TED2011
David Brooks: The social animal
David Brooks: Društvena životinja
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Koristeći se otkrićima iz svoje najnovije knjige, kolumnist NYTimes-a David Brooks otkriva nove uvide u ljudsku prirodu iz kognitivnih znanosti -- uvide s velikim implikacijama za ekonomiju i politiku kao i za našu vlastitu samospoznaju. U govoru punom humora on pokazuje kako se ne možete nadati da ćete razumijeti ljude kao zasebne pojedince donoseći odluke na temelju njihove svjesne svijesti.
David Brooks - Op-ed columnist
Writer and thinker David Brooks has covered business, crime and politics over a long career in journalism. Full bio
Writer and thinker David Brooks has covered business, crime and politics over a long career in journalism. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
When I got my current job, I was given a good piece of advice,
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Kad sam dobio svoj trenutni posao, dali su mi dobar savjet,
00:18
which was to interview three politicians every day.
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a to je da intervjuiram tri političara svaki dan.
00:21
And from that much contact with politicians,
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I iz tog čestog kontakta s političarima,
00:23
I can tell you they're all emotional freaks of one sort or another.
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mogu vam reći da su svi emocionalne nakaze neke vrste.
00:27
They have what I called "logorrhea dementia,"
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Imaju nešto što ja zovem logorrhea dementia,
00:29
which is they talk so much they drive themselves insane.
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što znači da toliko govore da izluđuju sami sebe.
00:32
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
00:34
But what they do have is incredible social skills.
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Ali ono što imaju su nevjerojatne socijalne vještine.
00:37
When you meet them, they lock into you,
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Kad ih upoznate, oni se usredotoče na vas,
00:39
they look you in the eye,
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gledaju vas u oči,
00:41
they invade your personal space,
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upadaju u vaš osobni prostor,
00:43
they massage the back of your head.
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masiraju vam potiljak.
00:45
I had dinner with a Republican senator several months ago
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Večerao sam s republikanskim senatorom prije nekoliko mjeseci,
00:47
who kept his hand on my inner thigh
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koji je držao svoju ruku na unutarnjem dijelu mog bedra
00:49
throughout the whole meal -- squeezing it.
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tijekom cijele večere -- stiščući ga.
00:52
I once -- this was years ago --
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Jednom sam -- prije dosta godina --
00:54
I saw Ted Kennedy and Dan Quayle meet in the well of the Senate.
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vidio susret Teda Kennedyja i Dana Quaylea u Senatu.
00:56
And they were friends, and they hugged each other
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Bili su prijatelji, grlili su se
00:58
and they were laughing, and their faces were like this far apart.
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i smijali, lica su im ovoliko udaljena.
01:01
And they were moving and grinding
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Kretali su se i cerili
01:03
and moving their arms up and down each other.
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i prelazili rukama gore i dolje jedan po drugome.
01:05
And I was like, "Get a room. I don't want to see this."
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Pomislio sam, "Nađite si sobu. Ne želim to gledati."
01:08
But they have those social skills.
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No oni imaju te socijalne vještine.
01:10
Another case:
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Drugi slučaj:
01:12
Last election cycle,
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U zadnjem predizbornom krugu,
01:14
I was following Mitt Romney around New Hampshire,
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slijedio sam Mitta Romneya New Hampshireom.
01:16
and he was campaigning with his five perfect sons:
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Provodio je kampanju s petoricom svojih savršenih sinova:
01:19
Bip, Chip, Rip, Zip, Lip and Dip.
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Bipom, Chipom, Ripom, Zipom, Lipom i Dipom.
01:21
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:23
And he's going into a diner.
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On odlazi u restoran.
01:25
And he goes into the diner, introduces himself to a family
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Ulazi u restoran, predstavlja se jednoj obitelji
01:28
and says, "What village are you from in New Hampshire?"
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i kaže, "Iz kojeg ste mjesta u New Hampshireu?"
01:30
And then he describes the home he owned in their village.
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I zatim opisuje dom koji je imao u njihovom mjestu.
01:34
And so he goes around the room,
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I tako ide salom,
01:37
and then as he's leaving the diner,
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i napuštajući restoran,
01:39
he first-names almost everybody he's just met.
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oslovi prvim imenom skoro sve koje je upravo upoznao.
01:42
I was like, "Okay, that's social skill."
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Pomislio sam, "U redu, to je socijalna vještina."
01:44
But the paradox is,
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No paradoks je u tome
01:46
when a lot of these people slip into the policy-making mode,
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kad mnogi od tih ljudi prijeđe na stvaranje politike,
01:50
that social awareness vanishes
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ta društvena svijest nestaje
01:52
and they start talking like accountants.
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i oni počinju govoriti kao računovođe.
01:54
So in the course of my career,
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Tijekom svoje karijere,
01:56
I have covered a series of failures.
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pratio sam niz neuspjeha.
01:58
We sent economists in the Soviet Union
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Poslali smo ekonomiste u Sovjetski Savez
02:00
with privatization plans when it broke up,
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s planovima za privatizaciju kada se raspao,
02:02
and what they really lacked was social trust.
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i nedostajalo im je socijalno povjerenje.
02:05
We invaded Iraq with a military
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Izvršili smo invaziju na Irak s vojskom
02:07
oblivious to the cultural and psychological realities.
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zaboravivši na kulturalne i psihološke razlike.
