TEDxManchester
Helen Czerski: The fascinating physics of everyday life
海伦 · 切尔斯基: 日常生活中迷人的物理现象
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物理现象不仅仅发生在炫酷的实验室里，还蕴含在生活的方方面面，比如当你将一块抹了黄油的吐司推下桌子、往汽水中投入葡萄干、或者观察洒出来的咖啡干掉的过程时。物理学家海伦 · 切尔斯基将为你展示各种各样的物理概念，你会通过使用厨房中的日常工具而逐渐熟悉这些概念，并成为一个更有趣的晚餐客人。
Helen Czerski - Physicist
Dr. Helen Czerski investigates the physics of ocean bubbles and spends a lot of time sharing the big scientific ideas hidden in the small objects around us. Full bio
Dr. Helen Czerski investigates the physics of ocean bubbles and spends a lot of time sharing the big scientific ideas hidden in the small objects around us. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
As you heard, I'm a physicist.
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就像刚才介绍的，
我是一名物理学家。
我是一名物理学家。
我觉得我们需要
稍微改变对物理的看法。
稍微改变对物理的看法。
00:15
And I think the way we talk about physics
needs a little modification.
needs a little modification.
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我就出生在本地，
但我已经不住在这儿了。
但我已经不住在这儿了。
00:19
I am from just down the road here;
I don't live here anymore.
I don't live here anymore.
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我来自这里，意味着
我有一个北方外婆，
我有一个北方外婆，
00:22
But coming from round here means
that I have a northern nana,
that I have a northern nana,
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即我母亲的母亲。
00:27
my mum's mom.
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外婆非常睿智，
她没有接受过多少正规教育，
她没有接受过多少正规教育，
00:28
And Nana is very bright;
she hasn't had much formal education,
she hasn't had much formal education,
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但她很聪明。
00:32
but she's sharp.
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我在剑桥物理系念大二时，
00:33
And when I was a second-year undergraduate
studying physics at Cambridge,
studying physics at Cambridge,
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记得有一个下午，
我在厄姆斯顿的外婆家，
我在厄姆斯顿的外婆家，
00:37
I remember spending an afternoon
at Nana's house in Urmston
at Nana's house in Urmston
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学习量子力学。
00:42
studying quantum mechanics.
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我打开了资料夹，
00:44
And I had these folders
open in front of me
open in front of me
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00:46
with this, you know,
hieroglyphics -- let's be honest.
hieroglyphics -- let's be honest.
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老实讲，资料中的文字晦涩难懂。
00:49
And Nana came along,
and she looked at this folder,
and she looked at this folder,
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这时，外婆走进来，
看到我面前的资料。
看到我面前的资料。
00:54
and she said, "What's that?"
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她问：“这是什么？”
00:56
I said, "It's quantum mechanics, Nana."
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我说：“外婆，这是量子力学。”
00:59
And I tried to explain something
about what was on the page.
about what was on the page.
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然后，我试着去解释那是什么，
解释书上讲的内容，
解释书上讲的内容，
01:04
It was to do with the nucleus
and Einstein A and B coefficients.
and Einstein A and B coefficients.
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关于原子核，还有
爱因斯坦A、B系数的内容。
爱因斯坦A、B系数的内容。
外婆看上去很惊讶，
01:08
And Nana looked very impressed.
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01:10
And then she said, "Oh.
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然后她说，“哦，
01:13
What can you do when you know that?"
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那你知道了这些后
能做些什么呀？”
能做些什么呀？”
01:15
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
01:19
"Don't know, ma'am."
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“我也不知道啊。”
01:20
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
我想当时我说了些
跟电脑有关的事情，
跟电脑有关的事情，
01:21
I think I said something about computers,
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01:23
because it was all
I could think of at the time.
I could think of at the time.
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因为这是当时
我唯一能想到的用途。
我唯一能想到的用途。
不过你可以把那个问题延伸开来，
其实是一个很棒的问题。
其实是一个很棒的问题。
01:26
But you can broaden that question out,
because it's a very good question --
because it's a very good question --
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“当你了解物理知识后，
你能做些什么？”
你能做些什么？”
01:30
"What can you do when you know that?"
when "that" is physics?
when "that" is physics?
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01:33
And I've come to realize that when
we talk about physics in society
we talk about physics in society
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然后我意识到，
当我们在社会中谈起物理、
当我们在社会中谈起物理、
以及我们对它的看法时，
01:37
and our sort of image of it,
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01:38
we don't include the things
that we can do when we know that.
that we can do when we know that.
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我们并没有把“学到知识后
能做些什么”考虑在内，
能做些什么”考虑在内，
01:41
Our perception of what physics is
needs a bit of a shift.
needs a bit of a shift.
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我们需要稍微转变对物理的看法，
不仅仅是稍微转变一下，
01:44
Not only does it need a bit of a shift,
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更重要的是，要向
社会传播这种不同的观点。
社会传播这种不同的观点。
01:46
but sharing this different perspective
matters for our society,
matters for our society,
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我这样说并非出于
一个物理学家的偏见，
一个物理学家的偏见，
01:51
and I'm not just saying that
because I'm a physicist and I'm biased
because I'm a physicist and I'm biased
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或者觉得我们是
世界上最重要的人，
世界上最重要的人，
01:55
and I think we're the most
important people in the world.
important people in the world.
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实话实说。
坦白讲，我们对物理的看法
存在着一些问题，
存在着一些问题，
01:57
Honest.
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01:59
So, the image of physics -- we've got
an image problem, let's be honest --
an image problem, let's be honest --
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而且一直以来
并没有什么大的改观。
并没有什么大的改观。
02:02
it hasn't moved on much from this.
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02:04
This is a very famous photograph
that's from the Solvay Conference in 1927.
that's from the Solvay Conference in 1927.
