TED2016
Kenneth Lacovara: Hunting for dinosaurs showed me our place in the universe
Kenet Lakovara (Kenneth Lacovara): Lov na dinosauruse mi je pokazao naše mesto u univerzumu
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Šta se desi kad otkrijete dinosaurusa? Paleontolog Kenet Lakovara opisuje nam iskopavanje drednotusa - 77 miliona godina starog sauropoda koji je bio visok kao dvospratnica i težak kao džambo-džet - i razmatra kako je zadivljujuće neverovatno da sićušni sisar, koji je živeo u pukotinama sveta dinosaurusa, evoluira u svesno biće sposobno da razume ova veličanstvena stvorenja. Pridružite mu se u slavljenju Zemljine geološke istorije i osmotrite naše mesto u dubokom protoku vremena.
Kenneth Lacovara - Paleontologist
In his quest to understand the largest dinosaurs to have walked the Earth, Lacovara blends exploration with the latest imaging and modeling techniques from engineering to medicine. Full bio
In his quest to understand the largest dinosaurs to have walked the Earth, Lacovara blends exploration with the latest imaging and modeling techniques from engineering to medicine. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
How do you find a dinosaur?
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Kako da pronađete dinosaurusa?
00:15
Sounds impossible, doesn't it?
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Zvuči nemoguće, zar ne?
00:18
It's not.
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Nije.
00:19
And the answer relies on a formula
that all paleontologists use.
that all paleontologists use.
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A odgovor leži u formuli
koju svi paleontolozi koriste.
koju svi paleontolozi koriste.
00:24
And I'm going to tell you the secret.
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I ja ću da vam otkrijem tajnu.
00:27
First, find rocks of the right age.
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Prvo: pronađite stene
odgovarajuće starosti.
odgovarajuće starosti.
00:31
Second, those rocks
must be sedimentary rocks.
must be sedimentary rocks.
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Drugo: te stene moraju da budu sedimentne.
00:35
And third, layers of those rocks
must be naturally exposed.
must be naturally exposed.
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I treće: slojevi tih stena
moraju da budu prirodno izloženi.
moraju da budu prirodno izloženi.
00:40
That's it.
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To je to.
00:41
Find those three things
and get yourself on the ground,
and get yourself on the ground,
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Pronađite te tri stvari
i bacite se na tlo,
i bacite se na tlo,
00:45
chances are good
that you will find fossils.
that you will find fossils.
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imaćete dobre šanse da pronađete fosile.
00:48
Now let me break down this formula.
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Dozvolite mi sad da razložim ovu formulu.
00:50
Organisms exist only during certain
geological intervals.
geological intervals.
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Organizmi postoje samo tokom
određenih geoloških razdoblja.
određenih geoloških razdoblja.
00:55
So you have to find
rocks of the right age,
rocks of the right age,
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Pa, morate da nađete stene
odgovarajuće starosti,
odgovarajuće starosti,
00:57
depending on what your interests are.
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u zavisnosti od toga šta vas interesuje.
00:59
If you want to find trilobites,
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Ako želite da nađete trilobite,
01:01
you have to find the really,
really old rocks of the Paleozoic --
really old rocks of the Paleozoic --
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morate da nađete zaista,
zaista stare stene iz paleozoika -
zaista stare stene iz paleozoika -
01:04
rocks between a half a billion
and a quarter-billion years old.
and a quarter-billion years old.
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stene koje su stare između pola milijarde
i četvrtine milijarde godina.
i četvrtine milijarde godina.
01:08
Now, if you want to find dinosaurs,
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Sad, ako želite da nađete dinosauruse,
01:10
don't look in the Paleozoic,
you won't find them.
you won't find them.
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ne tražite u paleozoiku,
nećete ih tamo naći.
nećete ih tamo naći.
01:12
They hadn't evolved yet.
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Nisu još evoluirali.
01:14
You have to find the younger
rocks of the Mesozoic,
rocks of the Mesozoic,
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Morate da nađete mlađe stene iz mezozoika,
01:17
and in the case of dinosaurs,
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a u slučaju dinosaurusa,
01:18
between 235 and 66 million years ago.
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moraju da budu stare
između 235 i 66 miliona godina.
između 235 i 66 miliona godina.
01:23
Now, it's fairly easy to find rocks
of the right age at this point,
of the right age at this point,
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Sad, trenutno je prilično lako
pronaći stene odgovarajuće starosti
pronaći stene odgovarajuće starosti
01:26
because the Earth is, to a coarse degree,
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jer je Zemlja, do određenog nivoa,
01:29
geologically mapped.
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geološki mapirana.
01:31
This is hard-won information.
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To je mukotrpno zarađena informacija.
01:34
The annals of Earth history
are written in rocks,
are written in rocks,
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Anali Zemljine istorije
su ispisani u stenama,
su ispisani u stenama,
01:37
one chapter upon the next,
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poglavlje po poglavlje,
01:38
such that the oldest pages are on bottom
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tako da su najstarije stranice na dnu,
01:41
and the youngest on top.
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a najnovije na vrhu.
01:43
Now, were it quite that easy,
geologists would rejoice.
geologists would rejoice.
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E sad, da je sve tako lako,
geolozi bi bili srećni.
geolozi bi bili srećni.
01:47
It's not.
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Nije.
01:48
The library of Earth is an old one.
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Zemljina biblioteka je stara.
01:51
It has no librarian to impose order.
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Ne postoji bibliotekar da zavede red.
01:54
Operating over vast swaths of time,
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Odvijajući se ogromnim naslagama vremena,
01:57
myriad geological processes
offer every possible insult
offer every possible insult
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gomile geoloških procesa
na sve načine povređuju
na sve načine povređuju
02:02
to the rocks of ages.
