TED2009
Bonnie Bassler: How bacteria "talk"
Boni Besler (Bonnie Bassler) o tome kako bakterije komuniciraju
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Bonnie Bassler je otkrila da bakterije "razgovaraju" jedne s drugima, koristeći jezik hemije, koji im omogućava da koordinišu odbranu i organizuju napade. Ovo otkriće ima zapanjujuće implikacije na medicinu, industriju -- i naše razumevanje nas samih.
Bonnie Bassler - Molecular biologist
Bonnie Bassler studies how bacteria can communicate with one another, through chemical signals, to act as a unit. Her work could pave the way for new, more potent medicine. Full bio
Bonnie Bassler studies how bacteria can communicate with one another, through chemical signals, to act as a unit. Her work could pave the way for new, more potent medicine. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:18
Bacteria are the oldest living organisms on the earth.
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Bakterije su najstariji živi organizmi na Zemlji.
00:21
They've been here for billions of years,
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Postoje ovde milijardama godina,
00:23
and what they are are single-celled microscopic organisms.
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i one su ustvari jednoćelijski mikroskopski organizmi.
00:27
So they are one cell and they have this special property
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Znači, one su samo jedna ćelija, i imaju jedno posebno svojstvo,
00:30
that they only have one piece of DNA.
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da imaju samo jedan DNK molekul.
00:32
They have very few genes,
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Imaju veoma malo gena,
00:34
and genetic information to encode all of the traits that they carry out.
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i genetskog materijala za ispisivanje svih sposobnosti koje nose.
00:38
And the way bacteria make a living
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A način na koji bakterije žive,
00:40
is that they consume nutrients from the environment,
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jeste taj da one uzimaju hranljive sastojke iz sredine,
00:43
they grow to twice their size, they cut themselves down in the middle,
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porastu duplo u odnosu na svoju veličinu, podele se po sredini,
00:46
and one cell becomes two, and so on and so on.
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i jedna ćelija postaje dve, i tako dalje i tako dalje.
00:49
They just grow and divide, and grow and divide -- so a kind of boring life,
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One samo rastu i dele se, rastu i dele se - znači prilično dosadan život,
00:53
except that what I would argue is that you have
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osim, što bih htela da vam pokažem, jeste da imate
00:55
an amazing interaction with these critters.
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fantastičnu interakciju sa ovim stvorenjima.
00:58
I know you guys think of yourself as humans, and this is sort of how I think of you.
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Znam da vi o sebi mislite kao o ljudima, a ovako ja otprilike mislim o vama.
01:01
This man is supposed to represent
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Ovaj čovek treba da predstavlja
01:03
a generic human being,
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ljudsko biće, generalno,
01:05
and all of the circles in that man are all of the cells that make up your body.
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i svi krugovi na tom čoveku su sve ćelije koje čine vaše telo.
01:09
There is about a trillion human cells that make each one of us
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Postoji otprilike trilion ljudskih ćelija, koje čine svakog od nas,
01:12
who we are and able to do all the things that we do,
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ko smo i šta smo sve sposobni da uradimo,
01:15
but you have 10 trillion bacterial cells
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ali postoji 10 triliona bakterijskih ćelija
01:18
in you or on you at any moment in your life.
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u vama i na vama, u bilo kom trenutku vašeg života.
01:20
So, 10 times more bacterial cells
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Znači, 10 puta više bakterijskih ćelija
01:22
than human cells on a human being.
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nego ljudskih ćelija na jednom ljudskom biću.
01:25
And of course it's the DNA that counts,
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I naravno, DNK je ono što se računa,
01:27
so here's all the A, T, Gs and Cs
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pa su tu svi A, T, G i C,
01:29
that make up your genetic code, and give you all your charming characteristics.
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koji čine vaš genetski kod i daju vam sve vaše očaravajuće karakteristike.
01:32
You have about 30,000 genes.
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Vi imate otprilike 30.000 gena.
01:34
Well it turns out you have 100 times more bacterial genes
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E pa, kako izgleda, imate 100 puta više bakterijskih gena,
01:37
playing a role in you or on you all of your life.
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koji igraju neku ulogu u vama ili na vama, tokom čitavog vašeg života.
01:41
At the best, you're 10 percent human,
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U najboljem slučaju, vi ste 10 procenata čovek,
01:44
but more likely about one percent human,
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ali verovatnije negde oko jednog procenta čovek,
01:46
depending on which of these metrics you like.
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u zavisnosti od toga koja vam se od ovih metrika više dopada.
01:48
I know you think of yourself as human beings,
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Znam da o sebi razmišljate kao o ljudskim bićima,
01:50
but I think of you as 90 or 99 percent bacterial.
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ali ja o vama razmišljam kao 90 ili 99 procenata bakterija.
01:54
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
01:55
These bacteria are not passive riders,
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Ove bakterije nisu samo pasivni putnici,
01:58
these are incredibly important, they keep us alive.
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one su neverovatno važne, one nas održavaju u životu.
02:01
They cover us in an invisible body armor
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One nas prekrivaju nevidljivim oklopom
02:04
that keeps environmental insults out
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koji nas štiti od različitih povreda okoline,
02:06
so that we stay healthy.
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kako bismo ostali zdravi.
02:08
They digest our food, they make our vitamins,
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One vare našu hranu, prave naše vitamine,
02:10
they actually educate your immune system
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one ustvari uče vaš imuni sistem
02:12
to keep bad microbes out.