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这张著名的照片拍摄于
1927年的索尔维会议，
1927年的索尔维会议，
02:08
This is when the great minds
of physics were grappling
of physics were grappling
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当时物理学大师们正合力解决
02:13
with the nature of determinism
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决定论的本质问题，
试图搞清一个粒子
可能出现在某个地方的概率
可能出现在某个地方的概率
02:15
and what it means
only to have a probability
only to have a probability
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到底意味着什么，
02:17
that a particle might be somewhere,
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以及这是不是真实的。
02:19
and whether any of it was real.
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这些都是很难解决的问题。
02:20
And it was all very difficult.
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你们也许会注意到，他们都是
西装革履，不苟言笑的男人。
西装革履，不苟言笑的男人。
02:22
And you'll notice they're all
very stern-looking men in suits.
very stern-looking men in suits.
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玛丽 · 居里，我经常会说成 ”玛丽 ·
安托瓦内特”（被送上断头台的法国王后），
安托瓦内特”（被送上断头台的法国王后），
02:25
Marie Curie -- I keep maybe saying,
"Marie Antoinette,"
"Marie Antoinette,"
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那历史可就要改写了——
02:28
which would be a turn-up for the books --
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玛丽 · 居里在最前面一排的
左数第三位，
左数第三位，
02:30
Marie Curie, third from the left
on the bottom there,
on the bottom there,
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她获准参加会议，
但必须和其他人着装一致。
但必须和其他人着装一致。
02:32
she was allowed in,
but had to dress like everybody else.
but had to dress like everybody else.
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（笑声）
02:35
(Laughter)
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这就是人们对物理的印象，
——所有的一切都晦涩难懂，
——所有的一切都晦涩难懂，
02:36
So, this is what physics is like --
there's all these kinds of hieroglyphics,
there's all these kinds of hieroglyphics,
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讲的都是与波和粒子有关的事情。
02:40
these are to do with waves and particles.
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02:42
That is an artist's impression
of two black holes colliding,
of two black holes colliding,
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这张图片是以艺术家视角
展现的两个碰撞的黑洞，
展现的两个碰撞的黑洞，
老实讲，这让它
看上去有了观赏价值，
看上去有了观赏价值，
02:45
which makes it look
worth watching, to be honest.
worth watching, to be honest.
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庆幸的是——我不必
为那里发生的事情
为那里发生的事情
02:48
I'm glad I didn't have to write
the risk assessment
the risk assessment
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写一篇风险评估报告。
02:50
for whatever was going on there.
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我想说的是，这就是
物理通常给人的印象，对吧？
物理通常给人的印象，对吧？
02:52
The point is: this is
the image of physics, right?
the image of physics, right?
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很古怪，而且很难，
研究物理的都是
一帮着装怪异的怪人们，
一帮着装怪异的怪人们，
02:54
It's weird and difficult,
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02:55
done by slightly strange people
dressed in a slightly strange way.
dressed in a slightly strange way.
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它遥不可及、离我们很远，
02:58
It's inaccessible, it's somewhere else
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说到底，我干嘛要关心这些呢？
03:00
and fundamentally, why should I care?
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03:03
And the problem with that
is that I'm a physicist,
is that I'm a physicist,
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问题在于，
我是一名物理学家，
我是一名物理学家，
我研究这个。
03:07
and I study this.
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这就是我的工作，
03:09
This -- this is my job, right?
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03:11
I study the interface
between the atmosphere and the ocean.
between the atmosphere and the ocean.
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我研究大气与海洋的交界面，
03:15
The atmosphere is massive,
the ocean is massive,
the ocean is massive,
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大气是广袤的，
海洋也一望无际，
海洋也一望无际，
它们之间存在
一个薄层，将二者相连，
一个薄层，将二者相连，
03:17
and the thin layer
that joins them together
that joins them together
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这个薄层非常重要，
03:19
is really important,
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经由这个薄层，物质才能
在巨大的容器间传递。
在巨大的容器间传递。
03:20
because that's where things go
from one huge reservoir to the other.
from one huge reservoir to the other.
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你能看到海面——
这是我拍摄的视频——
这是我拍摄的视频——
03:23
You can see that the sea surface --
that was me who took this video --
that was me who took this video --
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那些海浪平均高达10米。
03:27
the average height of those waves
by the way, was 10 meters.
by the way, was 10 meters.
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03:30
So this is definitely physics
happening here --
happening here --
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这个过程绝对存在着物理原理——
很多事情正在发生——
是绝对的物理现象。
是绝对的物理现象。
03:33
there's lots of things --
this is definitely physics.
this is definitely physics.
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然而，我们对物理的认知中
并没有包括这些。
并没有包括这些。
03:35
And yet it's not included
in our cultural perception of physics,
in our cultural perception of physics,
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这让我很困扰。
03:39
and that bothers me.
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通常我们对物理的认知包括哪些呢？
03:41
So what is included
in our cultural perception of physics?
in our cultural perception of physics?
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03:44
Because I'm a physicist,
there has to be a graph, right?
there has to be a graph, right?
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我是个物理学家，
所以就离不开用图表说话，对吧？
所以就离不开用图表说话，对吧？
合情合理！
03:47
That's allowed.
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底部横轴代表时间，
03:48
We've got time along the bottom here,
from very fast things there,
from very fast things there,
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03:53
to things that take a long time over here.
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左侧是快速发生的事情，
最右边的则需要比较长的时间；
最右边的则需要比较长的时间；
03:56
Small things at the bottom,
big things up there.
big things up there.
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小东西在纵轴底部，
大家伙在最上面，
大家伙在最上面，
03:58
So, our current cultural image
of physics looks like this.
of physics looks like this.
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我们对物理的文化认识大致如此。
04:02
There's quantum mechanics
down in that corner,
down in that corner,
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最左下角是量子力学，
非常小、非常难以捉摸，
04:04
it's very small, it's very weird,
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04:06
it happens very quickly,
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它发生的速度很快，
总体来说，量子力学
在坐标轴最下方......
