TEDCity2.0
Enrique Peñalosa: Why buses represent democracy in action
恩里克·佩纳罗萨: 为什么巴士体现了一种民主实践
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“一个先进的城市，不是穷人也能负担汽车的地方，而是连有钱人也使用公共交通的地方。”恩里克·佩纳罗萨这样说到。在这个鼓舞人心的演说中，波哥大的前市长分享了他用来改变哥伦比亚首都（波哥大市）交通状况的策略。他为建立未来的智慧城市提出了看法和建议。
Enrique Peñalosa - Colombian politician, urban activist
Enrique Peñalosa is the mayor of Bogotá, Colombia. He advocates for sustainability and mobility in the cities of the future. Full bio
Enrique Peñalosa is the mayor of Bogotá, Colombia. He advocates for sustainability and mobility in the cities of the future. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Mobility in developing world cities
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在世界上发展中国家城市里
00:15
is a very peculiar challenge,
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流动性是一个非常严峻的挑战
00:17
because different from health
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因为它和健康
00:19
or education or housing,
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教育或住房不同
00:21
it tends to get worse as societies become richer.
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当社会变得更富有时
它反而变得更糟
它反而变得更糟
00:25
Clearly, a unsustainable model.
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显然，是一个不可持续的发展模式
00:27
Mobility, as most other developing country problems,
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流动性，如同其他大多数
发展中国家所遇到的问题
发展中国家所遇到的问题
00:32
more than a matter of money or technology,
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不仅仅是钱或科技的问题
00:36
is a matter of equality, equity.
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更是有关平等、 公平的问题
00:41
The great inequality in developing countries
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发展中国家巨大的不平等
00:44
makes it difficult to see, for example,
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让我们很难看到，例如
00:48
that in terms of transport,
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在交通方面
00:50
an advanced city is not one
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一个发达的城市
00:52
where even the poor use cars,
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不是连穷人都能使用汽车的地方
00:54
but rather one where even the rich
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而是甚至富有的人
00:56
use public transport.
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都去使用公共交通工具的地方
00:58
Or bicycles: For example, in Amsterdam,
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像是自行车： 例如，在阿姆斯特丹
01:02
more than 30 percent of the population
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超过 30% 的人口
01:04
uses bicycles,
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使用自行车
01:05
despite the fact that the Netherlands has
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尽管事实上，荷兰的人均收入
01:07
a higher income per capita than the United States.
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已高过美国
01:11
There is a conflict in developing world cities
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发展中国家城市内部也有矛盾
01:15
for money, for government investment.
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为了钱，为了政府投资
01:18
If more money is invested in highways,
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如果更多的钱投资在路政上
01:20
of course there is less money for housing,
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那么投资在房屋
01:22
for schools, for hospitals,
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学校， 医院，各方面的钱就会减少
01:25
and also there is a conflict for space.
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当然也有为了争夺空间的矛盾
01:29
There is a conflict for space between
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矛盾出现在
01:31
those with cars and those without them.
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那些有汽车和那些没有汽车的人之间
01:34
Most of us accept today
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今天我们大多数人接受
01:35
that private property and a market economy
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私人财产和市场经济
01:38
is the best way to manage
most of society's resources.
most of society's resources.
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是管理大部分社会资源的最佳方式
01:41
However, there is a problem with that,
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然而，随之而来的一个问题是
01:44
that market economy needs
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市场经济需要通过
01:46
inequality of income in order to work.
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收入不平等来鼓励人们工作
01:49
Some people must make more money,
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有些人自然赚到更多的钱
01:51
some others less.
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有些人赚的就较少一些
01:52
Some companies succeed. Others fail.
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一些公司获得成功，一些公司倒闭
01:55
Then what kind of equality
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那么什么样的平等
01:57
can we hope for today
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是我们今天在市场经济条件下
01:58
with a market economy?
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所期待的？
02:00
I would propose two kinds
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我提出两种
02:02
which both have much to do with cities.