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da loše mikrobe drže napolju.
02:14
So they do all these amazing things
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Znači, one rade sve ove neverovatne stvari,
02:16
that help us and are vital for keeping us alive,
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koje nam pomažu i koje su neophodne kako bismo živeli,
02:20
and they never get any press for that.
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a nikada se ništa o tome ne piše.
02:22
But they get a lot of press because they do a lot of
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Ali se mnogo piše o njima, jer one isto tako prave
02:24
terrible things as well.
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mnoge strašne stvari.
02:26
So, there's all kinds of bacteria on the Earth
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Znači, postoje različite vrste bakterija na Zemlji
02:29
that have no business being in you or on you at any time,
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koje nemaju nikakve potrebe da budu u vama ili na vama, u bilo kom momentu,
02:32
and if they are, they make you incredibly sick.
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a ako jesu, onda vas čine neverovatno bolesnim.
02:36
And so, the question for my lab is whether you want to think about all the
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I tako je pitanje za moju laboratoriju da li želite da mislite o svim
02:39
good things that bacteria do, or all the bad things that bacteria do.
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dobrim stvarima koje bakterije rade, ili svim lošim stvarima.
02:43
The question we had is how could they do anything at all?
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Naše pitanje je bilo kako one uopšte mogu bilo šta da urade?
02:45
I mean they're incredibly small,
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Mislim, one su neverovatno male,
02:47
you have to have a microscope to see one.
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potreban vam je mikroskop da vidite jednu.
02:49
They live this sort of boring life where they grow and divide,
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Žive taj neki dosadan život, u kom rastu i dele se,
02:52
and they've always been considered to be these asocial reclusive organisms.
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i oduvek se smatralo da su asocijalni, usamljeni organizmi.
02:57
And so it seemed to us that they are just too small to have an impact
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I tako nam se činilo da su isuviše mali da bi imali uticaja
03:00
on the environment
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na okolinu
03:02
if they simply act as individuals.
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ako delaju pojedinačno.
03:04
And so we wanted to think if there couldn't be a different
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I hteli smo da razmišljamo o tome da li postoji drugačiji
03:06
way that bacteria live.
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način na koji bakterija živi.
03:08
The clue to this came from another marine bacterium,
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Ideja je potekla od jedne morske bakterije,
03:12
and it's a bacterium called Vibrio fischeri.
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bakterije koja se zove Vibrio fischeri.
03:15
What you're looking at on this slide is just a person from my lab
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Ono što vidite na ovom slajdu je samo jedna osoba iz moje laboratorije
03:18
holding a flask of a liquid culture of a bacterium,
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kako drži bocu sa tečnom kulturom bakterije,
03:21
a harmless beautiful bacterium that comes from the ocean,
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bezazlene, prelepe bakterije koja dolazi iz okeana,
03:24
named Vibrio fischeri.
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i zove se Vibrio fischeri.
03:26
This bacterium has the special property that it makes light,
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Ova bakterija ima posebnu sposobnost da stvara svetlo,
03:29
so it makes bioluminescence,
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i tako stvara bioluminiscenciju,
03:31
like fireflies make light.
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kao što svici stvaraju svetlost.
03:33
We're not doing anything to the cells here.
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Mi ovde ništa ne radimo sa ćelijama.
03:35
We just took the picture by turning the lights off in the room,
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Jednostavno smo napravili fotografiju kada smo isključili svetla u prostoriji
03:37
and this is what we see.
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i ovo je ono što vidimo.
03:39
What was actually interesting to us
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Ono što nam je ustvari bilo zanimljivo,
03:41
was not that the bacteria made light,
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nije to da bakterija stvara svetlost,
03:43
but when the bacteria made light.
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nego kada bakterija stvara svetlost.
03:45
What we noticed is when the bacteria were alone,
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Ono što smo primetili jeste da kada su bakterije same,
03:48
so when they were in dilute suspension, they made no light.
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kada su bile u razblaženoj suspenziji, one nisu stvarale svetlost.
03:51
But when they grew to a certain cell number
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Ali kada se broj ćelija uvećao, do neke određene vrednosti,
03:53
all the bacteria turned on light simultaneously.
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sve bakterije su simultano uključile svetlo.
03:57
The question that we had is how can bacteria, these primitive organisms,
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Pitanje koje smo imali je kako bakterije, ti primitivni organizmi,
04:01
tell the difference from times when they're alone,
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mogu da uoče razliku između toga kada su same,
04:03
and times when they're in a community,
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i kada su u zajednici,
04:05
and then all do something together.
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i onda sve zajedno urade nešto.
04:08
What we've figured out is that the way that they do that is that they talk to each other,
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Ono što smo shvatili, jeste da je način na koji to rade ustvari razgovor,
04:12
and they talk with a chemical language.
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i da one razgovaraju jezikom hemije.
04:14
This is now supposed to be my bacterial cell.
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Ovo sada treba da bude moja bakterijska ćelija.
04:17
When it's alone it doesn't make any light.
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Kada je sama, ne pravi nikakvo svetlo.
04:20
But what it does do is to make and secrete small molecules
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Ali ono što radi je da stvara i luči male molekule,
04:24
that you can think of like hormones,
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koje možete da zamislite kao hormone,
04:26
and these are the red triangles, and when the bacteria is alone
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i to su ovi crveni trouglovi, i kada je bakterija sama
04:29
the molecules just float away and so no light.
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molekuli samo plutaju okolo i nema svetla.