02:10
We had a financial regulatory regime
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Imali smo režim financijske regulative
02:12
based on the assumptions
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koji se zasniva na pretpostavkama
02:14
that traders were rational creatures
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da su trgovci razumna bića
02:16
who wouldn't do anything stupid.
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koja ne bi učinila ništa glupo.
02:18
For 30 years, I've been covering school reform
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30 godina sam pratio školske reforme
02:21
and we've basically reorganized the bureaucratic boxes --
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i u osnovi smo reorganizirali birokratske zapreke --
02:24
charters, private schools, vouchers --
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dokumente, privatne škole, svjedodžbe --
02:27
but we've had disappointing results year after year.
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no imali smo razočaravajuće rezultate godinu za godinom.
02:31
And the fact is, people learn from people they love.
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I činjenica je da ljudi uče od ljudi koje vole.
02:34
And if you're not talking about the individual relationship
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I ako ne govorite o individualnoj vezi
02:36
between a teacher and a student,
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između učitelja i učenika,
02:38
you're not talking about that reality.
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vi ne govorite o toj realnosti,
02:40
But that reality is expunged
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nego je ta realnost izbrisana
02:42
from our policy-making process.
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iz procesa stvaranje politike.
02:44
And so that's led to a question for me:
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I to me je dovelo do pitanja:
02:47
Why are the most socially-attuned people on earth
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Zašto su najviše društveno prilagođeni ljudi na zemlji
02:50
completely dehumanized
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u potpunosti dehumanizirani
02:52
when they think about policy?
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kad razmišljaju o politici?
02:55
And I came to the conclusion,
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I došao sam do zaključka
02:57
this is a symptom of a larger problem.
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da je to simptom većeg problema.
03:00
That, for centuries, we've inherited a view of human nature
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Da smo, stoljećima, naslijeđivali gledište o ljudskoj prirodi
03:03
based on the notion
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koje se temeljilo na ideji
03:05
that we're divided selves,
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da smo odvojene jedinke,
03:07
that reason is separated from the emotions
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da je razum odvojen od emocija
03:10
and that society progresses
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i da se društvo razvija
03:12
to the extent that reason can suppress the passions.
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u mjeri u kojoj taj razum može potisnuti strasti.
03:15
And it's led to a view of human nature
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I to je dovelo do gledišta o ljudskoj prirodi
03:18
that we're rational individuals
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po kojem smo razumni pojedinci
03:20
who respond in straightforward ways to incentives,
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koji reagiraju na neposredne načine na poticaje.
03:23
and it's led to ways of seeing the world
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I to je dovelo do pogleda na svijet
03:26
where people try to use the assumptions of physics
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gdje ljudi nastoje koristiti pretpostavke fizike
03:29
to measure how human behavior is.
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da izmjere koliko je humano ljudsko ponašanje.
03:34
And it's produced a great amputation,
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I to je stvorilo veliki nedostatak,
03:36
a shallow view of human nature.
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površan pogled na ljudsku prirodu.
03:39
We're really good at talking about material things,
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Dobri smo u pričanju o materijalnim stvarima,
03:41
but we're really bad at talking about emotions.
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no loši smo u pričanju o emocijama.
03:44
We're really good at talking about skills
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Dobri smo u pričanju o vještinama
03:46
and safety and health;
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i sigurnosti i zdravlju,
03:48
we're really bad at talking about character.
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vrlo smo loši u pričanju o karakteru.
03:51
Alasdair MacIntyre, the famous philosopher,
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Alasdair MacIntyre, slavni filozof,
03:54
said that, "We have the concepts of the ancient morality
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rekao je, "Mi imamo koncepte drevnog morala
03:57
of virtue, honor, goodness,
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vrline, časti, dobrote,
03:59
but we no longer have a system
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no više nemamo sustav
04:01
by which to connect them."
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po kojem bi ih povezivali."
04:03
And so this has led to a shallow path in politics,
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To je dovelo do površnosti u politici,
04:06
but also in a whole range of human endeavors.
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ali također i cijelog raspona ljudskih nastojanja.
04:10
You can see it in the way we raise our young kids.
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To je vidljivo u načinu na koji odgajamo našu djecu.
04:13
You go to an elementary school at three in the afternoon
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Odlazite u osnovnu školu u tri sata popodne
04:16
and you watch the kids come out,
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gledate kako djeca izlaze,
04:18
and they're wearing these 80-pound backpacks.
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ona nose ruksake od 40-ak kilograma.
04:21
If the wind blows them over, they're like beetles stuck there on the ground.
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Da ih vjetar prevrne, izgledali bi kao bube koje se ne mogu okrenuti.
04:25
You see these cars that drive up --
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Vidite te aute koji dolaze --
04:27
usually it's Saabs and Audis and Volvos,
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obično marke Saab, Audi i Volvo,
04:30
because in certain neighborhoods it's socially acceptable to have a luxury car,
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zato što je u određenim kvartovima društveno prihvaćeno imati luksuzan auto,
04:33
so long as it comes from a country hostile to U.S. foreign policy --
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sve dok dolazi iz zemlje neprijateljski nastrojene prema vanjskoj politici SAD-a --
04:36
that's fine.
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u redu je.
04:38
They get picked up by these creatures I've called uber-moms,
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Po njih dolaze ta bića koja zovem nadmame,
04:41
who are highly successful career women
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koje imaju vrlo uspješne karijere
04:43
who have taken time off to make sure all their kids get into Harvard.
