Mission Blue Voyage
Kristina Gjerde: Making law on the high seas
克莉絲蒂娜·傑爾德：為公海立法
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克莉絲蒂娜·傑爾德的研究領域是公海法。海洋的百分之六十四都沒有被任何國家的法律所保護。絢麗的照片展示了這個隱藏的世界。傑爾德和其他法律工作者都正在通過巧妙的政策制定和公共關係致力於保護公海免受拖網作業、垃圾傾倒的毀壞。
Kristina Gjerde - High seas policy advisor
Kristina Gjerde is an expert on the law of the high seas -- the vast areas of the sea and seabed that exist beyond any national jurisdiction. These places belong to the world; Gjerde's work helps the world work together to protect them. Full bio
Kristina Gjerde is an expert on the law of the high seas -- the vast areas of the sea and seabed that exist beyond any national jurisdiction. These places belong to the world; Gjerde's work helps the world work together to protect them. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
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Today I'm going to take you on a voyage
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今天我將要帶大家進行一次航行
00:18
to some place so deep,
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到那些深海
00:20
so dark, so unexplored
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昏暗無光，未被探索
00:23
that we know less about it than we know about the dark side of the moon.
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比起我們對月球背面的瞭解知之更少
00:26
It's a place of myth and legend.
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這是一個富有神秘氣息和傳奇色彩的世界
00:28
It's a place marked on ancient maps
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它在古代地圖上被標注
00:30
as "here be monsters."
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為‘怪物出沒’
00:33
It is a place where each new voyage of exploration
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每一次到這裡新的探索
00:36
brings back new discoveries of creatures so wondrous and strange
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都帶回了許多驚奇特異生物的發現
00:39
that our forefathers would have considered them monstrous indeed.
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它們曾被我們的祖先們認為是怪物
00:42
Instead, they just make me green with envy
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然而，它們卻讓我充滿羡慕嫉妒
00:44
that my colleague from IUCN
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因為我的IUCN(國際自然保護聯盟)的同事
00:46
was able to go on this journey to the south of Madagascar seamounts
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能夠到馬達加斯加海嶺南部進行這次探索旅行
00:49
to actually take photographs
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拍到真實的照片
00:51
and to see these wondrous creatures of the deep.
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並且親眼看到這些驚奇的深海生物
00:54
We are talking about the high seas.
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我們談論的是公海
00:57
The "high seas" is a legal term,
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公海是一個法律概念
00:59
but in fact, it covers 50 percent of the planet.
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但實際上，公海的範圍覆蓋了整個地球的一半
01:02
With an average depth of the oceans
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公海平均深度
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of 4,000 meters,
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為四千米
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in fact, the high seas covers and provides
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事實上，公海提供了
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nearly 90 percent of the habitat
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幾乎百分之九十的生存場所
01:12
for life on this Earth.
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為地球上的生命
01:15
It is, in theory, the global commons,
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理論上說，它是全球所共有的
01:17
belonging to us all.
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屬於我們大家
01:19
But in reality,
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但是實際上
01:21
it is managed by and for
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它的管理者是
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those who have the resources
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那些能夠有條件
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to go out and exploit it.
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去公海航行和探索的人們
01:28
So today I'm going to take you on a voyage
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所以今天我會帶大家進行一次航行
01:30
to cast light on some of the outdated myths
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去消除一些陳舊的謎團
01:32
and legends and assumptions
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傳說和假設
01:34
that have kept us as the true stakeholders
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這些一直阻礙我們成為真正的利益相關者
01:37
in the high seas in the dark.
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在昏暗的公海海洋中
01:39
We're going to voyage to some of these special places
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我們將要去的是一些十分特別的地方
01:42
that we've been discovering in the past few years
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這些地方我們已經在過去幾年有了很多探索和發現
01:44
to show why we really need to care.
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我要向大家展示我們應該真正關心公海的原因
01:47
And then finally, we're going to try
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而且最終我們將會嘗試
01:49
to develop and pioneer a new perspective
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去發展和開創出一個嶄新的觀念
01:51
on high seas governance
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對於公海管理
01:53
that's rooted in ocean-basin-wide conservation,
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根植于海盆的保護
01:56
but framed in an arena of global norms
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但是卻有著國際準則的框架
01:59
of precaution and respect.
