ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Hadyn Parry - Biotechnology entrepreneur
Biotech entrepreneur Hadyn Parry leads a science start-up that develops GM insects to fight dengue fever.

Why you should listen

"We have reached a moment of truth," says biotech entrepreneur Hadyn Parry. He believes it's a pivotal time for the science industry and it's the moment for the public to wake up and rethink its position on GM technologies and trials. Parry, who is the CEO of Oxitec, a biotech company devoted to innovative insect control, believes the debate over GM crops and animals has become too political, and people are not stopping to evaluate the technologies' true promises and efficacies. In his eyes, GM can be used responsibly for important goals, like the control of extremely harmful diseases like dengue fever.

More profile about the speaker
Hadyn Parry | Speaker | TED.com
TEDSalon London Fall 2012

Hadyn Parry: Re-engineering mosquitos to fight disease

Filmed:
1,019,989 views

In a single year, there are 200-300 million cases of malaria and 50-100 million cases of dengue fever worldwide. So: Why haven’t we found a way to effectively kill mosquitoes yet? Hadyn Parry presents a fascinating solution: genetically engineering male mosquitoes to make them sterile, and releasing the insects into the wild, to cut down on disease-carrying species.
- Biotechnology entrepreneur
Biotech entrepreneur Hadyn Parry leads a science start-up that develops GM insects to fight dengue fever. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:16
So I'd like to start开始 by focusing调焦 on
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我想从
00:19
the world's世界 most dangerous危险 animal动物.
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这个世界上最危险的动物开始说起。
00:21
Now, when you talk about dangerous危险 animals动物,
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当你说到最危险的动物时,
00:23
most people might威力 think of lions狮子 or tigers老虎 or sharks鲨鱼.
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大多数人们可能想到了狮子,老虎或者鲨鱼。
00:27
But of course课程 the most dangerous危险 animal动物
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但事实上世界上最危险的动物
00:28
is the mosquito蚊子.
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是蚊子。
00:30
The mosquito蚊子 has killed杀害 more humans人类
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蚊子造成的死亡人数
00:32
than any other creature生物 in human人的 history历史.
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比其他任何一种动物造成的死亡都要多。
00:35
In fact事实, probably大概 adding加入 them all together一起,
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实际上,把其他所有动物杀死的人类数目加起来,
00:37
the mosquito蚊子 has killed杀害 more humans人类.
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都比不上蚊子杀死人类的数量。
00:39
And the mosquito蚊子 has killed杀害 more humans人类 than wars战争
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因为蚊子而死亡的人,甚至比因为战争
00:42
and plague鼠疫.
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和瘟疫而死亡的人还多。
00:44
And you would think, would you not,
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你可能认为,
00:46
that with all our science科学, with all our advances进步 in society社会,
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随着科学的进步,随着社会的前行,
00:50
with better towns城市, better civilizations文明, better sanitation卫生,
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城镇环境变得更好,人们养成更好的生活习惯,卫生条件越来越优越,
00:55
wealth财富, that we would get better at controlling控制 mosquitos蚊子,
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社会越来越富裕,我们能更好的控制蚊子,
00:58
and hence于是 reduce减少 this disease疾病.
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并以此减少疾病的发生。
01:01
And that's not really the case案件.
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但是,实际情况并非如此
01:04
If it was the case案件, we wouldn't不会 have
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如果真的是那样,
01:07
between之间 200 and 300 million百万 cases of malaria疟疾 every一切 year,
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就不会每年有2亿到3亿人受到疟疾的侵扰;
01:11
and we wouldn't不会 have
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也不会
01:13
a million百万 and a half deaths死亡 from malaria疟疾,
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有一百五十万人死于疟疾;
01:17
and we wouldn't不会 have a disease疾病
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也不会让一种
01:20
that was relatively相对 unknown未知 50 years年份 ago
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50年前我们还几乎一无所知的疾病
01:22
now suddenly突然 turned转身 into
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突然变成今天的
01:25
the largest最大 mosquito-borne蚊子传播的 virus病毒 threat威胁 that we have,
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最大病毒威胁,而这种病毒是由蚊子传播的;
01:28
and that's called dengue登革热 fever发热.
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这种疾病叫做登革热。
01:31
So 50 years年份 ago, pretty漂亮 much no one had heard听说 of it,
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五十年前,几乎没人听说过登革热,
01:34
no one certainly当然 in the European欧洲的 environment环境.