04:32
But when the bacteria grow and double
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Ali kada bakterija naraste i umnoži se,
04:34
and they're all participating in making these molecules,
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i kada svi učestvuju u stvaranju ovih molekula,
04:37
the molecule -- the extracellular amount of that molecule
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molekul -- vanćelijska količina ovog molekula
04:41
increases in proportion to cell number.
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povećava se proporcionalno broju ćelija.
04:44
And when the molecule hits a certain amount
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I kada molekuli dođu do određenog broja
04:46
that tells the bacteria how many neighbors there are,
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to govori bakteriji koliko suseda ima,
04:49
they recognize that molecule
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one prepoznaju taj molekul
04:51
and all of the bacteria turn on light in synchrony.
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i sve bakterije uključe svetlo, sinhronizovano.
04:54
That's how bioluminescence works --
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Tako funkcioniše bioluminiscencija --
04:56
they're talking with these chemical words.
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one razgovaraju ovim hemijskim rečima.
04:58
The reason that Vibrio fischeri is doing that comes from the biology.
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Razlog zbog kojeg Vibrio fischeri to radi, dolazi iz biologije.
05:02
Again, another plug for the animals in the ocean,
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Opet, još jedan utikač za životinje u okeanu,
05:05
Vibrio fischeri lives in this squid.
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Vibrio fischeri živi u ovoj sipi.
05:08
What you are looking at is the Hawaiian Bobtail Squid,
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Ono što vidite je Hawaiian Bobtail sipa,
05:10
and it's been turned on its back,
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koja je okrenuta na leđa,
05:12
and what I hope you can see are these two glowing lobes
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i ono što se nadam da možete da vidite, su ova krila koja sijaju,
05:15
and these house the Vibrio fischeri cells,
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i u kojima su smeštene ćelije Vibrio fischeri,
05:18
they live in there, at high cell number
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one tu žive i kada je visok broj ćelija,
05:20
that molecule is there, and they're making light.
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taj molekul je prisutan i one stvaraju svetlost.
05:22
The reason the squid is willing to put up with these shenanigans
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Razlog zbog kojeg sipa prihvata ove podvale
05:25
is because it wants that light.
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je zato što želi to svetlo.
05:27
The way that this symbiosis works
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Ova simbioza funkcioniše jer
05:29
is that this little squid lives just off the coast of Hawaii,
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ove male sipe žive uz samu obalu Havaja,
05:33
just in sort of shallow knee-deep water.
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u plitkoj vodi, dubine kolena.
05:35
The squid is nocturnal, so during the day
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Sipa je noćno stvorenje, tako da tokom dana
05:38
it buries itself in the sand and sleeps,
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spava zakopana u pesku,
05:40
but then at night it has to come out to hunt.
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ali noću, ona mora da izađe kako bi lovila.
05:43
On bright nights when there is lots of starlight or moonlight
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Tokom vedrih noći, kada ima dosta mesečine i svetlosti zvezda,
05:45
that light can penetrate the depth of the water
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ta svetlost može da se probije kroz vodu
05:48
the squid lives in, since it's just in those couple feet of water.
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u kojoj sipa živi, pošto se nalazi u plićaku.
05:51
What the squid has developed is a shutter
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Ono što je sipa razvila, jeste neka vrsta zatvarača
05:54
that can open and close over this specialized light organ housing the bacteria.
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koji može da se otvori i zatovri, iznad ovog specijalnog organa gde su bakterije.
05:58
Then it has detectors on its back
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Na leđima ima detektore
06:00
so it can sense how much starlight or moonlight is hitting its back.
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kako bi mogla da oseti koliko mesečine pada na njena leđa.
06:04
And it opens and closes the shutter
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I zatim otvara i zatvara ovaj zatvarač
06:06
so the amount of light coming out of the bottom --
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tako da količina svetla koja dolazi sa dna --
06:08
which is made by the bacterium --
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a koju stvaraju bakterije --
06:10
exactly matches how much light hits the squid's back,
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bude ista kao količina svetla koja pada sipi na leđa,
06:12
so the squid doesn't make a shadow.
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kako ne bi napravila senku.
06:14
It actually uses the light from the bacteria
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Ona ustvari koristi svetlost bakterija
06:17
to counter-illuminate itself in an anti-predation device
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kao sredstvo kontra-svetla, kao sistem zaštite
06:20
so predators can't see its shadow,
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kako predatori ne bi mogli da vide njenu senku,
06:22
calculate its trajectory, and eat it.
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izračunaju njenu putanju i pojedu je.
06:24
This is like the stealth bomber of the ocean.
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Ovo je nešto kao stelt bombarder okeana.
06:27
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
06:28
But then if you think about it, the squid has this terrible problem
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Ali ako malo bolje razmislite, sipa ima ovaj strašan problem
06:31
because it's got this dying, thick culture of bacteria
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jer ima ovu umiruću, gustu kulturu bakterija
06:34
and it can't sustain that.
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koju ne može da održava.
06:36
And so what happens is every morning when the sun comes up
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I šta se onda dešava, svako jutro kada se pojavi sunce
06:38
the squid goes back to sleep, it buries itself in the sand,
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sipa odlazi da spava, zakopavajući se u pesak,
06:41
and it's got a pump that's attached to its circadian rhythm,
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i ima pumpu koja je spojena sa njenim svakodnevnim ritmom,
06:44
and when the sun comes up it pumps out like 95 percent of the bacteria.
