中等收入國家。
中等收入國家。
12:07
It could benefit refugees,
but it could also contribute
but it could also contribute
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這也會使難民受惠，
但它也可以貢獻於
但它也可以貢獻於
12:11
to the postconflict
reconstruction of Syria
reconstruction of Syria
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衝突後的敘利亞的
重建工作
重建工作
12:13
by recognizing that we need
to incubate refugees
to incubate refugees
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通過認識到我們需要
把難民們逐步培養成
把難民們逐步培養成
12:16
as the best source
of eventually rebuilding Syria.
of eventually rebuilding Syria.
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最終重建敘利亞的
最佳的來源。
最佳的來源。
12:20
We published the idea
in the journal Foreign Affairs.
in the journal Foreign Affairs.
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我們把這個主意
發表在《外交事務》期刊。
發表在《外交事務》期刊。
12:23
King Abdullah has picked up on the idea.
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沙特國王阿卜杜拉
已經注意到這個主意。
已經注意到這個主意。
12:26
It was announced at the London
Syria Conference two weeks ago,
Syria Conference two weeks ago,
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在兩個星期前的
倫敦敘利亞會議上他宣告
倫敦敘利亞會議上他宣告
12:29
and a pilot will begin in the summer.
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將在今年夏天
採取試行。
採取試行。
12:32
(Applause)
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3600
（鼓掌）
12:37
The third idea that I want to put to you
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第三個我想要向你們
提出的概念
提出的概念
12:39
is preference matching
between states and refugees
between states and refugees
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是國家和難民之間
的偏好配對
的偏好配對
12:43
to lead to the kinds of happy outcomes
you see here in the selfie
you see here in the selfie
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從而導致種種美好的結果
就像你從這張自拍所看到的那樣
就像你從這張自拍所看到的那樣
12:46
featuring Angela Merkel
and a Syrian refugee.
and a Syrian refugee.
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特寫著德國總理安吉拉默克爾和
一名敘利亞難民的（自拍）。
一名敘利亞難民的（自拍）。
12:50
What we rarely do is ask refugees
what they want, where they want to go,
what they want, where they want to go,
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我們很少做的是問問難民
他們想要什麼，他們想去哪裏，
他們想要什麼，他們想去哪裏，
12:54
but I'd argue we can do that
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但是我想證明我們可以做到如此
12:56
and still make everyone better off.
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並且同時讓每個人
的生活都變得更好。
的生活都變得更好。
12:59
The economist Alvin Roth has developed
the idea of matching markets,
the idea of matching markets,
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經濟學家阿爾文· 羅斯
已經提出了配對市場的這種想法，
已經提出了配對市場的這種想法，
13:03
ways in which the preference ranking
of the parties shapes an eventual match.
of the parties shapes an eventual match.
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通過各方的喜愛順序形成
一種最終的配對的方式。
一種最終的配對的方式。
13:09
My colleagues Will Jones
and Alex Teytelboym
and Alex Teytelboym
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我的同事威爾·瓊斯和
亞歷克斯·泰伊特爾卜彌格
亞歷克斯·泰伊特爾卜彌格
13:12
have explored ways in which that idea
could be applied to refugees,
could be applied to refugees,
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探索了很多能夠使這種想法
應用到難民身上的方法，
應用到難民身上的方法，
13:16
to ask refugees to rank
their preferred destinations,
their preferred destinations,
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讓難民對他們偏好的
目的地進行排序，
目的地進行排序，
13:20
but also allow states to rank
the types of refugees they want
the types of refugees they want
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並且也讓國家們對他們想要的
難民種類進行排序
難民種類進行排序
13:24
on skills criteria or language criteria
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根據技能或者語言標準
13:27
and allow those to match.
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然後允許它們進行配對。
13:28
Now, of course
you'd need to build in quotas
you'd need to build in quotas
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現在，當然你需要去
設立限額
設立限額
13:31
on things like diversity
and vulnerability,
and vulnerability,
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對像多樣性和
脆弱性，
脆弱性，
13:34
but it's a way of increasing
the possibilities of matching.
the possibilities of matching.
