TED2013
Leyla Acaroglu: Paper beats plastic? How to rethink environmental folklore
蕾拉·阿卡罗格鲁: 蕾拉·阿卡罗格鲁：纸比塑料好？——如何审视环境民俗
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说到环境，很多人都想做正确的事。但可持续性战略学家蕾拉·阿卡罗格鲁说，比起选择纸袋来说，事情远复杂得多。蕾拉大胆地号召人们，不要再执迷于我们坚守的“绿色”谜题，而是拓展思维，设计出能缓解地球压力的系统和产品。
Leyla Acaroglu - Sustainability strategist
Leyla Acaroglu uses innovative design and systems thinking to create positive change. Full bio
Leyla Acaroglu uses innovative design and systems thinking to create positive change. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
So imagine, you're in the supermarket,
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想象一下，你现在在逛超市
00:15
you're buying some groceries,
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你要买些日用品
00:16
and you get given the option
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然后收银员问你
00:18
for a plastic or a paper shopping bag.
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你需要塑料袋还是纸袋
00:22
Which one do you choose if you want to do
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若是从保护环境的角度出发
00:24
the right thing by the environment?
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你会选择哪种呢？
00:26
Most people do pick the paper.
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大多数人选择纸袋。
00:28
Okay, let's think of why.
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好吧，让我们想想为什么。
00:29
It's brown to start with.
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首先，纸袋是褐色。
00:31
Therefore, it must be good for the environment.
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因此，它肯定有利于环境的。
00:33
It's biodegradable. It's reusable.
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它是可生物降解的、可重复使用的。
00:35
In some cases, it's recyclable.
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在某些情况下，它可循环利用。
00:37
So when people are looking at the plastic bag,
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所以，当人看到塑料袋时，
00:40
it's likely they're thinking of something like this,
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他们有可能想到以上这些画面，
00:43
which we all know is absolutely terrible,
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我们都知道这些相当糟糕，
00:45
and we should be avoiding at all expenses
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而且应不惜一切代价避免
00:47
these kinds of environmental damages.
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类似这样的环境污染。
00:50
But people are often not thinking
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但人们往往不会想到
00:52
of something like this,
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这类事情，
00:54
which is the other end of the spectrum.
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这只是一个极端情况而已。
00:57
When we produce materials,
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当我们生产材料时，
00:59
we need to extract them from the environment,
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我们需要从环境中提炼材料，
01:01
and we need a whole bunch
of environmental impacts.
of environmental impacts.
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对环境的影响是全方位的。
01:05
You see, what happens is, when we need
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通常情况是，当我们需要
01:07
to make complex choices,
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做出复杂的选择，
01:09
us humans like really simple solutions,
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我们人类喜欢很简单的解决办法，
01:11
and so we often ask for simple solutions.
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于是我们经常寻求简单方案。
01:14
And I work in design.
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我是做设计的。
01:15
I advise designers
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我为设计师和创新者
01:17
and innovators around sustainability,
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提供(环境)可持续发展方面的建议。
01:19
and everyone always says to me, "Oh Leyla,
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每个人都对我说，"哦，蕾拉，
01:21
I just want the eco-materials."
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我只是想用生态材料而已。”
01:23
And I say, "Well, that's very complex,
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我说，"好吧，但那是非常复杂的，
01:25
and we'll have to spend four hours talking about
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我们要花四个小时讨论
01:27
what exactly an eco-material means,
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生态材料到底意味着什么，
01:29
because everything at some point
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因为从某种程度上说，
01:31
comes from nature,
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一切都来自于自然，
01:33
and it's how you use the material
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而我们使用这些原材料的方式
01:35
that dictates the environmental impact.
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决定了(我们的行为)对环境的影响。
01:38
So what happens is, we have to rely
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所以接下来，我们必须依赖
01:40
on some sort of intuitive framework
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某种直观的判断标准
01:42
when we make decisions.
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来作出决定。
01:43
So I like to call that intuitive framework
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所以我喜欢把这个直觉的判断标准称为
01:46
our environmental folklore.
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我们的"环境民俗"。
01:48
It's either the little voice
at the back of your head,
at the back of your head,
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它要么是你脑中那个影响你决定的声音
01:51
or it's that gut feeling you get
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要么是当你做了正确的选择时
01:53
when you've done the right thing,
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你的那种直觉。
01:55
so when you've picked the paper bag
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比如，当你选择了纸袋
01:56
or when you've bought a fuel-efficient car.
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或者当你买了一辆节能车。
01:59
And environmental folklore is a really important thing
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环境民俗是件很重要的事情
02:02
because we're trying to do the right thing.
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因为我们想做正确的事。
02:05
But how do we know if we're actually
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但我们如何知道
02:07
reducing the net environmental impacts
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个人、专业人士以及整个社会的努力
02:09
that our actions as individuals and as professionals
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我们的一切行为
02:13
and as a society are actually having
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对环境的影响净额(总体影响)
02:15
on the natural environment?