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i kada sunce izađe, ona ispumpa nekih 95 procenata bakterije.
06:49
Now the bacteria are dilute, that little hormone molecule is gone,
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Sada su bakterije razređene, onaj mali hormonski molekul je nestao,
06:52
so they're not making light --
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pa one ne stvaraju svetlost --
06:54
but of course the squid doesn't care. It's asleep in the sand.
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ali sipu naravno nije ni briga. Ona spava u pesku.
06:56
And as the day goes by the bacteria double,
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I kako dan odmiče, bakterije se umnožavaju,
06:58
they release the molecule, and then light comes on
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ispuštaju molekul i svetlo se pojavljuje
07:01
at night, exactly when the squid wants it.
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uveče, baš onda kada je sipi potrebno.
07:04
First we figured out how this bacterium does this,
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Prvo smo shvatili kako to ova bakterija radi,
07:07
but then we brought the tools of molecular biology to this
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a onda smo uzeli alate molekularne biologije
07:10
to figure out really what's the mechanism.
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da zaista shvatimo kakav je to mehanizam.
07:12
And what we found -- so this is now supposed to be, again, my bacterial cell --
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I ono što smo pronašli -- ovo je ponovo moja bakterijska ćelija --
07:16
is that Vibrio fischeri has a protein --
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je to da Vibrio fischeri ima protein --
07:18
that's the red box -- it's an enzyme that makes
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to je ova crvena kutijica -- to je enzim koji čini
07:21
that little hormone molecule, the red triangle.
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ovaj mali hormonski molekul -- crveni trougao.
07:24
And then as the cells grow, they're all releasing that molecule
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A zatim, kako broj ćelija raste, sve one ispuštaju taj molekul
07:26
into the environment, so there's lots of molecule there.
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u svoju sredinu, pa tako ima mnogo molekula.
07:29
And the bacteria also have a receptor on their cell surface
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A bakterija takođe ima receptor na površini ćelije
07:33
that fits like a lock and key with that molecule.
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koji se uklapa kao brava s ključem, sa tim molekulom.
07:36
These are just like the receptors on the surfaces of your cells.
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Ovi receptori su isti kao i oni na površini vaših ćelija.
07:39
When the molecule increases to a certain amount --
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Kada se broj molekula poveća do određenog broja --
07:42
which says something about the number of cells --
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što govori o broju ćelija --
07:44
it locks down into that receptor
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on se zaključava u taj receptor
07:46
and information comes into the cells
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i informacija dolazi u ćelije
07:48
that tells the cells to turn on
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i govori ćelijama da uključe
07:50
this collective behavior of making light.
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to kolektivno ponašanje da prave svetlost.
07:53
Why this is interesting is because in the past decade
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Ovo je interesantno zbog toga što smo u prošloj deceniji
07:56
we have found that this is not just some anomaly
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otkrili da ovo nije samo neka anomalija
07:58
of this ridiculous, glow-in-the-dark bacterium that lives in the ocean --
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ove smešne sija-u-mraku bakterije, koja živi u okeanu --
08:01
all bacteria have systems like this.
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sve bakterije imaju ovakve sisteme.
08:04
So now what we understand is that all bacteria can talk to each other.
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Ono što sada shvatamo jeste da sve bakterije mogu da razgovaraju međusobno.
08:07
They make chemical words, they recognize those words,
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One prave hemijske reči, prepoznaju te reči,
08:10
and they turn on group behaviors
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i uključuju grupno ponašanje,
08:12
that are only successful when all of the cells participate in unison.
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koje uspešno funkcioniše kada sve ćelije učestvuju zajedno.
08:17
We have a fancy name for this: we call it quorum sensing.
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Imamo fensi ime za ovo, zovemo to kvorumska percepcija.
08:20
They vote with these chemical votes,
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Oni glasaju ovim hemijskim glasovima,
08:22
the vote gets counted, and then everybody responds to the vote.
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glasovi se prebroje i onda svi odgovore na ono što je izglasano.
08:26
What's important for today's talk
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Ono što je važno za današnji govor,
08:28
is that we know that there are hundreds of behaviors
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jeste to da znamo da postoji stotine ponašanja
08:30
that bacteria carry out in these collective fashions.
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koje bakterije sprovode na ovaj zajednički način.
08:33
But the one that's probably the most important to you is virulence.
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Ali ono koje je vama verovatno najvažnije jeste zaraza.
08:36
It's not like a couple bacteria get in you
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Nije to kao da nekoliko bakterija uđe u vaš organizam
08:39
and they start secreting some toxins --
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i počne da proizvodi neke toksine --
08:41
you're enormous, that would have no effect on you. You're huge.
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vi ste ogromni, to ne bi imalo nikakvog efekta na vas. Vi ste ogromni.
08:44
What they do, we now understand,
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Ono što one rade, a to sada razumemo,
08:47
is they get in you, they wait, they start growing,
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jeste da uđu u vaš organizam, čekaju, počnu da rastu,
08:50
they count themselves with these little molecules,
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prebrojavaju se uz pomoć ovih malih molekula,
08:52
and they recognize when they have the right cell number
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i prepoznaju kada imaju odgovarajući broj ćelija
08:54
that if all of the bacteria launch their virulence attack together,
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da ako sve bakterije zajedno otpočnu svoj napad zaraze,
08:58
they are going to be successful at overcoming an enormous host.
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onda uspešno mogu da savladaju ogromnog domaćina.