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但它是提高配對
可能性的一種方式。
可能性的一種方式。
13:37
The matching idea
has been successfully used
has been successfully used
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這種配對的概念
已經被很好地
已經被很好地
13:40
to match, for instance,
students with university places,
students with university places,
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用去配對，例如，
學生和大學所在地
學生和大學所在地
13:45
to match kidney donors with patients,
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去配對腎臟捐獻者
和患者們，
和患者們，
13:48
and it underlies the kind of algorithms
that exist on dating websites.
that exist on dating websites.
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並且它還成為交往網站上
一種運算法則的基礎。
一種運算法則的基礎。
13:52
So why not apply that
to give refugees greater choice?
to give refugees greater choice?
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所以為什麼不把它應用
去給予難民們更好的選擇呢？
去給予難民們更好的選擇呢？
13:55
It could also be used
at the national level,
at the national level,
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它還可以被用到
國家層面，
國家層面，
13:57
where one of the great challenges we face
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在其中一個我們所面臨的
巨大的挑戰
巨大的挑戰
13:59
is to persuade local communities
to accept refugees.
to accept refugees.
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是去說服當地社區
接受難民。
接受難民。
14:03
And at the moment,
in my country, for instance,
in my country, for instance,
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而在目前，
在我的國家，舉個例子，
在我的國家，舉個例子，
14:05
we often send engineers to rural areas
and farmers to the cities,
and farmers to the cities,
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我們經常把工程師派往到農村地區
和把農民派往城市，
和把農民派往城市，
14:09
which makes no sense at all.
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這麼做毫無意義。
14:11
So matching markets offer a potential way
to bring those preferences together
to bring those preferences together
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所以配對市場提供一種潛在的方法
能夠把那些偏好者集合在一起
能夠把那些偏好者集合在一起
14:16
and listen to the needs and demands
of the populations that host
of the populations that host
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並聽取難民收容國的全體人民的
需求和要求
需求和要求
14:20
and the refugees themselves.
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還有難民他們自己的（需求和要求）。
14:22
The fourth idea I want to put to you
is of humanitarian visas.
is of humanitarian visas.
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第四個我想要告訴你們的概念
是人道主義簽證。
是人道主義簽證。
14:27
Much of the tragedy and chaos
we've seen in Europe
we've seen in Europe
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許多我們在歐洲所看到的
悲劇和騷亂
悲劇和騷亂
14:29
was entirely avoidable.
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是完全可以避免的。
14:32
It stems from a fundamental contradiction
in Europe's asylum policy,
in Europe's asylum policy,
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它根源於一個歐洲庇護政策
中的基本矛盾，
中的基本矛盾，
14:36
which is the following:
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就是以下的這個：
14:37
that in order to seek asylum in Europe,
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為了在歐洲尋求庇護，
14:40
you have to arrive spontaneously
by embarking on those dangerous journeys
by embarking on those dangerous journeys
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你需要踏上危險的旅途
自行抵達歐洲，
自行抵達歐洲，
14:45
that I described.
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如我所描述的那樣。
14:47
But why should those journeys be necessary
in an era of the budget airline
in an era of the budget airline
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但是為什麼在這麼一個具有廉價航空
和現代領事能力的時代
和現代領事能力的時代
14:52
and modern consular capabilities?
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這些旅程還有必要呢？
14:54
They're completely unnecessary journeys,
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它們完全是沒有必要的旅程，
14:57
and last year, they led to the deaths
of over 3,000 people
of over 3,000 people
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而且在去年，這些旅程導致了
超過三千人的死亡
超過三千人的死亡
15:00
on Europe's borders
and within European territory.
and within European territory.
