TEDxExeter
Danny Dorling: Maps that show us who we are (not just where we are)
丹尼·道灵: 地图能让我们认识到真正的自己（不仅仅告诉我们在哪）
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包含各种数据的世界地图会是什么样？社会地理学家丹尼·道灵邀请我们重识这个世界，他那迷人而深刻的地图展示了我们世界的真实面貌——一个互联互通、千变万化、令人着迷的我们的世界。你将用全新的方式看待地图。
Danny Dorling - Social geographer
Danny Dorling teaches and writes about the geography of our human world. Full bio
Danny Dorling teaches and writes about the geography of our human world. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
I'd like you to imagine the world anew.
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我想带你们重新认识这世界。
00:17
I'd like to show you some maps,
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我想给你们展示一些地图，
00:20
which have been drawn by Ben Hennig,
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地图的绘制者本·亨尼希
00:22
of the planet in a way
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以大多数人未曾见过的角度
00:24
that most of you will never
have seen the planet depicted before.
have seen the planet depicted before.
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描绘了我们的这颗星球。
00:30
Here's an image
that you're very familiar with.
that you're very familiar with.
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这是一张你们熟悉的图片。
00:34
I'm old enough that I was actually born
before we saw this image.
before we saw this image.
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我有幸出生在这张照片面世之前。
00:38
Apparently some of my first words
were "moona, moona,"
were "moona, moona,"
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我妈妈说，我最初学会的话是
“月儿，月儿”
“月儿，月儿”
00:41
but I think that's my mom
having a particular fantasy
having a particular fantasy
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但是我想那是因为
我的母亲有个美好的憧憬，
我的母亲有个美好的憧憬，
00:44
about what her baby boy could see
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憧憬着她的的孩子可以理解
00:46
on the flickering
black and white TV screen.
black and white TV screen.
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黑白电视屏幕上闪烁的画面。
00:51
It's only been a few centuries
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直到几个世纪以前，
00:53
since we've actually, most of us,
thought of our planet as spherical.
thought of our planet as spherical.
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我们才开始认识到
我们的星球是球形的。
00:58
When we first saw
these images in the 1960s,
these images in the 1960s,
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当我们在20世纪60年代
初遇这些照片，
初遇这些照片，
01:01
the world was changing
at an incredible rate.
at an incredible rate.
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我们的世界便开始发生
翻天覆地的变化。
翻天覆地的变化。
01:06
In my own little discipline
of human geography,
of human geography,
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在我小小的人文地理认知中，
01:10
a cartographer called Waldo Tobler
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一位名叫沃尔多·托布勒的地图绘制员
01:13
was drawing new maps of the planet,
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曾绘制了我们星球的新型地图，
01:15
and these maps have now spread,
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而这些地图现在已传播开来，
01:17
and I'm going to show you one of them now.
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我将展示其中之一。
01:20
This map is a map of the world,
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这是一张世界地图，
01:23
but it's a map which looks to you
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但是这张地图它看上去有一点点奇怪。
01:26
a little bit strange.
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01:28
It's a map in which we stretched places,
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这张地图里我们对各处地点进行了伸缩，
01:32
so that those areas which contain
many people are drawn larger,
many people are drawn larger,
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所以那些人口众多的地区面积更大，
01:36
and those areas,
like the Sahara and the Himalayas,
like the Sahara and the Himalayas,
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而像撒哈拉和喜马拉雅
这些人烟稀少的地方，
这些人烟稀少的地方，
01:39
in which there are few people,
have been shrunk away.
have been shrunk away.
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则相应地被缩小了尺寸。
01:42
Everybody on the planet
is given an equal amount of space.
is given an equal amount of space.
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地球上的每个人都被赋予等量的空间。
01:47
The cities are shown shining bright.
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城市显得熠熠发光。
01:50
The lines are showing you
submarine cables and trade routes.
submarine cables and trade routes.
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那些密集的线条表示了
海底电缆以及各贸易航线。
海底电缆以及各贸易航线。
01:54
And there's one particular line
that goes from the Chinese port of Dalian
that goes from the Chinese port of Dalian
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其中有一条特别的线路，
起始于中国大连港，
起始于中国大连港，
01:57
through past Singapore,
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穿过新加坡，
01:59
through the Suez Canal,
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穿过苏伊士运河，
02:01
through the Mediterranean
and round to Rotterdam.
and round to Rotterdam.