在坐标轴最下方......
04:08
and it's a long way down
in the general ...
in the general ...
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04:11
on the scale of anything that matters
for everyday life.
for everyday life.
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与我们日常生活事物
相比较而言的话。
相比较而言的话。
04:14
And then there's cosmology,
which is up there;
which is up there;
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然后就是宇宙，
就在右上角那里。
就在右上角那里。
它非常大、非常遥远，
04:17
very large, very far away,
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也非常诡异。
04:18
also very weird.
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04:20
And if you go to some places
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如果你在宇宙形成之初
去了一些地方，
去了一些地方，
比如黑洞，
它们就交织在宇宙背后，
它们就交织在宇宙背后，
04:22
like black holes
in the beginning of the universe,
in the beginning of the universe,
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04:25
we know that these are frontiers
in physics, right?
in physics, right?
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我们都知道
这些是物理学的前沿，对吧？
这些是物理学的前沿，对吧？
要做很多工作，才能在这些地方
04:28
There's lots of work being done
to discover new physics
to discover new physics
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发现新的物理学。
04:31
in these places.
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04:33
But the thing is, you will notice
there's a very large gap in the middle.
there's a very large gap in the middle.
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但问题是，你会注意到
中间缺少了一大块，
中间缺少了一大块，
在这缺少的一大块中，
有非常多的东西。
有非常多的东西。
04:36
And in that gap, there are many things.
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04:39
There are planets and toasts
and volcanoes and clouds
and volcanoes and clouds
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其中有行星、吐司、火山、云彩，
有单簧管、气泡和海豚，
04:41
and clarinets and bubbles and dolphins
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04:43
and all sorts of things
that make up our everyday life.
that make up our everyday life.
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各种各样组成我们日常生活的东西。
04:47
And these are also run by physics,
you'd be surprised --
you'd be surprised --
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你可能会惊讶的是，
这些也是由物理学支撑的，
这些也是由物理学支撑的，
04:50
there is physics in the middle,
it's just that nobody talks about it.
it's just that nobody talks about it.
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中间的部分也有物理学存在，
只是没人谈论它而已。
只是没人谈论它而已。
所有这一切的一切，
04:53
And the thing about all of these
is that they all run
is that they all run
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它们的运转都遵循着
一小部分的物理定律，
一小部分的物理定律，
04:57
on a relatively small number
of physical laws,
of physical laws,
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例如牛顿的运动定律、
05:01
things like Newton's laws of motion,
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热力学、
05:03
thermodynamics,
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一些旋转动力学。
05:04
some rotational dynamics.
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中间这部分涉及到的
物理学范围极其广泛，
物理学范围极其广泛，
05:05
The physics in the middle
applies over a huge range,
applies over a huge range,
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从很小的事物，到很大的现象。
05:09
from very, very small things
to very, very big things.
to very, very big things.
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你很难脱离开这个领域。
05:12
You have to try very hard
to get outside of this.
to get outside of this.
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这里也有前沿的研究物理学，
05:14
And there is also a frontier
in research physics here,
in research physics here,
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只是没人会谈论它。
05:18
it's just that nobody talks about it.
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这是一个复杂的世界。
05:20
This is the world of the complex.
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当这些原理协同作用时，就产生了
05:21
When these laws work together,
they bring about
they bring about
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05:24
the beautiful, messy,
complex world we live in.
complex world we live in.
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我们所居住的
美妙、混乱和复杂的世界。
美妙、混乱和复杂的世界。
从根本上讲，
这才是基于日常生活，
这才是基于日常生活，
05:27
Fundamentally, this is the bit
that really matters to me
that really matters to me
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对我意义重大的那部分，
05:30
on an everyday basis.
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也是我们没有谈论的部分。
05:31
And this is the bit
that we don't talk about.
that we don't talk about.
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这里包含了大量的物理研究，
05:34
There's plenty of physics
research going on here.
research going on here.
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但是由于它不涉及天文学观测，
05:36
But because it doesn't involve
pointing at stars,
pointing at stars,
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人们出于某种原因，
认为这里不涉及物理学。
认为这里不涉及物理学。
05:38
people for some reason
think it's not that.
think it's not that.
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但真正有趣的是，中间领域
05:41
Now, the cool thing about this
is that there are so many things
is that there are so many things
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包含了许多事物，
05:44
in this middle bit,
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都遵从同样的物理定律，
05:46
all following the same physical laws,
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我们能看到这些定律
05:49
that we can see those laws at work
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在我们身边一直作用着。
05:51
almost all the time around us.
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我这里有一段视频：
05:53
I've got a little video here.
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其中一个鸡蛋是生的，
另一个是煮熟的，
另一个是煮熟的，
05:55
So the game is, one of these eggs is raw
and one of them has been boiled.
and one of them has been boiled.
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我希望你能区分出它们。
05:59
I want you to tell me which one is which.
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06:02
Which one's raw?
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哪一个是生鸡蛋？
（观众回应）
06:04
(Audience responds)
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左边这个？
回答正确！
回答正确！
06:05
The one on the left -- yes!
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即使你没试过，也都知道答案。
06:07
And even though you might not
have tried that, you all knew.
have tried that, you all knew.
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原因在于，
当你把它们转动起来，
当你把它们转动起来，
06:10
The reason for that is,
you set them spinning,
you set them spinning,
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再用手停住煮熟的鸡蛋时，
因为它已全部成为固体，
因为它已全部成为固体，
06:12
and when you stop the cooked egg,
the one that's completely solid,
the one that's completely solid,
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你就停住了整只鸡蛋。
06:15
you stop the entire egg.
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当你停住另一只鸡蛋时，
你只是停住了鸡蛋壳，
你只是停住了鸡蛋壳，
06:17
When you stop the other one,
you only stop the shell;
you only stop the shell;
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里面的液体仍在旋转，
因为没有力量去停止它。
因为没有力量去停止它。
06:19
the liquid inside is still rotating
because nothing's made it stop.
because nothing's made it stop.