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在歐洲的邊境
和在歐洲的領土範圍內。
和在歐洲的領土範圍內。
15:05
If refugees were simply allowed
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如果當初難民能夠
簡單地被允許
簡單地被允許
15:07
to travel directly
and seek asylum in Europe,
and seek asylum in Europe,
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直接地到歐洲旅行
和尋求庇護，
和尋求庇護，
15:09
we would avoid that,
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我們就會避免了它的發生，
15:11
and there's a way of doing that
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而且有一種方法可以做到如此
15:12
through something
called a humanitarian visa,
called a humanitarian visa,
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通過人道主義簽證，
15:15
that allows people
to collect a visa at an embassy
to collect a visa at an embassy
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它允許人們從大使館
獲取一個簽證
獲取一個簽證
15:18
or a consulate in a neighboring country
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或者從一個鄰近國家
的領事館
的領事館
15:20
and then simply pay their own way
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然後簡單地支付他們
15:22
through a ferry or a flight to Europe.
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通過渡船或者飛機去歐洲的旅程。
15:26
It costs around a thousand euros
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從土耳其偷渡到到希臘群島，
15:28
to take a smuggler
from Turkey to the Greek islands.
from Turkey to the Greek islands.
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大約需要一千歐元，
15:31
It costs 200 euros to take a budget
airline from Bodrum to Frankfurt.
airline from Bodrum to Frankfurt.
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而搭乘一班廉價航空
從博德魯姆到法蘭克福只需要兩百歐元。
從博德魯姆到法蘭克福只需要兩百歐元。
15:36
If we allowed refugees to do that,
it would have major advantages.
it would have major advantages.
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如果我們當初允許難民這麼做，
它能帶來許多好處。
它能帶來許多好處。
15:40
It would save lives,
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它本可以拯救生命
15:42
it would undercut
the entire market for smugglers,
the entire market for smugglers,
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它本可以根除掉
整個偷渡市場，
整個偷渡市場，
15:46
and it would remove the chaos
we see from Europe's front line
we see from Europe's front line
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並且它本來可以移除掉
我們看到的歐洲前線的騷亂
我們看到的歐洲前線的騷亂
15:50
in areas like the Greek islands.
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比如希臘群島那樣的地區。
15:52
It's politics that prevents us doing that
rather than a rational solution.
rather than a rational solution.
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4240
阻止我們這麼做的並不是
理智的解決方法，而是政治。
理智的解決方法，而是政治。
15:56
And this is an idea that has been applied.
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這種概念已經被應用了。
15:59
Brazil has adopted a pioneering approach
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巴西已經採用了一個
開創性的方法
開創性的方法
16:01
where over 2,000 Syrians
have been able to get humanitarian visas,
have been able to get humanitarian visas,
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在那裡有超過兩千名
敘利亞人民已經得到人道主義簽證，
敘利亞人民已經得到人道主義簽證，
16:06
enter Brazil, and claim refugee status
on arrival in Brazil.
on arrival in Brazil.
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進入巴西，並在到達巴西的時候
要求獲得難民身份。
要求獲得難民身份。
16:10
And in that scheme,
every Syrian who has gone through it
every Syrian who has gone through it
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而在那個計劃中，
每個已經經歷過它的敘利亞人民
每個已經經歷過它的敘利亞人民
16:13
has received refugee status
and been recognized as a genuine refugee.
and been recognized as a genuine refugee.
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已經得到了難民身份
並已經承認為一個真正的難民。
並已經承認為一個真正的難民。
16:18
There is a historical precedent
for it as well.
for it as well.
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在歷史上也有這樣的先例。
16:20
Between 1922 and 1942,
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在1922年和1942年之間，
16:24
these Nansen passports
were used as travel documents
were used as travel documents
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南森護照
被用作為旅行證件
被用作為旅行證件
16:28
to allow 450,000 Assyrians,
Turks and Chechens
Turks and Chechens
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允許450,000亞述人，
土耳其人和車臣人
土耳其人和車臣人
16:33
to travel across Europe
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穿越歐洲
16:35
and claim refugee status
elsewhere in Europe.
elsewhere in Europe.
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並在歐洲任何地方
要求獲得難民身份。
要求獲得難民身份。
16:38
And the Nansen
International Refugee Office
International Refugee Office
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而南森國際難民部門
16:41
received the Nobel Peace Prize
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獲得了諾貝爾和平獎
16:43
in recognition of this
being a viable strategy.
being a viable strategy.