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是否真正在减小？
02:18
So the thing about environmental folklore is
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环境民俗的问题在于
02:20
it tends to be based on our experiences,
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它往往是基于我们的经验，
02:22
the things we've heard from other people.
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以及我们从他人口中听来的东西。
02:23
It doesn't tend to be based
on any scientific framework.
on any scientific framework.
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它并非基于任何科学的框架。
02:26
And this is really hard, because we live
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这确实很难，因为我们生活在
02:28
in incredibly complex systems.
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无比复杂的系统中。
02:30
We have the human systems
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我们拥有一个人类系统
02:31
of how we communicate and interrelate
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我们相互联系，通过各种途径
02:33
and have our whole constructed society,
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我们有完整构建的社会，
02:36
We have the industrial systems,
which is essentially the entire economy,
which is essentially the entire economy,
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我们有工业系统，基本上是整个经济体系，
02:40
and then all of that has to operate
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而所有这一切都必须在
02:41
within the biggest system,
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最大的、
02:43
and, I would argue, the most important,
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在我看来也是最重要的
02:45
the ecosystem.
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生态系统中运行。
02:47
And you see, the choices that we make
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大家可以看到，我们作为个人
02:49
as an individual,
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作出的选择，
02:50
but the choices that we make
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以及我们在各自的岗位上
02:51
in every single job that we have,
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所作出的选择，
02:53
no matter how high or low
you are in the pecking order,
you are in the pecking order,
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在社会等级中无论高低，
02:56
has an impact on all of these systems.
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都对所有这些系统有影响。
02:59
And the thing is that we have to find ways
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关键是，如果我们真的要在
03:01
if we're actually going to address sustainability
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这些复杂系统的交错中寻求可持续性，
03:03
of interlocking those complex systems
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并且作出更好的选择
03:07
and making better choices that result
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从而带来环境净收益，
03:09
in net environmental gains.
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我们必须找到办法。
03:12
What we need to do is we need to learn
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我们需要做的就是学会
03:14
to do more with less.
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事半功倍。
03:16
We have an increasing population,
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我们有不断增加的人口，
03:18
and everybody likes their mobile phones,
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每个人都喜欢自己的手机，
03:19
especially in this situation here.
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尤其是在这种情况下。
03:22
So we need to find innovative ways of solving
some of these problems that we face.
some of these problems that we face.
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所以我们需要创新的方法来解决眼前的问题。
03:26
And that's where this process called
life cycle thinking comes in.
life cycle thinking comes in.
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这里就该提到生命周期的思维方式。
03:29
So essentially, everything that is created
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从根本上说，一切事物
03:32
goes through a series of life cycle stages,
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都经历一系列的生命周期阶段
03:34
and we use this scientific process
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我们用这一科学过程
03:36
called life cycle assessment,
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即生命周期评价
03:38
or in America, you guys say life cycle analysis,
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或在美国，你们称为生命周期分析
03:40
in order to have a clearer picture of how
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来更清楚了解
03:44
everything that we do in the
technical part of those systems
technical part of those systems
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我们在这些系统的技术性部分所做的一切
03:48
affects the natural environment.
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如何影响自然环境。
03:50
So we go all the way back
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那么我们回到一开始提到的
03:51
to the extraction of raw materials,
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对原材料的提取，
03:54
and then we look at manufacturing,
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然后再来看制造过程，
03:56
we look at packaging and transportation,
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再看看包装和运输，
03:57
use, and end of life,
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使用和回收处理。
03:59
and at every single one of these stages,
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其中的每个阶段
04:02
the things that we do
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我们所做的事情
04:03
have an interaction with the natural environment,
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都与自然环境有互动
04:05
and we can monitor how that interaction
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我们可以观察这种互动
04:08
is actually affecting the systems and services
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是如何影响那些使地球生活成为可能的
04:12
that make life on Earth possible.
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生态系统和环境资源。
04:13
And through doing this,
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通过这样做，
04:15
we've learned some absolutely fascinating things.
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我们了解到一些令人着迷的东西。
04:19
And we've busted a bunch of myths.
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而且解决了很多谜题。
04:21
So to start with, there's a word that's used a lot.
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首先，有一个词我们用得很多，
04:26
It's used a lot in marketing,
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在市场营销中也经常用到
04:28
and it's used a lot, I think, in our conversation
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当我们谈论可持续性时，
04:30
when we're talking about sustainability,
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也经常出现
04:32
and that's the word biodegradability.
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这个词就是“生物可降解性”。
04:34
Now biodegradability is a material property;
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生物可降解性是物质的一种属性
04:39
it is not a definition of environmental benefits.
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它不是有关环境效益的一个定义。
04:42
Allow me to explain.
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让我来解释一下。
04:44
When something natural,
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有些自然的东西
04:46
something that's made from a cellulose fiber
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比如，由纤维素纤维制成的东西
04:48
like a piece of bread, even, or any food waste,
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或者一片面包，甚至任何食物垃圾，
04:51
or even a piece of paper,
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或是一张纸，
04:54
when something natural ends up
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以天然原材料制作的产品
04:56
in the natural environment, it degrades normally.