09:02
Bacteria always control pathogenicity with quorum sensing.
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Bakterije uvek kontrolišu oboljevanje ovom kvorumskom percepcijom.
09:06
That's how it works.
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Tako to funkcioniše.
09:08
We also then went to look at what are these molecules --
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Zatim smo želeli da pogledamo šta su ustvari ovi molekuli --
09:11
these were the red triangles on my slides before.
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to su bili oni crveni trouglovi na prošlom slajdu.
09:14
This is the Vibrio fischeri molecule.
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Ovo je molekul Vibrio fischeri.
09:16
This is the word that it talks with.
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Ovo je reč uz pomoć koje govori.
09:18
So then we started to look at other bacteria,
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Onda smo počeli da posmatramo druge bakterije,
09:20
and these are just a smattering of the molecules that we've discovered.
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i ovo je samo deo molekula koje smo otkrili.
09:23
What I hope you can see
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Ono što se nadam da možete da vidite
09:25
is that the molecules are related.
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jeste da su molekuli povezani.
09:27
The left-hand part of the molecule is identical
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Deo molekula s leve strane je identičan
09:29
in every single species of bacteria.
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kod svih vrsta bakterija.
09:32
But the right-hand part of the molecule is a little bit different in every single species.
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Ali desni deo molekula je pomalo drugačiji kod svake pojedinačne vrste.
09:36
What that does is to confer
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To je ono što ustvari daje
09:38
exquisite species specificities to these languages.
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odabranoj vrsti specifičnosti njihovih jezika.
09:42
Each molecule fits into its partner receptor and no other.
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Svaki molekul uklapa se sa svojim partnerskim receptorom i ni jednim drugim.
09:46
So these are private, secret conversations.
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Tako da su ovo privatni, tajni razgovori.
09:49
These conversations are for intraspecies communication.
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Ovi razgovori su samo za komunikaciju u okviru vrste.
09:53
Each bacteria uses a particular molecule that's its language
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Svaka bakterija koristi poseban molekul, koji je njen jezik,
09:57
that allows it to count its own siblings.
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koji omogućava prebrojavanje svojih rođaka.
10:01
Once we got that far we thought
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Kada smo dotle došli, mislili smo
10:03
we were starting to understand that bacteria have these social behaviors.
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da smo na početku shvatanja da bakterije imaju društveno ponašanje.
10:06
But what we were really thinking about is that most of the time
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Ali ono o čemu smo zaista razmišljali jeste da većinu vremena
10:09
bacteria don't live by themselves, they live in incredible mixtures,
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bakterije ne žive same, već žive u neverovatnim mešavinama
10:12
with hundreds or thousands of other species of bacteria.
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sa stotinama ili hiljadama drugih vrsta bakterija.
10:16
And that's depicted on this slide. This is your skin.
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I to je prikazano na ovom slajdu. Ovo je vaša koža.
10:19
So this is just a picture -- a micrograph of your skin.
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Ovo je znači samo slika -- mikrograf vaše kože.
10:22
Anywhere on your body, it looks pretty much like this,
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Bilo gde na vašem telu, to izgleda manje više ovako,
10:24
and what I hope you can see is that there's all kinds of bacteria there.
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i ono što se nadam da možete da vidite, jeste da tu ima raznih vrsta bakterija.
10:28
And so we started to think if this really is about communication in bacteria,
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Počeli smo da razmišljamo da li je ovo zaista vezano za komunikaciju među bakterijama
10:32
and it's about counting your neighbors,
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i o brojanju svojih suseda,
10:34
it's not enough to be able to only talk within your species.
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i kako nije dovoljno da samo možete da razgovarate u okviru svoje vrste.
10:37
There has to be a way to take a census
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Mora da postoji način da se napravi popis
10:39
of the rest of the bacteria in the population.
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ostalih bakterija u okviru populacije.
10:42
So we went back to molecular biology
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Zato smo se vratili molekularnoj biologiji
10:44
and started studying different bacteria,
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i počeli da proučavamo različite bakterije,
10:46
and what we've found now is that
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i ono što smo otkrili jeste da su
10:48
in fact, bacteria are multilingual.
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bakterije ustvari multilingvalne
10:50
They all have a species-specific system --
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Sve one imaju sistem koji je specifičan za vrstu --
10:53
they have a molecule that says "me."
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one imaju molekul koji kaže "ja".
10:55
But then, running in parallel to that is a second system
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Ali pored tog, one imaju drugi, paralelan, sistem,
10:58
that we've discovered, that's generic.
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koji smo otrkili, koji je opšti.
11:00
So, they have a second enzyme that makes a second signal
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Znači, imaju drugi enzim koji daje drugi signal
11:03
and it has its own receptor,
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i koji ima svoj sopstveni receptor,
11:05
and this molecule is the trade language of bacteria.
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i taj molekul je bakterijski jezik razmene.
11:08
It's used by all different bacteria
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Koriste ga sve različite bakterije,
11:10
and it's the language of interspecies communication.
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i to je jezik komunikacije među vrstama.
11:14
What happens is that bacteria are able to count
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Ono što se događa, jeste da bakterije mogu da prebroje
11:17
how many of me and how many of you.
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koliko ima "mene" i koliko ima "tebe".
11:20
They take that information inside,
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One prihvataju tu informaciju,
11:22
and they decide what tasks to carry out
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i odlučuju koji će zadatak da obave,
11:24
depending on who's in the minority and who's in the majority
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u zavisnosti od toga ko je u manjini, a ko u većini
11:28
of any given population.