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穿过地中海，
最终绕到了荷兰的鹿特丹港。
最终绕到了荷兰的鹿特丹港。
02:03
And it's showing you the route
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它所展示的是一年前
02:05
of what was the world's
largest ship just a year ago,
largest ship just a year ago,
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世界上最大航船的路线，
02:09
a ship which was taking
so many containers of goods
so many containers of goods
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这艘船满载着无数货物，
02:15
that when they were unloaded,
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当它进行卸货时，
02:17
if the lorries had all gone in convoy,
they would have been 100 kilometers long.
they would have been 100 kilometers long.
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若把所有运货的卡车加起来，
将会有100千米长。
将会有100千米长。
02:22
This is how our world is now connected.
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这是当今世界的连接方式。
02:25
This is the quantity of stuff
we are now moving around the world,
we are now moving around the world,
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如此大型的跨越大洲的运输
02:31
just on one ship, on one voyage,
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只需要一艘船，一次航行，
02:34
in five weeks.
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以及短短五周时间便可完成。
02:38
We've lived in cities
for a very long time,
for a very long time,
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长久以来我们一直生活在城市中，
02:41
but most of us didn't live in cities.
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但是很久以前大多数人
并不生活在城市中。
并不生活在城市中。
02:43
This is Çatalhöyük,
one of the world's first cities.
one of the world's first cities.
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这是恰塔霍裕克(Çatalhöyük)，
世界上最早的城市之一。
世界上最早的城市之一。
02:47
At its peak 9,000 years ago,
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大约在九千年前达到了它的鼎盛时期，
02:51
people had to walk over the roofs
of others' houses to get to their home.
of others' houses to get to their home.
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人们需要踩过别人家的屋顶
才能回到自己的家中。
才能回到自己的家中。
02:58
If you look carefully
at the map of the city,
at the map of the city,
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如果你仔细观察这城市地图，
03:01
you'll see it has no streets,
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你会发现它并没有街道，
03:04
because streets are something we invented.
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因为街道是后人发明的。
03:07
The world changes.
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世界在不断改变，
03:10
It changes by trial and error.
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通过反复试验而不断改变。
03:13
We work out slowly and gradually
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关于如何更好地生活
03:16
how to live in better ways.
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我们缓慢而渐进的摸索着。
03:19
And the world has changed
incredibly quickly most recently.
incredibly quickly most recently.
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近期以来，世界飞速地转变着。
03:25
It's only within the last six,
seven, or eight generations
seven, or eight generations
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仅仅在大约两个世纪以前，
03:29
that we have actually realized
that we are a species.
that we are a species.
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我们才真正意识到我们是一个物种。
03:33
It's only within the last few decades
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直到几十年以前，
03:37
that a map like this could be drawn.
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我们才得以绘制像这样的地图。
03:42
Again, the underlying map
is the map of world population,
is the map of world population,
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这张地图本质上也是一张世界人口地图。
03:47
but over it, you're seeing arrows
showing how we spread out of Africa
showing how we spread out of Africa
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箭头标明人类从非洲迁徙到全球的路径，
03:53
with dates showing you
where we think we arrived
where we think we arrived
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各处的日期则标示了
相应的人类抵达该处的时间。
03:57
at particular times.
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03:59
I have to redraw this map
every few months,
every few months,
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每隔几月我都需重新绘制这地图，
04:03
because somebody makes a discovery
that a particular date was wrong.
that a particular date was wrong.
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因为地图上某个特定日期
可能被指出有误。
可能被指出有误。
04:08
We are learning about ourselves
at an incredible speed.
at an incredible speed.
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我们以不可思议的速度
不断地了解自己。
不断地了解自己。
04:15
And we're changing.
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而我们也在改变。
04:18
A lot of change is gradual.
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很多改变是循序渐进的。
04:20
It's accretion.
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它慢慢堆积。
04:22
We don't notice the change
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我们难以察觉到这些改变，
04:25
because we only have short lives,
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因为我们的寿命十分短暂，
04:27
70, 80, if you're lucky 90 years.
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只有七八十年，
长的也不过九十年。
长的也不过九十年。
04:30
This graph is showing you
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这幅图展示了
04:32
the annual rate of population
growth in the world.
growth in the world.