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在自然环境中结束生命时，它会自然降解。
04:58
Its little carbon molecules that it stored up
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它在整个生长过程中储备的碳分子
05:00
as it was growing are naturally released
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会以二氧化碳的形式
05:02
back into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide,
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自然地重返大气层
05:05
but this is a net situation.
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但这只是一种情况。
05:07
Most natural things
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大多数以天然原材料制作的产品
05:08
don't actually end up in nature.
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最后并非在自然中结束生命。
05:10
Most of the things, the waste that
we produce, end up in landfill.
we produce, end up in landfill.
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我们产生的大多数废物最终会进入垃圾填埋场。
05:13
Landfill is a different environment.
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垃圾填埋场是一种不同的环境。
05:16
In landfill, those same carbon molecules
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在那里，同样的碳分子
05:18
degrade in a different way,
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在以不同的方式降解
05:19
because a landfill is anaerobic.
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因为垃圾填埋场是厌氧的。
05:21
It's got no oxygen. It's tightly compacted and hot.
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它没有氧气。它紧紧压缩并且发热。
05:25
Those same molecules, they become methane,
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那些原本相同的分子变成甲烷，
05:27
and methane is a 25 times more potent
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甲烷是比二氧化碳强 25 倍的
05:30
greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.
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温室气体。
05:33
So our old lettuces and products
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所以那些我们扔掉的
05:36
that we have thrown out that are made
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变黄的生菜和其他产品
05:37
out of biodegradable materials,
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本来源于可生物降解的材料，
05:39
if they end up in landfill,
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但如果它们最终进了垃圾填埋场，
05:41
contribute to climate change.
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则会加重气候变化。
05:43
You see, there are facilities now
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大家看，现在有些设施
05:44
that can actually capture that methane
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可以捕获这些甲烷
05:46
and generate power,
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然后用来发电
05:47
displacing the need for fossil fuel power,
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取代了化石燃料
05:50
but we need to be smart about this.
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但在这一过程中，我们要足够聪明。
05:51
We need to identify how we can start to leverage
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我们需要确定如何开始利用
05:55
these types of things that are already happening
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这类已经发生的事情
05:57
and start to design systems and services
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并开始设计系统和服务
05:59
that alleviate these problems.
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来缓解这些问题。
06:01
Because right now, what people do
is they turn around and they say,
is they turn around and they say,
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因为现在，人们总是转过身去，说：
06:04
"Let's ban plastic bags. We'll give people paper
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"我们禁用塑料袋吧，给人们用纸袋，
06:06
because that is better for the environment."
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因为这对环境更好。”
06:08
But if you're throwing it in the bin,
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但如果你把它扔进垃圾桶，
06:10
and your local landfill facility
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而当地垃圾填埋设施
06:11
is just a normal one,
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而这个垃圾填埋场没有特殊处理时,
06:14
then we're having what's called a double negative.
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那么我们就会面临所谓的双重负面效应。
06:19
I'm a product designer by trade.
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我的工作产品设计师。
06:22
I then did social science.
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然后我进修了社会科学。
06:23
And so I'm absolutely fascinated
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我很着迷于
06:24
by consumer goods and how the consumer goods
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消费品，以及这些
06:26
that we have kind of become immune to
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我们多少已产生免疫的、
06:28
that fill our lives
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充斥着我们的生活的消费品
06:30
have an impact on the natural environment.
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如何对自然环境产生影响。
06:31
And these guys are, like, serial offenders,
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而这些大家伙们就像是(环境破坏的)惯犯
06:34
and I'm pretty sure everyone in this room
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我很肯定这个房间里的每个人
06:36
has a refrigerator.
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都有冰箱。
06:38
Now America has this amazing ability
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现在美国有种神奇的能力
06:39
to keep growing refrigerators.
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就是让冰箱不断变大。
06:41
In the last few years, they've grown one cubic foot
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在过去几年中，冰箱已平均增大 1 立方尺，
06:43
on average, the standard size
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增加的大小为一个冰箱的
06:45
of a refrigerator.
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标准尺寸。
06:47
And the problem is, they're so big now,
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问题是，他们都这么大了，
06:49
it's easier for us to buy more food
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这使我们更容易买更多食物
06:51
that we can't eat or find.
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尽管都吃不完，甚至找不到。
06:53
I mean, I have things at the back of my refrigerator
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我是说，我的冰箱里有些食物
06:55
that have been there for years, all right?
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已放了几年了，好吗？
06:57
And so what happens is, we waste more food.
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所以接下来，我们浪费更多的食物。
07:00
And as I was just explaining,
food waste is a problem.
food waste is a problem.
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而且就像我所说的，食品浪费是个问题。
07:03
In fact, here in the U.S., 40 percent
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事实上，在美国，家庭购买的食物中
07:06
of food purchased for the home is wasted.
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40%被浪费掉。
07:09
Half of the world's produced food is wasted.
