TED2009
Bonnie Bassler: How bacteria "talk"
Bonnie Bassler o tome kako bakterije komuniciraju
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Bonnie Bassler otkriva da bakterije "govore" jedna drugoj, koristeći kemijski jezik koji im omogućuje da koordiniraju obranu i izazivaju napade. Ovaj pronalazak ima začuđujuće implikacije u medicini, industriji -- i pri našem shvaćanju samih sebe.
Bonnie Bassler - Molecular biologist
Bonnie Bassler studies how bacteria can communicate with one another, through chemical signals, to act as a unit. Her work could pave the way for new, more potent medicine. Full bio
Bonnie Bassler studies how bacteria can communicate with one another, through chemical signals, to act as a unit. Her work could pave the way for new, more potent medicine. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:18
Bacteria are the oldest living organisms on the earth.
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Bakterije su najstariji živući organizmi na Zemlji.
00:21
They've been here for billions of years,
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Ovdje su milijardama godina.
00:23
and what they are are single-celled microscopic organisms.
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i u stvari oni su jednostanični mikroskopski organizmi.
00:27
So they are one cell and they have this special property
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Dakle, oni su u stvari jedna stanica i imaju posebno svojstvo
00:30
that they only have one piece of DNA.
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da imaju samo jedan komad DNA.
00:32
They have very few genes,
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Imaju vrlo malo gena,
00:34
and genetic information to encode all of the traits that they carry out.
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i gensku informaciju kako bi kodirali sva svojstva koja izvršavaju.
00:38
And the way bacteria make a living
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A način na koji bakterije preživljavaju
00:40
is that they consume nutrients from the environment,
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je taj da crpe hranjive tvari iz okoliša,
00:43
they grow to twice their size, they cut themselves down in the middle,
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narastu do dvostruke svoje veličine, presijeku se napola po sredini,
00:46
and one cell becomes two, and so on and so on.
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i od jedne stanice nastanu dvije, i tako dalje, i tako dalje.
00:49
They just grow and divide, and grow and divide -- so a kind of boring life,
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One samo rastu i dijele se, rastu i dijele se -- dakle, poprilično dosadan život,
00:53
except that what I would argue is that you have
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no pored toga bih vam željela dokazati, da vi imate
00:55
an amazing interaction with these critters.
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čudesnu interakciju s ovim stvorenjima.
00:58
I know you guys think of yourself as humans, and this is sort of how I think of you.
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Znam da o sebi mislite kao o ljudskim bićima, a ovo je otprilike što ja mislim o vama.
01:01
This man is supposed to represent
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Ovaj čovjek bi trebao predstavljati
01:03
a generic human being,
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općenito ljudsko biće,
01:05
and all of the circles in that man are all of the cells that make up your body.
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i svi krugovi u ovom čovjeku predstavljaju sve stanice koje tvore vaše tijelo.
01:09
There is about a trillion human cells that make each one of us
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Postoji oko trilijun ljudskih stanica od kojih se sastoji svatko od nas
01:12
who we are and able to do all the things that we do,
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tko smo i što smo sve u stanju činiti,
01:15
but you have 10 trillion bacterial cells
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međutim, vi posjedujete 10 trilijuna bakterijskih stanica
01:18
in you or on you at any moment in your life.
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u vama i na vama u svakom trenutku vašega života.
01:20
So, 10 times more bacterial cells
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Znači, 10 puta više bakterijskih stanica
01:22
than human cells on a human being.
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nego ljudskih stanica po ljudskom biću.
01:25
And of course it's the DNA that counts,
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I naravno, DNA su te koje se broje,
01:27
so here's all the A, T, Gs and Cs
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dakle, ovdje su svi A, T, G-ovi i C-ovi
01:29
that make up your genetic code, and give you all your charming characteristics.
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koji sačinjavaju vaš genetički kod, i daju vam sve vaše dražesne osobine.
01:32
You have about 30,000 genes.
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Imate oko 30.000 gena.
01:34
Well it turns out you have 100 times more bacterial genes
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Po tome ispada da imate 100 puta više bakterijskih gena
01:37
playing a role in you or on you all of your life.
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koje imaju neku ulogu u ili na vama tijekom cijelog vašeg života.
01:41
At the best, you're 10 percent human,
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U najboljem slučaju, vi ste 10 posto čovjek,
01:44
but more likely about one percent human,
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no vjerojatnije je da ste jedan posto čovjek,
01:46
depending on which of these metrics you like.
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ovisno o tome koja vam se metrika više sviđa.
01:48
I know you think of yourself as human beings,
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Znam da o sebi mislite kao o ljudskim bićima,
01:50
but I think of you as 90 or 99 percent bacterial.
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no, ja o vama mislim kao o 90 ili 99 postotnim bakterijama.
01:54
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:55
These bacteria are not passive riders,
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Ove bakterije nisu pasivni putnici,
01:58
these are incredibly important, they keep us alive.
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i one su nevjerojatno važne, one nas održavaju živima.
02:01
They cover us in an invisible body armor
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Prekrivaju nas nevidljivim oklopom
02:04
that keeps environmental insults out
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koji nas štiti od vanjskih ozljeda
02:06
so that we stay healthy.
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te tako ostajemo zdravi.
02:08
They digest our food, they make our vitamins,
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Oni probavljaju našu hranu, oni tvore naše vitamine,
02:10
they actually educate your immune system
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oni u stvari podučavaju naš imunosni sustav
02:12
to keep bad microbes out.