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至少在欧洲没人听说过这种疾病。
01:37
But dengue登革热 fever发热 now, according根据 to the World世界 Health健康 Organization组织,
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而据世界卫生组织报道,
01:40
infects感染 between之间 50 and 100 million百万 people every一切 year,
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如今每年有5千万到1亿人感染登革热,
01:44
so that's equivalent当量 to the whole整个 of the population人口
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这相当于
01:46
of the U.K. being存在 infected感染 every一切 year.
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整个英国的人口数量。
01:49
Other estimates估计 put that number at roughly大致 double
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还有人估计每年登革热的感染人数
01:52
that number of infections感染.
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是这个数字的两倍。
01:56
And dengue登革热 fever发热 has grown长大的 in speed速度 quite相当 phenomenally惊人.
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如今登革热蔓延得很快,
02:00
In the last 50 years年份, the incidence发生率 of dengue登革热
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在过去的50年中,登革热
02:03
has grown长大的 thirtyfold三十倍.
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的发病率增长了三十倍。
02:06
Now let me tell you a little bit about what dengue登革热 fever发热 is,
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我来解释一下什么是登革热,
02:08
for those who don't know.
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以防有人不了解这种疾病。
02:10
Now let's assume承担 you go on holiday假日.
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现在我们假设你要去度假了,
02:12
Let's assume承担 you go to the Caribbean加勒比,
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你可能会去加勒比海沿岸,
02:14
or you might威力 go to Mexico墨西哥. You might威力 go to Latin拉丁 America美国,
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又或者你会去墨西哥,或者拉丁美洲,
02:16
Asia亚洲, Africa非洲, anywhere随地 in Saudi沙特 Arabia阿拉伯.
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亚洲,非洲,阿拉伯世界的的某个地方。
02:20
You might威力 go to India印度, the Far East.
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你也可能去印度,远东地区。
02:22
It doesn't really matter. It's the same相同 mosquito蚊子,
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这都不重要。那里都有同一种蚊子,
02:24
and it's the same相同 disease疾病. You're at risk风险.
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和同一种疾病。你都可能患病。
02:27
And let's assume承担 you're bitten被咬 by a mosquito蚊子
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假设你被一只
02:30
that's carrying携带 that virus病毒.
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携带登革热病毒的蚊子咬了一口。
02:32
Well, you could develop发展 flu-like流感样 symptoms症状.
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接着你会出现类似感冒的症状,
02:35
They could be quite相当 mild温和.
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这些症状可能都很轻。
02:36
You could develop发展 nausea恶心, headache头痛,
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你会觉得头疼,恶心,
02:38
your muscles肌肉 could feel like they're contracting承包,
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肌肉酸痛,似乎肌肉都收缩起来,
02:41
and you could actually其实 feel like your bones骨头 are breaking破坏.
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你觉得你的骨头疼得像要断了。
02:45
And that's the nickname昵称 given特定 to this disease疾病.
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这是登革热的另一个名称的由来。
02:47
It's called breakbonebreakbone fever发热,
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它又被成为断骨热(也称骨痛热症)。
02:49
because that's how you can feel.
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因为这就是疾病让你感受到的。
02:51
Now the odd thing is, is that once一旦 you've been bitten被咬
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而奇怪的是,你一旦被一只
02:54
by this mosquito蚊子, and you've had this disease疾病,
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携带登革热病毒的蚊子咬了,你患上了这种疾病,
02:56
your body身体 develops发展 antibodies抗体,
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你的身体会产生抗体,
02:59
so if you're bitten被咬 again with that strain应变,
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如果以后你再被携带同一种病毒的蚊子咬了一口,
03:03
it doesn't affect影响 you.
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你不会再次被感染。
03:05
But it's not one virus病毒, it's four,
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但是登革热的病毒不止一种,而是四种,
03:08
and the same相同 protection保护 that gives you the antibodies抗体
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而如果你身体里有了一种登革热病毒的抗体,
03:11
and protects保护 you from the same相同 virus病毒 that you had before
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抗体会保护你不再被这同一种病毒感染,
03:14
actually其实 makes品牌 you much more susceptible易感 to the other three.
