ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David Brooks - Op-ed columnist
Writer and thinker David Brooks has covered business, crime and politics over a long career in journalism.

Why you should listen

David Brooks became an Op-Ed columnist for The New York Times in September 2003. He is currently a commentator on "The PBS Newshour," NPR’s "All Things Considered" and NBC's "Meet the Press."

He is the author of Bobos in Paradise and The Social Animal. In April 2015, he released with his fourth book, The Road to Character, which was a #1 New York Times bestseller.

Brooks also teaches at Yale University, and is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences.

Born on August 11, 1961 in Toronto, Canada, Brooks graduated a bachelor of history from the University of Chicago in 1983. He became a police reporter for the City News Bureau, a wire service owned jointly by the Chicago Tribune and Sun-Times.

He worked at The Washington Times and then The Wall Street Journal for nine years. His last post at the Journal was as Op-ed Editor. Prior to that, he was posted in Brussels, covering Russia, the Middle East, South Africa and European affairs. His first post at the Journal was as editor of the book review section, and he filled in as the Journal's movie critic.

He also served as a senior editor at The Weekly Standard for 9 years, as well as contributing editor for The Atlantic and Newsweek.

More profile about the speaker
David Brooks | Speaker | TED.com
TED2011

David Brooks: The social animal

戴维·布鲁克斯:社群动物

Filmed:
1,363,457 views

纽约时报专栏作家戴维·布鲁克斯在新书中描写认知科学对人性的新发现,以及它对经济、政治和我们自我认知的大范围影响。在这篇幽默机智的演讲中,他解释为何我们不能把人们当成靠自身觉察意识来做出选择的单独个体。
- Op-ed columnist
Writer and thinker David Brooks has covered business, crime and politics over a long career in journalism. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
When I got my current当前 job工作, I was given特定 a good piece of advice忠告,
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当我得到现在这份工作时,有人给了我一份忠告,
00:18
which哪一个 was to interview访问 three politicians政治家 every一切 day.
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一天访问三个政治人物。
00:21
And from that much contact联系 with politicians政治家,
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从这么密集的接触中,
00:23
I can tell you they're all emotional情绪化 freaks怪胎 of one sort分类 or another另一个.
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我可以告诉你他们都是某种情绪化怪人。
00:27
They have what I called "logorrhealogorrhea dementia痴呆,"
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我形容他们的病征为多语症,
00:29
which哪一个 is they talk so much they drive驾驶 themselves他们自己 insane.
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简单来说就是他们话多到自己都抓狂。
00:32
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
00:34
But what they do have is incredible难以置信 social社会 skills技能.
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但他们的社交能力真的很好。
00:37
When you meet遇到 them, they lock into you,
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当他们见到你,
00:39
they look you in the eye,
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他们用眼神锁定你,
00:41
they invade入侵 your personal个人 space空间,
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他们侵犯你的私人空间
00:43
they massage按摩 the back of your head.
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他们还会按摩你的后脑勺。
00:45
I had dinner晚餐 with a Republican共和党人 senator参议员 several一些 months个月 ago
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几个月前我和一个共和党议员共进晚餐
00:47
who kept不停 his hand on my inner thigh大腿
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他一直把手放在我大腿内侧
00:49
throughout始终 the whole整个 meal膳食 -- squeezing挤压 it.
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整个晚餐都这样捏我。
00:52
I once一旦 -- this was years年份 ago --
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几年前
00:54
I saw Ted摊晒 Kennedy肯尼迪 and Dan Quayle奎尔 meet遇到 in the well of the Senate参议院.
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我见到泰德·肯尼迪和丹·奎尔在议会池相遇。
00:56
And they were friends朋友, and they hugged拥抱 each other
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他们是好朋友,他们互相拥抱,
00:58
and they were laughing, and their faces面孔 were like this far apart距离.
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他们笑着,脸靠这么近。
01:01
And they were moving移动 and grinding磨碎
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他们磨磨蹭蹭地移动着
01:03
and moving移动 their arms武器 up and down each other.
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在彼此身上上下其手。
01:05
And I was like, "Get a room房间. I don't want to see this."
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我想“拜托你们干嘛不去开个房间,实在看不下去了。”
01:08
But they have those social社会 skills技能.
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但他们就是有这种社交手腕。
01:10
Another另一个 case案件:
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另一个例子:
01:12
Last election选举 cycle周期,
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上次大选,
01:14
I was following以下 Mitt米特 Romney罗姆尼 around New Hampshire汉普郡,
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我跟着Mitt Romney到新罕布夏州去。
01:16
and he was campaigning竞选 with his five perfect完善 sons儿子:
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他五个完美的儿子协助他竞选:
01:19
BipBIP, Chip芯片, Rip安息, Zip压缩, Lip and Dip.
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毕普、齐普、瑞普、吉普、立普和帝普。
01:21
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
01:23
And he's going into a diner餐车.
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他走进一个快餐店。
01:25
And he goes into the diner餐车, introduces介绍 himself他自己 to a family家庭
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他向一个家庭自我介绍
01:28
and says, "What village are you from in New Hampshire汉普郡?"
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他说“你从新罕布夏州哪个小城来的?”
01:30
And then he describes介绍 the home he owned拥有的 in their village.
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然后他描述他在那个小城里有的那个房子。
01:34
And so he goes around the room房间,
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他就这样走来走去,
01:37
and then as he's leaving离开 the diner餐车,
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到他要离开快餐店的时候,
01:39
he first-names首名 almost几乎 everybody每个人 he's just met会见.
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他可以叫出所有人的名字。
01:42
I was like, "Okay, that's social社会 skill技能."
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我心想“这就是真正的社交手腕了。”
01:44
But the paradox悖论 is,
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矛盾的是
01:46
when a lot of these people slip into the policy-making决策 mode模式,
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当这些人进入立法模式时,
01:50
that social社会 awareness意识 vanishes消失
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这些社会敏感度就消失了,
01:52
and they start开始 talking like accountants会计师.
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他们开始用会计师的语调说话。
01:54
So in the course课程 of my career事业,
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在我的从业生涯中,
01:56
I have covered覆盖 a series系列 of failures故障.
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我描写过一系列的失败。