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世界上的人口年增长率。
04:36
It was very low until around about 1850,
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在1850年前一直十分低缓，
04:40
and then the rate of population growth
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自那之后人口增长率
04:42
began to rise
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便开始增长，
04:44
so that around the time I was born,
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到我出生的时候，
04:46
when we first saw those images
from the moon of our planet,
from the moon of our planet,
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那正是人类第一次看到
从月球传来的地球图像
从月球传来的地球图像
04:52
our global population
was growing at two percent a year.
was growing at two percent a year.
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全球人口开始以每年2%的增长率快速增长
04:57
If it had carried on growing
at two percent a year
at two percent a year
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如果人口增长保持2%的年增长率
05:02
for just another couple of centuries,
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继续增长几个世纪
05:06
the entire planet would be covered
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那么整个地球的每一片角落
05:08
with a seething mass of human bodies
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都将人满为患
05:11
all touching each other.
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不留一丝空隙
05:15
And people were scared.
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人们开始担心
05:16
They were scared of population growth
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他们担心人口增长，
05:18
and what they called
"the population bomb" in 1968.
"the population bomb" in 1968.
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还担心1968年“人口爆炸”的年代
05:22
But then, if you look
at the end of the graph,
at the end of the graph,
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不过，如果你观察图像的末端
05:25
the growth began to slow.
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增长率已开始放缓
05:28
The decade --
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那些年代——
05:30
the '70s, the '80s,
the '90s, the noughties,
the '90s, the noughties,
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70年代，80年代，90年代，00年代，
05:33
and in this decade, even faster --
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以及我们现在这个时代，
下降幅度更快了，
下降幅度更快了，
05:36
our population growth is slowing.
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人口增长正在减缓
05:38
Our planet is stabilizing.
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我们的地球正趋于稳定
05:39
We are heading towards nine,
10, or 11 billion people
10, or 11 billion people
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在21世纪末，
我们的人口将达到90亿、
100亿或是110亿
100亿或是110亿
05:42
by the end of the century.
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05:44
Within that change, you can see tumult.
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在人口增长的过程中，
你所看到的是混乱
你所看到的是混乱
05:47
You can see the Second World War.
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你能看到的是第二次世界大战
05:49
You can see the pandemic
in 1918 from influenza.
in 1918 from influenza.
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你能看到的是1918年的大流感
05:53
You can see the great Chinese famine.
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你能看到的是中国的三年大饥荒
05:56
These are the events
we tend to concentrate on.
we tend to concentrate on.
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这些都是我们关注的大事件
05:58
We tend to concentrate
on the terrible events in the news.
on the terrible events in the news.
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我们更倾向于关注这些可怕的新闻事件，
06:02
We don't tend to concentrate
on the gradual change
on the gradual change
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而不是关注那些循序渐进的变化
06:06
and the good news stories.
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以及那些被忽略的美好消息
06:09
We worry about people.
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我们担心人口
06:11
We worry about how many people there are.
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我们担心到底有多少人。
06:13
We worry about how you can
get away from people.
get away from people.
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我们会千方百计远离人群。
06:17
But this is the map of the world
changed again to make area large,
changed again to make area large,
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不过这又是一幅不同的世界地图，
06:21
the further away
people are from each area.
people are from each area.
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在这些区域中人们离彼此更远了。
06:26
So if you want to know
where to go to get away from everybody,
where to go to get away from everybody,
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所以如果你想了解
去哪里可以远离人群，
去哪里可以远离人群，
06:30
here's the best places to go.
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这些地方是最佳去处。
06:32
And every year, these areas get bigger,
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每一年，这些地区的面积都不断扩大，
06:35
because every year,
we are coming off the land globally.
we are coming off the land globally.
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因为每一年，
人们都远离农村
人们都远离农村
06:38
We are moving into the cities.
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动身前往城市，
06:40
We are packing in more densely.
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挤入人口密集且日益狭窄的城市。
06:42
There are wolves again in Europe,
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欧洲再次有了狼，
06:44
and the wolves are moving west
across the continent.
across the continent.
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如今狼在越过整个大洲向西迁移。
06:49
Our world is changing.
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我们的世界正在改变。
06:52
You have worries.
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你心存忧虑。
06:55
This is a map showing
where the water falls on our planet.
where the water falls on our planet.
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这张地图展示了地球
各地的降水量情况。
各地的降水量情况。
07:00
We now know that.