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的預防和重視
02:02
So here is a picture of the high seas
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這是一張公海的圖片
02:04
as seen from above --
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正如我們之前所看到
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that area in the darker blue.
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這些範圍用深藍色表示
02:08
To me, as an international lawyer,
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我作為一個國際法工作者
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this scared me far more
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這讓我感到害怕
02:12
than any of the creatures or the monsters we may have seen,
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比任何我們可能見過的生物或怪物更為害怕
02:14
for it belies the notion that you can actually protect the ocean,
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因為這證明了我們沒有真正地保護海洋
02:17
the global ocean,
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全球海域
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that provides us all with carbon storage,
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它提供給我們所有的碳
02:21
with heat storage, with oxygen,
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熱，還有氧
02:24
if you can only protect 36 percent.
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如果你只保護了其中的百分之三十六
02:28
This is indeed the true heart of the planet.
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這是這個星球的真正的心臟
02:32
Some of the problems that we have to confront
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我們不得不面對的一些問題是
02:34
are that the current international laws --
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現在的國際法
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for example, shipping --
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例如，航行條例
02:38
provide more protection
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提供了保護更多的是
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to the areas closest to shore.
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對那些靠近海岸的海域
02:42
For example, garbage discharge,
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例如，垃圾排放
02:44
something you would think just simply goes away,
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有些你考慮到的僅僅是略過
02:46
but the laws regulating
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但是監管
02:48
ship discharge of garbage
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航船垃圾排放的法律
02:50
actually get weaker the further you are from shore.
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當你越遠離海岸實際上越鬆散
02:53
As a result, we have garbage patches
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結果，我們排放的垃圾面積
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the size of twice-Texas.
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有兩個德克薩斯大
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It's unbelievable.
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真是難以置信
03:01
We used to think the solution to pollution
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我們曾經想過解決污染的辦法
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was dilution,
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那就是稀釋
03:06
but that has proved to be no longer the case.
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但是那已被證實無法繼續奏效
03:09
So what we have learned from social scientists
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所以我們從一些社會學家
03:12
and economists like Elinor Ostrom,
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和像Elinor Ostrom這樣的經濟學家
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who are studying the phenomenon
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他們研究的現象
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of management of the commons on a local scale,
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是局部地區公共財產的管理
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is that there are certain prerequisites
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學習到的是有一些特定前提條件
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that you can put into place
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你需要置定
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that enable you to manage
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這些條件讓你能夠管理
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and access open space
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和接觸公共領域
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for the good of one and all.
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為了個人和社會的利益
03:31
And these include a sense of shared responsibility,
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這些包括一種共同的責任感
03:34
common norms that bind people together as a community.
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讓人們組成社會的共同規範
03:37
Conditional access: You can invite people in,
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有條件准入：你可以邀請人們進來
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but they have to be able to play by the rules.
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但是他們必須能遵守遊戲規則
03:43
And of course, if you want people to play by the rules,
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當然，如果你想要人們遵守規則
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you still need an effective system
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你仍然需要一個有效的系統
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of monitoring and enforcement,
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監管和執行的系統
03:49
for as we've discovered,
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在我們已經瞭解的範圍內
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you can trust, but you also need to verify.
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你可以相信但仍然需要核實
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What I'd also like to convey
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我想要傳達的是
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is that it is not all doom and gloom
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劫難和陰暗
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that we are seeing in the high seas.
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並不是我們在公海上所看到的全部
03:59
For a group of very dedicated individuals --
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對於那些十分具有奉獻精神的人們
04:02
scientists, conservationists,
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科學家，生態環境保護者
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photographers and states --
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攝影師和國家等
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were able to actually change a tragic trajectory
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有能力去阻止一個悲劇的發生
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that was destroying fragile seascapes
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摧毀那些脆弱的海洋風光
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such as this coral garden
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正如這個珊瑚群
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that you see in front of you.
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你們所看到的這個
04:16
That is, we're able to save it from a fate
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我們有能力拯救它
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of deep-sea bottom trawling.