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这两种都与城市有关
02:04
The first one is equality of quality of life,
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第一种是生活质量的平等
02:08
especially for children,
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特别是对儿童来说
02:09
that all children should have,
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所有儿童都应该拥有
02:11
beyond the obvious health and education,
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除了健康和教育条件外
02:14
access to green spaces, to sports facilities,
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享受绿地，使用体育设施
02:18
to swimming pools, to music lessons.
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使用泳池， 接触音乐课程
02:21
And the second kind of equality
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我所说的第二种平等
02:23
is one which we could call "democratic equality."
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我们称之为“民主权利平等”
02:28
The first article in every constitution states
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每个国家宪法的第一条规定都是
02:31
that all citizens are equal before the law.
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所有公民在法律面前一律平等
02:34
That is not just poetry.
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这不只是诗
02:36
It's a very powerful principle.
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而是一个强有力的原则
02:39
For example, if that is true,
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举例来说，如果这是真的
02:41
a bus with 80 passengers
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载有 80 名乘客的巴士
02:43
has a right to 80 times more road space
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有权获得比单人驾驶的小汽车
02:46
than a car with one.
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多 80 倍的道路空间
02:49
We have been so used to inequality, sometimes,
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我们已经非常习惯于不平等，有时
02:53
that it's before our noses and we do not see it.
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它就在面前，我们看不到它
02:57
Less than 100 years ago,
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几十年前
02:59
women could not vote,
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女性没有投票权
03:00
and it seemed normal,
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好像是正常的事
03:03
in the same way that it seems normal today
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正如今天我们看到
03:06
to see a bus in traffic.
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一辆公共汽车处在拥挤的道路中
03:09
In fact, when I became mayor,
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事实上，当我成为市长的时候
03:12
applying that democratic principle
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运用这一民主原则
03:15
that public good prevails over private interest,
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即公众利益高于私人利益
03:18
that a bus with 100 people
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当一辆巴士载有 100 人
03:21
has a right to 100 times
more road space than a car,
more road space than a car,
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就有权获得比一辆小车
多 100 倍的道路空间
多 100 倍的道路空间
03:23
we implemented a mass transit system
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我们实施了一个大运量客运系统
03:26
based on buses in exclusive lanes.
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基于公交专用车道
03:29
We called it TransMilenio,
in order to make buses sexier.
in order to make buses sexier.
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我们为它命名“穿越千禧”
为了让巴士更性感
为了让巴士更性感
03:33
And one thing is that it is also a very beautiful
democratic symbol, because as buses zoom by,
democratic symbol, because as buses zoom by,
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还有一个非常漂亮的民主符号是
当巴士飞驰而过
当巴士飞驰而过
03:41
expensive cars stuck in traffic,
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而昂贵的豪华轿车被堵在路上
03:45
it clearly is almost a picture of democracy at work.
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很明显，这就是民主得到实现的画面
03:51
In fact, it's not just a matter of equity.
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事实上，它不仅仅是公平问题
03:55
It doesn't take Ph.D.'s.
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不需要博士
03:57
A committee of 12-year-old children
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一组 12 岁的儿童
03:59
would find out in 20 minutes
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就能在 20 分钟内找出
04:01
that the most efficient way to use scarce road space
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使用有限道路空间的最有效方法
04:05
is with exclusive lanes for buses.
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是设立公交车专用车道
04:08
In fact, buses are not sexy,
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事实上，公共汽车并不性感
04:12
but they are the only possible means
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但它们是唯一可能
04:15
to bring mass transit to all areas
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在快速发展的发展型城市
04:18
of fast growing developing cities.
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提供大量客运的交通工具
04:22
They also have great capacity.
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它们有很大的容量
04:24
For example, this system in Guangzhou
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例如，这系统在广州
04:27
is moving more passengers our direction
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比中国所有的地铁线路
04:30
than all subway lines in China,
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能运送更多的乘客
04:32
except for one line in Beijing,
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除了北京的一条地铁线
04:35
at a fraction of the cost.
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且成本只是地铁的一小部分
04:37
We fought not just for space for buses,
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我们不只是为巴士争取空间
04:41
but we fought for space for people,
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我们也为人们争取空间
04:44
and that was even more difficult.
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那是更加困难的事
04:48
Cities are human habitats,
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城市是人类栖息地
04:50
and we humans are pedestrians.