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我们现在有所了解。
07:02
And you can look at where Çatalhöyük was,
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你可以看到恰塔霍裕克的位置，
07:06
where three continents meet,
Africa, Asia, and Europe,
Africa, Asia, and Europe,
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处于亚非欧三大洲的交界处，
07:08
and you can see there are
a large number of people living there
a large number of people living there
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你还可以看到有许多人生活在
这片区域中极度缺水的地方。
07:11
in areas with very little water.
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07:13
And you can see areas in which
there is a great deal of rainfall as well.
there is a great deal of rainfall as well.
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你也可以看到降雨量充沛的地区。
07:17
And we can get a bit more sophisticated.
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我们对于地图的探索还可以再深入一点。
07:20
Instead of making
the map be shaped by people,
the map be shaped by people,
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除了以人口分布来绘制地图，
07:23
we can shape the map by water,
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我们还可以根据降水量绘制，
07:26
and then we can change it every month
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我们可以通过每月的变动
07:27
to show the amount of water
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来显示世界上每一个小角落
07:29
falling on every small part of the globe.
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降水的总量。
07:33
And you see the monsoons
moving around the planet,
moving around the planet,
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你看到全球范围内的季风移动，
07:37
and the planet almost appears
to have a heartbeat.
to have a heartbeat.
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我们的星球似乎有着规律性的心脏跳动。
07:41
And all of this only became possible
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在我的有生之年
对我们所居住的星球进行详细的观察
07:46
within my lifetime
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07:48
to see this is where we are living.
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成为了可能。
07:52
We have enough water.
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我们有足够的水资源。
这张地图展示了全世界
的粮食种植分布情况。
的粮食种植分布情况。
07:55
This is a map of where
we grow our food in the world.
we grow our food in the world.
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这些区域是我们赖以生存的
米饭、玉米、谷物的种植区。
米饭、玉米、谷物的种植区。
08:01
This is the areas that we will rely on
most for rice and maize and corn.
most for rice and maize and corn.
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08:07
People worry that there won't
be enough food, but we know,
be enough food, but we know,
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人们担心食物将会短缺，
但是我们清楚，
但是我们清楚，
08:10
if we just ate less meat
and fed less of the crops to animals,
and fed less of the crops to animals,
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只要我们少吃点肉，
少给牲畜喂点庄稼，
少给牲畜喂点庄稼，
08:15
there is enough food for everybody
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只要我们把所有的人视为同胞，
08:17
as long as we think of ourselves
as one group of people.
as one group of people.
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我们的粮食将绰绰有余。
08:24
And we also know
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我们也清楚，
08:27
about what we do
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我们现在的所作所为
08:29
so terribly badly nowadays.
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有多么糟糕。
08:33
You will have seen this map
of the world before.
of the world before.
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你们可能以前见过这张世界地图。
08:39
This is the map
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这是一张由卫星图像生成的地图。
08:41
produced by taking satellite images,
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08:44
if you remember those satellites
around the planet
around the planet
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如果你还记得我在一开始展示的
那些环绕地球的人造卫星，
08:47
in the very first slide I showed,
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08:51
and producing an image
of what the Earth looks like at night.
of what the Earth looks like at night.
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这些人造卫星生成了地球的夜间图像。
08:55
When you normally see that map,
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如果你常规地看那张地图，
08:57
on a normal map, the kind of map
that most of you will be used to,
that most of you will be used to,
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那种你们习以为常的地图，
09:02
you think you are seeing
a map of where people live.
a map of where people live.
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你会认为你眼前的地图标示了
人们的居住地。
人们的居住地。
09:06
Where the lights are shining up
is where people live.
is where people live.
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灯光明亮的地方便是
人们居住的地方。
人们居住的地方。
09:09
But here, on this image of the world,
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但是在这张世界图像中，
09:13
remember we've stretched the map again.
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要明白我们又一次延伸了地图。
09:17
Everywhere has the same density
of people on this map.
of people on this map.
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这张地图上的人口密度处处相等。
09:22
If an area doesn't have people,
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如果一片区域荒无人烟，
09:24
we've shrunk it away
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我们便把它缩小，
09:26
to make it disappear.
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使它消失在地图之外。
09:28
So we're showing everybody
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所以我们表现的是
09:30
with equal prominence.