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之后它会带动蛋壳再次旋转，
因此，鸡蛋再次转动起来。
因此，鸡蛋再次转动起来。
06:22
And then it pushes the shell round again,
so the egg starts to rotate again.
so the egg starts to rotate again.
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很奇妙，不是么？
06:27
This is brilliant, right?
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这证明了物理学的一些东西，
06:29
It's a demonstration
of something in physics
of something in physics
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就是我们所说的动量守恒定律，
06:31
that we call the law of conservation
of angular momentum,
of angular momentum,
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它讲的是，如果你让什么东西
06:35
which basically says
that if you set something spinning
that if you set something spinning
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沿固定轴转动，
06:37
about a fixed axis,
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它会一直旋转，
直到有外力迫使它停下。
直到有外力迫使它停下。
06:38
that it will keep spinning
unless you do something to stop it.
unless you do something to stop it.
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而这正是宇宙运转的基础。
06:42
And that's really fundamental
in how the universe works.
in how the universe works.
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并非只有鸡蛋遵从这个规律，
06:45
And it's not just eggs that it applies to,
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虽然这很有用，
如果你是这样的人——
如果你是这样的人——
06:47
although it's really useful
if you're the sort of person --
if you're the sort of person --
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显然这样的人确实存在——
06:50
and apparently, these people do exist --
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他们把鸡蛋煮熟，
然后再放回到冰箱。
然后再放回到冰箱。
06:52
who will boil eggs
and then put them back in the fridge.
and then put them back in the fridge.
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谁会这样做？别急着承认——
没关系，没人会品头论足。
没关系，没人会品头论足。
06:55
Who does that? Don't admit to it --
it's OK. We won't judge you.
it's OK. We won't judge you.
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06:58
But it's also got much
broader applicabilities.
broader applicabilities.
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但物理也有更广泛的应用性。
这是哈勃太空望远镜、
07:01
This is the Hubble Space Telescope.
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哈勃超深场，
它只观测太空很小的一部分。
它只观测太空很小的一部分。
07:03
The Hubble Ultra Deep Field,
which is a very tiny part of the sky.
which is a very tiny part of the sky.
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哈勃望远镜
已漂浮在太空中25年，
已漂浮在太空中25年，
07:06
Hubble has been floating
in free space for 25 years,
in free space for 25 years,
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还没撞到过什么东西，
07:10
not touching anything.
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它可以指向一小片区域，
07:11
And yet it can point
to a tiny region of sky.
to a tiny region of sky.
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一张张地拍照，历时11.5天，
07:14
For 11 and a half days,
it did it in sections,
it did it in sections,
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就足够精确地拍摄出
像这样的精美图片。
像这样的精美图片。
07:18
accurately enough
to take amazing images like this.
to take amazing images like this.
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那么问题在于，
07:21
So the question is:
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一个物体如何才能
不碰到其他东西？
不碰到其他东西？
07:22
How does something
that is not touching anything
that is not touching anything
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如何知道自己所处的位置？
07:25
know where it is?
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答案是，就在中间的这片区域中，
07:26
The answer is that right in the middle
of it, it has something
of it, it has something
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让我极度失望的是，
存在的东西不是生鸡蛋，
存在的东西不是生鸡蛋，
07:29
that, to my great disappointment,
isn't a raw egg,
isn't a raw egg,
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但基本原理与其相似。
07:31
but basically does the same job.
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它有正在旋转的陀螺仪，
07:33
It's got gyroscopes which are spinning,
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根据动量守恒定律，
07:35
and because of the law
of conservation of angular momentum,
of conservation of angular momentum,
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它们以同一个轴为中心，
保持旋转、永不停息。
保持旋转、永不停息。
07:37
they keep spinning
with the same axis, indefinitely.
with the same axis, indefinitely.
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07:40
Hubble kind of rotates around them,
and so it can orient itself.
and so it can orient itself.
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哈勃望远镜像是在围绕其运动，
因此它可以为自己导向。
因此它可以为自己导向。
我们可以在厨房应用
同样的物理小定律，
同样的物理小定律，
07:43
So the same little physical law
we can play with in the kitchen and use,
we can play with in the kitchen and use,
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这也解释了为什么
我们这个时代产生了
我们这个时代产生了
07:47
also explains what makes possible
some of the most advanced technology
some of the most advanced technology
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如此多的高新科技。
07:52
of our time.
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这就是物理有趣的地方，
你了解了这些模式，
你了解了这些模式，
07:54
So this is the fun bit of physics,
that you learn these patterns
that you learn these patterns
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然后就可以一次又次地应用它们。
07:57
and then you can apply them
again and again and again.
again and again and again.
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当你发现它们应用在新领域时，
会觉得非常有成就感。
会觉得非常有成就感。
08:00
And it's really rewarding
when you spot them in new places.
when you spot them in new places.
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这就是物理的乐趣所在。
08:03
This is the fun of physics.
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1493
08:04
I have shown that egg video
to an audience full of businesspeople once
to an audience full of businesspeople once
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我曾经将鸡蛋视频展示给
一些来自商业领域的人们，
一些来自商业领域的人们，
他们都西装笔挺，
试图给老板留下好印象。
试图给老板留下好印象。
08:09
and they were all dressed up very smartly
and trying to impress their bosses.
and trying to impress their bosses.
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当时我的演讲时间不多了，
就播放了刚才的鸡蛋视频，
就播放了刚才的鸡蛋视频，
08:13
And I was running out of time,
so I showed the egg video and then said,
so I showed the egg video and then said,
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说道：“你们可以想想，
然后跟我确认是否正确”。
然后跟我确认是否正确”。
08:17
"Well, you can work it out,
and ask me afterwards to check."
and ask me afterwards to check."
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然后我就离开了讲台。
08:20
Then I left the stage.