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kako ne dozvoliti lošim mikrobima pristup.
02:14
So they do all these amazing things
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Znači, oni čine sve te čudesne stvari
02:16
that help us and are vital for keeping us alive,
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koje nam pomažu i koje su neophodne kako bismo bili živi,
02:20
and they never get any press for that.
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i zbog toga nikad nisu u bilo kakvoj stisci.
02:22
But they get a lot of press because they do a lot of
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Međutim, mnogo se piše o njima, jer čine mnoge
02:24
terrible things as well.
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užasne stvari.
02:26
So, there's all kinds of bacteria on the Earth
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Prema tome, postoje mnoge vrste bakterija na Zemlji
02:29
that have no business being in you or on you at any time,
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koje ne bi trebale biti u ili na vama nikada,
02:32
and if they are, they make you incredibly sick.
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a ako jesu, čine vas nevjerojatno bolesnim.
02:36
And so, the question for my lab is whether you want to think about all the
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I tako, pitanje za moj laboratorij je želite li misliti samo
02:39
good things that bacteria do, or all the bad things that bacteria do.
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o dobrim stvarima koje bakterije čine, ili samo o lošim koje one čine.
02:43
The question we had is how could they do anything at all?
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Pitanje koje se nameće je kako one uopće mogu bilo što raditi?
02:45
I mean they're incredibly small,
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Mislim, one su nevjerojatno malene,
02:47
you have to have a microscope to see one.
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neophodan vam je mikroskop kako biste jednu od njih vidjeli.
02:49
They live this sort of boring life where they grow and divide,
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Žive taj dosadan život u kojem samo rastu i dijele se,
02:52
and they've always been considered to be these asocial reclusive organisms.
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i uvijek ih se smatralo za nedruštvene, samotnjačke organizme.
02:57
And so it seemed to us that they are just too small to have an impact
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Tako, izgledalo nam je da su isuviše mali a da bi imali utjecaj
03:00
on the environment
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na okolinu
03:02
if they simply act as individuals.
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ako jednostavno djeluju kao jedinke.
03:04
And so we wanted to think if there couldn't be a different
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I željeli smo razmisliti ne bi li mogao postojati drugačiji
03:06
way that bacteria live.
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način kako bakterije žive.
03:08
The clue to this came from another marine bacterium,
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Ključ rješenja za ovo nam je pružila jedna druga morska bakterija,
03:12
and it's a bacterium called Vibrio fischeri.
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a ona se zove Vibrio fischeri.
03:15
What you're looking at on this slide is just a person from my lab
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Ono što vidite na ovom dijapozitivu je jedna osoba iz moga laboratorija
03:18
holding a flask of a liquid culture of a bacterium,
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kako drži tikvicu sa tekućom kulturom bakterija,
03:21
a harmless beautiful bacterium that comes from the ocean,
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bezopasnih i prelijepih bakterija koje potječu iz oceana,
03:24
named Vibrio fischeri.
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imena Vibrio fischeri.
03:26
This bacterium has the special property that it makes light,
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Ove bakterije imaju naročito svojstvo da stvaraju svijetlost,
03:29
so it makes bioluminescence,
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i tako stvaraju bioluminiscenciju,
03:31
like fireflies make light.
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isto kao što krijesnice stvaraju svijetlost.
03:33
We're not doing anything to the cells here.
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Ovdje nismo ništa radili sa stanicama.
03:35
We just took the picture by turning the lights off in the room,
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Samo smo snimili fotografiju prethodno ugasivši svjetlost u prostoriji,
03:37
and this is what we see.
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i evo što se vidi.
03:39
What was actually interesting to us
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Ono što nam je zapravo bilo zanimljivo
03:41
was not that the bacteria made light,
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nije bilo to što bakterije svijetle,
03:43
but when the bacteria made light.
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nego kada one to čine.
03:45
What we noticed is when the bacteria were alone,
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Zamijetili smo da kada su bakterije bile same,
03:48
so when they were in dilute suspension, they made no light.
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znači kad su u bile u razrijeđenom rastvoru, nisu stvarale svjetlost.
03:51
But when they grew to a certain cell number
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Međutim, kad su narasle do određenog broja stanica
03:53
all the bacteria turned on light simultaneously.
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sve bakterije su upalile svjetla istovremeno.
03:57
The question that we had is how can bacteria, these primitive organisms,
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Pitanje koje se nametnulo je kako mogu bakterije, ti primitivni organizmi,
04:01
tell the difference from times when they're alone,
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razlikovati vrijeme kad su same,
04:03
and times when they're in a community,
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od vremena kad su u nekoj zajednici,
04:05
and then all do something together.
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i zatim sve odreda učiniti nešto zajedno.
04:08
What we've figured out is that the way that they do that is that they talk to each other,
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Ono što smo zaključili je da je način kako to one čine putem međusobnog razgovora,
04:12
and they talk with a chemical language.
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a razgovaraju jezikom kemije.
04:14
This is now supposed to be my bacterial cell.
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Ovo bi trebala biti stanica bakterije.
04:17
When it's alone it doesn't make any light.
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Kada je sama ona ne stvara svjetlost.
04:20
But what it does do is to make and secrete small molecules
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No, ono što čini je da stvara i izlučuje malene molekule
04:24
that you can think of like hormones,
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koje možete zamisliti kao hormone,
04:26
and these are the red triangles, and when the bacteria is alone
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a to su ovi crveni trokutovi, i kada je bakterija sama
04:29
the molecules just float away and so no light.