01:58
We sent发送 economists经济学家 in the Soviet苏联 Union联盟
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我们派经济学家到解体后的苏联
02:00
with privatization私有化 plans计划 when it broke打破 up,
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着手解决他们瘫痪了的私有化计划,
02:02
and what they really lacked缺乏 was social社会 trust相信.
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但他们缺乏的是社会信任。
02:05
We invaded入侵 Iraq伊拉克 with a military军事
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我们派兵侵略伊拉克
02:07
oblivious浑然不觉 to the cultural文化 and psychological心理 realities现实.
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毫不理会他们文化与心理的现状。
02:10
We had a financial金融 regulatory监管 regime政权
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我们的金融管制机构
02:12
based基于 on the assumptions假设
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把制度建立在
02:14
that traders贸易商 were rational合理的 creatures生物
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交易员完全理性
02:16
who wouldn't不会 do anything stupid.
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不会做任何傻事的假设上。
02:18
For 30 years年份, I've been covering覆盖 school学校 reform改革
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三十年来,我报导教育改革,
02:21
and we've我们已经 basically基本上 reorganized重组 the bureaucratic官僚主义 boxes盒子 --
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我们重整所有官僚体系的黑箱--
02:24
charters章程, private私人的 schools学校, vouchers --
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特许证、私立学校、证件--
02:27
but we've我们已经 had disappointing令人失望 results结果 year after year.
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但每年的成绩仍然叫人失望。
02:31
And the fact事实 is, people learn学习 from people they love.
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事实是,人们从所爱的人身上学习
02:34
And if you're not talking about the individual个人 relationship关系
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如果你不讨论老师与学生
02:36
between之间 a teacher老师 and a student学生,
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之间的关系,
02:38
you're not talking about that reality现实.
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这便偏离了真实状态,
02:40
But that reality现实 is expunged擦去
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但这些真实被排除在
02:42
from our policy-making决策 process处理.
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我们的立法程序以外。
02:44
And so that's led to a question for me:
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于是我心中油然生出这个问题:
02:47
Why are the most socially-attuned社会-合拍 people on earth地球
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为什么地球上最人情练达的一群人
02:50
completely全然 dehumanized非人性化
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一想到法令
02:52
when they think about policy政策?
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就变得如此不人性?
02:55
And I came来了 to the conclusion结论,
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我的结论是
02:57
this is a symptom症状 of a larger problem问题.
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这是一个更大的问题造成的症状。
03:00
That, for centuries百年, we've我们已经 inherited遗传 a view视图 of human人的 nature性质
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几世纪以来我们沿袭一种对人性的看法
03:03
based基于 on the notion概念
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我们基本认为
03:05
that we're divided分为 selves自我,
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我们都是分开的个体,
03:07
that reason原因 is separated分离 from the emotions情绪
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理性和感性各自分开
03:10
and that society社会 progresses进展
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社会进步到一个程度以后
03:12
to the extent程度 that reason原因 can suppress压制 the passions激情.
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理性就能压抑激情
03:15
And it's led to a view视图 of human人的 nature性质
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我们对人性的观点就是
03:18
that we're rational合理的 individuals个人
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我们是理性的个体,
03:20
who respond响应 in straightforward直截了当 ways方法 to incentives奖励,
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这些看法直接变成奖励方法。
03:23
and it's led to ways方法 of seeing眼看 the world世界
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也变成了我们看世界的角度
03:26
where people try to use the assumptions假设 of physics物理
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当人们尝试用物理的假设
03:29
to measure测量 how human人的 behavior行为 is.
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去衡量人类的行为举止时。
03:34
And it's produced生成 a great amputation切断术,
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这也删除了许多重要的部份,
03:36
a shallow view视图 of human人的 nature性质.
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形成了一种对人性的肤浅看法。
03:39
We're really good at talking about material材料 things,
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我们很会谈论物质,
03:41
but we're really bad at talking about emotions情绪.
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但谈到情绪便显得笨拙。
03:44
We're really good at talking about skills技能
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我们很会谈论技能
03:46
and safety安全 and health健康;
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安全和健康,
03:48
we're really bad at talking about character字符.
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但我们不擅讨论人格。
03:51
Alasdair麦金太尔 MacIntyre麦金太尔, the famous著名 philosopher哲学家,
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著名哲学家阿拉斯代尔·麦金泰尔Alasdair Maclntyre
03:54
said that, "We have the concepts概念 of the ancient morality道德
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说,“我们仍有古老的道德概念
03:57
of virtue美德, honor荣誉, goodness善良,
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如美德、荣誉、良善,
03:59
but we no longer have a system系统
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但我们没有一个制度
04:01
by which哪一个 to connect them."
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来联系它们。”
04:03
And so this has led to a shallow path路径 in politics政治,
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这不但让政治走上一条肤浅的道路,
04:06
but also in a whole整个 range范围 of human人的 endeavors努力.
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也影响了各种层面的做法。
04:10
You can see it in the way we raise提高 our young年轻 kids孩子.
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你可以从我们抚养孩子的方式中窥其一二。
04:13
You go to an elementary初级 school学校 at three in the afternoon下午
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下午三点到小学去
04:16
and you watch the kids孩子 come out,
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看孩子出来,
04:18
and they're wearing穿着 these 80-pound-磅 backpacks背包.
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他们背着八十磅重的背包。
04:21
If the wind blows打击 them over, they're like beetles甲虫 stuck卡住 there on the ground地面.
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一阵风吹来,他们就会像甲虫一样翻倒在地。
04:25
You see these cars汽车 that drive驾驶 up --
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你看见这些豪华轿车--
04:27
usually平时 it's Saabs萨博 and Audis奥迪 and Volvos沃尔沃,
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可能是萨博、奥迪或沃尔沃富豪,
04:30
because in certain某些 neighborhoods社区 it's socially社交上 acceptable接受 to have a luxury豪华 car汽车,