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稍后，毫不夸张地说，
08:21
And I had, literally,
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这些中年人后来拉着我的衣袖问：
08:22
middle-aged grown men
tugging on my sleeve afterwards,
tugging on my sleeve afterwards,
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“是不是这个？是不是这个呀？”
08:25
saying, "Is it this? Is it this?"
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当我回答“是”的时候，
他们激动地喊出“噢耶！”
他们激动地喊出“噢耶！”
08:27
And when I said, "Yes." They went, "Yes!"
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2004
（笑声）
发现这些规律的乐趣，
08:29
(Laughter)
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08:30
The joy that you get
from spotting these patterns
from spotting these patterns
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不会因为你的成年而消失。
08:32
doesn't go away when you're an adult.
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这一点尤为重要，
08:34
And that's really important,
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因为物理全部在于规律，
08:36
because physics is all about patterns,
190
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2479
08:39
and a small number of patterns
give you access
give you access
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这些为数不多的规律，
能够让你接触到
能够让你接触到
日常生活中的所有物理知识，
08:41
to almost all of the physics
in our everyday world.
in our everyday world.
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最棒的是，它和玩玩具有关。
08:45
The thing that's best about this
is it involves playing with toys.
is it involves playing with toys.
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像鸡蛋这样的东西，不应当
被视为无聊小物而被忽视，
被视为无聊小物而被忽视，
08:48
Things like the egg shouldn't be dismissed
as the mundane little things
as the mundane little things
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我们可以在周六下午
拿这种东西给孩子玩，
拿这种东西给孩子玩，
08:52
that we just give the kids to play with
on a Saturday afternoon
on a Saturday afternoon
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3086
让他们安静一会儿。
08:55
to keep them quiet.
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1165
实际上，这才是真正重要的东西，
08:56
This is the stuff
that actually really matters,
that actually really matters,
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因为这就是
宇宙定律应用在鸡蛋上，
宇宙定律应用在鸡蛋上，
08:59
because this is the laws of the universe
and it applies to eggs
and it applies to eggs
198
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3024
面包片抹了黄油的那面会先着地，
当然还有其它类似的现象。
当然还有其它类似的现象。
09:02
and toast falling butter-side down
and all sorts of other things,
and all sorts of other things,
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3279
这些现象与现代科技
运用的原理相同，
运用的原理相同，
09:05
just as much as it applies
to modern technology
to modern technology
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世界上其他现象也是如此。
09:07
and anything else
that's going on in the world.
that's going on in the world.
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2213
因此我认为，
我们应该学会玩转这些规律，
我们应该学会玩转这些规律，
09:10
So I think we should play
with these patterns.
with these patterns.
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基本上来说，
当你使用厨房里的工具时，
当你使用厨房里的工具时，
09:13
Basically, there are a small
number of concepts
number of concepts
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2215
会对一小部分概念熟悉起来，
09:16
that you can become familiar with
using things in your kitchen,
using things in your kitchen,
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3005
在外界的生活中，
这些概念也同样适用。
这些概念也同样适用。
09:19
that are really useful
for life in the outside world.
for life in the outside world.
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如果你想学习热动力学，
鸭子就是一个不错的开始。
鸭子就是一个不错的开始。
09:21
If you want to learn about thermodynamics,
a duck is a good place to start,
a duck is a good place to start,
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3557
譬如，为何它们的
脚蹼从来不会变凉？
脚蹼从来不会变凉？
09:25
for example, why their feet
don't get cold.
don't get cold.
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2052
一旦你从鸭子身上
弄懂了一点热动力学，
弄懂了一点热动力学，
09:27
Once you've got a bit
of thermodynamics with the duck,
of thermodynamics with the duck,
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2551
你就可以解释冰箱的工作原理。
09:30
you can also explain fridges.
209
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1419
你在厨房使用的磁铁，
09:31
Magnets that you can play with
in your kitchen
in your kitchen
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2761
09:34
get you to wind turbines
and modern energy generation.
and modern energy generation.
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4040
会让你学到风力涡轮机
和现代能源产生的原理。
和现代能源产生的原理。
再比如苏打柠檬水里的葡萄干，
也是经常可以把玩的东西。
也是经常可以把玩的东西。
09:38
Raisins in [fizzy] lemonade, which is always
a good thing to play with.
a good thing to play with.
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如果你在派对上很无聊，
可以从零食上取下点葡萄干，
可以从零食上取下点葡萄干，
09:41
If you're at a boring party,
fish some raisins out of the bar snacks,
fish some raisins out of the bar snacks,
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3279
把它们放到柠檬水里，
09:44
put them in some lemonade.
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会得到三种结果：
09:46
It's got three consequences.
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1587
第一，它的观赏性很好，
不妨试试看；
不妨试试看；
09:48
First thing is, it's quite good
to watch; try it.
to watch; try it.
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2367
第二，它把无聊的人赶跑了；
09:50
Secondly, it sends the boring people away.
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2515
第三，它会把有趣的人吸引过来！
09:53
Thirdly, it brings
the interesting people to you.
the interesting people to you.
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2363
一箭三雕！
09:55
You win on all fronts.
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1363
还有旋转和气体定律以及粘滞性，
09:57
And then there's spin
and gas laws and viscosity.
and gas laws and viscosity.
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3347
这些都是我们身边
无处不在的小规律。
无处不在的小规律。
10:00
There's these little patterns,
and they're right around us everywhere.
and they're right around us everywhere.
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3492
10:03
And it's fundamentally democratic, right?
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591998
3561
这些基本上人人可见，
10:07
Everybody has access to the same physics;
you don't need a big, posh lab.
you don't need a big, posh lab.
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人人都能接触到同样的物理学，
不是只有光鲜的实验室里才会有。
不是只有光鲜的实验室里才会有。
10:11
When I wrote the book,
I had the chapter on spin.
I had the chapter on spin.