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然而这种抗体却会让你更容易感染上其他三种登革热病毒。
03:17
So the next下一个 time you get dengue登革热 fever发热,
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于是,下一次如果你再遇上登革热,
03:20
if it's a different不同 strain应变, you're more susceptible易感,
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而且还是与上次不同的病毒,而你因为身体里的抗体而变得更容易感染,
03:23
you're likely容易 to get worse更差 symptoms症状,
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你这次的症状很可能比上次严重得多,
03:25
and you're more likely容易 to get the more severe严重 forms形式,
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而且这次侵染你的病毒可能也比上次厉害得多,
03:28
hemorrhagic出血 fever发热 or shock休克 syndrome综合征.
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你可能患上登革出血热,或者登革休克综合征。
03:31
So you don't want dengue登革热 once一旦,
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所以你一次都不想患上登革热,
03:33
and you certainly当然 don't want it again.
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你更加不想第二次患上它。
03:35
So why is it spreading传播 so fast快速?
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为什么登革热蔓延得这么快?
03:39
And the answer回答 is this thing.
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答案就是这种蚊子。
03:41
This is Aedes伊蚊 aegypti伊蚊.
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这是埃及伊蚊。
03:43
Now this is a mosquito蚊子 that came来了, like its name名称 suggests提示,
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就像它的名字里说的,这种蚊子来自
03:46
out of North Africa非洲, and it's spread传播 round回合 the world世界.
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非洲北部,现在已经遍布全球。
03:49
Now, in fact事实, a single mosquito蚊子 will only travel旅行
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实际上,一只蚊子一生中只会
03:52
about 200 yards in its entire整个 life. They don't travel旅行 very far.
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飞行200码(约183米)。它们飞不了多远。
03:56
What they're very good at doing is hitchhiking搭便车,
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但它们很擅长搭便车,
03:58
particularly尤其 the eggs.
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特别是它们的卵。
04:00
They will lay铺设 their eggs in clear明确 water, any pool, any puddle水坑,
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它们把卵产在干净的水里,池塘,小水坑,
04:05
any birdbath水盆, any flower pot,
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水盆,浇花的水壶,
04:06
anywhere随地 there's clear明确 water, they'll他们会 lay铺设 their eggs,
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任何有干净的水的地方,它们都可以产卵,
04:09
and if that clear明确 water is near freight货物, it's near a port港口,
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如果这些水恰好就在待运的货物旁边,或是临近港口,
04:13
if it's anywhere随地 near transport运输,
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或者在任何交通工具的旁边,
04:16
those eggs will then get transported around the world世界.
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这些卵就会随着它们传播到世界的任何地方。
04:19
And that's what's happened发生. Mankind人类 has transported
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这就是登革热迅速蔓延的原因,人类
04:21
these eggs all the way around the world世界,
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使这些卵得以周游世界。
04:23
and these insects昆虫 have infested出没 over 100 countries国家,
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这种蚊子已经传播到了一百多个国家
04:27
and there's now 2.5 billion十亿 people living活的 in countries国家
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这些国家里居住着25亿人口,
04:30
where this mosquito蚊子 resides所在.
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这种蚊子就在他们身边
04:33
To give you just a couple一对 of examples例子
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举几个例子
04:34
how fast快速 this has happened发生,
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来看看这种蔓延有多快。
04:37
in the mid-'中-'70s, Brazil巴西 declared声明, "We have no Aedes伊蚊 aegypti伊蚊,"
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70年代中期,巴西宣称:“巴西没有埃及伊蚊”
04:42
and currently目前 they spend about a billion十亿 dollars美元 now
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如今他们每年要花十亿美元
04:44
a year trying to get rid摆脱 of it, trying to control控制 it,
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灭蚊,试图控制蚊子的数量,
04:47
just one species种类 of mosquito蚊子.
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仅仅为了一种蚊子。
04:52
Two days ago, or yesterday昨天, I can't remember记得 which哪一个,
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两天前,或者是昨天,我记不太清楚哪一天,
04:56
I saw a Reuters路透社 report报告 that said
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我看到一则路透社的报道称
04:58
Madeira马德拉 had had their first cases of dengue登革热,
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马德拉发现了首例登革热
05:01
about 52 cases, with about 400 probable可能 cases.
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约有52例确诊,400人疑似患病。
05:04
That's two days ago.
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这是两天前的消息。
05:06
Interestingly有趣的是, Madeira马德拉 first got the insect昆虫 in 2005,
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有意思的是,马德拉首次发现埃及伊蚊是在2005年
05:11
and here we are, a few少数 years年份 later后来,
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而如今,几年以后
05:13
first cases of dengue登革热.