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每个人都地位相同。
09:33
Now, the lights no longer show you
where people are,
where people are,
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现在，光亮不再显示人们的所在，
09:36
because people are everywhere.
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因为哪里都有人。
09:39
Now the lights on the map,
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现在地图上的光，
09:41
the lights in London,
the lights in Cairo, the lights in Tokyo,
the lights in Cairo, the lights in Tokyo,
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这些光出现在伦敦，在开罗，在东京
09:44
the lights on the Eastern Seaboard
of the United States,
of the United States,
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在美国东海岸。
09:47
the lights show you where people live
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它告诉我们
09:50
who are so profligate with energy
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富裕的人们
09:53
that they can afford
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是多么不吝惜珍贵的能源
09:55
to spend money
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仅仅是为了
09:57
powering lights to shine up into the sky,
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照亮整个夜空，
10:00
so satellites can draw an image like this.
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如此卫星才能绘制出这样的图像。
10:04
And the areas that are dark on the map
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而地图上那些暗淡的区域
10:07
are either areas where people
do not have access to that much energy,
do not have access to that much energy,
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是那里的人们
并没有那么多能源，
并没有那么多能源，
10:12
or areas where people do,
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又或是他们有这样的能力，
10:14
but they have learned to stop
shining the light up into the sky.
shining the light up into the sky.
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但是明白不随意浪费能源的重要性
10:19
And if I could show you this map
animated over time,
animated over time,
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如果我能够使这张地图
随着时间动态展示，
随着时间动态展示，
10:23
you would see that Tokyo
has actually become darker,
has actually become darker,
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你会看到实际上东京变得更暗了，
10:27
because ever since the tsunami in Japan,
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因为自从日本海啸以来，
10:30
Japan has had to rely
on a quarter less electricity
on a quarter less electricity
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日本的电力供应便少了四分之一，
10:33
because it turned
the nuclear power stations off.
the nuclear power stations off.
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因为日本关闭了核电站。
10:37
And the world didn't end.
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世界并没有走向末日。
10:39
You just shone less light
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只是黑夜中的光亮，
10:41
up into the sky.
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在不断减少而已。
10:45
There are a huge number
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世界上还有无数
10:48
of good news stories in the world.
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振奋人心的好消息。
10:51
Infant mortality is falling
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婴儿死亡率正在下降，
10:55
and has been falling
at an incredible rate.
at an incredible rate.
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以不可思议的速度飞速下降。
10:59
A few years ago,
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几年前，
11:02
the number of babies dying
in their first year of life in the world
in their first year of life in the world
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婴儿在出生一年内的死亡率，
11:06
fell by five percent in just one year.
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仅一年就下降了5%。
11:11
More children are going to school
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越来越多的孩子来到学校，
11:14
and learning to read and write
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学习听说读写，
11:16
and getting connected to the Internet
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接触到了互联网，
11:19
and going on to go to university
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并前往大学深造，
11:22
than ever before at an incredible rate,
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这一增长速率也令人惊讶。
11:26
and the highest number of young people
going to university in the world
going to university in the world
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世界上读大学最多的年轻人
11:32
are women, not men.
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是女生而不是男生。
11:35
I can give you good news story
after good news story
after good news story
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我可以源源不断地举出
11:39
about what is getting
better in the planet,
better in the planet,
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我们星球上正在变好的事情，
11:41
but we tend to concentrate
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但是我们更易于关注
11:45
on the bad news that is immediate.
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眼下的坏消息。
11:48
Rebecca Solnit, I think,
put it brilliantly,
put it brilliantly,
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我认为，丽贝卡·索尔尼的描述颇为精确，
11:53
when she explained: "The accretion
of incremental, imperceptible changes
of incremental, imperceptible changes
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她解释道：“循序渐进的累积，
难以察觉的改变，
难以察觉的改变，
11:58
which can constitute progress
and which render our era
and which render our era
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可以组成时代的进程
并成为时代的象征，
并成为时代的象征，
12:01
dramatically different from the past" --
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产生与过去显著的不同”——
12:04
the past was much more stable --
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过去是那么稳固一成不变——
12:07
"a contrast obscured by the undramatic
nature of gradual transformation,
nature of gradual transformation,
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“那些被自然演化过程中不变特性所掩盖的差异，
12:12
punctuated by occasional tumult."