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drevne stene.
02:04
Most pages are destroyed
soon after being written.
soon after being written.
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Mnoge stranice su uništene
neposredno nakon stvaranja.
neposredno nakon stvaranja.
02:07
Some pages are overwritten,
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Preko nekih je ponovo pisano,
02:09
creating difficult-to-decipher palimpsests
of long-gone landscapes.
of long-gone landscapes.
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čime je otežano dešifrovanje palimpsesta
o pejzažima koji su odavno nestali.
o pejzažima koji su odavno nestali.
02:14
Pages that do find sanctuary
under the advancing sands of time
under the advancing sands of time
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Stranice koje pronalaze utočište
ispod trajnog protoka vremena
ispod trajnog protoka vremena
02:19
are never truly safe.
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nikad nisu uistinu bezbedne.
02:21
Unlike the Moon --
our dead, rocky companion --
our dead, rocky companion --
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Za razliku od Meseca,
našeg mrtvog, stenovitog pratioca -
našeg mrtvog, stenovitog pratioca -
02:24
the Earth is alive, pulsing
with creative and destructive forces
with creative and destructive forces
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Zemlja je živa, pulsira
od stvaralačkih i destruktivnih sila
od stvaralačkih i destruktivnih sila
02:28
that power its geological metabolism.
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koje opskrbljavaju
njen geološki metabolizam.
njen geološki metabolizam.
02:31
Lunar rocks brought back
by the Apollo astronauts
by the Apollo astronauts
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Lunarno kamenje koje su doneli
astronauti sa Apola
astronauti sa Apola
02:34
all date back to about the age
of the Solar System.
of the Solar System.
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sve je otprilike staro
kao i Sunčev sistem.
kao i Sunčev sistem.
02:37
Moon rocks are forever.
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Mesečeve stene su večne.
02:40
Earth rocks, on the other hand,
face the perils of a living lithosphere.
face the perils of a living lithosphere.
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Zemljine stene, s druge strane,
suočene su sa opasnostima žive litosfere.
suočene su sa opasnostima žive litosfere.
02:45
All will suffer ruination,
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Sve će da pretrpi propadanje,
02:46
through some combination
of mutilation, compression,
of mutilation, compression,
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kroz neku kombinaciju
unakazivanja, sabijanja,
unakazivanja, sabijanja,
02:49
folding, tearing, scorching and baking.
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presavijanja, pucanja,
sparušavanja i pečenja.
sparušavanja i pečenja.
02:53
Thus, the volumes of Earth history
are incomplete and disheveled.
are incomplete and disheveled.
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Stoga su tomovi Zemljine istorije
nepotpuni i neuredni.
nepotpuni i neuredni.
02:59
The library is vast and magnificent --
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Biblioteka je ogromna i veličanstvena -
03:03
but decrepit.
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ali oronula.
03:06
And it was this tattered complexity
in the rock record
in the rock record
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A ova iskrzana složenost
u zapisima u stenama
u zapisima u stenama
03:09
that obscured its meaning
until relatively recently.
until relatively recently.
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je prikrivala svoje značenje
sve do relativno nedavno.
sve do relativno nedavno.
Priroda nije obezbedila
indeksni katalog za geologe -
indeksni katalog za geologe -
03:13
Nature provided no card catalog
for geologists --
for geologists --
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03:15
this would have to be invented.
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to smo morali da izumimo.
03:18
Five thousand years after the Sumerians
learned to record their thoughts
learned to record their thoughts
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Pet hiljada godina nakon što su Sumeri
naučili kako da beleže svoje misli
naučili kako da beleže svoje misli
03:21
on clay tablets,
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na pločama od gline,
03:22
the Earth's volumes remained
inscrutable to humans.
inscrutable to humans.
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Zemljini tomovi su ostali
nedokučivi za ljude.
nedokučivi za ljude.
03:26
We were geologically illiterate,
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Bili smo geološki nepismeni,
03:29
unaware of the antiquity
of our own planet
of our own planet
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nesvesni starosti naše planete
03:32
and ignorant of our connection
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i neupućeni u naše veze
03:34
to deep time.
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s drevnim vremenima.
03:37
It wasn't until the turn
of the 19th century
of the 19th century
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Sve do početka XIX veka
03:40
that our blinders were removed,
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kada nam je veo s očiju skinut,
03:42
first, with the publication
of James Hutton's "Theory of the Earth,"
of James Hutton's "Theory of the Earth,"
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prvo objavljivanjem
"Teorije o Zemlji" Džejmsa Hatona,
"Teorije o Zemlji" Džejmsa Hatona,
03:47
in which he told us that the Earth
reveals no vestige of a beginning
reveals no vestige of a beginning
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u kojoj nam je saopštio da Zemlja
ne otkriva trag svog početka
ne otkriva trag svog početka
03:50
and no prospect of an end;
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i nikakav nagoveštaj kraja;
03:53
and then, with the printing
of William Smith's map of Britain,
of William Smith's map of Britain,
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a potom, štampanjem
mape Britanije Vilijama Smita,
mape Britanije Vilijama Smita,
03:57
the first country-scale geological map,
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prve geološke mape na nivou države,
03:59
giving us for the first time
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pruživši nam prvi put
04:01
predictive insight into where
certain types of rocks might occur.
certain types of rocks might occur.
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predvidljiv uvid u to
gde se određeni tipovi stena mogu naći.
gde se određeni tipovi stena mogu naći.