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我们人类是喜欢行走的
04:54
Just as fish need to swim or birds need to fly
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就像鱼需要游泳或鸟需要飞
04:57
or deer need to run, we need to walk.
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或鹿需要奔跑，我们需要行走
05:00
There is a really enormous conflict,
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真的有非常巨大的矛盾
05:03
when we are talking about developing country cities,
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当我们谈论发展中国家的城市
05:06
between pedestrians and cars.
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行人与汽车的关系
05:09
Here, what you see is a picture that shows
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在这里，你看到的是一张
05:12
insufficient democracy.
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显示不够民主的图片
05:14
What this shows is that people who walk
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这表明的是，行人
05:17
are third-class citizens
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是三等公民
05:18
while those who go in cars
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而那些开车的
05:20
are first-class citizens.
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则是一等公民
05:21
In terms of transport infrastructure,
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从交通基础设施方面看
05:24
what really makes a difference
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什么是真正区别
05:25
between advanced and backward cities
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先进和落后的城市之间的
05:28
is not highways or subways
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不是高速公路或地铁
05:30
but quality sidewalks.
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而是有无适宜的人行道
05:32
Here they made a flyover, probably very useless,
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这里，他们建造了一座天桥，可能非常无用
05:35
and they forgot to make a sidewalk.
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而且，他们忘了修建人行道
05:39
This is prevailing all over the world.
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这样的现象在世界各地普遍存在
05:41
Not even schoolchildren
are more important than cars.
are more important than cars.
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甚至在校学童都没有汽车重要
05:45
In my city of Bogotá,
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在我的城市波哥大
05:47
we fought a very difficult battle
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我们打了一场非常困难的战斗
05:50
in order to take space from cars,
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来为人们争取更多的空间
05:53
which had been parking on sidewalks for decades,
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为了夺回汽车所占有的空间
05:56
in order to make space for people that should reflect
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有些车几十年来停放在人行道上
05:59
dignity of human beings,
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这夺回的空间反映的是人类的尊严
06:01
and to make space for protected bikeways.
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并且，使空间保护里的自行车道
06:04
First of all, I had black hair before that.
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首先，在那之前我满头黑发
06:06
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
06:08
And I was almost impeached in the process.
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过程中，我几乎遭到弹劾
06:12
It is a very difficult battle.
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这是场非常艰难的战斗
06:14
However, it was possible, finally,
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然而，我们成功了，最终
06:17
after very difficult battles, to make a city
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艰苦的战斗结束后
06:20
that would reflect some respect for human dignity,
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让一座城市对人类尊严有些许尊重
06:23
that would show that those who walk are equally
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以证明那些行人
06:25
important to those who have cars.
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和那些有车的人同等重要
06:27
Indeed, a very important ideological
and political issue anywhere
and political issue anywhere
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事实上，任何地方最重要的
意识形态和政治纷争
意识形态和政治纷争
06:31
is how to distribute that most valuable resource
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就是如何分配城市最宝贵的资源
06:34
of a city, which is road space.
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就是道路空间
06:37
A city could find oil or diamonds underground
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一个城市能在地下能找到石油或钻石
06:39
and it would not be so valuable as road space.
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那也没有道路空间更为宝贵
06:41
How to distribute it between pedestrians,
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如何将它分配给行人
06:45
bicycles, public transport and cars?
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自行车、公共交通和汽车呢？
06:48
This is not a technological issue,
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这不是一个技术问题
当我们分配道路资源的时候
我们应该记住，没有任何一部宪法
我们应该记住，没有任何一部宪法
06:51
and we should remember that in no constitution
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06:54
parking is a constitutional right
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没有任何一部宪法表明
06:56
when we make that distribution.
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停车是一项宪法权利
06:59
We also built, and this was 15 years ago,
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我们还建造了，这是 15 年前
07:02
before there were bikeways in New York
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在纽约，巴黎，或者伦敦
07:04
or in Paris or in London,
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有自行车道之前
07:06
it was a very difficult battle as well,
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那也是场非常困难的斗争
07:08
more than 350 kilometers of protected bicycle ways.