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koje su uzele pauzu da bi se sva njihova djeca upisala na Harvard.
04:46
And you can usually tell the uber-moms
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Obično možete razlikovati nadmame,
04:48
because they actually weigh less than their own children.
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jer teže manje od vlastite djece.
04:50
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:52
So at the moment of conception,
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U trenutku začeća,
04:54
they're doing little butt exercises.
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rade vježbice za stražnjicu.
04:56
Babies flop out,
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Bebe ispadaju van,
04:58
they're flashing Mandarin flashcards at the things.
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pokazuju im slikovne kartice na mandarinskom.
05:01
Driving them home, and they want them to be enlightened,
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Vozeći ih kući, i one žele da im djeca budu prosvjećena,
05:04
so they take them to Ben & Jerry's ice cream company
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pa ih vode u tvornicu sladoleda Ben & Jerry
05:06
with its own foreign policy.
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s vlastitom vanjskom politikom.
05:08
In one of my books,
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U jednoj od mojih knjiga,
05:10
I joke that Ben & Jerry's should make a pacifist toothpaste --
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šalim se kako bi Ben & Jerry mogli proizvoditi pacifističku zubnu pastu --
05:12
doesn't kill germs, just asks them to leave.
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ne ubija bakterije, samo ih moli da odu.
05:14
It would be a big seller.
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Dobro bi se prodavala.
05:16
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:18
And they go to Whole Foods to get their baby formula,
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I odlaze u Whole Foods po mlijeko za dojenčad.
05:21
and Whole Foods is one of those progressive grocery stores
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I Whole Foods je jedna od onih naprednih trgovina
05:23
where all the cashiers look like they're on loan from Amnesty International.
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gdje svi blagajnici izgledaju kao da su posuđeni iz Amnesty Internationala.
05:26
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:28
They buy these seaweed-based snacks there
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Tamo kupuju hranu na bazi morskih algi
05:30
called Veggie Booty with Kale,
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pod nazivom Veggie Booty s keljom,
05:32
which is for kids who come home and say,
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namijenjena djeci koja dolaze kući i kažu,
05:34
"Mom, mom, I want a snack that'll help prevent colon-rectal cancer."
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"Mama, mama, želim hranu koja sprečava tumor debelog crijeva."
05:37
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:39
And so the kids are raised in a certain way,
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I tako se djeca odgajaju na određen način,
05:41
jumping through achievement hoops of the things we can measure --
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preskačući obruče dostignuća stvari koje možemo mjeriti --
05:44
SAT prep, oboe, soccer practice.
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pripreme za upis na fakultet, oboa, nogometni trening.
05:47
They get into competitive colleges, they get good jobs,
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Upisuju kompetitivne fakultete, dobivaju dobre poslove,
05:50
and sometimes they make a success of themselves
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i ponekad su uspješni
05:52
in a superficial manner, and they make a ton of money.
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na površan način, i zarađuju brdo novca.
05:55
And sometimes you can see them at vacation places
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Ponekad ih možete vidjeti u odmaralištima
05:57
like Jackson Hole or Aspen.
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poput Jackson Holea ili Aspena.
05:59
And they've become elegant and slender --
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Postanu elegantni i vitki --
06:01
they don't really have thighs;
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zapravo nemaju bedra;
06:03
they just have one elegant calve on top of another.
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samo imaju jedan elegantan list na vrhu drugoga.
06:06
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
06:08
They have kids of their own,
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Imaju vlastitu djecu,
06:10
and they've achieved a genetic miracle by marrying beautiful people,
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i postigli su genetsko čudo sklapajući brakove s lijepim ljudima,
06:13
so their grandmoms look like Gertrude Stein,
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tako da njihove bake nalikuju Gertrudi Stein,
06:16
their daughters looks like Halle Berry -- I don't know how they've done that.
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njihove kćeri nalikuju Halle Berry -- ne znam kako su to napravili.
06:19
They get there and they realize
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Dolaze tamo i shvaćaju
06:22
it's fashionable now to have dogs a third as tall as your ceiling heights.
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da je sad u modi imati pse visoke kao trećina vaše visine stropa.
06:26
So they've got these furry 160-pound dogs --
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Imaju te dlakave pse teške 70-ak kilograma --
06:29
all look like velociraptors,
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izgledaju kao velociraptori,
06:32
all named after Jane Austen characters.
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svi nazvani po likovima Jane Austen.
06:35
And then when they get old, they haven't really developed a philosophy of life,
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I kad ostare, zapravo ne razviju životnu filozofiju,
06:38
but they've decided, "I've been successful at everything;
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ali odluče, "Bio sam uspješan u svemu,
06:40
I'm just not going to die."
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ja naprosto neću umrijeti."
06:42
And so they hire personal trainers;
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I tako angažiraju osobne trenere,
06:45
they're popping Cialis like breath mints.
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troše lijekove protiv impotencije kao pepermint bombone.
06:47
You see them on the mountains up there.
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Možete ih vidjeti gore na planinama.
06:49
They're cross-country skiing up the mountain
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Bave se skijaškim trčanjem na planini
06:51
with these grim expressions
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namrgođenih lica
06:53
that make Dick Cheney look like Jerry Lewis.
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zbog kojih Dick Cheney izgleda kao Jerry Lewis.
06:55
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
06:57
And as they whiz by you,
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Kad prozuje pokraj vas,
06:59
it's like being passed by a little iron Raisinet
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to izgleda kao da je prošla mala čelična Raisineta
07:01
going up the hill.