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免受深海海底拖網作業的破壞
04:20
And how did we do that?
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我們是如何做到的呢
04:22
Well, as I said, we had a group of photographers that went out on board ships
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正如我所說，我們有一群攝影師，他們登上開往公海的船
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and actually photographed the activities in process.
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拍攝這些拖網作業活動的照片
04:28
But we also spent many hours
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另外我們也投入大量時間
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in the basements of the United Nations,
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在聯合國的機構
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trying to work with governments to make them understand
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努力與各國政府合作并讓他們瞭解到
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what was going on so far away from land
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遠離陸地的深海上鎖發生的這一切
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that few of us had ever even imagined
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這些我們從未能想像得到
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that these creatures existed.
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這些生物的存在
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So within three years,
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在這三年中
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from 2003 to 2006,
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二〇〇三年到二〇〇六年
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we were able to get norm in place
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我們能夠建立規範
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that actually changed the paradigm
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這些規範改變了過去的範式
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of how fishers went about
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關於捕魚業者去
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deep-sea bottom trawling.
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深海海底的拖網作業
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Instead of "go anywhere, do anything you want,"
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他們不再想到哪兒就到哪兒，想做什麽就做什麽
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we actually created a regime
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我們創造了一種制度
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that required prior assessment of where you're going
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它要求我們對我們的去處進行先期評估
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and a duty to prevent significant harm.
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它要求我們承擔避免重大損害的責任
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In 2009, when the U.N. reviewed progress,
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在二〇〇九年，當聯合國回顧我們的項目時
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they discovered
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他們發現
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that almost 100 million square-kilometers of seabed
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差不多有一億平方公里的海床
05:13
had been protected.
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得到了保護
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This does not mean that it's the final solution,
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這並不意味著這就是公海問題的最終解決方案
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or that this even provides permanent protection.
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也不意味著這為公海提供了永久的保護
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But what it does mean
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但是這意味著
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is that a group of individuals can form a community
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一群個體能夠組成一個社會
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to actually shape
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去塑造
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the way high seas are governed,
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公海時代的管理方法
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to create a new regime.
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去創造新的規範制度
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So I'm looking optimistically at our opportunities
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所以我十分看好我們的機遇
05:33
for creating a true, blue perspective
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創造一個真正的蔚藍樣貌
05:36
for this beautiful planet.
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為這個美麗的星球
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Sylvia's wish
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西爾維婭的希望(項目名稱)
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provides us with that leverage, that access
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為我們提供了捷徑
05:43
to the heart of human beings,
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到人類的內心
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you might say,
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也許你會說
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who have rarely seen places beyond their own toes,
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這些人幾乎沒看過自己腳尖外一點的地方
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but are now hopefully going to become interested
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現在卻好像越來越感興趣
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in the full life-cycle of creatures like these sea turtles,
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像海龜這樣的生物的生命週期
05:56
who indeed spend most of their time in the high seas.
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這些人在公海方面投入了大量的時間和精力
06:00
Today, we're just going to voyage to a small sampling
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今天我們只是航行到一個很小的海域
06:03
of some of these special areas,
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它只是這些特別海域的一個樣本
06:05
just to give you an idea of the flavor
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只是爲了讓大家能有一些
06:07
of the riches and wonders they do contain.
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對於公海內涵的豐富和奇妙的一些初步認識
06:10
The Sargasso Sea, for example,
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例如，馬尾藻海域
06:12
is not a sea bounded by coastlines,
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這不是一個被海岸線包圍的海域
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but it is bounded by oceanic currents
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而是被洋流所環繞
06:17
that contain and envelope
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這些洋流帶來了
06:19
this wealth of sargassum
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海藻所需要的養分
06:21
that grows and aggregates there.
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這些養分讓這裡的海藻十分旺盛地繁衍和聚集
06:23
It's also known as the spawning ground for eels
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這個海域也作為鰻魚的產卵地而著名
06:27
from Northern European
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這些鰻魚來自北歐
06:29
and Northern American rivers
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和北美的河流
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that are now so dwindling in numbers
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他們的數量正在大量減少
06:33
that they've actually stopped showing up in Stockholm,
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因為它們在斯德哥爾摩便停止了活動
06:35
and five showed up in the U.K. just recently.