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molekule jednostavno odplutaju i onda nema svjetlosti.
04:32
But when the bacteria grow and double
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Međutim, kada bakterija naraste i umnoži se
04:34
and they're all participating in making these molecules,
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i kada sve one sudjeluju u stvaranju ovih molekula,
04:37
the molecule -- the extracellular amount of that molecule
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molekula -- izvanstanična količina te molekule
04:41
increases in proportion to cell number.
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se povećava proporcionalno broju stanica.
04:44
And when the molecule hits a certain amount
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A onda kada molekule dosegnu određeni broj
04:46
that tells the bacteria how many neighbors there are,
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to govori bakteriji koliko susjeda ima,
04:49
they recognize that molecule
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one prepoznaju tu molekulu
04:51
and all of the bacteria turn on light in synchrony.
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i sve bakterije sinkronizirano upale svjelost.
04:54
That's how bioluminescence works --
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Tako funkcionira bioluminiscencija --
04:56
they're talking with these chemical words.
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one ragovaraju pomoću kemijskih riječi.
04:58
The reason that Vibrio fischeri is doing that comes from the biology.
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Razlog zašto Vibrio fischeri to čine potječe iz biologije.
05:02
Again, another plug for the animals in the ocean,
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I opet, još jedna utičnica za životinje u oceanu,
05:05
Vibrio fischeri lives in this squid.
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Vibrio fischeri živi u ovoj lignji.
05:08
What you are looking at is the Hawaiian Bobtail Squid,
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Ono što gledate je Havajska kratkorepa lignja,
05:10
and it's been turned on its back,
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i izokrenuta je na leđa,
05:12
and what I hope you can see are these two glowing lobes
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i ono što se nadam da vidite jesu ova dva krilca koja svijetle
05:15
and these house the Vibrio fischeri cells,
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a koja nastanjuju stanice Vibrio fischeri,
05:18
they live in there, at high cell number
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one žive tamo, kada je broj stanica velik
05:20
that molecule is there, and they're making light.
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ta molekula je tamo, i one stvaraju svjetlost.
05:22
The reason the squid is willing to put up with these shenanigans
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Razlog zašto je lignja voljna podnositi ovakve smicalice
05:25
is because it wants that light.
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je što želi svjetlost.
05:27
The way that this symbiosis works
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Ovakva simbioza funkcionira
05:29
is that this little squid lives just off the coast of Hawaii,
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jer ova mala lignja živi uza samu obalu Havaja,
05:33
just in sort of shallow knee-deep water.
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baš u plitkoj vodi koja doseže do koljena.
05:35
The squid is nocturnal, so during the day
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Lignja je noćna životinja, te je preko dana
05:38
it buries itself in the sand and sleeps,
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zakopana u pijesak i spava,
05:40
but then at night it has to come out to hunt.
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a onda noću mora izaći van da bi lovila.
05:43
On bright nights when there is lots of starlight or moonlight
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Za vrijeme vedrih noći kada ima dosta svjetlosti zvijezda ili je mjesečina
05:45
that light can penetrate the depth of the water
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ta svjetlost može prodrijeti kroz dubinu vode
05:48
the squid lives in, since it's just in those couple feet of water.
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u kojoj lignja živi, zato što je to samo nekoliko stopa vode.
05:51
What the squid has developed is a shutter
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Ono što je lignja razvila je neka vrsta preklopnika
05:54
that can open and close over this specialized light organ housing the bacteria.
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kojega otvara i zatvara iznad tog specijaliziranog svjetlosnog organa s bakterijama.
05:58
Then it has detectors on its back
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Zatim ima detektore na leđima
06:00
so it can sense how much starlight or moonlight is hitting its back.
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tako da može osjetiti koliko mjesečine ili svjetlosti zvijezda pada na njena leđa.
06:04
And it opens and closes the shutter
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Onda ona otvara ili zatvara preklopnik
06:06
so the amount of light coming out of the bottom --
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tako da količina svjetlosti koja dolazi sa dna --
06:08
which is made by the bacterium --
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a koju stvaraju bakterije --
06:10
exactly matches how much light hits the squid's back,
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točno odgovara količini svjetlosti koja udara o leđa lignje,
06:12
so the squid doesn't make a shadow.
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na taj način lignja ne stvara sjenu.
06:14
It actually uses the light from the bacteria
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U stvari ona koristi svjetlost bakterija
06:17
to counter-illuminate itself in an anti-predation device
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za kontra-osvjetljenje sebe, kao uređaj za zaštitu od predatora
06:20
so predators can't see its shadow,
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tako, grabežljivci ne mogu vidjeti njenu sjenu,
06:22
calculate its trajectory, and eat it.
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procijeniti njenu putanju i pojesti je.
06:24
This is like the stealth bomber of the ocean.
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Ovo nalikuje na oceanske nevidljive bombardere.
06:27
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
06:28
But then if you think about it, the squid has this terrible problem
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Onda kad bolje razmislite o ovome, lignja ima ovaj strašan problem
06:31
because it's got this dying, thick culture of bacteria
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zato što ima ovu umiruću, zgusnutu kulturu bakterija
06:34
and it can't sustain that.
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i ne može ih održavati.