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这些好车在某些社区被接受
04:33
so long as it comes from a country国家 hostile敌对 to U.S. foreign国外 policy政策 --
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只要不是来自那些抵触美国外交政策的国家
04:36
that's fine.
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就可以。
04:38
They get picked采摘的 up by these creatures生物 I've called uber-moms尤伯杯妈妈,
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他们被这些我称作超级母亲的生物接走,
04:41
who are highly高度 successful成功 career事业 women妇女
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这些生物不但事业成功
04:43
who have taken采取 time off to make sure all their kids孩子 get into Harvard哈佛.
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也会抽出时间确保她们的孩子进入哈佛。
04:46
And you can usually平时 tell the uber-moms尤伯杯妈妈
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你很容易辨识出超级母亲,
04:48
because they actually其实 weigh称重 less than their own拥有 children孩子.
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因为她们通常比孩子还瘦。
04:50
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
04:52
So at the moment时刻 of conception概念,
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在怀孕期间,
04:54
they're doing little butt屁股 exercises演习.
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她们摆摆屁股练习操。
04:56
Babies婴儿 flop拍击声 out,
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婴儿滑出后,
04:58
they're flashing闪烁 Mandarin普通话 flashcards卡片 at the things.
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她们拿出中文字卡要他们学习。
05:01
Driving驾驶 them home, and they want them to be enlightened开明,
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载孩子回家的路上,她们希望孩子变得懂事,
05:04
so they take them to Ben & Jerry's杰里的 ice cream奶油 company公司
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于是带他们去吃班杰利冰淇淋
05:06
with its own拥有 foreign国外 policy政策.
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也算一种她们自己的外交政策。
05:08
In one of my books图书,
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我在一本书里嘲弄
05:10
I joke玩笑 that Ben & Jerry's杰里的 should make a pacifist和平主义者 toothpaste牙膏 --
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说班杰利公司应该制造和平主义牙膏--
05:12
doesn't kill germs病菌, just asks them to leave离开.
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不杀菌,温和地请它们离开。
05:14
It would be a big seller卖家.
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这会大卖。
05:16
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
05:18
And they go to Whole整个 Foods食品 to get their baby宝宝 formula,
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他们去全食超市Whole Foods买婴儿食品。
05:21
and Whole整个 Foods食品 is one of those progressive进步 grocery杂货 stores商店
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全食超市是一种比较进步的大杂货店
05:23
where all the cashiers收银员 look like they're on loan贷款 from Amnesty大赦 International国际.
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所有的收银员好似是从国际人道组织借来的。
05:26
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
05:28
They buy购买 these seaweed-based海藻为主 snacks小吃 there
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她们去那里买海藻作成的零食
05:30
called Veggie素食 Booty赃物 with Kale羽衣甘蓝,
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叫甘蓝宝贝菜,
05:32
which哪一个 is for kids孩子 who come home and say,
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因为家里的孩子会说,
05:34
"Mom妈妈, mom妈妈, I want a snack小吃 that'll那会 help prevent避免 colon-rectal结肠直肠癌 cancer癌症."
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“妈!我要那些能预防结肠直肠癌的零食!”
05:37
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
05:39
And so the kids孩子 are raised上调 in a certain某些 way,
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这些孩子以这样方式成长,
05:41
jumping跳跃 through通过 achievement成就 hoops of the things we can measure测量 --
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经历着由我们权衡事情成功的考验--
05:44
SATSAT prep预备, oboe双簧管, soccer足球 practice实践.
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SAT考试、双簧管、足球练习。
05:47
They get into competitive竞争的 colleges高校, they get good jobs工作,
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进好学校,有好工作,
05:50
and sometimes有时 they make a success成功 of themselves他们自己
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有时候靠着自己的力量取得表面成功,
05:52
in a superficial manner方式, and they make a ton of money.
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赚许多许多钱。
05:55
And sometimes有时 you can see them at vacation假期 places地方
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你会在度假胜地看到他们
05:57
like Jackson杰克逊 Hole or Aspen阿斯彭.
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各种豪华滑雪度假村如杰克逊洞或者阿斯彭。
05:59
And they've他们已经 become成为 elegant优雅 and slender苗条 --
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他们更优雅、更修长--
06:01
they don't really have thighs大腿;
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他们没有大腿;
06:03
they just have one elegant优雅 calve犊牛 on top最佳 of another另一个.
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只有一条优雅的小腿叠在另一条优雅的小腿上。
06:06
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
06:08
They have kids孩子 of their own拥有,
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他们有了自己的孩子,
06:10
and they've他们已经 achieved实现 a genetic遗传 miracle奇迹 by marrying结婚 beautiful美丽 people,
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以娶嫁美丽人士实现基因遗传奇迹,
06:13
so their grandmomsgrandmoms look like Gertrude格特鲁德 Stein斯坦,
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奶奶看上去像女作家格特鲁德·斯泰因,
06:16
their daughters女儿 looks容貌 like Halle哈勒 Berry浆果 -- I don't know how they've他们已经 doneDONE that.
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女儿却像女明星哈莉·贝瑞--我不知道他们怎么办到的。
06:19
They get there and they realize实现
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他们到了滑雪胜地发现
06:22
it's fashionable时髦 now to have dogs小狗 a third第三 as tall as your ceiling天花板 heights高度.
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有条像房屋三分之一高的狗很时尚。
06:26
So they've他们已经 got these furry毛茸茸 160-pound-磅 dogs小狗 --
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于是他们买来那些一百六十磅的毛毛狗--
06:29
all look like velociraptors伶盗龙属,
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看上去像迅猛龙,
06:32
all named命名 after Jane Austen奥斯丁 characters人物.
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给它们取珍·奥丝汀书里的小说人名。
06:35
And then when they get old, they haven't没有 really developed发达 a philosophy哲学 of life,
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当他们逐渐老去,也没有发展出什么人生哲学,
06:38
but they've他们已经 decided决定, "I've been successful成功 at everything;
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但他们想“我已达成了所有成功,
06:40
I'm just not going to die."
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我可不想死。”
06:42
And so they hire聘请 personal个人 trainers培训师;
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于是他们请私人教练,
06:45
they're popping Cialis西力士 like breath呼吸 mints薄荷糖.
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吃犀利士像吃口香糖。
06:47
You see them on the mountains up there.
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他们就在那些山上。
06:49
They're cross-country越野 skiing滑雪 up the mountain