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u okviru date populacije.
11:30
Then again we turn to chemistry,
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Onda smo se ponovo okrenuli hemiji,
11:32
and we figured out what this generic molecule is --
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i shvatili smo šta je ovaj opšti molekul --
11:35
that was the pink ovals on my last slide, this is it.
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to su bili roze ovalni oblici na poslednjem slajdu, to je to.
11:38
It's a very small, five-carbon molecule.
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To je veoma mali molekul C5.
11:40
What the important thing is that we learned
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Ono što je važno jeste da smo naučili,
11:43
is that every bacterium has exactly the same enzyme
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da svaka bakterija ima isti enzim
11:46
and makes exactly the same molecule.
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i pravi potpuno isti molekul.
11:48
So they're all using this molecule
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Znači sve one koriste ovaj molekul
11:50
for interspecies communication.
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za komunikaciju među vrstama.
11:52
This is the bacterial Esperanto.
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To je bakterijski Esperanto.
11:55
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
11:56
Once we got that far, we started to learn
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Kada smo dotle stigli, počeli smo da učimo
11:58
that bacteria can talk to each other with this chemical language.
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da bakterije razgovaraju međusobno uz pomoć ovog hemijskog jezika.
12:01
But what we started to think is that maybe there is something
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Ali počeli smo da mislimo da možda postoji nešto
12:03
practical that we can do here as well.
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praktično, što ovde možemo da uradimo.
12:05
I've told you that bacteria do have all these social behaviors,
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Rekla sam vam da bakterije imaju razna društvena ponašanja,
12:08
they communicate with these molecules.
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da komuniciraju uz pomoć ovih molekula.
12:11
Of course, I've also told you that one of the important things they do
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Takođe sam vam rekla da jedna od važnih stvari koju rade
12:14
is to initiate pathogenicity using quorum sensing.
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jeste izazivanje bolesti uz pomoć kvorumske percepcije.
12:17
We thought, what if we made these bacteria
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Mislili smo, šta ako napravimo da bakterije
12:19
so they can't talk or they can't hear?
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ne mogu da pričaju ili ne mogu da čuju?
12:22
Couldn't these be new kinds of antibiotics?
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Zar to ne bi bila nova vrsta antibiotika?
12:25
Of course, you've just heard and you already know
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Naravno, upravo ste čuli i već znate
12:27
that we're running out of antibiotics.
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da nam ponestaje antibiotika.
12:29
Bacteria are incredibly multi-drug-resistant right now,
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Bakterije su trenutno veoma otporne na razne vrste lekova,
12:32
and that's because all of the antibiotics that we use kill bacteria.
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a to je zato što svi antibiotici koje koristimo ubijaju bakterije.
12:36
They either pop the bacterial membrane,
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Oni razbijaju membranu bakterije,
12:38
they make the bacterium so it can't replicate its DNA.
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i bakterija ne može ponovo da napravi svoj DNK.
12:41
We kill bacteria with traditional antibiotics
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Mi ubijamo bakterije sa tradicionalnim antibioticima
12:44
and that selects for resistant mutants.
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a to stvara otporne mutante.
12:46
And so now of course we have this global problem
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I zato sada imamo ovaj globalni problem
12:49
in infectious diseases.
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kada su infektivne bolesti u pitanju.
12:51
We thought, well what if we could sort of do behavior modifications,
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Mislili smo, šta ako bismo mogli da napravimo promene u ponašanju,
12:54
just make these bacteria so they can't talk, they can't count,
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da onemogućimo bakterije da razgovaraju, da ne mogu da se prebroje,
12:57
and they don't know to launch virulence.
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i tako ne znaju da lansiraju svoj otrov.
13:00
And so that's exactly what we've done, and we've sort of taken two strategies.
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I to je upravo ono što smo uradili i napravili smo dve strategije.
13:03
The first one is we've targeted
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Prva je da smo ciljali
13:05
the intraspecies communication system.
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na sistem komunikacije između vrsta.
13:08
So we made molecules that look kind of like the real molecules --
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Napravili smo molekule koji izgledaju kao pravi molekuli --
13:11
which you saw -- but they're a little bit different.
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koje ste videli -- ali su malo drugačiji.
13:13
And so they lock into those receptors,
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I tako se oni uklope sa receptorima,
13:15
and they jam recognition of the real thing.
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i blokiraju prepoznavanje prave stvari.
13:18
By targeting the red system,
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Ciljajući crveni sistem,
13:20
what we are able to do is to make
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možemo da napravimo
13:22
species-specific, or disease-specific, anti-quorum sensing molecules.
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određenu vrstu, ili anti-kvorumske molekule za određenu bolest.
13:27
We've also done the same thing with the pink system.
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Isto smo uradili i sa rozim sistemom.
13:30
We've taken that universal molecule and turned it around a little bit
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Uzeli smo univerzalni molekul i malo ga promenili,
13:33
so that we've made antagonists
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tako što smo napravili protivnike
13:35
of the interspecies communication system.
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komunikacionom sistemu između vrsta.
13:37
The hope is that these will be used as broad-spectrum antibiotics
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Nadamo se da će ovo biti upotrebljeno za različite vrste antibiotika
13:42
that work against all bacteria.
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koji rade protiv bakterija.
13:44
To finish I'll just show you the strategy.
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Za kraj ću vam samo pokazati strategiju.