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而且才在英國有了一些活動的跡象
06:38
But the Sargasso Sea,
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但是馬尾藻海域
06:40
the same way it aggregates sargassum weed,
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正如它不斷集聚了馬尾藻的種子
06:43
actually is pulling in the plastic
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也正在不斷集聚塑料垃圾
06:45
from throughout the region.
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這些垃圾來自北大西洋地區
06:47
This picture doesn't exactly show
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這張圖片並沒有準確的展示
06:49
the plastics that I would like it to show, because I haven't been out there myself.
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我想要展示的那些塑料垃圾，因為我自己從未到過那裡
06:52
But there has just been a study
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但是有最新的研究
06:54
that was released in February
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已經在二月份在那裡進行
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that showed there are 200,000
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這個研究表明那裡每平方公里有二十萬個
06:58
pieces of plastic per square-kilometer
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塑料垃圾
07:01
now floating in the surface of the Sargasso Sea,
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現在它們正漂浮在馬尾藻海域的表面
07:04
and that is affecting the habitat
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研究還表明它們正嚴重影響著
07:06
for the many species in their juvenile stages
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許多物種幼蟲階段的生存發育環境
07:09
who come to the Sargasso Sea
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這些生物來到馬尾藻海域
07:11
for its protection and its food.
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正是爲了得到這片海域的保護和養分
07:14
The Sargasso Sea is also a wondrous place
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馬尾藻海域也是一個令人驚奇的地方
07:17
for the aggregation of these unique species
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因為這裡集聚了大量奇特的生物
07:19
that have developed to mimic the sargassum habitat.
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它們已經適應了馬尾藻海的生存環境
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It also provides a special habitat
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它也提供了一個特殊的場所
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for these flying fish to lay their eggs.
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為這些飛魚產卵
07:28
But what I'd like to get from this picture
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但是我從這張圖片中所感受到的是
07:30
is that we truly do have an opportunity
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我們真的擁有一個機會
07:32
to launch a global initiative for protection.
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去開創一種全球化的保護
07:35
Thus, the government of Bermuda has recognized the need
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百慕大政府已經發現了這樣的必要性
07:38
and its responsibility
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和自己的責任
07:40
as having some of the Sargasso Sea
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因為它在部份馬尾藻海域
07:42
within its national jurisdiction --
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擁有司法管轄權力
07:44
but the vast majority is beyond --
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但是在廣袤的其他海域卻沒有
07:46
to help spearhead a movement
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百慕大政府正帶頭發起一次行動
07:48
to achieve protection for this vital area.
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來保護這個極其重要的海域
07:50
Spinning down to someplace a little bit cooler than here right now:
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現在讓我們轉到一個比馬尾藻海域冷一點的地方
07:53
the Ross Sea in the Southern Ocean.
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南太平洋的羅斯海域
07:55
It's actually a bay.
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實際上這是一個海灣
07:57
It's considered high seas, because the continent
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它被視為公海，因為這裡
07:59
has been put off limits
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在任何國家的管轄範圍之外
08:01
to territorial claims.
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沒有任何主權領土宣稱
08:03
So anything in the water is treated as if it's the high seas.
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所以這裡水下的一切都與公海內的同樣對待
08:06
But what makes the Ross Sea important
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但是讓羅斯海域十分重要的是
08:08
is the vast sea of pack ice
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這裡大量的海冰
08:11
that in the spring and summer
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在春夏季節
08:13
provides a wealth of phytoplankton and krill
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這些海冰為浮游植物和磷蝦提供了養分
08:15
that supports what, till recently,
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直到今天，這些生物仍支持著
08:17
has been a virtually intact
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這個事實上原封未動未受損害的
08:19
near-shore ecosystem.