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koja ide uzbrdo.
07:03
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
07:05
And so this is part of what life is,
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I to je dio onoga što čini život,
07:08
but it's not all of what life is.
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ali nije sve što čini život.
07:11
And over the past few years,
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I tijekom zadnjih nekoliko godina,
07:13
I think we've been given a deeper view of human nature
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mislim da nam je dan dublji uvid u ljudsku prirodu
07:17
and a deeper view of who we are.
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i dublji uvid u ono što jesmo.
07:19
And it's not based on theology or philosophy,
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I to se ne bazira na teologiji ili filozofiji,
07:21
it's in the study of the mind,
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nego u proučavanju uma,
07:23
across all these spheres of research,
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kroz sva ta područja istraživanja,
07:25
from neuroscience to the cognitive scientists,
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od neuroznanosti do kognitivnih znanstvenika,
07:27
behavioral economists, psychologists,
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bihevioralnih ekonomista, psihologa,
07:29
sociology,
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sociologije,
07:31
we're developing a revolution in consciousness.
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mi razvijamo revoluciju u svijesti.
07:34
And when you synthesize it all,
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I kad sve to spojite,
07:36
it's giving us a new view of human nature.
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to nam daje novi pogled na ljudsku prirodu.
07:38
And far from being a coldly materialistic view of nature,
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Daleko od hladnog materijalističkog pogleda na prirodu,
07:41
it's a new humanism, it's a new enchantment.
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ovo je novi humanizam, novi ushit.
07:44
And I think when you synthesize this research,
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I kad spojite to istraživanje,
07:46
you start with three key insights.
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započnete s tri ključna uvida.
07:48
The first insight is
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Prvi uvid glasi,
07:50
that while the conscious mind writes the autobiography of our species,
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dok svjesni um piše autobiografiju naše vrste,
07:53
the unconscious mind does most of the work.
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nesvjesni um odrađuje većinu posla.
07:57
And so one way to formulate that is
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Jedan je način da se to formulira,
07:59
the human mind can take in millions of pieces of information a minute,
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ljudski um može primiti milijune djelića informacija u minuti,
08:02
of which it can be consciously aware of about 40.
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od kojih može biti svjestan oko 40.
08:05
And this leads to oddities.
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I to vodi do čudnih slučajeva.
08:07
One of my favorite is that people named Dennis
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Jedan od mojih omiljenih jest da ljudi po imenu Dennis
08:09
are disproportionately likely to become dentists,
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imaju nesrazmjerno veću šansu da postanu stomatolozi,
08:12
people named Lawrence become lawyers,
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ljudi imena Lawrence - odvjetnici,
08:14
because unconsciously we gravitate toward things
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zato što nesvjesno težimo ka stvarima
08:16
that sound familiar,
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koje zvuče poznato,
08:18
which is why I named my daughter President of the United States Brooks.
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zbog čega sam nazvao svoju kćer Predsjednica Sjedinjenih Država Brooks.
08:21
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
08:24
Another finding is that the unconscious,
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Drugo otkriće jest da je nesvjesno,
08:27
far from being dumb and sexualized,
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daleko od glupog i seksualiziranog,
08:29
is actually quite smart.
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zapravo vrlo inteligentno.
08:31
So one of the most cognitively demanding things we do is buy furniture.
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Jedan od kognitivno najzahtjevnijih stvari koje radimo je kupnja namještaja.
08:34
It's really hard to imagine a sofa, how it's going to look in your house.
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Jako je teško zamisliti sofu, kako će izgledati u vašoj kući.
08:37
And the way you should do that
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I način na koji bi to trebali napraviti jest
08:39
is study the furniture,
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da proučavate namještaj,
08:41
let it marinate in your mind, distract yourself,
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pustite da se marinira u vašem umu, odvuče vam pažnju,
08:43
and then a few days later, go with your gut,
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i nakon nekoliko dana, idete prema osjećaju,
08:45
because unconsciously you've figured it out.
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zato što ste nesvjesno shvatili.
08:47
The second insight
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Drugi uvid glasi
08:49
is that emotions are at the center of our thinking.
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da su emocije centar našeg razmišljanja.
08:52
People with strokes and lesions
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Ljudi s moždanim udarima i lezijama
08:54
in the emotion-processing parts of the brain
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u dijelu mozga koji obrađuje emocije
08:56
are not super smart,
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nisu super inteligentni,
08:58
they're actually sometimes quite helpless.
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zapravo su ponekad posve bespomoćni.
09:00
And the "giant" in the field is in the room tonight
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I gigant u tom području je večeras ovdje
09:02
and is speaking tomorrow morning -- Antonio Damasio.
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i govori sutra ujutro -- Antonio Damasio.
09:05
And one of the things he's really shown us
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I jedna od stvari koje nam je pokazao je
09:07
is that emotions are not separate from reason,
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da emocije nisu odvojene od razuma,
09:10
but they are the foundation of reason
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ali su osnova razuma
09:12
because they tell us what to value.
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zato što nam govore što da vrednujemo.
09:14
And so reading and educating your emotions
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Dakle, čitanje i edukacija vaših emocija
09:16
is one of the central activities of wisdom.
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je jedna od glavnih aktivnosti mudrosti.
09:19
Now I'm a middle-aged guy.