06:36
And so what happens is every morning when the sun comes up
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I onda što se dešava, svako jutro kada sunce izlazi
06:38
the squid goes back to sleep, it buries itself in the sand,
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lignja odlazi na spavanje, ukopavavajući se u pijesak,
06:41
and it's got a pump that's attached to its circadian rhythm,
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ona ima pumpu koja je uklopljena u njen svakodnevni ritam,
06:44
and when the sun comes up it pumps out like 95 percent of the bacteria.
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i kada sunce izađe ona ispumpava nekih 95 posto bakterija.
06:49
Now the bacteria are dilute, that little hormone molecule is gone,
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Sada su bakterije razrijeđene, ona mala hormonska molekula je nestala,
06:52
so they're not making light --
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tako da one ne stvaraju svjetlost --
06:54
but of course the squid doesn't care. It's asleep in the sand.
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no naravno lignja za to ne mari. Ona spava u pijesku.
06:56
And as the day goes by the bacteria double,
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I kako dan odmiče bakterije se množe,
06:58
they release the molecule, and then light comes on
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oslobađaju molekulu, i svjetlost nastaje
07:01
at night, exactly when the squid wants it.
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noću, točno onda kada lignji treba.
07:04
First we figured out how this bacterium does this,
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Prvo smo shvatili kako ove bakterije to rade,
07:07
but then we brought the tools of molecular biology to this
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no zatim smo uključili u ovo biološke alate
07:10
to figure out really what's the mechanism.
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kako bismo shvatili stvarni mehanizam.
07:12
And what we found -- so this is now supposed to be, again, my bacterial cell --
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I što smo otkrili -- znači ovo bi trebala biti, ponovno, moja stanica bakterije --
07:16
is that Vibrio fischeri has a protein --
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je da Vibrio fischeri posjeduje protein --
07:18
that's the red box -- it's an enzyme that makes
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to je ovaj crveni kvadratić -- to je enzim koji stvara
07:21
that little hormone molecule, the red triangle.
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onu malu molekulu hormona -- crveni trokut.
07:24
And then as the cells grow, they're all releasing that molecule
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I onda kako stanice rastu, sve one otpuštaju tu molekulu
07:26
into the environment, so there's lots of molecule there.
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u okolinu, tako da tamo ima mnogo molekula.
07:29
And the bacteria also have a receptor on their cell surface
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Bakterija također ima receptor na svojoj staničnoj površini
07:33
that fits like a lock and key with that molecule.
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koji pristaje kao brava i ključ toj molekuli.
07:36
These are just like the receptors on the surfaces of your cells.
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Ovi su receptori isti kao i na površini vaših stanica.
07:39
When the molecule increases to a certain amount --
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Kada se broj molekula poveća do određenog iznosa --
07:42
which says something about the number of cells --
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što govori ponešto o broju stanica --
07:44
it locks down into that receptor
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on se zaključava unutar toga receptora
07:46
and information comes into the cells
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te u stanicu dolazi informacija
07:48
that tells the cells to turn on
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koja govori stanici da uključi
07:50
this collective behavior of making light.
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kolektivno ponašanje za stvaranje svjetlosti.
07:53
Why this is interesting is because in the past decade
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Ovo je zanimljivo jer smo u prošlom desetljeću
07:56
we have found that this is not just some anomaly
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otkrili da ovo nije samo neka anomalija
07:58
of this ridiculous, glow-in-the-dark bacterium that lives in the ocean --
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ove smiješne, u mraku svjetleće bakterije koja živi u oceanu --
08:01
all bacteria have systems like this.
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sve bakterije imaju sustav sličan ovomu.
08:04
So now what we understand is that all bacteria can talk to each other.
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Dakle, shvatili smo da sve bakterije mogu međusobno govoriti.
08:07
They make chemical words, they recognize those words,
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Oni stvaraju kemijske riječi, one raspoznaju te riječi,
08:10
and they turn on group behaviors
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i one uključuju skupna ponašanja
08:12
that are only successful when all of the cells participate in unison.
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koja su uspješna jedino kada sve stanice sudjeluju zajednički.
08:17
We have a fancy name for this: we call it quorum sensing.
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Imamo simpatično ime za ovo, zovemo to kvorumska svijest.
08:20
They vote with these chemical votes,
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Oni glasuju putem ovih kemijskih glasova,
08:22
the vote gets counted, and then everybody responds to the vote.
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glas se zbroji, i zatim svi odgovaraju na izglasano.
08:26
What's important for today's talk
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Što je važno za današnje izlaganje
08:28
is that we know that there are hundreds of behaviors
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je to da mi znamo da postoje stotine vrsta ponašanja
08:30
that bacteria carry out in these collective fashions.
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koja bakterije izvode na ovakav zajednički način.
08:33
But the one that's probably the most important to you is virulence.
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No ono što je vjerojatno za vas najznačajnije jest zaraznost.
08:36
It's not like a couple bacteria get in you
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To nije kao kad par bakterija dospije u vas
08:39
and they start secreting some toxins --
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i počinju lučiti neke otrove --
08:41
you're enormous, that would have no effect on you. You're huge.
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vi ste ogromni, to ne bi imalo učinak na vas. Vi ste golemi.
08:44
What they do, we now understand,
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Ono što one rade, a sada smo to shvatili,
08:47
is they get in you, they wait, they start growing,
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uđu u vas, čekaju, počinju se množiti,
08:50
they count themselves with these little molecules,
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prebrojavaju se pomoću ovih malenih molekula,
08:52
and they recognize when they have the right cell number
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i prepoznaju kada dosegnu pravi broj stanica
08:54
that if all of the bacteria launch their virulence attack together,
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i kada bi sve bakterije započele svoj napad zajednički,
08:58
they are going to be successful at overcoming an enormous host.