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就发现了第一例登革热病例。
05:15
So the one thing you'll你会 find is that where the mosquito蚊子 goes,
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所以你会发现,这种蚊子到了哪里,
05:18
dengue登革热 will follow跟随.
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登革热就随之而来。
05:20
Once一旦 you've got the mosquito蚊子 in your area,
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一旦在你所在的地区有这种蚊子,
05:23
anyone任何人 coming未来 into that area with dengue登革热,
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任何一个携带登革热病毒的人进入了这一地区
05:25
mosquito蚊子 will bite them, mosquito蚊子 will bite somewhere某处 else其他,
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蚊子都可能咬到他/她,然后蚊子也可能咬到其他人,
05:28
somewhere某处 else其他, somewhere某处 else其他,
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再咬到其他人,再咬到更多人,
05:29
and you'll你会 get an epidemic疫情.
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于是你这个地区就会爆发流行病。
05:33
So we must必须 be good at killing谋杀 mosquitos蚊子.
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所以我们必须很好的灭蚊。
05:35
I mean, that can't be very difficult.
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我的意思是,这不应该是一件非常困难的事情。
05:37
Well, there's two principle原理 ways方法.
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除蚊主要有两种方法。
05:40
The first way is that you use larvicides杀幼虫剂.
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一种方法是使用杀幼虫剂。
05:43
You use chemicals化学制品. You put them into water where they breed品种.
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你可以使用化学药品,把药品倒进蚊子产卵的水域。
05:46
Now in an urban城市的 environment环境, that's extraordinarily异常 difficult.
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但在城市里,这非常困难。
05:49
You've got to get your chemical化学 into every一切 puddle水坑,
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你得把化学杀虫剂倒进每个水坑,
05:51
every一切 birdbath水盆, every一切 tree trunk树干.
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每个水盆,每个树干的空洞,
05:53
It's just not practical实际的.
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这太不实际了。
05:56
The second第二 way you can do it
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另一种可行的方法
05:58
is actually其实 trying to kill the insects昆虫 as they fly around.
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是杀死飞来飞去的成虫。
06:01
This is a picture图片 of fogging.
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这是一张雾化的相片。
06:03
Here what someone有人 is doing
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这也是现在人们采取的措施,
06:06
is mixing混合 up chemical化学 in a smoke抽烟
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他们用烟雾把化学药品混合起来
06:08
and basically基本上 spreading传播 that through通过 the environment环境.
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然后使之弥漫到到整个空间。
06:11
You could do the same相同 with a space空间 spray喷雾.
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你也可以用喷雾器来喷洒。
06:14
This is really unpleasant不愉快 stuff东东,
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这真是让人很不舒服的一件事。
06:16
and if it was any good, we wouldn't不会 have this massive大规模的 increase增加
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然而如果这种方式有效,蚊子的数目就不会增长得这么快,
06:18
in mosquitos蚊子 and we wouldn't不会 have this massive大规模的 increase增加 in dengue登革热 fever发热.
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登革热也不会蔓延得这么迅速。
06:23
So it's not very effective有效, but it's probably大概
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虽然这些方法不是很有效,但这些
06:25
the best最好 thing we've我们已经 got at the moment时刻.
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是我们现阶段最好的灭蚊方法了。
06:28
Having said that, actually其实, your best最好 form形成 of protection保护
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说完了这些,事实上,对你和我来说,最有效的保护措施
06:30
and my best最好 form形成 of protection保护 is a long-sleeve长袖 shirt衬衫
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还是一件长袖衬衫
06:33
and a little bit of DEETDEET to go with it.
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和一点点的避蚊胺。
06:36
So let's start开始 again. Let's design设计 a product产品,
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现在让我们一起来设计一个灭蚊产品,
06:40
right from the word go, and decide决定 what we want.
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就从我们现在所知道的,来决定我们想要怎样的产品。
06:43
Well we clearly明确地 need something that is effective有效
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我们很清楚地知道有些措施可以
06:46
at reducing减少 the mosquito蚊子 population人口.
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有效的减少蚊子的数量。
06:48
There's no point in just killing谋杀 the odd mosquito蚊子 here and there.