13:47
In this one I'm just using the interspecies molecule,
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U ovoj koristim samo molekule različitih vrsta
13:49
but the logic is exactly the same.
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ali je princip potpuno isti.
13:51
What you know is that when that bacterium gets into the animal,
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Ono što znate je da kada bakterija uđe u životinju,
13:54
in this case, a mouse,
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u ovom slučaju u miša.
13:56
it doesn't initiate virulence right away.
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ona ne pušta otrov odmah.
13:58
It gets in, it starts growing, it starts secreting
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Ona uđe unutra, počne da raste, počne da emituje
14:01
its quorum sensing molecules.
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svoje molekule za kvorumsku percepciju.
14:03
It recognizes when it has enough bacteria
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Prepoznaje kada ima dovoljno bakterija
14:05
that now they're going to launch their attack,
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da može da lansira svoj napad,
14:07
and the animal dies.
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i životinja umire.
14:09
What we've been able to do is to give these virulent infections,
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Ono što smo uspeli da uradimo jeste da damo ove otrovne infekcije,
14:12
but we give them in conjunction with our anti-quorum sensing molecules --
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ali smo ih dali zajedno sa anti-kvorumskim molekulima percepcije --
14:16
so these are molecules that look kind of like the real thing,
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to su molekuli koji izgledaju kao prava stvar,
14:18
but they're a little bit different which I've depicted on this slide.
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ali su malo drugačiji, što sam predstavila na ovom slajdu.
14:21
What we now know is that if we treat the animal
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Ono što sada znamo, jeste da ako lečimo životinju
14:24
with a pathogenic bacterium -- a multi-drug-resistant pathogenic bacterium --
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sa patogenom bakterijom -- patogena bakterija otporna na spektar lekova --
14:28
in the same time we give our anti-quorum sensing molecule,
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a u isto vreme joj dajemo naš anti-kvorumski molekul percepcije,
14:32
in fact, the animal lives.
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životinja će, ipak, preživeti.
14:34
We think that this is the next generation of antibiotics
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Mislimo da je ovo nova generacija antibiotika,
14:38
and it's going to get us around, at least initially,
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i bar u početku ćemo uspeti da zaobiđemo
14:40
this big problem of resistance.
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ovaj veliki problem otpora.
14:42
What I hope you think, is that bacteria can talk to each other,
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Nadam se da mislite da bakterije mogu da razgovaraju međusobno,
14:45
they use chemicals as their words,
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da koriste hemikalije kao reči,
14:48
they have an incredibly complicated chemical lexicon
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da imaju neverovatno komplikovan hemijski leksikon,
14:51
that we're just now starting to learn about.
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koji tek sada počinjemo da učimo.
14:53
Of course what that allows bacteria to do
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Naravno, to omogućava bakterijama
14:56
is to be multicellular.
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da budu višećelijske.
14:58
So in the spirit of TED they're doing things together
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I u duhu TED-a one zajedno rade stvari
15:01
because it makes a difference.
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jer to je ono što menja stvari.
15:03
What happens is that bacteria have these collective behaviors,
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Ono što se dešava jeste da bakterije imaju ova kolektivna ponašanja,
15:07
and they can carry out tasks
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i mogu da izvršavaju zadatke
15:09
that they could never accomplish
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koje nikada ne bi mogle da urade
15:11
if they simply acted as individuals.
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kada bi delovale pojedinačno.
15:13
What I would hope that I could further argue to you
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Ono, što se nadam, da mogu dalje da vas uverim,
15:16
is that this is the invention of multicellularity.
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jeste da je ovo višećelijski izum.
15:19
Bacteria have been on the Earth for billions of years;
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Bakterije su na Zemlji milijardama godina.
15:23
humans, couple hundred thousand.
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Ljudi -- nekoliko stotina hiljada.
15:25
We think bacteria made the rules
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Mi mislimo da su bakterije napravile pravila
15:27
for how multicellular organization works.
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za funkcionisanje višećelijske organizacije.
15:30
We think, by studying bacteria,
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Mi mislimo, da ćemo proučavajući bakterije,
15:33
we're going to be able to have insight about multicellularity in the human body.
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moći da steknemo uvid u to kako višećelijsko funkcioniše u ljudskom telu.
15:37
We know that the principles and the rules,
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Znamo da principi i pravila,
15:39
if we can figure them out in these sort of primitive organisms,
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ukoliko ih shvatimo kod ovih primitivnih organizama,
15:41
the hope is that they will be applied
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moći će, nadamo se, da se primene i
15:43
to other human diseases and human behaviors as well.
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na druge bolesti čoveka, kao i na ponašanje čoveka.
15:47
I hope that what you've learned
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Nadam se da je ono što ste naučili
15:49
is that bacteria can distinguish self from other.
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to da bakterija može da razlikuje sebe od drugih.
15:52
By using these two molecules they can say "me" and they can say "you."
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Koristeći ova dva molekula, one mogu da kažu "ja" i mogu da kažu "ti".
15:55
Again of course that's what we do,
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Opet, naravno, to je ono što i mi radimo
15:57
both in a molecular way,
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i na molekularnom nivou,
15:59
and also in an outward way,
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kao i na onom spoljašnjem, vidljivom nivou,
16:01
but I think about the molecular stuff.
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ali ja razmišljam o molekularnim stvarima.
16:03
This is exactly what happens in your body.
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Ovo je upravo ono što se dešava u vašem telu.