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他们滑遍各处的山
06:51
with these grim严峻 expressions表达式
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带着那样冰冷的神情
06:53
that make Dick迪克 Cheney切尼 look like Jerry杰瑞 Lewis刘易斯.
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严肃的政治人物迪克·切尼与其相比根本就是谐星杰里·刘易斯。
06:55
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
06:57
And as they whiz呼啸 by you,
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当他们从你身边滑过,
06:59
it's like being存在 passed通过 by a little iron RaisinetRaisinet
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就像有块钢铁小饼干
07:01
going up the hill爬坡道.
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从你身边无声飞过。
07:03
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
07:05
And so this is part部分 of what life is,
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这的确是人生的一部分,
07:08
but it's not all of what life is.
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但不是人生的全部。
07:11
And over the past过去 few少数 years年份,
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过去几年,
07:13
I think we've我们已经 been given特定 a deeper更深 view视图 of human人的 nature性质
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我们开始看到一些有关人性的深层研究
07:17
and a deeper更深 view视图 of who we are.
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有关我们究竟是谁。
07:19
And it's not based基于 on theology神学 or philosophy哲学,
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不是来自神学或哲学,
07:21
it's in the study研究 of the mind心神,
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而是来自思想研究,
07:23
across横过 all these spheres of research研究,
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从不同层次的学术界,
07:25
from neuroscience神经科学 to the cognitive认知 scientists科学家们,
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从神经科学到认知科学、
07:27
behavioral行为的 economists经济学家, psychologists心理学家,
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行为经济学、心理学、
07:29
sociology社会学,
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社会学,
07:31
we're developing发展 a revolution革命 in consciousness意识.
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这发展为一种意识革命。
07:34
And when you synthesize合成 it all,
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当你纵观以上全部,
07:36
it's giving us a new view视图 of human人的 nature性质.
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它给我们一种新的角度看人性。
07:38
And far from being存在 a coldly冷眼 materialistic唯物主义的 view视图 of nature性质,
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不只是冷冰冰的唯物观,
07:41
it's a new humanism人道主义, it's a new enchantment魅力.
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而是一种新的人道主义。
07:44
And I think when you synthesize合成 this research研究,
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当你整合这些研究,
07:46
you start开始 with three key insights见解.
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你会有三种理解。
07:48
The first insight眼光 is
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第一
07:50
that while the conscious意识 mind心神 writes the autobiography自传 of our species种类,
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当意识为人类写下自传,
07:53
the unconscious无意识 mind心神 does most of the work.
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潜意识却做了大部分的工作。
07:57
And so one way to formulate制定 that is
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简单说来,
07:59
the human人的 mind心神 can take in millions百万 of pieces of information信息 a minute分钟,
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人脑一分钟可以处理百万个细节,
08:02
of which哪一个 it can be consciously自觉 aware知道的 of about 40.
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但意识到的大概有40个。
08:05
And this leads引线 to oddities古怪.
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许多怪事由此发生。
08:07
One of my favorite喜爱 is that people named命名 Dennis丹尼斯
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我最喜欢的是许多叫丹尼的成了牙医
08:09
are disproportionately不成比例 likely容易 to become成为 dentists牙医,
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(英语的丹尼音近牙医),
08:12
people named命名 Lawrence劳伦斯 become成为 lawyers律师,
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叫罗伦斯的成了律师,
08:14
because unconsciously不知不觉 we gravitate受引力作用 toward things
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只因潜意识里我们倾向和音似的事物
08:16
that sound声音 familiar,
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拉拢靠近乎,
08:18
which哪一个 is why I named命名 my daughter女儿 President主席 of the United联合的 States状态 Brooks布鲁克斯.
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这就是我把女儿取名叫做美国总统的原因。
08:21
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
08:24
Another另一个 finding发现 is that the unconscious无意识,
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另外一个发现是
08:27
far from being存在 dumb and sexualized性化,
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潜意识不如人们想的那样愚笨与饥渴,
08:29
is actually其实 quite相当 smart聪明.
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事实上它很聪明。
08:31
So one of the most cognitively认知 demanding严格 things we do is buy购买 furniture家具.
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举例来说,买家具一直是件困难的事。
08:34
It's really hard to imagine想像 a sofa沙发, how it's going to look in your house.
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我们很难想象新沙发在房子里看上去会是什么模样。
08:37
And the way you should do that
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解决方法是,
08:39
is study研究 the furniture家具,
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仔细看清家具的模样,
08:41
let it marinate in your mind心神, distract转移 yourself你自己,
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把它沉浸在脑海,先别想它,
08:43
and then a few少数 days later后来, go with your gut肠道,
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几天以后,以你的直觉去买,
08:45
because unconsciously不知不觉 you've figured想通 it out.
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因为潜意识已经为你解决了这个问题。
08:47
The second第二 insight眼光
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第二
08:49
is that emotions情绪 are at the center中央 of our thinking思维.
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情绪是我们思考的中心。
08:52
People with strokes and lesions病变
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中风的人和在大脑处理情绪区域
08:54
in the emotion-processing情感处理 parts部分 of the brain
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发生机能损害的人
08:56
are not super smart聪明,
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并不聪明,
08:58
they're actually其实 sometimes有时 quite相当 helpless无助.
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事实上他们很无助。
09:00
And the "giant巨人" in the field领域 is in the room房间 tonight今晚
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研究这领域的巨人今晚就在我们当中
09:02
and is speaking请讲 tomorrow明天 morning早上 -- Antonio安东尼奥 Damasio达马西奥.
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Antonio Damasio - 他的演讲在明天早上。
09:05
And one of the things he's really shown显示 us
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他的研究告诉我们
09:07
is that emotions情绪 are not separate分离 from reason原因,
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情绪并不和理性分开,
09:10
but they are the foundation基础 of reason原因