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当我写这本书的时候，
有一章是专门讲旋转的，
有一章是专门讲旋转的，
10:15
I had written a bit
about toast falling butter-side down.
about toast falling butter-side down.
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我写了一点点关于
面包片抹了黄油那面先着地，
面包片抹了黄油那面先着地，
然后把这一章
给一位非科学家朋友看，
给一位非科学家朋友看，
10:17
I gave the chapter to a friend of mine
who's not a scientist,
who's not a scientist,
226
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3072
10:21
for him to read and tell me
what he thought,
what he thought,
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2114
让他告诉我读后感。
10:23
and he took the chapter away.
228
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3078
他把这一章拿走了，
他在海外工作，
10:26
He was working overseas.
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1209
几周之后我才收到他的来信。
10:27
I got this text message back from him
a couple of weeks later,
a couple of weeks later,
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2977
信里写道：“我正在瑞士的
一家时尚酒店吃早餐，
一家时尚酒店吃早餐，
10:30
and it said, "I'm at breakfast
in a posh hotel in Switzerland,
in a posh hotel in Switzerland,
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4209
我很想把面包片推下桌子，
10:34
and I really want
to push toast off the table,
to push toast off the table,
232
622746
2732
10:37
because I don't believe what you wrote."
233
625502
2542
因为我不相信你写的内容！“
10:40
And that was the good bit --
he doesn't have to.
he doesn't have to.
234
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2315
这正是好玩的地方——
他根本没必要相信我，
他根本没必要相信我，
只需把面包片推下桌子，
自己试试就好啦！
自己试试就好啦！
10:42
He can push the toast off the table
and try it for himself.
and try it for himself.
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3456
10:45
And so there's two important things
to know about science:
to know about science:
236
633887
3837
因此，关于科学
有两件事非常重要：
有两件事非常重要：
10:49
the fundamental laws we've learned
through experience and experimentation,
through experience and experimentation,
237
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4314
我们通过经验和实验
得到的基本法则
得到的基本法则
10:54
work.
238
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1154
是成立的。
10:55
The day we drop an apple and it goes up,
239
643264
1982
如果我们某天扔出苹果后，
苹果向上走，
苹果向上走，
那我们就要
好好辩论一下重力作用了。
好好辩论一下重力作用了。
10:57
then we'll have a debate about gravity.
240
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1916
那一刻，我们基本上
已了解重力的作用原理，
已了解重力的作用原理，
10:59
Up to that point,
we basically know how gravity works,
we basically know how gravity works,
241
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2590
我们可以了解其框架；
11:01
and we can learn the framework.
242
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1534
接下来就是实验过程了：
11:03
Then there's the process
of experimentation:
of experimentation:
243
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2287
对某个事情有信心，
对事情进行验证，
对事情进行验证，
11:05
having confidence in things,
trying things out,
trying things out,
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2203
并进行批判性思维——
我们如何推动科学向前——
我们如何推动科学向前——
11:07
critical thinking -- how we move
science forward --
science forward --
245
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2469
11:10
and you can learn both of those things
246
658413
2000
而且，你还可以
通过日常生活中的玩具
通过日常生活中的玩具
11:12
by playing with toys
in the everyday world.
in the everyday world.
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来学习这两方面的技能。
11:15
And it's really important,
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这一点十分重要，
11:17
because there's all this talk
about technology,
about technology,
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因为我们本次讲的技术、
11:19
we've heard talks about quantum computing
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听说过的量子计算、
还有其他神秘的、
离我们很远的东西。
离我们很远的东西。
11:21
and all these mysterious, far-off things.
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11:24
But fundamentally, we still live in bodies
that are about this size,
that are about this size,
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但究其根本，我们
依然生活在这么大的身体中，
依然生活在这么大的身体中，
11:27
we still walk about,
sit on chairs that are about this size,
sit on chairs that are about this size,
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我们依然走来走去，
坐在这么大的椅子上，
坐在这么大的椅子上，
11:30
we still live in the physical world.
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我们仍然生活在物理世界中。
11:32
And being familiar with these concepts
means we're not helpless.
means we're not helpless.
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熟悉这些概念
意味着我们不会有无助感，
意味着我们不会有无助感，
而且，我认为
没有无助感是非常重要的，
没有无助感是非常重要的，
11:36
And I think it's really important
that we're not helpless,
that we're not helpless,
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社会觉得能够思考
是非常重要的，
是非常重要的，
11:39
that society feels it can look at things,
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因为它是关于
要了解所有的答案，
要了解所有的答案，
11:41
because this isn't
about knowing all the answers.
about knowing all the answers.
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11:44
It's about having the framework
so you can ask the right questions.
so you can ask the right questions.
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而是在于你了解了框架后，
可以正确地提出问题。
可以正确地提出问题。
11:48
And by playing with these fundamental
little things in everyday life,
little things in everyday life,
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通过把玩这些日常生活中
基本的小东西，
基本的小东西，
我们会拥有正确提问的信心。
11:51
we gain the confidence
to ask the right questions.
to ask the right questions.
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还有一件更重要的事要说。
11:54
So, there's a bigger thing.
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11:56
In answer to Nana's question
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在回答奶奶的问题
11:57
about what can you do
when you know that --
when you know that --
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“当你了解这些后，
你能够做些什么”——
你能够做些什么”——
因为在你了解这些物理规律后，
11:59
because there's lots of stuff
in the everyday world
in the everyday world
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在日常世界中就可以做很多事情，
12:01
that you can do when you know that,
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尤其是如果你冰箱有鸡蛋的时候——
12:03
especially if you've got
eggs in the fridge --
eggs in the fridge --
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12:06
there's a much deeper answer.
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而这个问题
现在有了更深刻的答案。
现在有了更深刻的答案。
12:08
And so there's all the fun
and the curiosity
and the curiosity
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当你玩玩具时，
会获得极大乐趣，还有好奇心，
12:10
that you could have playing with toys.