16:05
It's not like your heart cells and your kidney cells get all mixed up every day,
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Nije kao da se ćelije vašeg srca i bubrega pomešaju svakog dana,
16:08
and that's because there's all of this chemistry going on,
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a to je sve zbog ove hemije,
16:11
these molecules that say who each of these groups of cells is,
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ovih molekula koji govore koja je tačno koja grupa ćelija,
16:14
and what their tasks should be.
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i koji je njihov zadatak.
16:16
Again, we think that bacteria invented that,
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Opet, mi mislimo da su bakterije to izmislile,
16:19
and you've just evolved a few more bells and whistles,
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a vi ste samo evoluirali dalje,
16:22
but all of the ideas are in these simple systems that we can study.
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ali sve ideje su u ovim jednostavnim sistemima koje možemo da proučavamo.
16:26
The final thing is, again just to reiterate that there's this practical part,
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Poslednja stvar je, da ponovim da postoji taj praktični deo,
16:30
and so we've made these anti-quorum sensing molecules
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da smo napravili ove anti-kvorumske molekule percepcije
16:33
that are being developed as new kinds of therapeutics.
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koji se razvijaju kao nova vrsta lekova.
16:36
But then, to finish with a plug for all the good and miraculous bacteria
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Ali, da završim sa priključkom za sve dobre i čudesne bakterije
16:39
that live on the Earth,
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koje žive na Zemlji,
16:41
we've also made pro-quorum sensing molecules.
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takođe smo napravili i pro-kvorumske molekule percepcije.
16:43
So, we've targeted those systems to make the molecules work better.
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Ciljali smo na one sisteme zbog kojih će molekuli raditi bolje.
16:46
Remember you have these 10 times or more bacterial cells
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Setite se da imate 10 puta ili više bakterijskih ćelija
16:50
in you or on you, keeping you healthy.
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u sebi ili na sebi, koje vas održavaju zdravima.
16:52
What we're also trying to do is to beef up the conversation
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Ono što takođe pokušavamo da uradimo, jeste da pojačamo razgovore
16:55
of the bacteria that live as mutualists with you,
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bakterija koje žive u zajednici sa vama,
16:58
in the hopes of making you more healthy,
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kako bismo vas učinili zdravijim,
17:00
making those conversations better,
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poboljšavajući te razgovore,
17:02
so bacteria can do things that we want them to do
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kako bi bakterije radile ono što mi hoćemo
17:05
better than they would be on their own.
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bolje nego što bi to one same uradile.
17:08
Finally, I wanted to show you
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Na kraju, htela sam da vam pokažem
17:10
this is my gang at Princeton, New Jersey.
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ovo je moje društvo na Prinstonu, Nju Džerzi.
17:12
Everything I told you about was discovered by someone in that picture.
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Sve što sam vam ispirčala otkrio je neko ko se nalazi na toj slici.
17:16
I hope when you learn things,
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Nadam se da kada učite stvari,
17:18
like about how the natural world works --
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kao na primer o tome kako funkcioniše svet prirode --
17:20
I just want to say that whenever you read something in the newspaper
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hoću samo da kažem da kad god pročitate nešto u novinama
17:23
or you get to hear some talk about something ridiculous in the natural world
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ili čujete nekog da priča o nečem smešnom u svetu prirode,
17:26
it was done by a child.
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to je uradilo dete.
17:28
Science is done by that demographic.
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Nauku stvara taj deo populacije.
17:30
All of those people are between 20 and 30 years old,
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Svi ti ljudi su između 20 i 30 godina starosti,
17:34
and they are the engine that drives scientific discovery in this country.
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i oni su motor koji pokreće naučna otkrića u ovoj zemlji.
17:38
It's a really lucky demographic to work with.
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To je veoma srećna populacija s kojom može da se radi.
17:41
I keep getting older and older and they're always the same age,
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Ja stalno starim i starim, a oni su uvek istih godina,
17:44
and it's just a crazy delightful job.
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i to je jedan ludo izvrstan posao.
17:47
I want to thank you for inviting me here.
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Želim da vam se zahvalim što ste me pozvali ovde.
17:49
It's a big treat for me to get to come to this conference.
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Velika je poslastica za mene da budem na ovoj konferenciji.
17:52
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
17:57
Thanks.
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Hvala.
17:58
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Bonnie Bassler - Molecular biologistBonnie Bassler studies how bacteria can communicate with one another, through chemical signals, to act as a unit. Her work could pave the way for new, more potent medicine.
Why you should listen
In 2002, bearing her microscope on a microbe that lives in the gut of fish, Bonnie Bassler isolated an elusive molecule called AI-2, and uncovered the mechanism behind mysterious behavior called quorum sensing -- or bacterial communication. She showed that bacterial chatter is hardly exceptional or anomolous behavior, as was once thought -- and in fact, most bacteria do it, and most do it all the time. (She calls the signaling molecules "bacterial Esperanto.")
The discovery shows how cell populations use chemical powwows to stage attacks, evade immune systems and forge slimy defenses called biofilms. For that, she's won a MacArthur "genius" grant -- and is giving new hope to frustrated pharmacos seeking new weapons against drug-resistant superbugs.
Bassler teaches molecular biology at Princeton, where she continues her years-long study of V. harveyi, one such social microbe that is mainly responsible for glow-in-the-dark sushi. She also teaches aerobics at the YMCA.
Bonnie Bassler | Speaker | TED.com