04:05
After that, you could say things like,
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Nakon toga ste mogli da govorite ovako:
04:07
"If we go over there,
we should be in the Jurassic,"
we should be in the Jurassic,"
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"Ako pođemo ovamo,
trebalo bi da smo u dobu jure",
trebalo bi da smo u dobu jure",
04:10
or, "If we go up over that hill,
we should find the Cretaceous."
we should find the Cretaceous."
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ili, "ako se popenjemo na to brdo
trebalo bi da nađemo doba krede."
trebalo bi da nađemo doba krede."
04:15
So now, if you want to find trilobites,
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Pa sad, ako želite da nađete trilobite,
04:18
get yourself a good geological map
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nabavite dobru geološku mapu
04:20
and go to the rocks of the Paleozoic.
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i pođite do stena iz paleozoika.
04:23
If you want to find dinosaurs like I do,
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Ako želite, poput mene,
da nađete dinosauruse
da nađete dinosauruse
04:25
find the rocks of Mesozoic and go there.
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pronađite stene mezozoika i krenite tamo.
04:29
Now of course, you can only make
a fossil in a sedimentary rock,
a fossil in a sedimentary rock,
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Sad, naravno, fosil jedino može da nastane
u sedimentnim stenama,
u sedimentnim stenama,
04:32
a rock made by sand and mud.
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napravljenim od peska i blata.
04:34
You can't have a fossil
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Fosila nema
04:35
in an igneous rock formed
by magma, like a granite,
by magma, like a granite,
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u vulkanskim stenama, poput granita,
nastalim od magme
nastalim od magme
04:39
or in a metamorphic rock
that's been heated and squeezed.
that's been heated and squeezed.
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ili u metamorfoznim stenama
koje su zagrejavane i sabijane.
koje su zagrejavane i sabijane.
04:42
And you have to get yourself in a desert.
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I morate da odete u pustinju.
04:45
It's not that dinosaurs
particularly lived in deserts;
particularly lived in deserts;
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Ne radi se o tome
da su dinosaurusi živeli u pustinjama;
da su dinosaurusi živeli u pustinjama;
04:48
they lived on every land mass
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živeli su na svim delovima kopna
04:50
and in every imaginable environment.
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i u svim mogućim okruženjima.
04:52
It's that you need to go to a place
that's a desert today,
that's a desert today,
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Radi se o tome da morate poći do mesta
koje je danas pustinja,
koje je danas pustinja,
04:55
a place that doesn't have
too many plants covering up the rocks,
too many plants covering up the rocks,
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mesta na kome nema mnogo biljaka
koje prekrivaju stene
koje prekrivaju stene
04:58
and a place where erosion is always
exposing new bones at the surface.
exposing new bones at the surface.
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i mesta gde erozije
uvek otkrivaju nove kosti na površini.
uvek otkrivaju nove kosti na površini.
05:03
So find those three things:
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Dakle, nađite te tri stvari:
05:04
rocks of the right age,
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stene odgovarajuće starosti,
05:06
that are sedimentary rocks, in a desert,
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koje su sedimentne stene u pustinji
05:09
and get yourself on the ground,
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i spustite se na zemlju
05:11
and you literally walk
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i bukvalno ćete da hodate
05:12
until you see a bone
sticking out of the rock.
sticking out of the rock.
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sve dok vidite kost kako štrči iz stene.
05:16
Here's a picture that I took
in Southern Patagonia.
in Southern Patagonia.
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Ovo je slika koju sam napravio
u Južnoj Patagoniji.
u Južnoj Patagoniji.
05:20
Every pebble that you see
on the ground there
on the ground there
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Svaki oblutak koji vidite tu na tlu
05:23
is a piece of dinosaur bone.
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je delić kosti dinosaurusa.
05:25
So when you're in that right situation,
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Pa kad ste u odgovarajućoj situaciji,
05:27
it's not a question of whether
you'll find fossils or not;
you'll find fossils or not;
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nije u pitanju to da li ćete
da pronađete fosile ili ne;
da pronađete fosile ili ne;
05:30
you're going to find fossils.
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pronaći ćete fosile.
05:31
The question is: Will you find something
that is scientifically significant?
that is scientifically significant?
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Pitanje je: Da li ćete pronaći
nešto što je od značaja za nauku?
nešto što je od značaja za nauku?
05:35
And to help with that, I'm going to add
a fourth part to our formula,
a fourth part to our formula,
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A kako bih vam pomogao u tome,
dodaću četvrti deo našoj formuli,
dodaću četvrti deo našoj formuli,
05:39
which is this:
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a to je sledeće:
05:41
get as far away from other
paleontologists as possible.
paleontologists as possible.
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udaljite se što više
od drugih paleontologa.
od drugih paleontologa.
05:44
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
05:46
It's not that I don't like
other paleontologists.
other paleontologists.
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Nije da mi se ne sviđaju
drugi paleontolozi.
drugi paleontolozi.
05:49
When you go to a place
that's relatively unexplored,
that's relatively unexplored,
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Kada odete na mesto
koje je relativno neistraženo,
koje je relativno neistraženo,
05:51
you have a much better chance
of not only finding fossils
of not only finding fossils
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imate mnogo bolje šanse
ne samo da nađete fosile,
ne samo da nađete fosile,
05:54
but of finding something
that's new to science.
that's new to science.
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već i da nađete nešto
što je nepoznato u nauci.
što je nepoznato u nauci.
05:57
So that's my formula
for finding dinosaurs,
for finding dinosaurs,
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Ovo je moja formula
za nalaženje dinosaurusa
za nalaženje dinosaurusa
05:59
and I've applied it all around the world.
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i primenjivao sam je širom sveta.