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这里杀几只蚊子,那里杀几只蚊子的措施是毫无意义的。
06:50
We want something that gets得到 that population人口 right the way down
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我们想要的是使整个蚊子种群的数量降下来,
06:53
so it can't get the disease疾病 transmission传输.
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从而使疾病无法传播。
06:56
Clearly明确地 the product产品 you've got has got to be safe安全 to humans人类.
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很明显,这种产品必须对人类无害
07:00
We are going to use it in and around humans人类.
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我们会在人群中使用这一产品
07:02
It has to be safe安全.
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它必须是安全无害的。
07:03
We don't want to have a lasting持久 impact碰撞 on the environment环境.
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我们也不希望这种产品对环境有长期的影响。
07:06
We don't want to do anything that you can't undo解开.
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我们不希望做任何有永久性伤害的事情。
07:09
Maybe a better product产品 comes along沿 in 20, 30 years年份.
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也许在未来20到30年内会出现这样一种更好的产品。
07:14
Fine. We don't want a lasting持久 environmental环境的 impact碰撞.
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但我们不希望对环境产生长久的影响。
07:17
We want something that's relatively相对 cheap低廉, or cost-effective经济有效,
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这种产品最好比较便宜,性价比高
07:20
because there's an awful可怕 lot of countries国家 involved参与,
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因为灭蚊涉及很多很多国家
07:22
and some of them are emerging新兴 markets市场,
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有些是发展中国家
07:24
some of them emerging新兴 countries国家, low-income低收入.
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而有些发展中国家的收入还不高。
07:28
And finally最后, you want something that's species-specific种属特异性.
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最后,这种产品最好是专门针对埃及伊蚊这一个种群。
07:30
You want to get rid摆脱 of this mosquito蚊子 that spreads利差 dengue登革热,
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你希望能根除这种散播登革热的蚊子
07:33
but you don't really want to get all the other insects昆虫.
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但你不想因此杀死其他所有昆虫
07:36
Some are quite相当 beneficial有利. Some are important重要 to your ecosystem生态系统.
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有些昆虫对人们是有益的,有些则是维持生态环境平衡必不可少的。
07:39
This one's那些 not. It's invaded入侵 you.
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只有这种蚊子不是。它侵扰你的生活。
07:41
But you don't want to get all of the insects昆虫.
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但你不会因此想杀死所有昆虫。
07:44
You just want to get this one.
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你只是想消灭这一种。
07:45
And most of the time, you'll你会 find this insect昆虫
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而大多数时候,你会发现这种蚊子
07:48
lives生活 in and around your home,
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就住在你的家里。
07:50
so this -- whatever随你 we do has got to get to that insect昆虫.
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所以这就是我们为了消灭这些蚊子而必须做的。
07:53
It's got to get into people's人们 houses房屋, into the bedrooms卧室,
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我们必须进到人们的房子里,他们的卧室里
07:56
into the kitchens厨房.
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厨房里。
07:58
Now there are two features特征 of mosquito蚊子 biology生物学
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蚊子的两种特性
08:01
that really help us in this project项目,
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能帮助我们更好的消灭它们
08:03
and that is, firstly首先, males男性 don't bite.
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首先,雄蚊子是不咬人的
08:07
It's only the female mosquito蚊子 that will actually其实 bite you.
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只有雌蚊子才会咬人。
08:10
The male can't bite you, won't惯于 bite you,
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雄性蚊子不会咬人也不能咬人
08:13
doesn't have the mouth parts部分 to bite you.
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它们没有咬人的嘴
08:15
It's just the female.
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只有雌性蚊子才咬人。
08:17
And the second第二 is a phenomenon现象
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第二,我们发现雄性蚊子
08:18
that males男性 are very, very good at finding发现 females女性.
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非常擅长找到雌性蚊子
08:23
If there's a male mosquito蚊子 that you release发布,
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如果你放飞一只雄蚊子
08:25
and if there's a female around, that male will find the female.
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而且你的周围有雌蚊子,雄蚊子能马上找到雌蚊子。
08:30
So basically基本上, we've我们已经 used those two factors因素.
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因此,我们可以利用这两点。
08:34
So here's这里的 a typical典型 situation情况,
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这是一种典型情况
08:36
male meets符合 female, lots of offspring子孙.
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雄性蚊子找到雌性蚊子,产下很多下一代
08:38
A single female will lay铺设 about
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一只雌蚊子一次能
08:40
up to 100 eggs at a time,
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产多达100个卵
08:42
up to about 500 in her lifetime一生.