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tada bi bile uspješne u svladavanju ogromnog domaćina.
09:02
Bacteria always control pathogenicity with quorum sensing.
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Bakterije uvijek kontroliraju patogenost pomoću kvorumske svijesti.
09:06
That's how it works.
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Tako to funkcionira.
09:08
We also then went to look at what are these molecules --
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Zatim smo, također željeli provjeriti što su ove molekule --
09:11
these were the red triangles on my slides before.
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to su bili crveni trokutovi na mom prethodnom dijapozitivu.
09:14
This is the Vibrio fischeri molecule.
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Ovo je molekula Vibrio fisheri.
09:16
This is the word that it talks with.
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Ovo je riječ pomoću koje govori.
09:18
So then we started to look at other bacteria,
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Dakle, zatim smo počeli gledati kod drugih bakterija,
09:20
and these are just a smattering of the molecules that we've discovered.
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i ovo je samo manji dio molekula koje smo otkrili.
09:23
What I hope you can see
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Nadam se da možete vidjeti
09:25
is that the molecules are related.
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da su molekule u povezane.
09:27
The left-hand part of the molecule is identical
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Dio s lijeve strane molekula je jednak
09:29
in every single species of bacteria.
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kod svake vrste bakterija.
09:32
But the right-hand part of the molecule is a little bit different in every single species.
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Međutim, desna strana molekula je malo drugačija kod svake pojedine vrste.
09:36
What that does is to confer
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U biti, to je ono što daje
09:38
exquisite species specificities to these languages.
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pojedinoj vrsti posebnost njihovih jezika.
09:42
Each molecule fits into its partner receptor and no other.
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Svaka molekula se uklapa s receptorom svoga partnera i nijednog više.
09:46
So these are private, secret conversations.
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Znači, ovo su osobni, tajni razgovori.
09:49
These conversations are for intraspecies communication.
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Ovi razgovori služe za komunikaciju među vrstama.
09:53
Each bacteria uses a particular molecule that's its language
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Svaka bakterija koristi posebnu molekulu koja je njen jezik,
09:57
that allows it to count its own siblings.
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i koja omogućuje prebrojavanje svoje subraće.
10:01
Once we got that far we thought
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Kad smo stigli tako daleko mislili smo
10:03
we were starting to understand that bacteria have these social behaviors.
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da smo počinjali razumijevati da bakterije imaju takva društvena ponašanja.
10:06
But what we were really thinking about is that most of the time
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No ono što smo zaista mislili je da većinu vremena
10:09
bacteria don't live by themselves, they live in incredible mixtures,
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bakterije ne žive same, one žive u nevjerojatnim mješavinama,
10:12
with hundreds or thousands of other species of bacteria.
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sa stotinama i tisućama drugih vrsta bakterija.
10:16
And that's depicted on this slide. This is your skin.
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I to je opisano na ovom dijapozitivu. Ovo je vaša koža.
10:19
So this is just a picture -- a micrograph of your skin.
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Ovo je samo slika -- mikrograf vaše kože.
10:22
Anywhere on your body, it looks pretty much like this,
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Posvuda na vašem tijelu, ovo izgleda približno isto,
10:24
and what I hope you can see is that there's all kinds of bacteria there.
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i nadam se da možete vidjeti da tamo ima svih vrsta bakterija.
10:28
And so we started to think if this really is about communication in bacteria,
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I tako, počeli smo razmišljati je li ovo stvarno do komunikacije kod bakterija,
10:32
and it's about counting your neighbors,
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i da se radi o prebrojavanju susjeda,
10:34
it's not enough to be able to only talk within your species.
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nije dovoljno moći razgovarati samo unutar svoje vrste.
10:37
There has to be a way to take a census
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Mora postojati način kako načiniti popis
10:39
of the rest of the bacteria in the population.
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ostalih bakterija unutar populacije.
10:42
So we went back to molecular biology
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Tada smo se vratili molekularnoj biologiji
10:44
and started studying different bacteria,
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i počeli proučavati različite bakterije,
10:46
and what we've found now is that
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i onda smo otkrili da
10:48
in fact, bacteria are multilingual.
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su, zapravo, bakterije višejezične.
10:50
They all have a species-specific system --
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Sve one imaju sustav poseban za svoju vrstu --
10:53
they have a molecule that says "me."
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imaju molekulu koja govori "ja".
10:55
But then, running in parallel to that is a second system
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No uz taj, postoji paralelni, drugi sustav
10:58
that we've discovered, that's generic.
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kojega smo otkrili, a on je opći.
11:00
So, they have a second enzyme that makes a second signal
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Dakle, imaju drugi enzim koji stvara drugi signal
11:03
and it has its own receptor,
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a on ima svoj vlastiti receptor,
11:05
and this molecule is the trade language of bacteria.
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i ova molekula je jezik razmjene između bakterija.
11:08
It's used by all different bacteria
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Koriste je sve vrste bakterija
11:10
and it's the language of interspecies communication.
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i to je jezik komunikacije među vrstama.
11:14
What happens is that bacteria are able to count
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Ono što se događa je da su bakterije u stanju prebrojati
11:17
how many of me and how many of you.
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koliko ima "mene", a koliko "tebe".
11:20
They take that information inside,
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One unose informaciju,
11:22
and they decide what tasks to carry out
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i onda odlučuju koji zadatak poduzeti
11:24
depending on who's in the minority and who's in the majority
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u ovisnosti tko je u manjini, a tko u većini
11:28
of any given population.