06:01
In the austral summer of 2004,
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Tokom južnog leta 2004,
06:04
I went to the bottom of South America,
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otišao sam do dna Južne Amerike,
06:06
to the bottom of Patagonia, Argentina,
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do podnožja Patagonije u Argentini
06:08
to prospect for dinosaurs:
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kako bih tragao za dinosaurusima:
06:10
a place that had terrestrial
sedimentary rocks of the right age,
sedimentary rocks of the right age,
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na mestu koje je imalo zemljane
sedimentne stene odgovarajuće starosti,
sedimentne stene odgovarajuće starosti,
06:13
in a desert,
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bilo je u pustinji,
06:15
a place that had been barely visited
by paleontologists.
by paleontologists.
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mesto koje skoro uopšte
nisu posećivali paleontolozi.
nisu posećivali paleontolozi.
06:19
And we found this.
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I pronašli smo ovo.
06:21
This is a femur, a thigh bone,
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Ovo je femur, butna kost,
06:23
of a giant, plant-eating dinosaur.
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džinovskog dinosaurusa biljojeda.
06:25
That bone is 2.2 meters across.
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Ta kost je duga 2,2 metra.
06:28
That's over seven feet long.
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To je preko sedam stopa.
06:31
Now, unfortunately,
that bone was isolated.
that bone was isolated.
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Sad, nažalost ta kost je bila izolovana.
06:33
We dug and dug and dug,
and there wasn't another bone around.
and there wasn't another bone around.
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Kopali smo i kopali i kopali,
nije bilo drugih kostiju u blizini.
nije bilo drugih kostiju u blizini.
06:36
But it made us hungry to go back
the next year for more.
the next year for more.
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Ali smo žudeli da se vratimo
sledeće godine po još.
sledeće godine po još.
06:39
And on the first day
of that next field season,
of that next field season,
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I prvog dana naredne sezone,
06:42
I found this: another two-meter femur,
136
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našao sam ovo:
još jedan femur od dva metra,
još jedan femur od dva metra,
06:45
only this time not isolated,
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ovaj put, pak, nije bio izolovan,
06:47
this time associated with 145 other bones
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ovaj put je bio povezan
sa 145 drugih kostiju
sa 145 drugih kostiju
06:50
of a giant plant eater.
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džinovskog biljojeda.
06:53
And after three more hard,
really brutal field seasons,
really brutal field seasons,
140
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I nakon još tri teške,
zaista brutalne sezone na terenu,
zaista brutalne sezone na terenu,
06:57
the quarry came to look like this.
141
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plen je dobijao ovaj izgled.
06:59
And there you see the tail
of that great beast wrapping around me.
of that great beast wrapping around me.
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I ovde vidite rep
te velike zveri kako se obmotava oko mene.
te velike zveri kako se obmotava oko mene.
07:03
The giant that lay in this grave,
the new species of dinosaur,
the new species of dinosaur,
143
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Džina koji je počivao u ovom grobu,
novu vrstu dinosaurusa,
novu vrstu dinosaurusa,
07:07
we would eventually call
"Dreadnoughtus schrani."
"Dreadnoughtus schrani."
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na kraju ćemo da nazovemo:
"Dreadnoughtus schrani".
"Dreadnoughtus schrani".
07:11
Dreadnoughtus was 85 feet
from snout to tail.
from snout to tail.
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Drednotus je bi dug
25,9 metara od njuške do repa.
25,9 metara od njuške do repa.
07:15
It stood two-and-a-half stories
at the shoulder,
at the shoulder,
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Ramena su mu dosezala
do dva i po sprata
do dva i po sprata
07:18
and all fleshed out in life,
it weighed 65 tons.
it weighed 65 tons.
147
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i živ, sa svim mesom,
bio je težak 65 tona.
bio je težak 65 tona.
07:23
People ask me sometimes,
"Was Dreadnoughtus bigger than a T. rex?"
"Was Dreadnoughtus bigger than a T. rex?"
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Ljudi me ponekad pitaju:
"Da li je drednotus bio veći od ti reksa?"
"Da li je drednotus bio veći od ti reksa?"
07:26
That's the mass of eight or nine T. rex.
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To je masa osam ili devet ti reksova.
07:30
Now, one of the really cool things
about being a paleontologist
about being a paleontologist
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Sad, jedna od zaista sjajnih stvari
kad ste paleontolog
kad ste paleontolog
07:33
is when you find a new species,
you get to name it.
you get to name it.
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je kad otkrijete novu vrstu,
na vama je da je imenujete.
na vama je da je imenujete.
07:36
And I've always thought it a shame
that these giant, plant-eating dinosaurs
that these giant, plant-eating dinosaurs
152
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I oduvek sam smatrao da je bruka
da su ovi džinovi, dinosaurusi biljojedi,
da su ovi džinovi, dinosaurusi biljojedi,
07:40
are too often portrayed as passive,
lumbering platters of meat
lumbering platters of meat
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prečesto prikazani kao pasivni,
nezgrapni pladanji mesa
nezgrapni pladanji mesa
07:44
on the landscape.
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na pejzažu.
07:46
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
07:47
They're not.
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Nisu.
07:48
Big herbivores can be surly,
and they can be territorial --
and they can be territorial --
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Veliki biljojedi mogu da budu otresiti,
mogu biti teritorijalni -
mogu biti teritorijalni -
07:51
you do not want to mess with a hippo
or a rhino or a water buffalo.
or a rhino or a water buffalo.
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ne želite da se kačite sa nilskim konjem
ili nosorogom ili vodenim bizonom.
ili nosorogom ili vodenim bizonom.
07:56
The bison in Yellowstone injure
far more people than do the grizzly bears.
far more people than do the grizzly bears.