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最终因为偶然的事件而被人们所重视。”
12:16
Occasionally, terrible things happen.
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时常会有可怕的事情不期而遇。
12:19
You are shown those terrible things
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那些可怕的事情
12:22
on the news every night of the week.
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在每周的晚间新闻循环播报。
12:25
You are not told about
the population slowing down.
the population slowing down.
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你并不知晓人口增长的放缓。
12:29
You are not told about the world
becoming more connected.
becoming more connected.
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你并不知晓世界的联系日益紧密。
12:32
You are not told about the incredible
improvements in understanding.
improvements in understanding.
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你并不知晓理解方面突破性的进展。
12:36
You are not told about
how we are learning to begin
how we are learning to begin
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你并不知晓我们正试图
12:39
to waste less and consume less.
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逐渐减少消耗与浪费。
12:42
This is my last map.
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这是我最后一张地图。
12:44
On this map, we have taken the seas
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这张地图上，我们移除了大海大洋。
12:46
and the oceans out.
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12:49
Now you are just looking
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现在你看到的
12:51
at about 7.4 billion people
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就是一张显示了74亿人民的地图。
12:55
with the map drawn
in proportion to those people.
in proportion to those people.
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12:59
You're looking at over a billion in China,
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你看到中国超过10亿的人口，
13:01
and you can see the largest
city in the world in China,
city in the world in China,
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你看到中国有着世界上最大的城市，
13:04
but you do not know its name.
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但你并不知道它的名字。
13:07
You can see that India
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你可以看到印度
13:08
is in the center of this world.
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位于世界的中心。
13:11
You can see that Europe is on the edge.
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你可以看到欧洲位于世界的边缘。
13:14
And we in Exeter today
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我们今天所在的埃克赛特
（英国西南城市）
（英国西南城市）
13:18
are on the far edge of the planet.
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在星球的遥远的边境。
13:21
We are on a tiny scrap of rock
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我们位于欧洲的小碎片上，
13:24
off Europe
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包含了全世界不到1%的成年人
13:25
which contains less than one percent
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13:28
of the world's adults,
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和不到0.5%的儿童。
13:30
and less than half a percent
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13:32
of the world's children.
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13:35
We are living in a stabilizing world,
an urbanizing world,
an urbanizing world,
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我们生活在一个逐渐稳定的世界，
一个城市化的世界，
一个城市化的世界，
13:40
an aging world,
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一个老龄化的世界，
13:42
a connecting world.
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一个互联互通的世界。
13:44
There are many, many things
to be frightened about,
to be frightened about,
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有许多许多事情需要担心，
13:48
but there is no need for us
to fear each other as much as we do,
to fear each other as much as we do,
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但是我们没有必要杞人忧天，
13:53
and we need to see
that we are now living in a new world.
that we are now living in a new world.
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我们需要发现我们现在
正生活在一个崭新的世界。
正生活在一个崭新的世界。
13:58
Thank you very much.
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非常感谢。
14:00
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Danny Dorling - Social geographerDanny Dorling teaches and writes about the geography of our human world.
Why you should listen
Danny Dorling has invented new map projections and new ways of measuring and describing inequality -- and analyzed thousands of datasets about people and the planet. He is the Halford Mackinder Professor of Geography at the University of Oxford, UK. His work concerns issues of housing, health, employment, education, wealth and poverty.
In the press, Dorling has been described as "that rare university professor: expert, politically engaged and able to explain simply why his subject matters," and as one who has made it "his life's work to dig through the layers that make up Britain's human landscape, and then map it in ways nobody else had thought to do." Working with many others, he has done the same for all the countries of the world "giving a strikingly different perspective from the Mercator projection most commonly used." All this mapping lead him to worry more about inequality.
His recent books include co-authored texts The Atlas of the Real World: Mapping the Way We Live, Bankrupt Britain: An atlas of social change, and People and Places a 21st-century Atlas of the UK. Recent sole-authored books include So You Think You Know about Britain and Fair Play, both in 2011; in 2012 The No-nonsense Guide to Equality, The Visualization of Spatial Social Structure and The Population of the UK; Unequal Health: The Scandal of Our Times, The 32 Stops and Population Ten Billion in 2013; All That Is Solid in 2014; Injustice: Why social inequalities persist in 2015; and A Better Politics: How Government Can Make Us Happier in 2016.
Danny Dorling | Speaker | TED.com