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保护 350 公里以上的自行车道
07:13
I don't think protected bicycle ways
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我不认为自行车道
07:15
are a cute architectural feature.
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是一个可爱的建筑特征
07:18
They are a right, just as sidewalks are,
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它是一种权利，正如人行道一样
07:21
unless we believe that only those
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除非我们认为，只有那些
07:23
with access to a motor vehicle
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能使用机动车辆的人
07:25
have a right to safe mobility,
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才有权安全地流动
07:27
without the risk of getting killed.
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不用受到致命的危险
07:29
And just as busways are,
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正如巴士专用道
07:33
protected bikeways also are
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自行车道也是
07:35
a powerful symbol of democracy,
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民主的一个强有力的象征
07:37
because they show that a citizen on a $30 bicycle
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因为它们表明
骑价值 30 美金自行车的公民
骑价值 30 美金自行车的公民
07:41
is equally important
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和一个驾驶3 万美元汽车的公民
07:43
to one in a $30,000 car.
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同等重要
07:47
And we are living in a unique moment in history.
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我们生活在一个特殊历史时刻
07:51
In the next 50 years, more than half of those cities
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在未来的 50 年，我们所建造的城市
07:55
which will exist in the year 2060 will be built.
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一半以上，在 2060 年的时候，仍会存在
08:00
In many developing country cities,
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许多发展中国家
08:02
more than 80 and 90 percent
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其中超过百分之八九十
08:04
of the city which will exist in 2060
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到 2060 年仍会存在的城市
08:09
will be built over the next four or five decades.
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将在未来的四五十年间建立起来
08:11
But this is not just a matter
for developing country cities.
for developing country cities.
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但这不只是发展中国家的城市
08:14
In the United States, for example,
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在美国，例如
08:16
more than 70 million new homes
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超过 7000 万的新房
08:19
must be built over the next 40 or 50 years.
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必须在接下来的四五十年间建造完成
08:22
That's more than all the homes that today exist
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其数量相当于今天
08:25
in Britain, France and Canada put together.
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英国、法国和加拿大
所有的房子加在一起
所有的房子加在一起
08:29
And I believe that our cities today
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我相信今天我们的城市
08:33
have severe flaws,
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有严重缺陷
08:35
and that different, better ones could be built.
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不同的更好的那种房屋会被建造起来
08:38
What is wrong with our cities today?
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今天我们的城市哪里有问题呢？
08:41
Well, for example, if we tell any three-year-old child
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好吧，例如，如果我们告诉任何三岁孩童
08:45
who is barely learning to speak
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这些儿童还不怎么会讲话
08:47
in any city in the world today,
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在今天世界上的任何城市
08:48
"Watch out, a car,"
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"小心，有车"
08:50
the child will jump in fright,
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孩子会受惊吓跳起来
08:52
and with a very good reason, because there are
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很好解释，因为全世界
08:54
more than 10,000 children who are killed
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每年有超过一万名儿童死于
08:57
by cars every year in the world.
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汽车造成的交通事故
09:00
We have had cities for 8,000 years,
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城市的历史长达 8000 年
09:03
and children could walk out of home and play.
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儿童可以走出家，去玩儿
09:07
In fact, only very recently,
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事实上，只是在最近
09:09
towards 1900, there were no cars.
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直到 1900 年，是没有汽车的
09:11
Cars have been here for really
less than 100 years.
less than 100 years.
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汽车的存在不到 100 年
09:15
They completely changed cities.
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但它们完全改变了城市
09:18
In 1900, for example,
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在 1900 年，例如
09:20
nobody was killed by cars in the United States.
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美国死于车祸的人数为零
09:24
Only 20 years later,
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仅仅 20 年后
09:26
between 1920 and 1930,
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1920 年至 1930 年间
09:29
almost 200,000 people
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近 20 万人
09:32
were killed by cars in the United States.
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在美国死于车祸
09:34
Only in 1925, almost 7,000 children
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在 1925 年，近 7000 名儿童
09:38
were killed by cars in the United States.