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近海生態系統
08:22
But unfortunately, CCAMLR,
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但是不幸的是，CAMLAR
08:24
the regional commission
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它是一個地域性的委員會
08:26
in charge of conserving and managing fish stocks
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負責保護和管理漁業資源
08:28
and other living marine resources,
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和其他一些海洋資源
08:30
is unfortunately starting to give in to fishing interests
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十分不幸的是它目前開始在漁業利益上讓步
08:33
and has authorized the expansion
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并授權
08:35
of toothfish fisheries in the region.
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增加這個海域的圓鱈魚捕撈量
08:38
The captain of a New Zealand vessel
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一個新西蘭船長
08:40
who was just down there
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他才去過羅斯海
08:42
is reporting a significant decline
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報告了那裡
08:44
in the number of the Ross Sea killer whales,
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虎鯨數量的急劇減少
08:47
who are directly dependent on the Antarctic toothfish
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這些虎鯨十分依賴南極地區的圓鱈魚
08:49
as their main source of food.
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作為他們的主要食物
08:52
So what we need to do is to stand up boldly,
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所以我們要做的是勇敢的站起來
08:55
singly and together,
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我們一起
08:57
to push governments,
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向政府施壓
08:59
to push regional fisheries management organizations,
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向那些地區漁業管理機構施壓
09:01
to declare our right
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表明我們的權利
09:03
to declare certain areas off-limits to high seas fishing,
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表明一些公海漁業捕撈量的合理上限
09:06
so that the freedom to fish no longer means
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來阻止捕撈自由成為一種
09:08
the freedom to fish anywhere and anytime.
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何時何地都能捕撈的無限自由
09:11
Coming closer to here, the Costa Rica Dome
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換一個比較靠近我們的海域，中部美洲西海岸
09:14
is a recently discovered area --
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是一個最近才開發的地區
09:16
potentially year-round habitat for blue whales.
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潛在的藍鯨的週期性生存海域
09:18
There's enough food there to last them
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這裡有足夠食物
09:20
the summer and the winter long.
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支持它們度過四季
09:22
But what's unusual about the Costa Rica Dome
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但是這片海域特殊之處在于
09:24
is, in fact, it's not a permanent place.
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實際上它不是一個永久固定的地方
09:26
It's an oceanographic phenomenon
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這是一種海洋學現象
09:28
that shifts in time and space on a seasonal basis.
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會隨著時間和地域季節性變動
09:31
So, in fact, it's not permanently in the high seas.
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所以事實上，它并非是在公海上永久固定
09:33
It's not permanently in the exclusive economic zones
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它也沒有固定在中美五國的
09:36
of these five Central American countries,
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專屬經濟區內
09:38
but it moves with the season.
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它隨著季節不斷移動
09:41
As such, it does create a challenge to protect,
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正因如此，這向我們的保護提出了挑戰
09:44
but we also have a challenge protecting the species that move along with it.
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也向我們保護隨著它一起移動的生物提出了挑戰
09:47
We can use the same technologies that fishers use
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我們可以用捕魚者使用的技術
09:50
to identify where the species are,
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來確認這些生物在哪裡
09:52
in order to close the area
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爲了靠近這個海域
09:54
when it's most vulnerable,
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當它十分脆弱時
09:56
which may, in some cases, be year-round.
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有時是以年為週期
09:59
Getting closer to shore, where we are,
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當我們靠近海岸一點
10:01
this was in fact taken in the Galapagos.
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便會發現這正是加拉帕戈斯群島所發生的
10:03
Many species are headed through this region,
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許多物種都從這個區域通過
10:05
which is why there's been so much attention
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這正是這裡
10:07
put into conservation
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在保護工作方面被重視的原因
10:09
of the Eastern Tropical Pacific Seascape.
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這個地區在東太平洋的熱帶部份
10:11
This is the initiative that's been coordinated
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這是第一次保護工作的配合
10:13
by Conservation International
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國際保護組織
10:15
with a variety of partners and governments
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和許多合作夥伴和政府
10:17
to actually try to bring integrated management regime
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一起嘗試建立共同管理規範
10:20
throughout the area.
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在這一片區域
10:22
That is, it provides a wonderful example of where you can go
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這次合作提供了一個十分好的關於能在哪裡活動的示範
10:24
with a real regional initiative.
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在一個真正的地區主動管理下
10:26
It's protecting five World Heritage sites.