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Ja sam srednjovječni muškarac;
09:21
I'm not exactly comfortable with emotions.
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Nije mi baš ugodno s emocijama.
09:23
One of my favorite brain stories described these middle-aged guys.
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Jedna od mojih omiljenih priča o umu opisivala je te srednjovječne muškarce.
09:26
They put them into a brain scan machine --
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Stavljaju ih u uređaje za skeniranje mozga --
09:29
this is apocryphal by the way, but I don't care --
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ovo je, usput budi rečeno, iz nepoznatog izvora, ali nije me briga --
09:32
and they had them watch a horror movie,
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i puštaju im film strave i užasa,
09:35
and then they had them describe their feelings toward their wives.
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i onda moraju opisati što osjećaju za svoje žene.
09:39
And the brain scans were identical in both activities.
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I skenovi mozga su bili identični u obje aktivnosti.
09:42
It was just sheer terror.
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Bio je to čisti užas.
09:44
So me talking about emotion
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Kad ja pričam o emociji
09:46
is like Gandhi talking about gluttony,
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to je kao da Gandhi priča o proždrljivosti,
09:48
but it is the central organizing process
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ali to je središnji organizacijski proces
09:50
of the way we think.
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načina na koji razmišljamo.
09:52
It tells us what to imprint.
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Govori nam što da pamtimo.
09:54
The brain is the record of the feelings of a life.
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Mozak je registar osjećaja života.
09:56
And the third insight
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I treći uvid glasi
09:58
is that we're not primarily self-contained individuals.
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da mi nismo primarno neovisni pojedinci.
10:02
We're social animals, not rational animals.
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Mi smo društvene životinje, nismo racionalne životinje.
10:05
We emerge out of relationships,
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Mi izničemo iz veza,
10:07
and we are deeply interpenetrated, one with another.
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i mi smo duboko međusobno povezani.
10:10
And so when we see another person,
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I kad vidimo drugu osobu,
10:12
we reenact in our own minds
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mi reproduciramo u našim umovima
10:14
what we see in their minds.
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ono što vidimo u njihovim umovima.
10:16
When we watch a car chase in a movie,
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Kad gledamo automobilsku potjeru u filmu,
10:18
it's almost as if we are subtly having a car chase.
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gotovo izgleda kao da i mi suptilno sudjelujemo u njoj.
10:21
When we watch pornography,
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Kad gledamo pornografiju,
10:23
it's a little like having sex,
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kao da imamo odnose,
10:25
though probably not as good.
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iako vjerojatno nije tako dobro.
10:27
And we see this when lovers walk down the street,
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I vidimo to kad ljubavnici idu ulicom,
10:30
when a crowd in Egypt or Tunisia
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kad je gomila u Egiptu ili Tunisu
10:32
gets caught up in an emotional contagion,
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ponesena emocionalnim uzbuđenjem,
10:34
the deep interpenetration.
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duboka međusobna povezanost.
10:36
And this revolution in who we are
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I ta revolucija onoga što jesmo
10:39
gives us a different way of seeing, I think, politics,
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daje nam drugačiji način na koji vidimo, mislim, politiku,
10:42
a different way, most importantly,
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drugačiji način, što je najvažnije,
10:44
of seeing human capital.
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na koji vidimo ljudski kapital.
10:46
We are now children of the French Enlightenment.
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Mi smo sada djeca Francuskog prosvjetiteljstva.
10:50
We believe that reason is the highest of the faculties.
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Vjerujemo da je razum najviši od svih sposobnosti.
10:53
But I think this research shows
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Ali mislim da istraživanje pokazuje
10:55
that the British Enlightenment, or the Scottish Enlightenment,
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da je Britansko prosvjetiteljstvo, ili Škotsko prosvjetiteljstvo,
10:57
with David Hume, Adam Smith,
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s Davidom Humeom, Adamom Smithom,
10:59
actually had a better handle on who we are --
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zapravo bolje baratalo idejom o tome tko smo --
11:02
that reason is often weak, our sentiments are strong,
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da je razum često slab, čuvstva jaka,
11:05
and our sentiments are often trustworthy.
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i da su naša čuvstva često pouzdana.
11:08
And this work corrects that bias in our culture,
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I ovaj rad korigira tu neravnotežu u našoj kulturi,
11:11
that dehumanizing bias.
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tu dehumanizirajuću neravnotežu.
11:13
It gives us a deeper sense
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To nam daje dublji smisao
11:15
of what it actually takes
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onoga što nam zapravo treba
11:17
for us to thrive in this life.
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da uspijemo u ovom životu.
11:19
When we think about human capital
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Kad razmišljamo o ljudskom kapitalu
11:21
we think about the things we can measure easily --
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razmišljamo o stvarima koje možemo lako izmjeriti --
11:24
things like grades, SAT's, degrees,
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stvarima poput ocjena, priprema za upis na fakultet, diploma,
11:27
the number of years in schooling.
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broju godina provedenih u školovanju.
11:29
What it really takes to do well, to lead a meaningful life,
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Ono što je stvarno potrebno da se uspije, da se vodi smislen život
11:32
are things that are deeper,
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su stvari koje su dublje,
11:34
things we don't really even have words for.
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stvari za koje zapravo nemamo riječi.
11:37
And so let me list just a couple of the things
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Dopustite mi da nabrojim samo par stvari
11:39
I think this research points us toward trying to understand.
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za koje mislim da nas istraživanje usmjerava ka pokušaju da razumijemo.