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u bilo kojoj populaciji.
11:30
Then again we turn to chemistry,
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Onda, ponovno se okrećemo kemiji,
11:32
and we figured out what this generic molecule is --
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i shvatamo kakva je ova opća molekula --
11:35
that was the pink ovals on my last slide, this is it.
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što su bile ružičaste elipse na mom zadnjem dijapozitivu, to je ta.
11:38
It's a very small, five-carbon molecule.
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To je veoma mala petoerovalentna ugljikova molekula.
11:40
What the important thing is that we learned
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Važna stvar koju smo naučili
11:43
is that every bacterium has exactly the same enzyme
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je da svaka bakterija ima potpuno isti enzim
11:46
and makes exactly the same molecule.
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i tvori potpuno istu molekulu.
11:48
So they're all using this molecule
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Znači, oni koriste ovu molekulu
11:50
for interspecies communication.
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za komunikaciju između vrsta.
11:52
This is the bacterial Esperanto.
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To je bakterijski Esperanto.
11:55
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
11:56
Once we got that far, we started to learn
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Kad smo već tako daleko dogurali, počeli smo shvačati
11:58
that bacteria can talk to each other with this chemical language.
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da bakterije mogu međusobno razgovarati putem tog kemijskog jezika.
12:01
But what we started to think is that maybe there is something
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Međutim, počeli smo misliti da možda postoji nešto
12:03
practical that we can do here as well.
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praktično što ovdje možemo učiniti.
12:05
I've told you that bacteria do have all these social behaviors,
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Već sam vam rekla da bakterije uistinu imaju različita društvena ponašanja,
12:08
they communicate with these molecules.
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one komuniciraju pomoću ovih molekula.
12:11
Of course, I've also told you that one of the important things they do
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Naravno, isto sam vam već rekla da je jedna od važnijih stvari što one čine
12:14
is to initiate pathogenicity using quorum sensing.
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da izazivaju patogeni učinak koristeći kvorumsku svijest.
12:17
We thought, what if we made these bacteria
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Mislili smo, što ako prisilimo ove bakterije
12:19
so they can't talk or they can't hear?
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tako da ne mogu govoriti ili ne mogu čuti?
12:22
Couldn't these be new kinds of antibiotics?
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Zar ne bi one mogle postati nove vrste antibiotika?
12:25
Of course, you've just heard and you already know
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Svakako, upravo ste čuli i već znate
12:27
that we're running out of antibiotics.
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da nam ponestaje antibiotika.
12:29
Bacteria are incredibly multi-drug-resistant right now,
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Bakterije su trenutno veoma otporne na različite vrste lijekova,
12:32
and that's because all of the antibiotics that we use kill bacteria.
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a to je stoga što svi antibiotici koje koristimo ubijaju bakterije.
12:36
They either pop the bacterial membrane,
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Oni izazivaju pucanje bakterijske membrane,
12:38
they make the bacterium so it can't replicate its DNA.
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koje tvore bakteriju tako da ona ne može replicirati svoju DNA.
12:41
We kill bacteria with traditional antibiotics
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Ubijamo bakterije tradicionalnim antibioticima
12:44
and that selects for resistant mutants.
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a to selekcionira otporne mutante.
12:46
And so now of course we have this global problem
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I naravno sada imamo ovaj globalni problem
12:49
in infectious diseases.
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sa zaraznim bolestima.
12:51
We thought, well what if we could sort of do behavior modifications,
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Pomislili smo, što kad bismo mogli načiniti neku vrstu promjene ponašanja,
12:54
just make these bacteria so they can't talk, they can't count,
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jednostavno prisiliti bakterije da ne mogu govoriti, da ne mogu brojati,
12:57
and they don't know to launch virulence.
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i time da ne znaju započeti zarazu.
13:00
And so that's exactly what we've done, and we've sort of taken two strategies.
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E pa točno to smo i učinili, i primijenili dvije strategije.
13:03
The first one is we've targeted
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Prva je da smo napali
13:05
the intraspecies communication system.
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komunikacijski sustav među vrstama.
13:08
So we made molecules that look kind of like the real molecules --
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Napravili smo molekule koje su nalikovale stvarnim molekulama --
13:11
which you saw -- but they're a little bit different.
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koje ste vidjeli -- no ipak su malo drugačije.
13:13
And so they lock into those receptors,
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One se prihvate na ove receptore,
13:15
and they jam recognition of the real thing.
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i pobrkaju raspoznavanje stvarnih stvari.
13:18
By targeting the red system,
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Napadom na crveni sustav,
13:20
what we are able to do is to make
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u stanju smo učiniti
13:22
species-specific, or disease-specific, anti-quorum sensing molecules.
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posebnu vrstu, ili molekule anti-kvorumske svijesti posebnih bolesti.
13:27
We've also done the same thing with the pink system.
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Isto to smo uradili i sa ružičastim sustavom.
13:30
We've taken that universal molecule and turned it around a little bit
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Uzeli smo tu univerzalnu molekulu te je malo promijenili
13:33
so that we've made antagonists
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i time smo načinili suparnike
13:35
of the interspecies communication system.
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komunikacijskom sustavu među vrstama.
13:37
The hope is that these will be used as broad-spectrum antibiotics
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Nadati se da će ovo biti primijenjeno na različite vrste antibiotika
13:42
that work against all bacteria.