159
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Bizoni iz parka Jelostoun povređuju
daleko više ljudi nego medvedi grizli.
daleko više ljudi nego medvedi grizli.
08:01
So can you imagine a big bull,
65-ton Dreadnoughtus
65-ton Dreadnoughtus
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Pa, zamislite samo velikog bika,
drednotusa od 65 tona
drednotusa od 65 tona
08:07
in the breeding season,
161
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1703
u toku sezone parenja
08:08
defending a territory?
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1500
dok brani teritoriju?
08:10
That animal would have been
incredibly dangerous,
incredibly dangerous,
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Ta životinja je bila neverovatno opasna,
08:13
a menace to all around, and itself
would have had nothing to fear.
would have had nothing to fear.
164
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pretnja za čitavu okolinu,
a ona sama ne bi imala čega da se plaši.
a ona sama ne bi imala čega da se plaši.
08:18
And thus the name, "Dreadnoughtus,"
165
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2225
I otuda i njegovo ime "drednotus",
08:20
or, "fears nothing."
166
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1701
iliti "neustrašivi".
08:24
Now, to grow so large,
167
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1166
Da bi toliko porasla,
08:25
an animal like Dreadnoughtus
would've had to have been
would've had to have been
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životinja pout drednotusa
bi morala da bude
bi morala da bude
08:27
a model of efficiency.
169
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1157
uzor za efikasnost.
08:29
That long neck and long tail help it
radiate heat into the environment,
radiate heat into the environment,
170
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Dug vrat i dug rep su mu pomagali
da otpušta toplotu u okruženje,
da otpušta toplotu u okruženje,
08:32
passively controlling its temperature.
171
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2538
pasivno kontrolišući svoju temperaturu.
08:35
And that long neck also serves
as a super-efficient feeding mechanism.
as a super-efficient feeding mechanism.
172
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A taj dugi vrat je takođe služio
kao superefikasan mehanizam hranjenja.
kao superefikasan mehanizam hranjenja.
08:38
Dreadnoughtus could stand
in one place and with that neck
in one place and with that neck
173
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Drednotusi su mogli da stoje
na jednom mestu i tim vratom
na jednom mestu i tim vratom
08:41
clear out a huge envelope of vegetation,
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da počiste ogromne slojeve vegetacije,
08:44
taking in tens of thousands of calories
while expending very few.
while expending very few.
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3914
unoseći na desetine hiljada kalorija,
a gubeći svega nekoliko.
a gubeći svega nekoliko.
08:48
And these animals evolved
a bulldog-like wide-gait stance,
a bulldog-like wide-gait stance,
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A ovim životinjama je evoluirao
širok stav hoda, nalik onom kod buldoga,
širok stav hoda, nalik onom kod buldoga,
08:52
giving them immense stability,
177
520945
1815
obezbeđujući im beskrajnu stabilnost
08:55
because when you're 65 tons,
when you're literally as big as a house,
when you're literally as big as a house,
178
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4076
jer kad imate 65 tona,
kad ste bukvalno veliki kao kuća,
kad ste bukvalno veliki kao kuća,
08:59
the penalty for falling over
179
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2107
kazna za saplitanje
09:01
is death.
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1157
je smrt.
09:03
Yeah, these animals are big and tough,
181
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1905
Da, ove životinje su velike i jake,
09:05
but they won't take a blow like that.
182
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1777
ali neće rizikovati takav udar.
09:07
Dreadnoughtus falls over,
ribs break and pierce lungs.
ribs break and pierce lungs.
183
535407
2581
Kad se drednotus saplete,
pucaju rebra i cepaju pluća.
pucaju rebra i cepaju pluća.
09:10
Organs burst.
184
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1525
Organi pucaju.
09:11
If you're a big 65-ton Dreadnoughtus,
185
539561
1786
Kad ste veliki drednotus od 65 tona,
09:13
you don't get to fall down
in life -- even once.
in life -- even once.
186
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2577
u životu ne padanete ni jednom.
09:17
Now, after this particular
Dreadnoughtus carcass was buried
Dreadnoughtus carcass was buried
187
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3566
Sad, kad je ovaj drednotusov leš zakopan
09:21
and de-fleshed by a multitude
of bacteria, worms and insects,
of bacteria, worms and insects,
188
549254
4720
i kad su ga ogolile mnoge
bakterije, crvi i insekti,
bakterije, crvi i insekti,
09:25
its bones underwent a brief metamorphosis,
189
553998
2165
njegove kosti
su pretpele kratak preobražaj,
su pretpele kratak preobražaj,
09:28
exchanging molecules with the groundwater
190
556187
2016
razmenjujući molekule sa vlagom iz tla
09:30
and becoming more and more
like the entombing rock.
like the entombing rock.
191
558227
2618
i postajući sve više i više
poput grobne stene.
poput grobne stene.
09:33
As layer upon layer
of sediment accumulated,
of sediment accumulated,
192
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2376
Kako se sloj po sloj sedimenata gomilao,
09:36
pressure from all sides
weighed in like a stony glove
weighed in like a stony glove
193
564003
2826
pritisak sa svih strana
se obrušio poput kamene rukavice
se obrušio poput kamene rukavice
09:38
whose firm and enduring grip held
each bone in a stabilizing embrace.
each bone in a stabilizing embrace.
194
566853
5625
čiji je snažan i trajan stisak
držao svaku kost u stabilnom zagrljaju.
držao svaku kost u stabilnom zagrljaju.
09:45
And then came the long ...
195
573654
1650
A onda je došlo dugo...
09:48
nothing.