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情绪其实是理性的基础,
09:12
because they tell us what to value.
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它告诉我们什么是重要的。
09:14
And so reading and educating教育 your emotions情绪
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理解和训练你的情绪
09:16
is one of the central中央 activities活动 of wisdom智慧.
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是通往智慧的道路。
09:19
Now I'm a middle-aged中年 guy.
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身为一个中年男子;
09:21
I'm not exactly究竟 comfortable自在 with emotions情绪.
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我并不善于谈论情绪。
09:23
One of my favorite喜爱 brain stories故事 described描述 these middle-aged中年 guys.
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我最喜欢的有关大脑的故事却以中年男子为例。
09:26
They put them into a brain scan扫描 machine --
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把中年男子放进脑扫描机器里--
09:29
this is apocryphal杜撰 by the way, but I don't care关心 --
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这没什么根据,但无所谓--
09:32
and they had them watch a horror恐怖 movie电影,
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让这些中年男子看恐怖电影,
09:35
and then they had them describe描述 their feelings情怀 toward their wives妻子.
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再让他们叙述他们面对妻子的感受。
09:39
And the brain scans扫描 were identical相同 in both activities活动.
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两者的脑扫描结果是一样的。
09:42
It was just sheer绝对 terror恐怖.
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绝对的恐怖。
09:44
So me talking about emotion情感
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让我们谈情绪
09:46
is like Gandhi甘地 talking about gluttony暴食,
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就像叫甘地谈论暴食,
09:48
but it is the central中央 organizing组织 process处理
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但情绪帮助我们
09:50
of the way we think.
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整理思绪。
09:52
It tells告诉 us what to imprint版本说明.
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它告诉我们应该记得什么
09:54
The brain is the record记录 of the feelings情怀 of a life.
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大脑纪录我们一生经历过的感受
09:56
And the third第三 insight眼光
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第三是
09:58
is that we're not primarily主要 self-contained自足 individuals个人.
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我们不是独立的个体。
10:02
We're social社会 animals动物, not rational合理的 animals动物.
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我们是社群动物,不是理性动物。
10:05
We emerge出现 out of relationships关系,
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我们从人际关系中成长,
10:07
and we are deeply interpenetrated相互渗透, one with another另一个.
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深深地互相影响。
10:10
And so when we see another另一个 person,
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当我们见到他人,
10:12
we reenact重演 in our own拥有 minds头脑
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我们会在脑中演练
10:14
what we see in their minds头脑.
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他们脑中所看到的景象。
10:16
When we watch a car汽车 chase in a movie电影,
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当我们看到电影里的飞车追逐
10:18
it's almost几乎 as if we are subtly巧妙的 having a car汽车 chase.
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就像是我们也默默地经历了它。
10:21
When we watch pornography色情,
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当我们看色情影带
10:23
it's a little like having sex性别,
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就有点像我们也进行了性行为,
10:25
though虽然 probably大概 not as good.
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虽然没有这么真实。
10:27
And we see this when lovers情侣 walk步行 down the street,
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当我们看到路上散步的情侣,
10:30
when a crowd人群 in Egypt埃及 or Tunisia突尼斯
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当群众占领了埃及和突尼西亚
10:32
gets得到 caught抓住 up in an emotional情绪化 contagion传染性,
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情绪油然而生蔓延着,
10:34
the deep interpenetration相互渗透.
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相互影响。
10:36
And this revolution革命 in who we are
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它随时改变我们
10:39
gives us a different不同 way of seeing眼看, I think, politics政治,
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让我们用不同角度理解政治,
10:42
a different不同 way, most importantly重要的,
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最重要的
10:44
of seeing眼看 human人的 capital首都.
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重新审视人力资本。
10:46
We are now children孩子 of the French法国 Enlightenment启示.
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我们是法国启蒙的后代。
10:50
We believe that reason原因 is the highest最高 of the faculties各系.
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我们相信理性是最重要的。
10:53
But I think this research研究 shows节目
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但我相信研究会告诉我们
10:55
that the British英国的 Enlightenment启示, or the Scottish苏格兰的 Enlightenment启示,
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休姆或亚当史密斯带来的
10:57
with David大卫 Hume休谟, Adam亚当 Smith工匠,
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英式或苏格兰式启蒙
10:59
actually其实 had a better handle处理 on who we are --
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更接近我们的本真--
11:02
that reason原因 is often经常 weak, our sentiments情绪 are strong强大,
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理性往往软弱,感性时时强大,
11:05
and our sentiments情绪 are often经常 trustworthy可靠.
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而我们的感性是值得信任的。
11:08
And this work corrects校正 that bias偏压 in our culture文化,
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这些研究改正了我们文化中的偏见,
11:11
that dehumanizing非人性化 bias偏压.
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那深入人心的偏见
11:13
It gives us a deeper更深 sense
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它让我们理解
11:15
of what it actually其实 takes
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究竟怎样的生活
11:17
for us to thrive兴旺 in this life.
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才是个成功的人生。
11:19
When we think about human人的 capital首都
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当我们想到人力资本
11:21
we think about the things we can measure测量 easily容易 --
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我们想到的是那些评鉴标准--
11:24
things like grades等级, SAT'sSAT的, degrees,
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学校成绩、考试成绩、学位成绩,
11:27
the number of years年份 in schooling教育.
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和在学校的岁月年华。
11:29
What it really takes to do well, to lead a meaningful富有意义的 life,
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事实上,要过个有意义的人生
11:32
are things that are deeper更深,
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来自于更深层的事物,
11:34
things we don't really even have words for.
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那些甚至无法言说的感受。
11:37
And so let me list名单 just a couple一对 of the things
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在此让我点出两件事