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世界上生产的粮食有一半被浪费掉。
07:13
That's the latest U.N. stats. Up to half of the food.
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这是最新的联合国统计信息。多达一半的食物。
07:16
It's insane. It's 1.3 billion tons of food per annum.
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这太疯狂了。即每年 13 亿吨粮食。
07:21
And I blame it on the refrigerator,
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我把这个问题归罪给冰箱
07:23
well, especially in Western cultures,
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好吧，尤其是在西方文化中，
07:24
because it makes it easier.
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因为它让生活变得简单。
07:26
I mean, there's a lot of complex
systems going on here.
systems going on here.
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我是说，这离不开很多复杂系统的运行
07:28
I don't want to make it so simplistic.
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我不想把这个问题简单化
07:30
But the refrigerator is a serious contributor to this,
192
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但冰箱确实有很大的责任
07:33
and one of the features of it
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它的特点之一
07:35
is the crisper drawer.
194
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是它的保鲜储藏格。
07:37
You all got crisper drawers?
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你们都有保鲜储藏格吧？
07:39
The drawer that you put your lettuces in?
196
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1935
就是你放生菜的地方？
07:41
Lettuces have a habit of going soggy
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生菜总会在
07:42
in the crisper drawers, don't they?
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保险储藏格里变软，不是吗？
07:44
Yeah? Soggy lettuces?
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对吧？变软的生菜？
07:46
In the U.K., this is such a problem
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在英国，这个问题很严重
07:48
that there was a government report a few years ago
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几年前有一份政府报告
07:49
that actually said the second biggest offender
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说英国食品浪费的第二大原因
07:52
of wasted food in the U.K. is the soggy lettuce.
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就是变软的生菜。
07:55
It was called the Soggy Lettuce Report.
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这被称作“软生菜报告”。
07:57
Okay? So this is a problem, people.
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好吗？所以这是一个问题。
07:59
These poor little lettuces are getting thrown out
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这些可怜的小生菜
08:02
left, right and center because the crisper drawers
207
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被随意丢弃，因为保鲜格
08:03
are not designed to actually keep things crisp.
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并不能保持生菜的爽脆。
08:06
Okay. You need a tight environment.
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好吧。你需要一个密封的环境。
08:08
You need, like, an airless environment
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你需要一个密不透风的环境
08:10
to prevent the degrading that
would happen naturally.
would happen naturally.
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来防止自然发生的降解。
08:13
But the crisper drawers, they're just a drawer
212
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1952
但是保鲜格，它只是一个抽屉
08:15
with a slightly better seal.
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有稍好一点的封口而已。
08:17
Anyway, I'm clearly obsessed.
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不管怎样，显然我对这个问题着迷了。
08:19
Don't ever invite me over because I'll just
start going through your refrigerator
start going through your refrigerator
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千万别请我去你家，因为我会翻遍你的冰箱
08:22
and looking at all sorts of things like that.
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开始查看所以这类东西。
08:23
But essentially, this is a big problem.
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但从根本上说，这是一个大问题。
08:25
Because when we lose something
like the lettuce from the system,
like the lettuce from the system,
218
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因为当我们从系统中失去生菜这类东西，
08:28
not only do we have that impact
I just explained at the end of life,
I just explained at the end of life,
219
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不仅要面临其生命结束所带来的影响
08:32
but we actually have had to grow that lettuce.
220
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而且我们其实不得不种生菜。
08:34
The life cycle impact of that lettuce is astronomical.
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一棵生菜的整个生命周期的影响是个天文数字。
08:38
We've had to clear land.
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我们不得不清理出耕地
08:39
We've had to plant seeds, phosphorus,
223
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我们不得不播撒种子，施磷肥、
08:41
fertilizers, nutrients, water, sunlight.
224
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其它肥料、 营养物质、 水、 阳光。
08:43
All of the embodied impacts in that lettuce
225
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这棵生菜所蕴含的所有影响
08:45
get lost from the system,
226
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都从系统中消失
08:47
which makes it a far bigger environmental impact
227
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这使它所造成的环境影响
08:50
than the loss of the energy from the fridge.
228
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远比冰箱的耗能更加严重。
08:53
So we need to design things like this far better
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所以如果我们要着手解决严重的环境问题
08:57
if we're going to start addressing
serious environmental problems.
serious environmental problems.
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则需要将此类产品设计得更好。
09:00
We could start with the crisper drawer and the size.
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我们可以从保鲜格和冰箱大小开始。
09:01
For those of you in the room who do design fridges,
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这里要是有设计冰箱的人
09:03
that would be great.
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就太好了。
09:05
The problem is, imagine if we
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问题是，想象一下，如果我们
09:08
actually started to reconsider
how we designed things.
how we designed things.
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确实开始重新考虑我们的设计。
09:10
So I look at the refrigerator as a sign of modernity,
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我把冰箱看做现代生活的标志
09:14
but we actually haven't really changed the design
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2098
但自上世纪50年代以来
09:16
of them that much since the 1950s.