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koji djeluju protiv bakterija.
13:44
To finish I'll just show you the strategy.
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Na kraju samo ću vam pokazati strategiju.
13:47
In this one I'm just using the interspecies molecule,
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U ovoj prvoj, koristim samo molekulu među vrstama,
13:49
but the logic is exactly the same.
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no logika je potpuno ista.
13:51
What you know is that when that bacterium gets into the animal,
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Ono što znate je da kada bakterija uđe u životinju,
13:54
in this case, a mouse,
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u ovom slučaju, u miša,
13:56
it doesn't initiate virulence right away.
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ne uzrokuje zarazu odmah.
13:58
It gets in, it starts growing, it starts secreting
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Ona uđe, počinje rasti, i počinje lučiti
14:01
its quorum sensing molecules.
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svoje molekule kvorumske svijesti.
14:03
It recognizes when it has enough bacteria
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Prepozna kada ima dovoljno bakterija
14:05
that now they're going to launch their attack,
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i tada one započinju svoj napad,
14:07
and the animal dies.
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i životinja umire.
14:09
What we've been able to do is to give these virulent infections,
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Ono što smo u mogučnsti učiniti je dati ove infekcije,
14:12
but we give them in conjunction with our anti-quorum sensing molecules --
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ali zajedno sa našim molekulama anti-kvorumske svijesti --
14:16
so these are molecules that look kind of like the real thing,
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znači ove molekule nalikuju na prave,
14:18
but they're a little bit different which I've depicted on this slide.
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osim što su malo drugačije, kao što sam opisala na ovom dijapozitivu.
14:21
What we now know is that if we treat the animal
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Sada znamo da kada tretiramo životinju
14:24
with a pathogenic bacterium -- a multi-drug-resistant pathogenic bacterium --
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patogenim bakterijama -- otpornima na različite lijekove --
14:28
in the same time we give our anti-quorum sensing molecule,
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istovremeno im dajući i naše molekule anti-kvorumske svijesti,
14:32
in fact, the animal lives.
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životinja preživljava.
14:34
We think that this is the next generation of antibiotics
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Smatramo da je ovo sljedeća generacija antibiotika
14:38
and it's going to get us around, at least initially,
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i da će barem u početku uspjeti zaobići
14:40
this big problem of resistance.
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taj veliki problem otpornosti.
14:42
What I hope you think, is that bacteria can talk to each other,
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Nadam se da razumijete, da bakterije mogu govoriti međusobno,
14:45
they use chemicals as their words,
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koristeći pri tom kemijske spojeve kao riječi
14:48
they have an incredibly complicated chemical lexicon
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da imaju nevjerojatno složen kemijski rječnik,
14:51
that we're just now starting to learn about.
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i da tek sada počinjemo to spoznavati.
14:53
Of course what that allows bacteria to do
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Naravno, ono što omogućuje bakteriji da to čini
14:56
is to be multicellular.
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je višestaničnost.
14:58
So in the spirit of TED they're doing things together
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Dakle, u duhu TED-a oni ovo čine zajednički
15:01
because it makes a difference.
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jer to omogućuje razliku.
15:03
What happens is that bacteria have these collective behaviors,
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Ono što se događa, je da bakterije imaju ta kolektivna ponašanja,
15:07
and they can carry out tasks
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i one mogu izvršiti zadatke
15:09
that they could never accomplish
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koje nikada ne bi mogle izvršiti
15:11
if they simply acted as individuals.
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kad bi djelovale pojedinačno.
15:13
What I would hope that I could further argue to you
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Nadam se nadalje da vas mogu uvjeriti
15:16
is that this is the invention of multicellularity.
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da je ovo izum višestaničnosti.
15:19
Bacteria have been on the Earth for billions of years;
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Bakterije su na Zemlji već milijardama godina.
15:23
humans, couple hundred thousand.
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Ljudi -- tek nekoliko stotina tisuća.
15:25
We think bacteria made the rules
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Smatramo da su bakterije stvorile pravila
15:27
for how multicellular organization works.
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kako da višestanični organizmi funkcioniraju.
15:30
We think, by studying bacteria,
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Proučavajući bakterije, mislimo
15:33
we're going to be able to have insight about multicellularity in the human body.
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da ćemo steći uvid u to kako funkcionira višestaničnost u ljudskom tijelu.
15:37
We know that the principles and the rules,
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Znamo da će se načela i pravila,
15:39
if we can figure them out in these sort of primitive organisms,
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ako ih shvatimo u ovim primitivnim organizmima,
15:41
the hope is that they will be applied
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moći primijeniti
15:43
to other human diseases and human behaviors as well.
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pri ljudskim oboljenjima i kod ljudskog ponašanja, također.
15:47
I hope that what you've learned
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Nadam se da ste naučili
15:49
is that bacteria can distinguish self from other.
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da bakterija može razlikovati sebe od ostalih.
15:52
By using these two molecules they can say "me" and they can say "you."
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Koristeći ove dvije molekule one mogu reći "ja" i mogu reći "ti".
15:55
Again of course that's what we do,
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Opet, dakako, to je ono što mi činimo,
15:57
both in a molecular way,
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kako na molekularnoj razini,
15:59
and also in an outward way,
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tako i na spoljašnjoj,
16:01
but I think about the molecular stuff.
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no, ja ipak razmišljam o molekularnim stvarima.
16:03
This is exactly what happens in your body.
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Ovo je točno ono što se događa u vašem tijelu.