11:39
I think this research研究 points us toward trying to understand理解.
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我想这研究要我们去了解这些。
11:43
The first gift礼品, or talent天赋, is mindsightmindsight --
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第一种天赋或者才华其实是一种心智直观--
11:46
the ability能力 to enter输入 into other people's人们 minds头脑
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去理解他人想法,和懂得他人
11:50
and learn学习 what they have to offer提供.
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的能力。
11:52
Babies婴儿 come with this ability能力.
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婴儿就有这种能力。
11:54
MeltzoffMeltzoff, who's谁是 at the University大学 of Washington华盛顿,
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华盛顿大学的梅尔索夫
11:56
leaned凑近 over a baby宝宝 who was 43 minutes分钟 old.
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俯身对着43分钟大的婴儿
11:59
He wagged摇摇 his tongue at the baby宝宝.
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吐舌头。
12:01
The baby宝宝 wagged摇摇 her tongue back.
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婴儿也向他吐舌头。
12:04
Babies婴儿 are born天生 to interpenetrate互相渗透 into Mom's妈妈的 mind心神
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婴儿生来就能感知读懂母亲的心思
12:07
and to download下载 what they find --
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了解他们探寻的所有东西--
12:09
their models楷模 of how to understand理解 reality现实.
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这成为他们理解现实世界的模式。
12:11
In the United联合的 States状态, 55 percent百分 of babies婴儿
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在美国,55%的婴儿
12:14
have a deep two-way双向 conversation会话 with Mom妈妈
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和母亲有亲密的双向沟通
12:16
and they learn学习 models楷模 to how to relate涉及 to other people.
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他们用这种模式学习该和他人如何交流。
12:19
And those people who have models楷模 of how to relate涉及
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这些懂得和他人交流的人
12:21
have a huge巨大 head start开始 in life.
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在人生路途中超前许多。
12:23
Scientists科学家们 at the University大学 of Minnesota明尼苏达 did a study研究
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明尼苏达州大学的科学家做了个研究
12:25
in which哪一个 they could predict预测
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看谁可以在18岁
12:27
with 77 percent百分 accuracy准确性, at age年龄 18 months个月,
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从高中毕业
12:30
who was going to graduate毕业 from high school学校,
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有77%的准确度
12:32
based基于 on who had good attachment附件 with mom妈妈.
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取决于他们与母亲的亲密程度。
12:35
Twenty二十 percent百分 of kids孩子 do not have those relationships关系.
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两成没有这种关系的孩子
12:38
They are what we call avoidantlyavoidantly attached.
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我们称他们为回避型亲密关系。
12:40
They have trouble麻烦 relating有关 to other people.
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他们往往难以与他人建立关系。
12:42
They go through通过 life
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他们走过人生
12:44
like sailboats帆船 tacking黏合 into the wind --
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像不停转变航线的小船--
12:46
wanting希望 to get close to people,
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想和人更靠近,
12:48
but not really having the models楷模 of how to do that.
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但却没有模式能帮助他们。
12:51
And so this is one skill技能
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这是一种
12:53
of how to hoover胡佛 up knowledge知识, one from another另一个.
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向别人吸收知识的技术。
12:55
A second第二 skill技能 is equal等于 poise平衡,
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第二种能力也一样重要。
12:58
the ability能力 to have the serenity宁静
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平心静气地解读
13:00
to read the biases偏见 and failures故障 in your own拥有 mind心神.
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自己的偏见和失败。
13:03
So for example, we are overconfidence过度自信 machines.
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举例来说,我们是台过分自信的机器。
13:06
Ninety-five九十五 percent百分 of our professors教授 report报告
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95%的教授宣称
13:09
that they are above-average高于平均水平 teachers教师.
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他们比普遍的教授都优秀。
13:11
Ninety-six96 percent百分 of college学院 students学生们
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96%的大学生
13:13
say they have above-average高于平均水平 social社会 skills技能.
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认为他们的社交手腕胜于常人。
13:16
Time magazine杂志 asked Americans美国人, "Are you in the top最佳 one percent百分 of earners?"
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时代杂志问美国人“你是美国人中收入最好的那10%吗?”
13:19
Nineteen十九 percent百分 of Americans美国人 are in the top最佳 one percent百分 of earners.
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19%的美国人是那10%。
13:22
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
13:24
This is a gender-linked与性别有关的 trait特征, by the way.
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事实上,这是一个和性别有关的特点。
13:26
Men男人 drown at twice两次 the rate of women妇女,
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淹死的男人比女人多上两倍,
13:28
because men男人 think they can swim游泳 across横过 that lake.
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因为男人都觉得他们可以游过那条河
13:31
But some people have the ability能力 and awareness意识
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但有些人有能力可以辨识出
13:34
of their own拥有 biases偏见, their own拥有 overconfidence过度自信.
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自己的偏见与过分自信。
13:37
They have epistemological认识论 modesty谦虚.
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他们在知识论上保持谦虚。
13:39
They are open-minded思想开明的 in the face面对 of ambiguity歧义.
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他们对暧昧不明的事物保持开放。
13:42
They are able能够 to adjust调整 strength强度 of the conclusions结论
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他们可以随着证据强度
13:44
to the strength强度 of their evidence证据.
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调整结论。
13:46
They are curious好奇.
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他们好奇。
13:48
And these traits性状 are often经常 unrelated无关 and uncorrelated不相关 with IQ智商.
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而这些特性和IQ没有直接关系。
13:51
The third第三 trait特征 is metis梅蒂斯,
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第三个特性是medes,
13:53
what we might威力 call street smarts智慧 -- it's a Greek希腊语 word.
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这是希腊文,也可以说是见机行事。
13:56
It's a sensitivity灵敏度 to the physical物理 environment环境,
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它是一种对身边事物保持敏感,
13:58
the ability能力 to pick out patterns模式 in an environment环境 --
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从环境中找出模式
14:00
derive派生 a gist要旨.
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推演出重点的能力。