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冰箱的设计并无大的变化。
09:19
A little bit, but essentially they're still big boxes,
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只变了一点，但本质上他们仍然大箱子
09:22
cold boxes that we store stuff in.
240
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1922
我们存储东西的冷箱子。
09:24
So imagine if we actually really started
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想象一下，如果我们真的开始
09:26
to identify these problems and use that
242
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意识到这些问题，
09:29
as the foundation for finding innovative and elegant
243
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并以此作为基础来寻找创新和优雅的设计方案
09:32
design solutions that will solve those problems.
244
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来解决这些问题。
09:36
This is design-led system change,
245
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这是由设计主导的系统变化，
09:38
design dictating the way in which the system
246
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由设计来决定如何让系统
09:42
can be far more sustainable.
247
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变得更可持续。
09:45
Forty percent food waste is a major problem.
248
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40%的食物浪费是一个重大问题。
09:47
Imagine if we designed fridges that halved that.
249
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想象一下，我们设计比原来小一半的冰箱。
09:51
Another item that I find fascinating
250
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2351
另一个让我着迷的东西
09:53
is the electric tea kettle,
251
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是电茶壶。
09:54
which I found out that
252
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1393
我发现，
09:56
you don't do tea kettles in
this country, really, do you?
this country, really, do you?
253
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3251
你们国家不用这个，是吗？
09:59
But that's really big in the U.K.
254
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2088
但在英国这是件重要的东西
10:01
Ninety-seven percent of households
255
589498
2233
在英国97%的家庭
10:03
in the United Kingdom own an electric tea kettle.
256
591731
2932
拥有电茶壶。
10:06
So they're very popular.
257
594663
1607
所以它们非常普遍。
10:08
And, I mean, if I were to work with a design firm
258
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我是说，要是我和一家设计公司
10:11
or a designer, and they were designing one of these,
259
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2252
或和一位设计师工作，他们在设计这类东西，
10:13
and they wanted to do it eco,
260
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1239
想要把它做得生态环保，
10:14
they'd usually ask me two things.
261
602561
1918
他们通常都会问我两件事。
10:16
They'd say, "Leyla, how do I
make it technically efficient?"
make it technically efficient?"
262
604479
3044
他们会说，"蕾拉，如何使它从技术上变得高效?"
10:19
Because obviously energy's
a problem with this product.
a problem with this product.
263
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3288
因为很明显，能源是与此产品的一个问题。
10:22
Or, "How do I make it green materials?
264
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3065
或者"如何使它成为绿色材料？
10:25
How do I make the materials green
265
613876
2910
如何在制造过程中
10:28
in the manufacturing?"
266
616786
1822
使材料变得绿色?"
10:30
Would you ask me those questions?
267
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你们会问我这些问题吗？
10:32
They seem logical, right? Yeah.
268
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2799
他们听起来符合逻辑，对吗？是这样的。
10:35
Well I'd say, "You're looking at the wrong problems."
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2559
但我会说："你找错了问题"。
10:37
Because the problem is with use.
270
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2158
因为主要问题在于使用方式。
10:39
It's with how people use the product.
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2675
即人们如何使用该产品。
10:42
Sixty-five percent of Brits
272
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65%的英国人
10:44
admit to over-filling their kettle
273
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2344
承认当他们只需要一杯茶时
10:46
when they only need one cup of tea.
274
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2586
也会把茶壶灌得过满。
10:49
All of this extra water that's being boiled
275
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2743
煮开这部分多余的水
10:52
requires energy, and it's been calculated
276
640110
3968
需要能源，而且据计算
10:56
that in one day of extra energy use
277
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3038
在一天内这些烧水壶所消耗的
10:59
from boiling kettles
278
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1543
额外能量
11:00
is enough to light all of the streetlights
279
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2642
就足以让英国所有的路灯
11:03
in England for a night.
280
651301
2623
照亮一夜。
11:05
But this is the thing.
281
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2118
这就是问题所在。
11:08
This is what I call a product-person failure.
282
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1914
这是我所说的“产品-人为故障”。
11:09
But we've got a product-system failure
going on with these little guys,
going on with these little guys,
283
657956
2746
但这些小东西里其实还存在“产品-系统故障”
11:12
and they're so ubiquitous, you
don't even notice they're there.
don't even notice they're there.
284
660702
2910
它们无处不在，你甚至没有注意到它们。
11:15
And this guy over here, though, he does.
He's named Simon.
He's named Simon.
285
663612
3213
但这个人注意到了。他叫西蒙。
11:18
Simon works for the national
electricity company in the U.K.
electricity company in the U.K.
286
666825
3307
西蒙为英国国家电力公司工作
11:22
He has a very important job of monitoring
287
670132
2142
他有一个非常重要的工作，即监测
11:24
all of the electricity coming into the system
288
672274
2439
所有进入系统的电力
11:26
to make sure there is enough
289
674713
1413
以确保有足够的电力
11:28
so it powers everybody's homes.
290
676126
1928
供应每户家庭。
11:30
He's also watching television.