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718718
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顺便说一句——
为何只有孩子能玩乐呢？
为何只有孩子能玩乐呢？
12:12
By the way -- why should kids have
all the fun, right?
all the fun, right?
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12:16
All of us can have fun playing with toys,
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我们大家都可以
通过玩玩具来获得乐趣，
通过玩玩具来获得乐趣，
而且我们不应对此感到难为情。
12:18
and we shouldn't be embarrassed about it.
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没关系，你可以把责任推到我头上。
12:20
You can blame me, it's fine.
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12:22
So when it comes to reasons
for studying physics, for example,
for studying physics, for example,
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比如，说到学习物理的原因，
我能想到的最好的原因就是：
12:27
here is the best reason I can think of:
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735659
2891
12:30
I think that each of us has
three life-support systems.
three life-support systems.
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我认为每个人都有
三个支撑我们生活的系统，
三个支撑我们生活的系统，
即我们的身体、我们的星球、
12:34
We've got our own body, we've got a planet
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12:36
and we've got our civilization.
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744811
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和我们的文明。
每一个都是
独立的生活支撑系统，
独立的生活支撑系统，
12:38
Each of those is an independent
life-support system,
life-support system,
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746602
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12:41
keeping us alive in its own way.
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749665
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以其独特的方式
维持着我们的生存；
维持着我们的生存；
它们都遵循
基本的物理定律运行着，
基本的物理定律运行着，
12:43
And they all run
on the fundamental physical laws
on the fundamental physical laws
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3167
12:46
that you can learn in the kitchen
with eggs and teacups and lemonade,
with eggs and teacups and lemonade,
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754880
3400
你可以在厨房用鸡蛋、
茶杯和柠檬水学到这些定律，
茶杯和柠檬水学到这些定律，
也可以通过
其它任何能玩的东西学到。
其它任何能玩的东西学到。
12:50
and everything else you can play with.
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1879
这就是为什么说
12:52
This is the reason, for example,
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760207
1601
像气候变化类的事情
是一个严峻的问题的原因，
是一个严峻的问题的原因，
12:53
why something like climate change
is such a serious problem,
is such a serious problem,
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因为它影响到
两个生命支持系统：
两个生命支持系统：
12:56
because It's two of these
life-support systems,
life-support systems,
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2532
我们的星球和我们的文明，
12:59
our planet and our civilization,
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1768
使二者互相碰撞；
13:01
kind of butting up against each other;
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769109
1955
它们之间出现冲突，
这就需要我们去确定界限。
这就需要我们去确定界限。
13:03
they're in conflict,
and we need to negotiate that boundary.
and we need to negotiate that boundary.
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2892
13:06
And the fundamental physical laws
that we can learn
that we can learn
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我们能够学到的、
周围世界的运转方式的
周围世界的运转方式的
最基本物理定律，
13:08
that are the way
the world around us works,
the world around us works,
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2180
就是基于万物的工具，
13:10
are the tools at the basis of everything;
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2420
13:13
they're the foundation.
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781192
1362
它们才是根基所在。
13:14
There's lots of things
to know about in life,
to know about in life,
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2171
生活中需要了解的东西很多，
但了解了根本，
才会让你走得更远。
才会让你走得更远。
13:16
but knowing the foundations
is going to get you a long way.
is going to get you a long way.
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2796
我认为，如果你对物理
或类似事情带来的乐趣毫无兴趣，
或类似事情带来的乐趣毫无兴趣，
13:19
And I think this, if you're not interested
in having fun with physics
in having fun with physics
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787593
3641
13:23
or anything like that -- strange,
but apparently, these people exist --
but apparently, these people exist --
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4051
——虽然奇怪，但很显然，
这样的人确实存在——
这样的人确实存在——
13:27
you surely are interested
in keeping yourself alive
in keeping yourself alive
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4087
你肯定会对自己如何生存、
13:31
and in how our life-support systems work.
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799444
2051
我们的生命支持系统
如何运转感兴趣。
如何运转感兴趣。
13:33
The framework for physics
is remarkably constant;
is remarkably constant;
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801519
4775
物理学的框架非常稳定，
13:38
it's the same in lots and lots
of things that we measure.
of things that we measure.
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2676
它和我们所测量的
大量事物一样是恒定的，
大量事物一样是恒定的，
并且短时间内也不会改变，
13:41
It's not going to change anytime soon.
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809018
1838
他们可能会
发现一些新的量子力学，
发现一些新的量子力学，
13:42
They might discover
some new quantum mechanics,
some new quantum mechanics,
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但这里的苹果依然会下落。
13:45
but apples right here
are still going to fall down.
are still going to fall down.
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2656
13:47
So, the question is --
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2123
这样，问题就来了——
13:49
I get asked sometimes: How do you start?
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2289
时常有人问我：
你是怎么开始的？
你是怎么开始的？
13:52
What's the place to start
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1221
“从哪儿学起呀，
13:53
if you're interested in the physical
world, in not being helpless,
world, in not being helpless,
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821552
3256
如果你对物理世界感兴趣、
对不感到无助有兴趣、
对不感到无助有兴趣、
对玩玩具有兴趣的话？”
13:56
and in finding some toys to play with?
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1837
以下就是我的建议：
13:58
Here is my suggestion to you:
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826693
2404
14:01
the place to start is that moment --
and adults do this --
and adults do this --
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5399
开始的地方就是起点——
成年人这么做——
成年人这么做——
不经意间，你在某个地方
14:06
you're drifting along somewhere,
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1862
14:08
and you spot something
and your brain goes, "Oh, that's weird."
and your brain goes, "Oh, that's weird."
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3591
你发现了某个东西，
大脑会反应“哦，这个好奇怪”，
大脑会反应“哦，这个好奇怪”，
14:12
And then your consciousness goes,
"You're an adult. Keep going."
"You're an adult. Keep going."