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在美国死于车祸
09:42
So we could make different cities,
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所以我们可以创建不一样的城市
09:46
cities that will give more priority to human beings
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创建那种适合人类生活
09:49
than to cars, that will give more public space
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而不是汽车的城市
将更多的公共空间
将更多的公共空间
09:51
to human beings than to cars,
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给予人类而不是汽车的城市
09:53
cities which show great respect
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那些对最容易受到伤害的公民
09:56
for those most vulnerable citizens,
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比如孩子或者长者
09:58
such as children or the elderly.
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给予极大尊重的城市
10:00
I will propose to you a couple of ingredients
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我接下来的提案将包含几项
10:04
which I think would make cities much better,
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我认为将使城市变得更好的措施
10:07
and it would be very simple to implement them
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在新建城市中非常简单易行
10:10
in the new cities which are only being created.
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非常简单易行
10:13
Hundreds of kilometers of greenways
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数百公里的绿色街道
10:16
criss-crossing cities in all directions.
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纵横交错于城市中
10:19
Children will walk out of homes into safe spaces.
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儿童将可以走出家门，外面也同样安全
10:22
They could go for dozens of kilometers safely
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他们可以安全地在数十公里
10:25
without any risk in wonderful greenways,
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美好的绿色廊道
10:28
sort of bicycle highways,
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类似自行车公路的地方自由活动
10:30
and I would invite you to imagine the following:
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我想邀请你来想象一下以下画面：
10:33
a city in which every other street would be
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一座城市，每条街道将
10:36
a street only for pedestrians and bicycles.
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只是人行道和自行车道
10:41
In new cities which are going to be built,
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在即将建造的新城市中
10:44
this would not be particularly difficult.
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做到这点并不是特别困难
10:46
When I was mayor of Bogotá,
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当我担任波哥大市长的时候
10:50
in only three years, we were able to create
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仅三年，我们就建造了
10:52
70 kilometers,
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70 公里
10:54
in one of the most dense cities in the world,
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而且是在世界上
人口最稠密的城市之一
人口最稠密的城市之一
10:57
of these bicycle highways.
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70 公里的自行车公路
10:59
And this changes the way people live,
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这改变了人们的生活
11:03
move, enjoy the city.
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出行和享受城市的方式
11:05
In this picture, you see in one
of the very poor neighborhoods,
of the very poor neighborhoods,
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在这张图片里，你可以看到
在一个非常贫穷的社区
在一个非常贫穷的社区
11:08
we have a luxury pedestrian bicycle street,
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我们有豪华的自行车行人专用道
11:11
and the cars still in the mud.
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而汽车仍行驶在土地上
11:13
Of course, I would love to pave this street for cars.
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当然，我很乐意铺好这条街的机动车道
11:16
But what do we do first?
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但我们首先做的是什么呢？
11:18
Ninety-nine percent of the people
in those neighborhoods don't have cars.
in those neighborhoods don't have cars.
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在这个街区，99% 的人没有车
11:21
But you see, when a city is only being created,
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但你看，一座城市只被创建时
11:23
it's very easy to incorporate
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很容易将
11:25
this kind of infrastructure.
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这种基础设施纳入规划
11:28
Then the city grows around it.
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然后城市的其他设施
在这附近建立起来
在这附近建立起来
11:30
And of course this is just a glimpse
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当然这是只是惊鸿一瞥
11:33
of something which could be much better
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可以带来更好的生活
11:36
if we just create it,
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我们只是创建它
11:38
and it changes the way of life.
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它就改变了我们的生活方式
11:40
And the second ingredient,
which would solve mobility,
which would solve mobility,
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第二要素将解决流动性的问题
11:44
that very difficult challenge in developing countries,
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在发展中国家，这非常艰难的挑战
11:47
in a very low-cost and simple way,
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一个成本非常低且简单易行的方法是
11:50
would be to have hundreds of kilometers
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将数百公里的道路
11:54
of streets only for buses,
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打造成专用道，巴士专用道
11:56
buses and bicycles and pedestrians.
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公交车专用道、自行车专用道和人行道
11:59
This would be, again, a very low-cost solution
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这将是一个成本十分低廉的解决方案
12:03
if implemented from the start,
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如果从头开始实施
12:05
low cost, pleasant transit
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成本低，带来令人愉快的转变
12:07
with natural sunlight.