291
678054
2104
他同时也得看电视。
11:32
The reason is because there's a unique
292
680158
1973
因为在英国
11:34
phenomenon that happens in the U.K.
293
682131
1818
当最受欢迎的节目结束时
11:35
the moment that very popular TV shows end.
294
683949
4038
会发生一个独特现象。
11:39
The minute the ad break comes on,
295
687987
2238
开始进广告那一刻
11:42
this man has to rush
296
690225
1837
西蒙就得赶紧
11:44
to buy nuclear power from France,
297
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3056
从法国购买核能
11:47
because everybody turns their kettles on
298
695118
2889
因为每个英国人会都在这一刻
11:50
at the same time.
299
698007
2065
打开电水壶。
11:52
(Laughter)
300
700072
2246
（笑声）
11:54
1.5 million kettles, seriously problematic.
301
702318
5985
150 万的电水壶，问题很严重。
12:00
So imagine if you designed kettles,
302
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3569
想象一下，如果你设计电水壶，
12:03
you actually found a way to
solve these system failures,
solve these system failures,
303
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2740
你找到了解决这些系统故障的方法
12:06
because this is a huge amount of pressure
304
714612
2665
因为对系统来说
12:09
on the system,
305
717277
1391
这是相当大的压力
12:10
just because the product hasn't
thought about the problem
thought about the problem
306
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3436
仅仅因为该产品没有考虑到
12:14
that it's going to have when it exists in the world.
307
722104
1863
当它存在于这个世界时会产生的问题。
12:15
Now, I looked at a number of
kettles available on the market,
kettles available on the market,
308
723967
2668
我看过市场上一些电水壶
12:18
and found the minimum fill lines,
309
726635
2022
找到最小水量线
12:20
so the little piece of information that tells you
310
728657
1766
这一小块信息告诉你
12:22
how much you need to put in there,
311
730423
1557
你需要倒多少水进去，
12:23
was between two and a five-and-a-half cups of water
312
731980
2919
这个量通常在两杯和五杯半水之间
12:26
just to make one cup of tea.
313
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3433
仅仅为喝上一杯茶。
12:30
So this kettle here is an example of one where
314
738332
2285
所以电水壶在这里例证了
12:32
it actually has two reservoirs.
315
740617
2536
它实际上有两个水容量。
12:35
One's a boiling chamber, and one's the water holder.
316
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2185
即作为沸腾室和水容器分别需要的量
12:37
The user actually has to push that button
317
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2325
用户需要按下那个按钮
12:39
to get their hot water boiled,
318
747665
1568
来把水煮开
12:41
which means, because we're all lazy,
319
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1766
也就是说，因为我们都懒，
12:42
you only fill exactly what you need.
320
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1842
你只倒入你需要的量。
12:44
And this is what I call behavior-changing products:
321
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2324
这是我所说的改变行为的产品：
12:47
products, systems or services
322
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2112
干预和解决眼前问题的
12:49
that intervene and solve these problems up front.
323
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3859
产品、 系统或服务。
12:53
Now, this is a technology arena,
324
761136
2650
如今是一个技术的舞台，
12:55
so obviously these things are quite popular,
325
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2061
显然这些东西是相当普遍的
12:57
but I think if we're going to keep
326
765847
1968
但我认为如果我们要继续
12:59
designing, buying and using and throwing out
327
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2586
以目前这种速率
13:02
these kinds of products at the rate we currently do,
328
770401
1912
这种高得惊人的速率
13:04
which is astronomically high,
329
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2249
设计、购买、使用和抛弃这类产品的话
13:06
there are seven billion people
330
774562
1834
而同时有70 亿人
13:08
who live in the world right now.
331
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1410
活在世界上。
13:09
There are six billion mobile phone subscriptions
332
777806
2187
去年有60亿人成为
13:11
as of last year.
333
779993
3666
手机用户。
13:15
Every single year, 1.5 billion mobile phones
334
783659
3522
每一年，15 亿部移动电话
13:19
roll off production lines,
335
787181
1253
被生产出来，
13:20
and some companies report their production rate
336
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2071
一些公司报告其出货量
13:22
as being greater than the human birth rate.
337
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2350
比人类出生率还大。
13:24
One hundred fifty-two million phones
were thrown out in the U.S. last year;
were thrown out in the U.S. last year;
338
792855
3130
去年在美国，1.52亿手机被丢弃；
13:27
only 11 percent were recycled.
339
795985
1884
只有 11%被循环利用。
13:29
I'm from Australia. We have a
population of 22 million -- don't laugh --
population of 22 million -- don't laugh --
340
797869
3358
我来自澳大利亚。我们有2200 万人口，别笑 ，
13:33
and it's been reported that 22 million phones
341
801227
3073
报道说， 2200 万手机
13:36
are in people's drawers.
342
804300
2607
躺在人们的抽屉里。
13:38
We need to find ways of solving
the problems around this,
the problems around this,
343
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3721
我们需要找到方法来解决这种问题
13:42
because these things are so complicated.