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一生之中能产500个卵
08:44
Now if that male is carrying携带 a gene基因
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如果这只雄蚊子携带一种
08:47
which哪一个 causes原因 the death死亡 of the offspring子孙,
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使后代致死的基因
08:50
then the offspring子孙 don't survive生存,
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那么它们的后代就无法生存
08:53
and instead代替 of having 500 mosquitos蚊子 running赛跑 around,
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这样你就不会看到500只飞来飞去的蚊子
08:56
you have none没有.
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你一只都不会看到。
08:59
And if you can put more, I'll call them sterile无菌,
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而且如果你能放飞更多的不育的雄蚊子,我把这些携带这种基因的蚊子称为不育蚊子,
09:02
that the offspring子孙 will actually其实 die at different不同 stages阶段,
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事实上它们的后代会在不同时期死亡,
09:05
but I'll call them sterile无菌 for now.
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但现在我先把它们叫做不育蚊子。
09:06
If you put more sterile无菌 males男性 out into the environment环境,
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如果你把更多的 不育蚊子放飞到自然环境中
09:10
then the females女性 are more likely容易 to find a sterile无菌 male
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那么雌蚊子很可能遇到一只不育雄蚊子
09:13
than a fertile one, and you will bring带来 that population人口 down.
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而不是一只能正常生育的雄蚊子,这样你就能把蚊子种群的数量降下来。
09:19
So the males男性 will go out, they'll他们会 look for females女性,
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于是,雄蚊子飞出去,它们寻找雌蚊子,
09:21
they'll他们会 mate伴侣. If they mate伴侣 successfully顺利, then no offspring子孙.
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然后它们交配。如果它们与雌蚊子成功交配,则无法产生后代。
09:25
If they don't find a female, then they'll他们会 die anyway无论如何.
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如果雄蚊子找不到雌蚊子,它们也会死去。
09:28
They only live生活 a few少数 days.
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雄蚊子只能存活几天时间。
09:32
And that's exactly究竟 where we are.
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这恰恰是我们想要的结果。
09:34
So this is technology技术 that was developed发达
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这就是几年前
09:36
in Oxford牛津 University大学 a few少数 years年份 ago.
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牛津大学发明的一项技术。
09:38
The company公司 itself本身, OxitecOxitec公司, we've我们已经 been working加工
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我在Oxitec这家公司工作了十年,
09:41
for the last 10 years年份, very much on a sort分类 of similar类似
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Oxitec采用的是和药品公司
09:43
development发展 pathway that you'd get with a pharmaceutical制药 company公司.
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非常类似的研发方式。
09:47
So about 10 years年份 of internal内部 evaluation评测, testing测试,
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在进行了约十年的内部评定和测试以后
09:51
to get this to a state where we think it's actually其实 ready准备.
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我们认为这项产品已经成熟。
09:54
And then we've我们已经 gone走了 out into the big outdoors在户外,
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于是我们开始在户外大面积的使用它,
09:57
always with local本地 community社区 consent同意,
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当然总是先征求当地政府和社区的同意,
09:58
always with the necessary必要 permits许可证.
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和必须的许可,
10:00
So we've我们已经 doneDONE field领域 trials试验 now in the Cayman鳄鱼 Islands岛屿,
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我们在一些地方进行了实地实验,包括开曼群岛的实验
10:04
a small one in Malaysia马来西亚,
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马来西亚的一个小范围实验
10:05
and two more now in Brazil巴西.
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以及巴西的两处实验。
10:09
And what's the result结果?
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结果如何?
10:11
Well, the result结果 has been very good.
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结果令人非常满意。
10:14
In about four months个月 of release发布,
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在放飞(雄蚊子)的四个月的时间里
10:17
we've我们已经 brought that population人口 of mosquitos蚊子
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我们改变了蚊子种群的数量
10:20
— in most cases we're dealing交易 with villages村庄 here
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大多数情况下我们是在乡村做这些实验
10:22
of about 2,000, 3,000 people, that sort分类 of size尺寸,
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大概2,000到,3000人的乡村
10:25
starting开始 small
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从小范围做起
10:27
we've我们已经 taken采取 that mosquito蚊子 population人口 down
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在四个月里我们将蚊子种群的数量
10:29
by about 85 percent百分 in about four months个月.