14:02
One of my colleagues同事 at the Times
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我在时代杂志的一个同事
14:04
did a great story故事 about soldiers士兵 in Iraq伊拉克
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为伊拉克士兵做了一个专题
14:06
who could look down a street and detect检测 somehow不知何故
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他们可以光靠看着一条街
14:09
whether是否 there was an IEDIED, a landmine地雷, in the street.
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就知道有没有地雷。
14:11
They couldn't不能 tell you how they did it,
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他们没办法告诉你他们是怎么办到的
14:13
but they could feel cold, they felt a coldness寒冷,
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但他们感觉到一种毛骨悚然,
14:16
and they were more often经常 right than wrong错误.
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而他们往往是对的。
14:19
The third第三 is what you might威力 call sympathy同情,
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第三种能力也可以说是同感,
14:21
the ability能力 to work within groups.
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在群体中共事的能力。
14:24
And that comes in tremendously异常 handy便利,
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这种能力非常有用,
14:27
because groups are smarter聪明 than individuals个人.
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因为群体比个人聪明--
14:29
And face-to-face面对面 groups are much smarter聪明
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面对面的群体比经由电子产品交流的群体
14:31
than groups that communicate通信 electronically电子,
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更聪明,
14:34
because 90 percent百分 of our communication通讯 is non-verbal非语言.
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因为有九成资讯不是靠语言交流。
14:37
And the effectiveness效用 of a group
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一个群体的影响力
14:39
is not determined决心 by the IQ智商 of the group;
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不是取决于群体成员的智商,
14:42
it's determined决心 by how well they communicate通信,
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而是他们沟通的方法,
14:45
how often经常 they take turns in conversation会话.
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他们是否轮流对话。
14:48
Then you could talk about a trait特征 like blending混纺.
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然后我们可以讨论“混合”的特性。
14:51
Any child儿童 can say, "I'm a tiger," pretend假装 to be a tiger.
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任何小孩都可以说“我​​是老虎”然后假装自己是老虎。
14:54
It seems似乎 so elementary初级.
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它看起来很简单。
14:56
But in fact事实, it's phenomenally惊人 complicated复杂
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但事实上,它出乎意料的复杂
14:58
to take a concept概念 "I" and a concept概念 "tiger"
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把“我”和“老虎”的概念
15:00
and blend混合 them together一起.
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混合在一起。
15:02
But this is the source资源 of innovation革新.
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但这就是创新的能力。
15:04
What Picasso毕加索 did, for example,
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像毕卡索就是
15:06
was take the concept概念 "Western西 art艺术"
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结合西方艺术的概念
15:08
and the concept概念 "African非洲人 masks面具"
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和非洲面具的概念
15:10
and blend混合 them together一起 --
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将他们混合在一起--
15:12
not only the geometry几何,
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不只是几何图案,
15:14
but the moral道德 systems系统 entailedentailed in them.
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还有它们所展示的伦理逻辑连为一体。
15:16
And these are skills技能, again, we can't count计数 and measure测量.
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这些都是我们无法衡量的能力。
15:18
And then the final最后 thing I'll mention提到
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最后我想提到的是
15:20
is something you might威力 call limerencelimerence.
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一种叫热切的心理状态。
15:22
And this is not an ability能力;
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这不是一种能力,
15:24
it's a drive驾驶 and a motivation动机.
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更像一种动力或激励。
15:27
The conscious意识 mind心神 hungers饥渴 for success成功 and prestige声望.
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意识想要的是成功和名望。
15:30
The unconscious无意识 mind心神 hungers饥渴
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潜意识想要的是
15:32
for those moments瞬间 of transcendence超越,
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那些超然的短暂时刻,
15:34
when the skull头骨 line线 disappears消失
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当我们全身心投入
15:36
and we are lost丢失 in a challenge挑战 or a task任务 --
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沉溺在一项任务或挑战中--
15:39
when a craftsman feels感觉 lost丢失 in his craft手艺,
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就像工匠沉迷于它的技艺,
15:42
when a naturalist博物 feels感觉 at one with nature性质,
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爱好自然者和自然合为一体,
15:45
when a believer信徒 feels感觉 at one with God's love.
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信徒感觉和神的爱合一。
15:48
That is what the unconscious无意识 mind心神 hungers饥渴 for.
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这些就是潜意识渴望的经历。
15:51
And many许多 of us feel it in love
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我们当中的许多人在恋爱中体验
15:53
when lovers情侣 feel fused融合.
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这种合一的感觉。
15:55
And one of the most beautiful美丽 descriptions说明
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在这个研究中
15:57
I've come across横过 in this research研究
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有关人脑如何互相影响沟通
16:00
of how minds头脑 interpenetrate互相渗透
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的最美丽一段叙述
16:02
was written书面 by a great theorist理论家 and scientist科学家
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是来自一位印地安那大学的理论科学家
16:04
named命名 Douglas道格拉斯 Hofstadter霍夫斯塔特 at the University大学 of Indiana印地安那.
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他叫道格拉斯·霍夫施塔特。
16:07
He was married已婚 to a woman女人 named命名 Carol颂歌,
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他的妻子叫卡罗尔,
16:09
and they had a wonderful精彩 relationship关系.
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他们有一段很美好的关系。
16:11
When their kids孩子 were five and two,
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孩子有五岁和两岁时,
16:13
Carol颂歌 had a stroke行程 and a brain tumor and died死亡 suddenly突然.
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卡罗尔中风,因脑瘤突然逝世。
16:17
And Hofstadter霍夫斯塔特 wrote a book
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霍夫施塔特写了一本书
16:19
called "I Am a Strange奇怪 Loop循环."
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叫:《我是一个奇异的环》。
16:21
In the course课程 of that book, he describes介绍 a moment时刻 --
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在书里他描述一个时刻,
16:23
just months个月 after Carol颂歌 has died死亡 --
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卡罗尔逝世后几个月,