344
810628
2897
因为这些是如此复杂。
13:45
They have so much locked up inside them.
345
813525
3306
手机里其实藏了非常多宝贝。
13:48
Gold! Did you know that it's actually cheaper now
346
816831
3763
黄金 ！你们知道么？现在从一吨旧手机里
13:52
to get gold out of a ton of old mobile phones
347
820594
3617
提取黄金，比从金矿挖掘黄金
13:56
than it is out of a ton of gold ore?
348
824211
3228
更便宜！
13:59
There's a number of highly complex and valuable
349
827439
2390
在这些东西里
14:01
materials embodied inside these things,
350
829829
1601
含有极其复杂和有价值的材料
14:03
so we need to find ways of encouraging disassembly,
351
831430
2458
所以我们需要设法鼓励拆装
14:05
because this is otherwise what happens.
352
833888
2164
否则将发生以下情况。
14:08
This is a community in Ghana,
353
836052
1674
这是加纳的一个社区，
14:09
and e-waste is reported, or electronic waste
354
837726
2258
联合国的一份报告提到
14:11
is reported by the U.N.
355
839984
1976
这里贩卖电子垃圾
14:13
as being up to 50 million tons trafficked.
356
841960
3032
规模高达 5000 万吨。
14:16
This is how they get the gold
357
844992
1314
他们是这样弄出那些黄金
14:18
and the other valuable materials out.
358
846306
1534
和其他有价值的材料的。
14:19
They burn the electronic waste
359
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他们在露天的空地
14:21
in open spaces.
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焚烧电子垃圾。
14:23
These are communities, and this
is happening all over the world.
is happening all over the world.
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不仅是在这些社区，这种情况在世界各地都会发生。
14:26
And because we don't see the ramifications
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因为我们看不到自己作为
14:29
of the choices that we make as designers,
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设计师、商人和消费者
14:31
as businesspeople, as consumers,
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做出的极为不同的选择
14:33
then these kinds of externalities happen,
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所以这种附带效应就会发生，
14:35
and these are people's lives.
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这些都关乎人们的生活。
14:37
So we need to find smarter, more systems-based,
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所以如果想要可持续地生活在世界上
14:42
innovative solutions to these problems,
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我们需要找到更聪明、更系统的办法
14:45
if we're going to start to live
sustainably within this world.
sustainably within this world.
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来解决这些问题。
14:48
So imagine if, when you bought your mobile phone,
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想象一下，当你买手机时
14:52
your new one because you replaced your old one --
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要替换你旧的那个 — —
14:54
after 15 to 18 months is the average time
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顺便说一句，人们替换手机的
14:56
that people replace their phones, by the way —
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平均时间是15 至 18 个月 — —
14:58
so if we're going to keep this kind of expedient
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所以如果我们要继续这种方便的
15:01
mobile phone replacing, then we should
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手机更换方式，那么我们应当
15:04
be looking at closing the loop on these systems.
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着眼于结束这些系统上的循环。
15:06
The people who produce these phones,
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生产这些手机的人
15:08
and some of which I'm sure
are in the room right now,
are in the room right now,
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有一些肯定现在就在这里，
15:09
could potentially look at doing what
we call closed-loop systems,
we call closed-loop systems,
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可以尝试着眼于我们所说的闭环系统，
15:12
or product system services,
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或产品系统的服务，
15:14
so identifying that there is a market demand
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所以当确定有市场需求
15:16
and that market demand's not going to go anywhere,
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而且这一市场需求会一直存在时，
15:18
so you design the product to solve the problem.
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你就设计这种产品来解决问题。
15:21
Design for disassembly, design for light-weighting.
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设计追求可拆卸，追求轻便。
15:23
We heard some of those kinds of strategies
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我们听说这类策略
15:26
being used in the Tesla Motors car today.
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如今正在被特斯拉汽车公司使用。
15:28
These kinds of approaches are not hard,
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这种途径并不难，
15:31
but understanding the system
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但是理解系统
15:32
and then looking for viable, market-driven
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然后寻求可行的、 以市场为导向的
15:36
consumer demand alternatives
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消费者需求替代品
15:38
is how we can start radically altering
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才是我们如何从根本上改变
15:40
the sustainability agenda,
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可持续发展议程的方式，
15:42
because I hate to break it to you all:
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因为我不想向你们揭示残酷的现实：
15:44
Consumption is the biggest problem.
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消费是最大的问题。
15:47
But design is one of the best solutions.
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但设计是最好的解决方案之一。
15:52
These kinds of products are everywhere.
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这类产品到处都是。
15:54
By identifying alternative ways of doing things,
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通过寻找做事的其他可能方式，
15:57
we can actually start to innovate,
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我们可以真正开始创新，
15:59
and I say actually start to innovate.
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我是说，真真正正地开始创新。
16:00
I'm sure everyone in this room is very innovative.