16:05
It's not like your heart cells and your kidney cells get all mixed up every day,
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Nije kao kad se stanice vašega srca ili bubrega pomiješaju svakodnevno,
16:08
and that's because there's all of this chemistry going on,
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a to je zato što se sva ta kemija odvija,
16:11
these molecules that say who each of these groups of cells is,
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ove molekule govore koja je koja od ovih skupina stanica,
16:14
and what their tasks should be.
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i koja bi im trebala biti zadaća.
16:16
Again, we think that bacteria invented that,
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Ponovno, mislimo da su bakterije to izumile,
16:19
and you've just evolved a few more bells and whistles,
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a vi ste se samo razvili dalje,
16:22
but all of the ideas are in these simple systems that we can study.
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no, sve ideje se nalaze u ovim jednostavnim sustavima koje možemo proučavati.
16:26
The final thing is, again just to reiterate that there's this practical part,
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Zadnja stvar je, da još jednom ponovim da postoji i ovaj praktični dio,
16:30
and so we've made these anti-quorum sensing molecules
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znači načinili smo ove molekule sa anti-kvorum sviješću
16:33
that are being developed as new kinds of therapeutics.
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koje se razvijaju kao nova vrsta lijekova.
16:36
But then, to finish with a plug for all the good and miraculous bacteria
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No onda, da završim i da se ponovno uključim na sve dobre i čudesne bakterije
16:39
that live on the Earth,
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koje žive na Zemlji,
16:41
we've also made pro-quorum sensing molecules.
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također smo napravili i molekule za kvorum svijest.
16:43
So, we've targeted those systems to make the molecules work better.
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Znači, napadali smo te sustave kako bi primorali molekule da rade bolje.
16:46
Remember you have these 10 times or more bacterial cells
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Sjetite se da imate ovih 10 puta više bakterijskih stanica
16:50
in you or on you, keeping you healthy.
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u vama i na vama, i koje vas održavaju zdravima.
16:52
What we're also trying to do is to beef up the conversation
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Ono što još pokušavamo napraviti je da pojačamo razgovor
16:55
of the bacteria that live as mutualists with you,
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bakterija koje žive zajedno s vama,
16:58
in the hopes of making you more healthy,
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u nadi da vas načinimo još zdravijima,
17:00
making those conversations better,
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čineći te razgovore boljima,
17:02
so bacteria can do things that we want them to do
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znači bekterije mogu činiti stvari koje mi želimo da rade
17:05
better than they would be on their own.
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bolje nego bi to same činile.
17:08
Finally, I wanted to show you
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Konačno, želim vam pokazati
17:10
this is my gang at Princeton, New Jersey.
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ovo je moje društvo na Princeton-u, New Jersey.
17:12
Everything I told you about was discovered by someone in that picture.
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Sve o čemu sam vam govorila je otkrio netko s ove slike.
17:16
I hope when you learn things,
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Nadam se da kada naučite neke stvari,
17:18
like about how the natural world works --
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kao na primjer kako prirodan svijet funkcionira --
17:20
I just want to say that whenever you read something in the newspaper
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želim samo kazati da kadgod pročitate nešto u novinama
17:23
or you get to hear some talk about something ridiculous in the natural world
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ili čujete neko izlaganje o nečem smiješnom u prirodnom svijetu
17:26
it was done by a child.
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to je napravilo neko dijete.
17:28
Science is done by that demographic.
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Nauka se stvara od takve populacije.
17:30
All of those people are between 20 and 30 years old,
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Svi ovi ljudi su između 20 i 30 godina starosti,
17:34
and they are the engine that drives scientific discovery in this country.
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i oni su stroj koji pokreće znanstvena otkrića u ovoj zemlji.
17:38
It's a really lucky demographic to work with.
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Stvarno je to zahvalna populacija za rad.
17:41
I keep getting older and older and they're always the same age,
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Ja postajem sve starija i starija, a oni ostaju uvijek istih godina,
17:44
and it's just a crazy delightful job.
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i ovo je jednostavno ludo ugodan posao.
17:47
I want to thank you for inviting me here.
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Željela bih vam se zahvaliti što ste me pozvali ovdje.
17:49
It's a big treat for me to get to come to this conference.
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Za mene je izuzetno uživanje bio dolazak na ovu konferenciju.
17:52
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
17:57
Thanks.
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Hvala.
17:58
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Bonnie Bassler - Molecular biologistBonnie Bassler studies how bacteria can communicate with one another, through chemical signals, to act as a unit. Her work could pave the way for new, more potent medicine.
Why you should listen
In 2002, bearing her microscope on a microbe that lives in the gut of fish, Bonnie Bassler isolated an elusive molecule called AI-2, and uncovered the mechanism behind mysterious behavior called quorum sensing -- or bacterial communication. She showed that bacterial chatter is hardly exceptional or anomolous behavior, as was once thought -- and in fact, most bacteria do it, and most do it all the time. (She calls the signaling molecules "bacterial Esperanto.")
The discovery shows how cell populations use chemical powwows to stage attacks, evade immune systems and forge slimy defenses called biofilms. For that, she's won a MacArthur "genius" grant -- and is giving new hope to frustrated pharmacos seeking new weapons against drug-resistant superbugs.
Bassler teaches molecular biology at Princeton, where she continues her years-long study of V. harveyi, one such social microbe that is mainly responsible for glow-in-the-dark sushi. She also teaches aerobics at the YMCA.
Bonnie Bassler | Speaker | TED.com