16:26
he comes across横过 her picture图片 on the mantel壁炉架上,
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他在卧室或在壁炉架上
16:28
or on a bureau in his bedroom卧室.
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看到她的照片。
16:30
And here's这里的 what he wrote:
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他这儿描写到:
16:32
"I looked看着 at her face面对,
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“我看着她的脸,
16:34
and I looked看着 so deeply
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我深深地看入迷了
16:36
that I felt I was behind背后 her eyes眼睛.
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仿佛我就影射到她瞳孔里。
16:38
And all at once一旦 I found发现 myself saying
403
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同时,我发现我流着泪
16:40
as tears眼泪 flowed流入,
404
985000
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说,
16:42
'That's me. That's me.'
405
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2000
‘是我。是我。’
16:44
And those simple简单 words
406
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这几个简单的字
16:46
brought back many许多 thoughts思念 that I had had before,
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让我再次感受之前有过的想法,
16:48
about the fusion聚变 of our souls灵魂
408
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有关灵魂的融合
16:50
into one higher-level更高层次 entity实体,
409
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成为一个更高的存在,
16:52
about the fact事实 that at the core核心 of both our souls灵魂
410
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在我们彼此的灵魂深处
16:55
lay铺设 our identical相同 hopes希望 and dreams for our children孩子,
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对我们的孩子有着一样的希望和梦想,
16:59
about the notion概念 that those hopes希望
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这些希望
17:01
were not separate分离 or distinct不同 hopes希望,
413
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并不遥远或者是不可即的希望,
17:03
but were just one hope希望,
414
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只是一个小小的希望,
17:05
one clear明确 thing that defined定义 us both,
415
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一件让我俩合一
17:07
that welded焊接 us into a unit单元 --
416
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让我们成为一体的希望--
17:09
the kind of unit单元 I had but dimly依稀 imagined想象
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那些我在婚前,和有孩子前
17:12
before being存在 married已婚 and having children孩子.
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模糊想象过的连为一体的希望。
17:15
I realized实现 that, though虽然 Carol颂歌 had died死亡,
419
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我意识到,虽然卡罗尔已经过世了,
17:17
that core核心 piece of her had not died死亡 at all,
420
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她的核心思想并没有死去,
17:20
but had lived生活 on very determinedly断然地 in my brain."
421
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而是在我的脑中继续活着。”
17:24
The Greeks希腊人 say we suffer遭受 our way to wisdom智慧.
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希腊人说我们只有经过痛苦,才能通向智慧的彼岸。
17:27
Through通过 his suffering痛苦, Hofstadter霍夫斯塔特 understood了解
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经过霍夫施塔特的痛苦,他理解到
17:29
how deeply interpenetrated相互渗透 we are.
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我们相互影响的程度是如此深远。
17:32
Through通过 the policy政策 failures故障 of the last 30 years年份,
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从过去30年来的政策失败,
17:35
we have come to acknowledge确认, I think,
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我想我们已经知道
17:38
how shallow our view视图 of human人的 nature性质 has been.
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我们对人性的了解有多么肤浅。
17:41
And now as we confront面对 that shallowness浅薄
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现在,当我们正面面对我们的肤浅
17:44
and the failures故障 that derive派生 from our inability无力
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和失败,它们是源自我们
17:46
to get the depths深处 of who we are,
430
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不能够深入了解我们自身的人性,
17:48
comes this revolution革命 in consciousness意识 --
431
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随之便有了这种意识革命--
17:50
these people in so many许多 fields领域
432
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许多不同领域的人
17:53
exploring探索 the depth深度 of our nature性质
433
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开始研究人性的深度
17:55
and coming未来 away with this enchanted入迷,
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发展出这个迷人的
17:57
this new humanism人道主义.
435
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新人道主义。
17:59
And when Freud弗洛伊德 discovered发现 his sense of the unconscious无意识,
436
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当弗洛伊德发现了潜意识,
18:01
it had a vast广大 effect影响 on the climate气候 of the times.
437
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这巨大的影响了当时的学术状况。
18:04
Now we are discovering发现 a more accurate准确 vision视力
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现在我们发现了一个有关我们潜意识的更准确看法
18:07
of the unconscious无意识, of who we are deep inside,
439
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--我们内心里究竟是谁。
18:10
and it's going to have a wonderful精彩 and profound深刻
440
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它将会对我们的文化带来一种美妙、深刻
18:12
and humanizing人性化 effect影响 on our culture文化.
441
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和更为人性的影响。
18:14
Thank you.
442
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谢谢各位。
18:16
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
Translated by Coco Shen
Reviewed by Angelia King

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David Brooks - Op-ed columnist
Writer and thinker David Brooks has covered business, crime and politics over a long career in journalism.

Why you should listen

David Brooks became an Op-Ed columnist for The New York Times in September 2003. He is currently a commentator on "The PBS Newshour," NPR’s "All Things Considered" and NBC's "Meet the Press."

He is the author of Bobos in Paradise and The Social Animal. In April 2015, he released with his fourth book, The Road to Character, which was a #1 New York Times bestseller.

Brooks also teaches at Yale University, and is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences.

Born on August 11, 1961 in Toronto, Canada, Brooks graduated a bachelor of history from the University of Chicago in 1983. He became a police reporter for the City News Bureau, a wire service owned jointly by the Chicago Tribune and Sun-Times.

He worked at The Washington Times and then The Wall Street Journal for nine years. His last post at the Journal was as Op-ed Editor. Prior to that, he was posted in Brussels, covering Russia, the Middle East, South Africa and European affairs. His first post at the Journal was as editor of the book review section, and he filled in as the Journal's movie critic.

He also served as a senior editor at The Weekly Standard for 9 years, as well as contributing editor for The Atlantic and Newsweek.

More profile about the speaker
David Brooks | Speaker | TED.com