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我相信在这里的每个人都是很有创意的。
16:03
But in the regards to using sustainability
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但前提是将可持续性作为
16:05
as a parameter, as a criteria
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一个参数，一个标准
16:08
for fueling systems-based solutions,
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来激发基于系统的解决方案
16:12
because as I've just demonstrated
with these simple products,
with these simple products,
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因为正如我刚刚用这些简单的产品证明的那样
16:15
they're participating in these major problems.
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这些产品正在参与解决这些重大问题。
16:18
So we need to look across the entire life
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所以我们需要从整个生命周期的角度
16:20
of the things that we do.
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来看待我们做的事情。
16:22
If you just had paper or plastic --
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如果你只有纸或塑料 — —
16:24
obviously reusable is far more beneficial --
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显然可重复使用更有益处 — —
16:26
then the paper is worse,
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那么纸更糟糕，
16:30
and the paper is worse because it weighs
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这是因为它有重量
16:32
four to 10 times more than the plastic,
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比塑料重 4 至 10 倍
16:34
and when we actually compare,
from a life cycle perspective,
from a life cycle perspective,
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而且当我们从生命周期角度来比较
16:36
a kilo of plastic and a kilo of paper,
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一公斤塑料和一公斤纸时，
16:39
the paper is far better,
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纸要好得多
16:41
but the functionality of a plastic or a paper bag
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但你并不需要一公斤的塑料或纸
16:43
to carry your groceries home is not
done with a kilo of each material.
done with a kilo of each material.
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来实现塑料袋或纸袋的携带功能
16:47
It's done with a very small amount of plastic
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同样的功能，需要的塑料很少
16:49
and quite a lot more paper.
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需要消耗的纸却多得多。
16:50
Because functionality defines environmental impact,
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因为功能性定义了对环境的影响
16:53
and I said earlier that the designers
always ask me for the eco-materials.
always ask me for the eco-materials.
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而且我刚才说到设计师们总是向我寻问生态材料。
16:56
I say, there's only a few materials
that you should completely avoid.
that you should completely avoid.
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我说，只有几个材料应该完全避免。
16:59
The rest of them, it's all about application,
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剩下的这些，关键都在应用，
17:01
and at the end of the day, everything
we design and produce in the economy
we design and produce in the economy
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而且归根结底，我们设计、生产和消费的所有东西
17:04
or buy as consumers is done so for function.
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存在的意义都在于其功能。
17:07
We want something, therefore we buy it.
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我们想要某样东西，所以我们买它。
17:09
So breaking things back down and delivering
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所以追溯到事物的根源，提供
17:12
smartly, elegantly, sophisticated solutions
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聪明、 优雅、精致的解决方案
17:16
that take into consideration the entire system
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考虑到整个系统，
17:19
and the entire life of the thing, everything,
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所有事物的整个生命，
17:22
all the way back to the extraction
through to the end of life,
through to the end of life,
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以及材料的提取、生命的结束
17:25
we can start to actually find
really innovative solutions.
really innovative solutions.
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我们可以找到真正创新的解决方案。
17:27
And I'll just leave you with one very quick thing
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我再简短讲个故事结束我的演讲
17:29
that a designer said to me recently
who I work with, a senior designer.
who I work with, a senior designer.
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是一个与我共事的资深设计师最近告诉我的。
17:33
I said, "How come you're not doing
sustainability? I know you know this."
sustainability? I know you know this."
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我说："怎么你不做可持续产品呢?我知道你了解其重要性。
17:36
And he said, "Well, recently I pitched
a sustainability project to a client,
a sustainability project to a client,
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他说："最近我向一个客户推荐一个可持续性项目
17:40
and turned and he said to me,
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然后他对我说：
17:42
'I know it's going to cost less,
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' 我知道这样成本更低
17:44
I know it's going to sell more,
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我知道它会卖得更好
17:46
but we're not pioneers, because
pioneers have arrows in their backs.'"
pioneers have arrows in their backs.'"
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但我们不是先驱，因为先驱们是需要牺牲的。'"
17:50
I think we've got a roomful of pioneers,
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我想我们有一屋子的先驱，
17:52
and I hope there are far more pioneers out there,
because we need to solve these problems.
because we need to solve these problems.
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我希望我们之外有更多的先驱，因为我们需要解决这些问题。
17:56
Thank you.
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谢谢。
17:57
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Leyla Acaroglu - Sustainability strategistLeyla Acaroglu uses innovative design and systems thinking to create positive change.
Why you should listen
Leyla Acaroglu breaks through our deeply entrenched environmental folklore in order to reveal the true impact of the products and materials we use every day. A designer and consultant, Acaroglu encourages both companies and individuals to look at the full life cycle of the things they create and use in order to understand their net effect on the environment. At Eco Innovators, an ecologically-minded Australian design studio, Acaroglu’s team makes award-winning designs and projects that tap into a sense of play in order to educate. From animations explaining the lifecycle of a cell phone to bookshelves made from construction scrap wood to workshops that help rebuild and repurpose broken everyday items, the goal is building savvy, science-based sustainability practices.
Leyla Acaroglu | Speaker | TED.com