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减少了85%
10:32
And in fact事实, the numbers数字 after that get,
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事实上,后期蚊子种群的数目
10:34
those get very difficult to count计数, because there just aren't any left.
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非常难以统计,因为有些地方几乎没有蚊子了。
10:38
So that's been what we've我们已经 seen看到 in Cayman鳄鱼,
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这是我们在开曼取得的成果,
10:40
it's been what we've我们已经 seen看到 in Brazil巴西
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我们在巴西的实验
10:43
in those trials试验.
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也取得了同样的成果。
10:45
And now what we're doing is we're going through通过 a process处理
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现在我们正在进行一个项目
10:47
to scale规模 up to a town of about 50,000,
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使其有效范围扩大到5,000人的城镇
10:50
so we can see this work at big scale规模.
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这样我们能检测这个产品在大范围使用的效果。
10:52
And we've我们已经 got a production生产 unit单元 in Oxford牛津,
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并且我们已经在牛津镇,或者说是牛津镇南部,建立了一个生产基地
10:55
or just south of Oxford牛津, where we actually其实 produce生产 these mosquitos蚊子.
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专门生产雄蚊子
10:59
We can produce生产 them,
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我们可以生产这些蚊子。
11:00
in a space空间 a bit more than this red carpet地毯,
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在这块红地毯这么大的面积里
11:02
I can produce生产 about 20 million百万 a week.
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我能每周生产出两千万只蚊子。
11:05
We can transport运输 them around the world世界.
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我们能把它们运到世界各地去。
11:07
It's not very expensive昂贵, because it's a coffee咖啡 cup杯子 --
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这并不昂贵,因为它们才有一个咖啡杯大小。
11:10
something the size尺寸 of a coffee咖啡 cup杯子
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一个咖啡杯大小的容器
11:11
will hold保持 about three million百万 eggs.
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能装下三百万颗卵
11:14
So freight货物 costs成本 aren't our biggest最大 problem问题. (Laughter笑声)
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所以运费不会是我们最大的问题(笑)。
11:18
So we've我们已经 got that. You could call it a mosquito蚊子 factory.
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我们做到了。你可以称之为蚊子工厂。
11:21
And for Brazil巴西, where we've我们已经 been doing some trials试验,
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而在巴西,我们曾经做实验的地方,
11:25
the Brazilian巴西人 government政府 themselves他们自己 have now built内置
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巴西政府自己修建起了
11:26
their own拥有 mosquito蚊子 factory, far bigger than ours我们的,
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他们自己的蚊子工厂,比我们的大多了
11:29
and we'll use that for scaling缩放 up in Brazil巴西.
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我们就用这家工厂的产品在巴西进行大规模灭蚊。
11:34
There you are. We've我们已经 sent发送 mosquito蚊子 eggs.
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你来看看吧。我们把蚊子卵寄过去,
11:37
We've我们已经 separated分离 the males男性 from the females女性.
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把雄蚊子和雌蚊子分开,
11:39
The males男性 have been put in little pots
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雄蚊子被放进小瓶子里,
11:43
and the truck卡车 is going down the road
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卡车沿着路走,
11:45
and they are releasing释放 males男性 as they go.
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这些雄蚊子被沿途放飞。··
11:48
It's actually其实 a little bit more precise精确 than that.
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实际情况中操作会更精准一些。
11:50
You want to release发布 them so that
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你希望放飞的雄蚊子能
11:51
you get good coverage覆盖 of your area.
253
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正好覆盖整个区域。
11:53
So you take a Google谷歌 Map地图, you divide划分 it up,
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于是你拿一张谷歌地图,把地图
11:56
work out how far they can fly,
255
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按照蚊子能飞的距离把地图上的面积分成小块,
11:58
and make sure you're releasing释放 such这样 that you get
256
702553
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这样你就能保证放飞的雄蚊子能恰好地
12:00
coverage覆盖 of the area, and then you go back,
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覆盖整个区域,放飞以后
12:03
and within a very short space空间 of time,
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过上很短的一段时间
12:05
you're bringing使 that population人口 right the way down.
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你就能使这个区域的蚊子种群数量降下来。
12:08
We've我们已经 also doneDONE this in agriculture农业.