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承認它為一項
可行的策略。
可行的策略。
16:47
So all four of these ideas
that I've presented you
that I've presented you
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所以我所向你們
提出的這四個概念
提出的這四個概念
16:50
are ways in which we can expand
Amira's choice set.
Amira's choice set.
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是我們可以用來擴展
阿米拉的選項組合的方法。
阿米拉的選項組合的方法。
16:53
They're ways in which we can have
greater choice for refugees
greater choice for refugees
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它們是我們可以給予
難民更好選擇的方法
難民更好選擇的方法
16:57
beyond those basic,
impossible three options
impossible three options
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勝過那三個基本的
不可能的選項
不可能的選項
17:01
I explained to you
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我剛剛向你們所解釋的（選項）
17:02
and still leave others better off.
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並且仍然能夠讓他們人
的生活變得更好。
的生活變得更好。
17:04
In conclusion,
we really need a new vision,
we really need a new vision,
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總之，
我們真的需要一個新的遠見，
我們真的需要一個新的遠見，
17:08
a vision that enlarges
the choices of refugees
the choices of refugees
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一個加增難民
可以選擇的選項的遠見
可以選擇的選項的遠見
17:11
but recognizes that they
don't have to be a burden.
don't have to be a burden.
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並且認識到
它們不必成為一種負擔。
它們不必成為一種負擔。
17:13
There's nothing inevitable
about refugees being a cost.
about refugees being a cost.
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難民並非無可避免地
一定會成為社會成本。
一定會成為社會成本。
17:17
Yes, they are a humanitarian
responsibility,
responsibility,
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是的，他們是一種人道主義
的責任，
的責任，
17:20
but they're human beings
with skills, talents, aspirations,
with skills, talents, aspirations,
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但他們也是具備技能、才能、
和志向的人類，
和志向的人類，
17:24
with the ability to make
contributions -- if we let them.
contributions -- if we let them.
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他們具有作出貢獻的能力
——如果我們允許的話。
——如果我們允許的話。
17:28
In the new world,
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在新世界中，
17:30
migration is not going to go away.
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人口遷徙是不會消失的。
17:32
What we've seen in Europe
will be with us for many years.
will be with us for many years.
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2977
我們在歐洲所看到的
將會伴隨著我們多年。
將會伴隨著我們多年。
17:35
People will continue to travel,
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人們會繼續旅行，
17:37
they'll continue to be displaced,
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他們也會繼續被取代，
17:39
and we need to find rational,
realistic ways of managing this --
realistic ways of managing this --
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3497
而我們需要去尋求理性的，
現實的管理方法
現實的管理方法
17:42
not based on the old logics
of humanitarian assistance,
of humanitarian assistance,
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不是基於舊的關於
人道援助的邏輯，
人道援助的邏輯，
17:45
not based on logics of charity,
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不是基於慈善的邏輯
17:48
but building on the opportunities
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而是著眼于機會
17:49
offered by globalization,
markets and mobility.
markets and mobility.
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提供自全球化、
市場和流動性。
市場和流動性。
17:53
I'd urge you all to wake up
and urge our politicians
and urge our politicians
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我力勸你們清醒過來，
力勸我們的政客們
力勸我們的政客們
17:56
to wake up to this challenge.
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去意識到這個挑戰。
17:58
Thank you very much.
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非常感謝你們。
17:59
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Alexander Betts - Social scientistAlexander Betts explores ways societies might empower refugees rather than pushing them to the margins.
Why you should listen
In media and in public debate, refugees are routinely portrayed as a burden. Professor Alexander Betts argues that refugees, who represent a wide spectrum of professional backgrounds, are in fact an untapped resource that could benefit nations willing to welcome them into their economies.
Betts is the director of the Refugee Studies Centre at the University of Oxford, where he spearheads research on refugee and other forced migrant populations. His book, Survival Migration, explores the predicaments of people who are fleeing disaster yet fall outside legal definitions of refugee status.
Alexander Betts | Speaker | TED.com