11:43
The first gift, or talent, is mindsight --
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Prvi dar, ili talent, je pronicljivost --
11:46
the ability to enter into other people's minds
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sposobnost da se uđe u umove drugih ljudi
11:50
and learn what they have to offer.
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i uči od njih.
11:52
Babies come with this ability.
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Bebe se rađaju s tom vještinom.
11:54
Meltzoff, who's at the University of Washington,
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Meltzoff, sa Sveučilišta u Washingtonu,
11:56
leaned over a baby who was 43 minutes old.
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nagnuo se nad bebu staru 43 minute.
11:59
He wagged his tongue at the baby.
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Isplazio joj je jezik.
12:01
The baby wagged her tongue back.
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Beba mu je također isplazila jezik.
12:04
Babies are born to interpenetrate into Mom's mind
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Bebe su rođene da prodiru u mamin um
12:07
and to download what they find --
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i preuzmu što nađu --
12:09
their models of how to understand reality.
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njihove modele razumijevanja stvarnosti.
12:11
In the United States, 55 percent of babies
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U Sjedinjenim Državama 55 posto beba
12:14
have a deep two-way conversation with Mom
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vodi duboki dvosmjerni razgovor s mamom
12:16
and they learn models to how to relate to other people.
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i uče modele odnosa s drugim ljudima.
12:19
And those people who have models of how to relate
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I ti ljudi koji imaju modele odnosa
12:21
have a huge head start in life.
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imaju veliku prednost u životu.
12:23
Scientists at the University of Minnesota did a study
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Znanstvenici sa Sveučilišta u Minnesoti napravili su istraživanje
12:25
in which they could predict
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u kojem su mogli predvidjeti
12:27
with 77 percent accuracy, at age 18 months,
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s točnošću od 77 posto, u dobi od 18 mjeseci,
12:30
who was going to graduate from high school,
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tko će završiti srednju školu,
12:32
based on who had good attachment with mom.
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na temelju dobrog odnosa djece sa svojim mamama.
12:35
Twenty percent of kids do not have those relationships.
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20 posto djece nema takve odnose.
12:38
They are what we call avoidantly attached.
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To nazivamo izbjegavajući stil vezivanja.
12:40
They have trouble relating to other people.
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Imaju problema u povezivanju s drugim ljudima.
12:42
They go through life
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Idu kroz život
12:44
like sailboats tacking into the wind --
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kao jedrilice koje se prevrću na vjetru --
12:46
wanting to get close to people,
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žele se približiti ljudima,
12:48
but not really having the models of how to do that.
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ali zapravo nemaju modele prema kojima bi to učinili.
12:51
And so this is one skill
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I to je jedna vještina
12:53
of how to hoover up knowledge, one from another.
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kako da upiju znanje, jedno od drugog.
12:55
A second skill is equal poise,
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Druga vještina je jednaka stabilnost.
12:58
the ability to have the serenity
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Sposobnost da se jasno
13:00
to read the biases and failures in your own mind.
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pročitaju neravnoteže i promašaji u vlastitom umu.
13:03
So for example, we are overconfidence machines.
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Npr., mi smo strojevi s prevelikim samopouzdanjem.
13:06
Ninety-five percent of our professors report
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95 posto naših profesora izvještava
13:09
that they are above-average teachers.
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da su natprosječni učitelji.
13:11
Ninety-six percent of college students
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96 posto studenata na fakultetu
13:13
say they have above-average social skills.
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kažu da imaju natprosječne socijalne vještine.
13:16
Time magazine asked Americans, "Are you in the top one percent of earners?"
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Time magazin je upitao Amerikance, "Spadate li među jedan posto onih koji najviše zarađuju?"
13:19
Nineteen percent of Americans are in the top one percent of earners.
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19 posto Amerikanaca spada među jedan posto onih koji najviše zarađuju.
13:22
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
13:24
This is a gender-linked trait, by the way.
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Ovo je osobina karakteristična za spol, usput budi rečeno.
13:26
Men drown at twice the rate of women,
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Muškarci se dvostruko više utapaju od žena,
13:28
because men think they can swim across that lake.
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zato što misle da mogu preplivati to jezero.
13:31
But some people have the ability and awareness
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Ali neki ljudi su sposobni i svjesni su
13:34
of their own biases, their own overconfidence.
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vlastitih neravnoteža, vlastitog prevelikog samopouzdanja.
13:37
They have epistemological modesty.
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Karakterizira ih epistemološka skromnost.
13:39
They are open-minded in the face of ambiguity.
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Otvoreni su pred dvosmislenostima.
13:42
They are able to adjust strength of the conclusions
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Sposobni su prilagoditi snagu zaključaka
13:44
to the strength of their evidence.
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snazi njihovih argumenata.
13:46
They are curious.
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Znatiželjni su.
13:48
And these traits are often unrelated and uncorrelated with IQ.
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I te osobine se često ne dovode u vezu s kvocijentom inteligencije i nisu s njim u uzajamnoj vezi.
13:51
The third trait is metis,
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Treća je osobina medes,
13:53
what we might call street smarts -- it's a Greek word.
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što mi možemo nazvati uličnom inteligencijom -- to je grčka riječ.
13:56
It's a sensitivity to the physical environment,
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To je osjetljivost na fizički okoliš,
13:58
the ability to pick out patterns in an environment --
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sposobnost da se odabiru uzorci u nekom okolišu --
14:00
derive a gist.