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享受自然阳光
12:11
But unfortunately, reality is not as good
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但不幸的是，现实和我
12:16
as my dreams.
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梦想的不一样
12:17
Because of private property of land
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由于土地的私有权
12:21
and high land prices,
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和高价格因素
12:24
all developing country cities
have a large problem of slums.
have a large problem of slums.
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所有发展中国家的城市
都有贫民窟这个难题
都有贫民窟这个难题
12:27
In my country of Colombia, almost half the homes
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在我生活的国家哥伦比亚
城市中几乎一半的房屋
城市中几乎一半的房屋
12:30
in cities initially were illegal developments.
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是在城市修建之初的违建
12:35
And of course it's very difficult to have
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当然这就为使用
公共交通或使用自行车
带来了诸多不便
带来了诸多不便
12:38
mass transit or to use bicycles in such environments.
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12:42
But even legal developments
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不过，即使是符合法律的发展
12:44
have also been located in the wrong places,
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也发展在了错误的地方
12:47
very far from the city centers
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像是离市中心很远的地方
12:50
where it's impossible to provide
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在那里是不可能提供
12:52
low-cost, high-frequency public transport.
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低成本、高效率的公共交通的
12:56
As a Latin American, and Latin America
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作为一个拉丁美洲国家
12:59
was the most recently organized region in the world,
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拉丁美洲是世界上
近年来按秩序发展的区域
近年来按秩序发展的区域
13:02
I would recommend, respectfully, passionately,
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我恭敬地，充满激情地建议
13:07
to those countries which are yet to urbanize --
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这些尚有待于城市化的国家 --
13:11
Latin America went from 40 percent urban in 1950
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拉丁美洲去的城市化从 1950 年的 40%
13:16
to 80 percent urban in 2010 --
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增长到 2010 年的 80% --
13:22
I would recommend Asian and African countries
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我建议亚洲国家和非洲国家
13:26
which are yet to urbanize,
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那些仍未城市化的地方
13:27
such as India which is only 33 percent urban now,
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比如印度，印度城市化目前只有 33%
13:32
that governments should acquire
all land around cities.
all land around cities.
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当地政府应掌握城市周围的所有土地
13:35
In this way, their cities could grow in the right places
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这样，这些城市才会合理发展
13:37
with the right spaces, with the parks,
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建有公园
13:39
with the greenways, with the busways.
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绿色街道，公交车道
13:42
The cities we are going to build
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未来 50 年
13:44
over the next 50 years
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我们要建的城市
13:46
will determine quality of life and even happiness
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将决定未来数十亿人民的
13:48
for billions of people towards the future.
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生活质量，甚至幸福感
13:50
What a fantastic opportunity for leaders
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这对许多领导人和年轻领袖
13:54
and many young leaders to come,
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是绝好的机会
13:56
especially in the developing countries.
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特别是对那些在发展中国家的来说
13:58
They can create a much happier life
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他们可以为未来数十亿人民
14:00
for billions towards the future.
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带来更加幸福快乐的生活
14:01
I am sure, I am optimistic,
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我坚信这点，我很乐观
14:03
that they will make cities better
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他们将使城市
14:05
than our most ambitious dreams.
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比我们所期望的更好
14:08
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Enrique Peñalosa - Colombian politician, urban activistEnrique Peñalosa is the mayor of Bogotá, Colombia. He advocates for sustainability and mobility in the cities of the future.
Why you should listen
Enrique Peñalosa sees urban transportation not as a matter of convenience and economics but as a matter of justice, of equality for every resident. In his own city of Bogotá, Colombia, where he served as mayor from 1998 to 2001 before being elected again in 2015, he proudly says that more than 350 km of protected bicycle ways have been created.
Peñalosa has worked as a consultant on urban strategy, advising officials in cities all over the world on how to build a sustainable cities that can not only survive but thrive in the future. He was president of the board of directors of the Institute for Transportation and Development Policy, an organization promoting sustainable and equitable transportation worldwide.
Enrique Peñalosa | Speaker | TED.com