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3624
然后你的潜意识会说，
“你是个成年人了，别管它”。
“你是个成年人了，别管它”。
14:15
And that's the point --
hold that thought --
hold that thought --
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这就是关键所在——
要抓住此时的想法——
要抓住此时的想法——
14:18
that bit where your brain went,
"Oh, that's a bit odd,"
"Oh, that's a bit odd,"
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2628
就是当大脑告诉你
“哦，这有点怪”的想法，
“哦，这有点怪”的想法，
因为这是你可以把玩的东西，
14:21
because there's something
there to play with,
there to play with,
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2053
并且值得你去钻研，
14:23
and it's worth you playing with it,
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1718
这就是你要开始的地方。
14:25
so that's the place to start.
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1396
但如果在你参加完这个活动后，
14:26
But if you don't have
any of those little moments
any of those little moments
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回家的路上并没有这种小瞬间，
14:28
on your way home from this event,
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1596
你也可以从以下的事情着手。
14:30
here are some things to start with.
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858457
1685
放点葡萄干在柠檬水里，
这非常有意思；
这非常有意思；
14:32
Put raisins in [fizzy] lemonade;
highly entertaining.
highly entertaining.
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2162
观察洒出来的咖啡
是如何干透的，
是如何干透的，
14:34
Watch a coffee spill dry.
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2000
我知道这听起来
有点像看着油漆干透，
有点像看着油漆干透，
14:36
I know that sounds a little bit
like watching paint dry,
like watching paint dry,
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864376
2604
但确实会有奇怪的现象，
非常值得观察。
非常值得观察。
14:39
but it does do quite weird things;
it's worth watching.
it's worth watching.
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3465
14:42
I'm an acquired taste at dinner parties
if there are teacups around.
if there are teacups around.
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870493
4195
我渐渐喜欢上晚宴，
如果周围有茶杯的话。
如果周围有茶杯的话。
14:46
There are so many things you can do
to play with teacups, it's brilliant.
to play with teacups, it's brilliant.
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你可以用茶杯玩出
很多花样，超级棒。
很多花样，超级棒。
14:50
The most obvious one
is to get a teacup, get a spoon,
is to get a teacup, get a spoon,
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3409
最棒的一个是，
你拿一个茶杯和一个小勺，
你拿一个茶杯和一个小勺，
14:53
tap the teacup around the rim and listen,
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2318
用勺子轻敲茶杯边缘，
然后仔细聆听，
然后仔细聆听，
你就会听到奇怪的声音。
14:55
and you will hear something strange.
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1795
14:57
And the other thing is,
push your toast off the table
push your toast off the table
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3300
另一个可以玩的是
把面包片推下桌子，
把面包片推下桌子，
因为你能、而且也会
从中学到东西。
从中学到东西。
15:01
because you can,
and you'll learn stuff from it.
and you'll learn stuff from it.
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2409
15:03
And if you're feeling really ambitious,
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891527
1952
如果你还是觉得不过瘾，
试试如何避免让抹黄油那面着地，
15:05
try and push it off in such a way
that it doesn't fall butter-side down,
that it doesn't fall butter-side down,
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4127
这也是可能的呦。
15:09
which is possible.
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897654
1556
这一切的重点在于：
15:11
The point of all of this is that,
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899234
2702
15:13
first of all, we should all
play with toys.
play with toys.
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901960
2093
首先，我们都应该把玩一些东西。
我们不应该
惧怕利用周围的工具
惧怕利用周围的工具
15:16
We shouldn't be afraid to investigate
the physical world for ourselves
the physical world for ourselves
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3424
来探索自己的物理世界，
15:19
with the tools around us,
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1250
因为它们唾手可得。
15:20
because we all have access to them.
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1780
15:22
It matters, because if we want
to understand society,
to understand society,
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910603
2619
这一点非常重要，
因为如果我们想了解社会、
因为如果我们想了解社会、
想做优秀公民的话，
15:25
if we want to be good citizens,
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913246
1559
我们就需要了解
生活中的一切所基于的框架，
生活中的一切所基于的框架，
15:26
we need to understand the framework
on which everything else must be based.
on which everything else must be based.
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4078
15:31
Playing with toys is great.
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919447
1503
玩玩具就非常好，
15:32
Understanding how to keep
our life-support systems going is great.
our life-support systems going is great.
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920974
3113
了解我们的生命支持系统
是如何运转的也很棒，
是如何运转的也很棒，
但根本上，我们需要改变
15:36
But fundamentally, the thing
that we need to change
that we need to change
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924111
2393
谈论物理的方式是，
15:38
in the way that we talk about physics,
349
926528
1828
我们需要明白
15:40
is we need to understand
350
928380
1159
物理不是那些怪人们的专利，
15:41
that physics isn't out there
with weird people
with weird people
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929563
2316
不是专供在华丽实验室的人们
15:43
and strange hieroglyphics
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931903
1480
阅读的奇怪而晦涩的文字。
15:45
for somebody else in a posh lab.
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933407
1622
物理就在这里，它是所有人的，
我们都可以与它互动。
我们都可以与它互动。
15:47
Physics is right here; it's for us,
and we can all play with it.
and we can all play with it.
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3050
非常感谢！
15:50
Thank you very much.
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15:51
(Applause)
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2000
（掌声）
Translated by Carol Wang
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Helen Czerski - PhysicistDr. Helen Czerski investigates the physics of ocean bubbles and spends a lot of time sharing the big scientific ideas hidden in the small objects around us.
Why you should listen
Dr. Helen Czerski has studied bubbles at sea and in the lab, has presented many highly-regarded BBC science documentaries and has told the stories of science (and especially of physics) on stage and in print.
Czerski's academic home is the department of mechanical engineering at University College London in the UK. Her first book, Storm in a Teacup, was published in 2016 (2017 in the US) and shows how the biggest ideas in physics come to life in the world around us -- and how the most mundane quirks of the everyday world open the door to the physics that every citizen needs to know.
Photo: Alex Brenner
Helen Czerski | Speaker | TED.com