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derivira bit.
14:02
One of my colleagues at the Times
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Jedan od mojih kolega iz Times-a
14:04
did a great story about soldiers in Iraq
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napravio je odličnu priču o vojnicima u Iraku
14:06
who could look down a street and detect somehow
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koji su mogli pogledati dolje na ulicu i nekako otkriti
14:09
whether there was an IED, a landmine, in the street.
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bilo improviziranu eksplozivnu napravu, minu, na ulici.
14:11
They couldn't tell you how they did it,
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Nisu vam mogli reći kako su to napravili,
14:13
but they could feel cold, they felt a coldness,
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no mogli su osjetiti da im je hladno, osjećali su hladnoću,
14:16
and they were more often right than wrong.
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i češće su bili u pravu nego u krivu.
14:19
The third is what you might call sympathy,
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Treće je nešto što možete nazvati simpatijom,
14:21
the ability to work within groups.
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sposobnošću da se radi u grupama.
14:24
And that comes in tremendously handy,
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I to može biti vrlo praktično,
14:27
because groups are smarter than individuals.
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zato što su grupe pametnije od pojedinaca --
14:29
And face-to-face groups are much smarter
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i grupe u kojem postoji neposredni kontakt su puno pametnije
14:31
than groups that communicate electronically,
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od grupa koje komuniciraju elektronski,
14:34
because 90 percent of our communication is non-verbal.
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zato što je 90 posto naše komunikacije neverbalno.
14:37
And the effectiveness of a group
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I učinkovitost grupe
14:39
is not determined by the IQ of the group;
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nije određena kvocijentom inteligencije grupe,
14:42
it's determined by how well they communicate,
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određena je time kako dobro komuniciraju,
14:45
how often they take turns in conversation.
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koliko često mijenjaju strane u komunikaciji.
14:48
Then you could talk about a trait like blending.
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Tada možete govoriti o osobini poput spajanja.
14:51
Any child can say, "I'm a tiger," pretend to be a tiger.
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Bilo koje dijete može reći, "Ja sam tigar", pretvarajući se da je tigar.
14:54
It seems so elementary.
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Izgleda tako elementarno.
14:56
But in fact, it's phenomenally complicated
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Ali zapravo je izvanredno komplicirano
14:58
to take a concept "I" and a concept "tiger"
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preuzeti koncept "ja" i koncept "tigar"
15:00
and blend them together.
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i spojiti ih zajedno.
15:02
But this is the source of innovation.
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No to je izvor inovacija.
15:04
What Picasso did, for example,
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Picasso je, npr.,
15:06
was take the concept "Western art"
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preuzeo koncept zapadne umjetnosti
15:08
and the concept "African masks"
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i koncept afričkih masaka
15:10
and blend them together --
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i spojio ih zajedno --
15:12
not only the geometry,
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ne samo geometriju,
15:14
but the moral systems entailed in them.
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ali i baštinjeni moralni sustav.
15:16
And these are skills, again, we can't count and measure.
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I to su vještine, opet, koje ne možemo brojati i mjeriti.
15:18
And then the final thing I'll mention
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Posljednja stvar koju ću spomenuti
15:20
is something you might call limerence.
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je nešto što možete nazvati "limerence".
15:22
And this is not an ability;
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To nije sposobnost,
15:24
it's a drive and a motivation.
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to je poriv i motivacija.
15:27
The conscious mind hungers for success and prestige.
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Svjesni um čezne za uspjehom i ugledom.
15:30
The unconscious mind hungers
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Nesvjesni um čezne
15:32
for those moments of transcendence,
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za tim trenucima transcendencije,
15:34
when the skull line disappears
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kad linija glave nestaje
15:36
and we are lost in a challenge or a task --
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i mi smo izgubljeni u izazovu ili zadatku --
15:39
when a craftsman feels lost in his craft,
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kad majstor osjeti gubitak svog umijeća,
15:42
when a naturalist feels at one with nature,
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kad prirodnjak osjeti jedinstvo s prirodom,
15:45
when a believer feels at one with God's love.
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kad vjernik osjeti jedinstvo s Božjom ljubavi.
15:48
That is what the unconscious mind hungers for.
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To je ono za čim čezne nesvjesni um.
15:51
And many of us feel it in love
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I mnogi od nas to osjećaju u ljubavi
15:53
when lovers feel fused.
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kad se ljubavnici osjećaju sjedinjeno.
15:55
And one of the most beautiful descriptions
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I jedan od najljepših opisa
15:57
I've come across in this research
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na koji sam naišao u ovom istraživanju
16:00
of how minds interpenetrate
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načina na koji su umovi međusobno povezani
16:02
was written by a great theorist and scientist
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napisao je veliki teoretičar i znanstvenik
16:04
named Douglas Hofstadter at the University of Indiana.
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Douglas Hofstadter sa Sveučilišta u Indiani.
16:07
He was married to a woman named Carol,
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Oženio se ženom po imenu Carol,
16:09
and they had a wonderful relationship.
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i imali su predivan odnos.
16:11
When their kids were five and two,
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Kad su njihova djeca imala pet i dvije godine,
16:13
Carol had a stroke and a brain tumor and died suddenly.
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Carol je imala moždani udar i tumor na mozgu te je iznenada umrla.
16:17
And Hofstadter wrote a book
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I Hofstadter je napisao knjigu
16:19
called "I Am a Strange Loop."