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我们也把这项技术用在农业上。
12:11
We've我们已经 got several一些 different不同 species种类 of agriculture农业 coming未来 along沿,
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我们也针对农业上一些其他种类昆虫开发了产品。
12:15
and I'm hoping希望 that soon不久
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我希望很快
12:17
we'll be able能够 to get some funding资金 together一起 so we can get back
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我们能获得一些资金,这样我们
12:19
and start开始 looking at malaria疟疾.
264
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能着手对付疟疾。
12:22
So that's where we stand at the moment时刻,
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这就是我们现阶段取得的成果。
12:25
and I've just got a few少数 final最后 thoughts思念,
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我最后还有几点想法
12:27
which哪一个 is that this is another另一个 way in which哪一个 biology生物学
267
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这是另一种方式,用生物学方法
12:30
is now coming未来 in to supplement补充 chemistry化学
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来补充化学方法,
12:34
in some of our societal社会的 advances进步 in this area,
269
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在某些比较先进的领域
12:38
and these biological生物 approaches方法 are coming未来 in
270
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这些生物学方法
12:41
in very different不同 forms形式,
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都各不相同。
12:43
and when you think about genetic遗传 engineering工程,
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当你想到基因工程
12:45
we've我们已经 now got enzymes for industrial产业 processing处理,
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我们现在有供工业制造用的酶,
12:48
enzymes, genetically基因 engineered工程 enzymes in food餐饮.
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食物中的基因改造过的酶。
12:51
We have G.M. crops作物, we have pharmaceuticals药品,
275
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2802
我们有基因改造过的粮食,我们有药品,
12:54
we have new vaccines疫苗,
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我们有新的疫苗,
12:55
all using运用 roughly大致 the same相同 technology技术, but with very different不同 outcomes结果.
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都采用了几乎相同的技术,却带来了非常不一样的效果。
12:59
And I'm in favor偏爱, actually其实. Of course课程 I am.
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实际上我更倾向于
13:03
I'm in favor偏爱 of particularly尤其 where the older旧的 technologies技术
279
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在那些旧的技术没有效果,
13:06
don't work well or have become成为 unacceptable不可接受.
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或者旧技术变得无法接受的领域(使用新技术)。
13:09
And although虽然 the techniques技术 are similar类似,
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虽然这项技术是相似的
13:12
the outcomes结果 are very, very different不同,
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其结果却非常非常不同。
13:14
and if you take our approach途径, for example,
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举例来说,如果你把我们的方法
13:15
and you compare比较 it to, say, G.M. crops作物,
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和基因改造的粮食作比较,
13:18
both techniques技术 are trying to produce生产 a massive大规模的 benefit效益.
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两者都试图造福于人类,
13:22
Both have a side benefit效益,
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但也都有各自的副作用。
13:24
which哪一个 is that we reduce减少 pesticide农药 use tremendously异常.
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那就是我们大大减少了杀虫剂的使用量。
13:28
But whereas a G.M. crop作物 is trying to protect保护 the plant,
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但是,区别在于,基因改造的植物试图
13:32
for example, and give it an advantage优点,
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通过给予植物抵抗力优势来保护植物,
13:35
what we're actually其实 doing is taking服用 the mosquito蚊子
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而我们所做的则是
13:38
and giving it the biggest最大 disadvantage坏处 it can possibly或者 have,
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使蚊子获得其最大的劣势
13:42
rendering翻译 it unable无法 to reproduce复制 effectively有效.
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以使其无法生育。
13:45
So for the mosquito蚊子, it's a dead end结束.
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对于蚊子来说,这是它们的末日。
13:48
Thank you very much. (Applause掌声)
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非常感谢(掌声)
Translated by Yale Yin
Reviewed by Shan Zhao

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Hadyn Parry - Biotechnology entrepreneur
Biotech entrepreneur Hadyn Parry leads a science start-up that develops GM insects to fight dengue fever.

Why you should listen

"We have reached a moment of truth," says biotech entrepreneur Hadyn Parry. He believes it's a pivotal time for the science industry and it's the moment for the public to wake up and rethink its position on GM technologies and trials. Parry, who is the CEO of Oxitec, a biotech company devoted to innovative insect control, believes the debate over GM crops and animals has become too political, and people are not stopping to evaluate the technologies' true promises and efficacies. In his eyes, GM can be used responsibly for important goals, like the control of extremely harmful diseases like dengue fever.

More profile about the speaker
Hadyn Parry | Speaker | TED.com