196
576044
1229
ništavilo.
09:49
Epoch after epoch of sameness,
197
577868
3318
Epoha za epohom jednolikosti,
09:53
nonevents without number.
198
581210
1944
beskrajne ispraznosti.
09:55
All the while, the skeleton lay
everlasting and unchanging
everlasting and unchanging
199
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3422
Sve vreme, kostur je ležao
trajan i nepromenljiv
trajan i nepromenljiv
09:58
in perfect equilibrium
200
586947
2363
u savršenoj ravnoteži
10:01
within its rocky grave.
201
589334
1713
unutar svog kamenog groba.
10:03
Meanwhile, Earth history unfolded above.
202
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2017
Istorija Zemlje se odvijala nad njim.
10:06
The dinosaurs would reign
for another 12 million years
for another 12 million years
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2647
Dinosaurusi će da vladaju
narednih 12 miliona godina
narednih 12 miliona godina
10:08
before their hegemony was snuffed out
in a fiery apocalypse.
in a fiery apocalypse.
204
596707
4264
pre nego što će ognjena apokalipsa
da zbriše njihovu hegemoniju.
da zbriše njihovu hegemoniju.
10:13
The continents drifted. The mammals rose.
205
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2678
Kontinenti su se udaljili.
Pojavili su se sisari.
Pojavili su se sisari.
10:16
The Ice Age came.
206
604244
1371
Došlo je ledeno doba.
10:18
And then, in East Africa,
207
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2247
A onda je u Istočnoj Africi,
10:20
an unpromising species of ape
evolved the odd trick of sentient thought.
evolved the odd trick of sentient thought.
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5612
neizgledna vrsta majmuna razvila
neobičan trik svesnog razmišljanja.
neobičan trik svesnog razmišljanja.
10:27
These brainy primates were not
particularly fast or strong.
particularly fast or strong.
209
615752
3452
Ovi primati pametnjakovići
nisu bili naročito brzi ili jaki.
nisu bili naročito brzi ili jaki.
10:32
But they excelled at covering ground,
210
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2206
Ali su bili nenadmašni u pokrivanju zemlje
10:34
and in a remarkable diaspora
211
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1869
i u izvanrednoj dijaspori
su čak nadmašili rekord dinosaurusa
u teritorijalnom osvajanju;
u teritorijalnom osvajanju;
10:36
surpassing even the dinosaurs' record
of territorial conquest,
of territorial conquest,
212
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3142
10:39
they dispersed across the planet,
213
627351
1930
rasprostranili su se širom planete,
10:41
ravishing every ecosystem
they encountered,
they encountered,
214
629305
3180
zauzimajući svaki ekosistem
na koji su naišli,
na koji su naišli,
10:44
along the way, inventing culture
and metalworking and painting
and metalworking and painting
215
632509
3181
izmišljajući usput kulturu
i metalostrugarstvo i slikanje
i metalostrugarstvo i slikanje
10:47
and dance and music
216
635714
1342
i ples i muziku
10:49
and science
217
637786
1214
i nauku
10:51
and rocket ships that would eventually
take 12 particularly excellent apes
take 12 particularly excellent apes
218
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4529
i rakete koje će jednog dana
da odvedu 12 naročito izvrsnih majmuna
da odvedu 12 naročito izvrsnih majmuna
10:56
to the surface of the Moon.
219
644346
1851
na površinu Meseca.
11:00
With seven billion peripatetic
Homo sapiens on the planet,
Homo sapiens on the planet,
220
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3639
Uz sedam milijardi peripatetičkih
Homo sapiensa na planeti,
Homo sapiensa na planeti,
11:05
it was perhaps inevitable
221
653253
1217
možda je bilo neizbežno
11:06
that one of them would eventually
trod on the grave of the magnificent titan
trod on the grave of the magnificent titan
222
654494
4038
da jedan od njih kad-tad
nagazi na grob veličanstvenog titana,
nagazi na grob veličanstvenog titana,
11:10
buried beneath the badlands
of Southern Patagonia.
of Southern Patagonia.
223
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2952
zakopanog pod pustošima Južne Patagonije.
11:14
I was that ape.
224
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1251
Taj majmun sam bio ja.
11:17
And standing there, alone in the desert,
225
665038
2943
I stojeći tamo, sam u pustinji,
11:20
it was not lost on me
226
668640
1151
nisam gubio iz vida
11:21
that the chance of any one individual
entering the fossil record
entering the fossil record
227
669815
3630
to da je šansa da se pojedinac
upiše u fosilni arhiv
upiše u fosilni arhiv
11:25
is vanishingly small.
228
673469
1673
beskrajno mala.
11:28
But the Earth is very, very old.
229
676039
2048
Ali Zemlja je veoma, veoma stara.
11:30
And over vast tracts of time,
the improbable becomes the probable.
the improbable becomes the probable.
230
678111
4260
A tokom ogromnih protoka vremena,
neverovatno postaje verovatno.
neverovatno postaje verovatno.
11:34
That's the magic of the geological record.
231
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2691
To je čarolija geoloških arhiva.
11:37
Thus, multitudinous creatures
living and dying on an old planet
living and dying on an old planet
232
685110
3182
Stoga, bezbroj bića
koja žive i umiru na staroj planeti
koja žive i umiru na staroj planeti
ostavljaju za sobom
nebrojeno mnogo fosila,
nebrojeno mnogo fosila,
11:40
leave behind immense numbers of fossils,
233
688316
1927
11:42
each one a small miracle,
234
690267
1642
a svaki je maleno čudo,
11:44
but collectively, inevitable.
235
692691
2533
ali sveukupno, neizbežni su.