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"Čudnovata petlja sam ja".
16:21
In the course of that book, he describes a moment --
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U knjizi opisuje trenutak --
16:23
just months after Carol has died --
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samo nekoliko mjeseci nakon što je Carol umrla --
16:26
he comes across her picture on the mantel,
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kad nailazi na njenu sliku na kaminu,
16:28
or on a bureau in his bedroom.
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ili na pisaćem stolu i svojoj sobi.
16:30
And here's what he wrote:
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I evo što je napisao:
16:32
"I looked at her face,
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"Pogledao sam u njezino lice,
16:34
and I looked so deeply
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i gledao sam tako duboko
16:36
that I felt I was behind her eyes.
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da sam osjećao da sam iza njezinih očiju.
16:38
And all at once I found myself saying
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I odjednom sam shvatio da govorim
16:40
as tears flowed,
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kako su suze tekle,
16:42
'That's me. That's me.'
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'To sam ja. To sam ja.'
16:44
And those simple words
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I te jednostavne riječi
16:46
brought back many thoughts that I had had before,
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dovele su nazad mnoge misli koje sam imao prije,
16:48
about the fusion of our souls
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o spajanju naših duša
16:50
into one higher-level entity,
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u jedan viši entitet,
16:52
about the fact that at the core of both our souls
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o činjenici da u srži naših obiju duša
16:55
lay our identical hopes and dreams for our children,
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leže naše identične nade i snovi za našu djecu,
16:59
about the notion that those hopes
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o ideji da te nade
17:01
were not separate or distinct hopes,
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nisu odvojene ili različite,
17:03
but were just one hope,
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nego su samo jedna nada,
17:05
one clear thing that defined us both,
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jedna jasna stvar koja definira nas oboje,
17:07
that welded us into a unit --
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koja nas je spojila u cjelinu --
17:09
the kind of unit I had but dimly imagined
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vrsta cjeline koju sam maglovito zamislio
17:12
before being married and having children.
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prije nego što sam se oženio i imao djecu.
17:15
I realized that, though Carol had died,
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Shvatio sam to, iako je Carol umrla,
17:17
that core piece of her had not died at all,
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da dio njene srži nije uopće umro,
17:20
but had lived on very determinedly in my brain."
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nego i dalje živi vrlo odlučno u mojoj glavi."
17:24
The Greeks say we suffer our way to wisdom.
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Grci kažu da patnja vodi do mudrosti.
17:27
Through his suffering, Hofstadter understood
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Kroz svoju patnju, Hofstadter je razumio
17:29
how deeply interpenetrated we are.
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koliko smo duboko međusobno povezani.
17:32
Through the policy failures of the last 30 years,
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Putem politike neuspjeha zadnjih 30 godina,
17:35
we have come to acknowledge, I think,
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spoznali smo, mislim,
17:38
how shallow our view of human nature has been.
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koliko je površan bio naš pogled na ljudsku prirodu.
17:41
And now as we confront that shallowness
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I sada, kako se suočavamo s tom površnošću
17:44
and the failures that derive from our inability
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i neuspjesima koji potječu od naše nesposobnosti
17:46
to get the depths of who we are,
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da shvatimo dubinu onoga tko smo,
17:48
comes this revolution in consciousness --
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dolazi ta revolucija u svijesti --
17:50
these people in so many fields
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ti ljudi u toliko područja
17:53
exploring the depth of our nature
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istražuju dubinu naše prirode
17:55
and coming away with this enchanted,
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i odlaze s tim očaravajućim,
17:57
this new humanism.
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novim humanizmom.
17:59
And when Freud discovered his sense of the unconscious,
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I kad je Freud otkrio svoje značenje nesvjesnog,
18:01
it had a vast effect on the climate of the times.
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to je imalo velik utjecaj na ozračje tog doba.
18:04
Now we are discovering a more accurate vision
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Sada otkrivamo točniju viziju
18:07
of the unconscious, of who we are deep inside,
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nesvjesnog -- tko smo duboko unutra.
18:10
and it's going to have a wonderful and profound
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I to će imati predivan i dubok
18:12
and humanizing effect on our culture.
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i humanizirajući utjecaj na našu kulturu.
18:14
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
18:16
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David Brooks - Op-ed columnistWriter and thinker David Brooks has covered business, crime and politics over a long career in journalism.
Why you should listen
David Brooks became an Op-Ed columnist for The New York Times in September 2003. He is currently a commentator on "The PBS Newshour," NPR’s "All Things Considered" and NBC's "Meet the Press."
He is the author of Bobos in Paradise and The Social Animal. In April 2015, he released with his fourth book, The Road to Character, which was a #1 New York Times bestseller.
Brooks also teaches at Yale University, and is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences.
Born on August 11, 1961 in Toronto, Canada, Brooks graduated a bachelor of history from the University of Chicago in 1983. He became a police reporter for the City News Bureau, a wire service owned jointly by the Chicago Tribune and Sun-Times.
He worked at The Washington Times and then The Wall Street Journal for nine years. His last post at the Journal was as Op-ed Editor. Prior to that, he was posted in Brussels, covering Russia, the Middle East, South Africa and European affairs. His first post at the Journal was as editor of the book review section, and he filled in as the Journal's movie critic.
He also served as a senior editor at The Weekly Standard for 9 years, as well as contributing editor for The Atlantic and Newsweek.
David Brooks | Speaker | TED.com