11:48
Sixty-six million years ago,
an asteroid hits the Earth
an asteroid hits the Earth
236
696572
2873
Pre 66 miliona godina,
asteroid pogađa Zemlju
asteroid pogađa Zemlju
11:51
and wipes out the dinosaurs.
237
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1683
i uništava dinosauruse.
11:54
This easily might not have been.
238
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1928
Lako je moglo proći bez ovoga.
11:57
But we only get one history,
and it's the one that we have.
and it's the one that we have.
239
705312
2855
Ali sleduje nam samo jedna istorija,
a to je ova koju imamo.
a to je ova koju imamo.
12:00
But this particular reality
was not inevitable.
was not inevitable.
240
708191
2276
Ali baš ova realnost nije bila neizbežna.
12:02
The tiniest perturbation
of that asteroid far from Earth
of that asteroid far from Earth
241
710491
2802
Najmanja prepreka
tom asteroidu udaljenom od Zemlje
tom asteroidu udaljenom od Zemlje
12:05
would have caused it to miss
our planet by a wide margin.
our planet by a wide margin.
242
713317
3001
mogla je da uzrokuje
da on uveliko promaši našu planetu.
da on uveliko promaši našu planetu.
12:08
The pivotal, calamitous day during which
the dinosaurs were wiped out,
the dinosaurs were wiped out,
243
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3353
Ključni, kobni dan
tokom kog su dinosaurusi zbrisani,
tokom kog su dinosaurusi zbrisani,
12:12
setting the stage
for the modern world as we know it
for the modern world as we know it
244
720131
3211
koji je podesio kulise
savremenog sveta kakvog znamo,
savremenog sveta kakvog znamo,
12:15
didn't have to be.
245
723366
1532
nije morao da se desi.
12:16
It could've just been another day --
246
724922
1965
Mogao je da bude običan dan -
12:19
a Thursday, perhaps --
247
727443
1341
možda četvrtak -
12:21
among the 63 billion days
already enjoyed by the dinosaurs.
already enjoyed by the dinosaurs.
248
729856
4927
od 63 milijarde dana
u kojim su već uživali dinosaurusi.
u kojim su već uživali dinosaurusi.
12:27
But over geological time,
249
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1385
No tokom geološkog vremena,
12:28
improbable, nearly impossible events
250
736722
2885
neverovatni, skoro nemogući događaji
12:31
do occur.
251
739631
1151
se događaju.
12:32
Along the path from our wormy,
Cambrian ancestors
Cambrian ancestors
252
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2923
Stazom našeg crvolikog pretka iz krede
12:35
to primates dressed in suits,
253
743753
2403
sve do primata u odelima,
12:38
innumerable forks in the road
led us to this very particular reality.
led us to this very particular reality.
254
746180
4881
bezbroj račvanja puteva
nas je dovelo baš do ove stvarnosti.
nas je dovelo baš do ove stvarnosti.
12:43
The bones of Dreadnoughtus
lay underground for 77 million years.
lay underground for 77 million years.
255
751982
4092
Kosti drednotusa
leže pod zemljom već 77 miliona godina.
leže pod zemljom već 77 miliona godina.
12:48
Who could have imagined
256
756899
1171
Ko je mogao da zamisli
12:50
that a single species of shrew-like mammal
257
758094
2964
da će jedna vrsta rovčicolikog sisara,
koja je živela u pukotinama
sveta dinosaurusa
sveta dinosaurusa
12:53
living in the cracks of the dinosaur world
258
761082
2044
12:55
would evolve into sentient beings
259
763150
2052
da evoluira u svesno biće,
12:57
capable of characterizing
and understanding
and understanding
260
765226
2356
sposobno da opiše i razume
12:59
the very dinosaurs they must have dreaded?
261
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3007
baš dinosauruse kojih mora da se plašilo?
13:04
I once stood at the head
of the Missouri River
of the Missouri River
262
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3023
Jednom sam stajao na izvoru reke Misuri
13:09
and bestraddled it.
263
777107
1381
i opkoračio sam ga.
13:11
There, it's nothing more
than a gurgle of water
than a gurgle of water
264
779123
2202
To je samo žuborenje vode,
13:13
that issues forth from beneath a rock
in a boulder in a pasture,
in a boulder in a pasture,
265
781349
4611
koje ističe ispod stene
na šljunku na pašnjaku,
na šljunku na pašnjaku,
13:17
high in the Bitterroot Mountains.
266
785984
1697
visoko u Biterut planinama.
13:20
The stream next to it
runs a few hundred yards
runs a few hundred yards
267
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2392
Potok do nje, teče nekoliko stotina metara
13:23
and ends in a small pond.
268
791407
1452
i završava se malim jezerom.
13:25
Those two streams -- they look identical.
269
793970
2897
Ta dva potoka izgledaju identično.
13:29
But one is an anonymous trickle of water,
270
797732
2539
Ali jedan je nepoznato curenje vode,
13:32
and the other is the Missouri River.
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a drugi je reka Misuri.
13:35
Now go down to the mouth
of the Missouri, near St. Louis,
of the Missouri, near St. Louis,
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Sad pođite do ušća Misurija,
u blizini Sent Luisa
u blizini Sent Luisa
13:39
and it's pretty obvious
that that river is a big deal.
that that river is a big deal.
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i prilično je očigledno
da je ta reka velika stvar.
da je ta reka velika stvar.
13:42
But go up into the Bitterroots
and look at the Missouri,
and look at the Missouri,
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Ali popenjite se na Biteruts
i pogledajte u Misuri
i pogledajte u Misuri
13:45
and human prospection does not
allow us to see it as anything special.
allow us to see it as anything special.
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i ljudska perspektiva nam ne omogućuje
da vidimo bilo šta naročito.
da vidimo bilo šta naročito.
13:51
Now go back to the Cretaceous Period
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Sad se vratite u doba krede
13:53
and look at our tiny, fuzzball ancestors.
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i pogledajte naše sićušne, čupave pretke.
13:55
You would never guess
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Nikada ne biste pretpostavili
13:56
that they would amount
to anything special,
to anything special,
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da će od njih ispasti nešto naročito,
13:59
and they probably wouldn't have,
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i verovatno i ne bi,
14:00
were it not for that pesky asteroid.
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da nije bilo tog nesnosnog asteroida.
14:03
Now, make a thousand more worlds
and a thousand more solar systems
and a thousand more solar systems
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Sad, napravite još na hiljade svetova
i još hiljade solarnih sistema
i još hiljade solarnih sistema
14:07
and let them run.
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i pustite ih da budu.
14:09
You will never get the same result.
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Nikada nećete dobiti isti rezultat.
Bez sumnje, ti svetovi bi bili
i zadivljujući i zadivljujuće neverovatni,
i zadivljujući i zadivljujuće neverovatni,
14:11
No doubt, those worlds would be
both amazing and amazingly improbable,
both amazing and amazingly improbable,
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14:14
but they would not be our world
and they would not have our history.
and they would not have our history.
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ali ne bi bili naš svet
i ne bi imali našu istoriju.
i ne bi imali našu istoriju.
14:17
There are an infinite number of histories
that we could've had.
that we could've had.
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Postoji beskonačno mnogo istorija
koje smo mogli da imamo.
koje smo mogli da imamo.
14:20
We only get one, and wow,
did we ever get a good one.
did we ever get a good one.
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Dobili smo samo jednu,
i, ala, kako dobra beše.
i, ala, kako dobra beše.
14:23
Dinosaurs like Dreadnoughtus were real.
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Dinosaurusi poput drednotusa
su bili stvarni.
su bili stvarni.
14:27
Sea monsters like the mosasaur were real.
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Morske nemani poput mozasaura
su bile stvarne.
su bile stvarne.
14:31
Dragonflies with the wingspan of an eagle
and pill bugs the length of a car
and pill bugs the length of a car
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Vilini konjici s rasponom krila poput orla
i drvne vaši veličine automobila
i drvne vaši veličine automobila
14:35
really existed.
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su zaista postojali.
14:39
Why study the ancient past?
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Zašto izučavati drevnu prošlost?
14:42
Because it gives us perspective
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Jer nam daje perspektivu
14:45
and humility.
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i smernost.
14:46
The dinosaurs died in the world's
fifth mass extinction,
fifth mass extinction,
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Dinosaurusi su izumrli tokom
petog masovnog izumiranja na svetu,
petog masovnog izumiranja na svetu,
14:50
snuffed out in a cosmic accident
through no fault of their own.
through no fault of their own.
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izbrisani su u kosmičkoj nesreći
bez sopstvene krivice.
bez sopstvene krivice.
14:55
They didn't see it coming,
and they didn't have a choice.
and they didn't have a choice.
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Nisu to predvideli i nisu imali izbor.
15:00
We, on the other hand, do have a choice.
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Mi, s druge strane, imamo izbor.
15:03
And the nature of the fossil record
tells us that our place on this planet
tells us that our place on this planet
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A priroda arhive fosila
nam govori da naše mesto na ovoj planeti
nam govori da naše mesto na ovoj planeti
15:07
is both precarious
and potentially fleeting.
and potentially fleeting.
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je i nesigurno i potencijalno prolazno.
15:11
Right now, our species is propagating
an environmental disaster
an environmental disaster
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U ovom trenutku, naša vrsta širi
ekološku katastrofu
ekološku katastrofu
15:14
of geological proportions
that is so broad and so severe,
that is so broad and so severe,
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geoloških razmera
koja je toliko zamašna i ozbiljna
koja je toliko zamašna i ozbiljna
15:18
it can rightly be called
the sixth extinction.
the sixth extinction.
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da se s pravom može nazvati
šestim izumiranjem.
šestim izumiranjem.
15:22
Only unlike the dinosaurs,
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Samo za razliku od dinosaurusa,
15:25
we can see it coming.
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možemo to da predvidimo.
15:27
And unlike the dinosaurs,
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I za razliku od dinosaurusa,
15:29
we can do something about it.
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možemo nešto da uradimo.
15:32
That choice is ours.
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Taj izbor je na nama.
15:35
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
15:36
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Kenneth Lacovara - PaleontologistIn his quest to understand the largest dinosaurs to have walked the Earth, Lacovara blends exploration with the latest imaging and modeling techniques from engineering to medicine.
Why you should listen
Paleontologist Kenneth Lacovara famously unearthed some of the largest dinosaurs ever to walk our planet, including the super-massive Dreadnoughtus, which at 65 tons weighs more than seven T.Rex.
When he's not excavating fossils from far-flung locations, Lacovara works on the cutting edge of applying 21st-century technology to the study of dinosaurs. By using 3D imaging, 3D printing, robotics, and medical modeling techniques, his work is helping to shift our perspective of giant herbivorous dinosaurs from their historic portrayal as hapless lumbering prey to that of fearsome, hulking, hyper-efficient eating machines.
Lacovara led the effort to create the Rowan University Fossil Park in suburban Mantua Township, New Jersey. The quarry preserves a rich cache of marine fossils that Lacovara is using to shed light on the calamitous events that wiped out the dinosaurs.
Kenneth Lacovara | Speaker | TED.com