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它正保護著五個世界遺產
10:29
Unfortunately, the World Heritage Convention
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不幸的是，世界遺產協會
10:32
does not recognize the need to protect areas
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尚未認識到保護這片區域的重要性
10:35
beyond national jurisdiction, at present.
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而且這個地區當前並沒有在某國的管轄範圍內
10:38
So a place like the Costa Rica Dome
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所以一個像中美西海岸這樣的地區
10:40
could not technically qualify
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嚴格來說無法說明
10:42
the time it's in the high seas.
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公海的全部情況
10:44
So what we've been suggesting
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所以我們建議
10:46
is that we either need to amend the World Heritage Convention,
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要么我們需要對世界遺產協會進行一些修正
10:49
so that it can adopt
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以讓它適應
10:52
and urge universal protection of these World Heritage sites,
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和推動這些世界遺產的普遍保護
10:55
or we need to change the name
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要么我們需要給它改名
10:57
and call it Half-the-World Heritage Convention.
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稱呼它為一半世界遺產協會
11:00
But what we also know is that species like these sea turtles
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同時我們也知道像海龜這樣的物種
11:03
do not stay put in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Seascape.
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並非一直待在東太平洋的熱帶海域
11:07
These happen to go down to a vast South Pacific Gyre,
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它們有時會南下到廣闊的南太平洋涡流
11:10
where they spend most of their time
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在那裡度過它們大部份的時光
11:12
and often end up getting hooked like this,
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而且它們常常最後被像這樣被鉤著
11:14
or as bycatch.
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或者被漁業混獲
11:16
So what I'd really like to suggest is that we need to scale-up.
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所以我非常建議的是我們需要擴展
11:19
We need to work locally,
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我們需要在當地協作
11:21
but we also need to work ocean-basin-wide.
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同時我們也需要在海盆上開展保護工作
11:24
We have the tools and technologies now
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我們現在擁有科技和技術
11:27
to enable us to take a broader
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能夠讓我們在更廣闊的
11:29
ocean-basin-wide initiative.
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海盆上開創保護工作
11:31
We've heard about the Tagging of Pacific Predators project,
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我們已經聽聞了關於給太平洋肉食動物標記的項目
11:34
one of the 17 Census of Marine Life projects.
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這個項目是十七個海洋生物普查工作之一
11:37
It's provided us data like this,
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它為我們提供了像
11:39
of tiny, little sooty shearwaters
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烏黑的小海鷗等海洋生物的數據
11:42
that make the entire ocean basin their home.
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整個海盆都是這些小海鷗的家
11:44
They fly 65,000 kilometers
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它們飛行六萬五千公里
11:46
in less than a year.
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在一年之內
11:48
So we have the tools and treasures coming from the Census of Marine Life.
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所以我們有著來自海洋生物普查項目的測量技術和數據
11:51
And its culminating year
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而且這個項目的結束
11:53
that's going to be launched in October.
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會在十月份
11:55
So stay tuned for further information.
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所以當前爲了更多的數據信息它正在調整
11:57
What I find so exciting
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我認為這個項目令人興奮的是
11:59
is that the Census of Marine Life
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海洋生物的普查
12:01
has looked at more than the tagging of pacific predators;
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並不只限於海洋肉食動物的標記工作
12:04
it's also looked in the really unexplored mid-water column,
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它也關注了尚未被探索的海水中層生物
12:07
where creatures like this flying sea cucumber
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那裡有像這樣遊動的海參
12:09
have been found.
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它們已經被發現
12:11
And fortunately, we've been able, as IUCN,
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更幸運的是，因為IUCN的努力，我們已經有能力與
12:14
to team up with the Census of Marine Life
299
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海洋生物普查項目
12:16
and many of the scientists working there
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和許多在這個項目中工作的科學家們一起合作
12:18
to actually try to translate
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嘗試去為政策制定者解讀
12:20
much of this information to policymakers.
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這些數據中的大量信息
12:22
We have the support of governments now behind us.
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我們現在擁有了政府機構的支持
12:25
We've been revealing this information through technical workshops.
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我們一直通過科技小組進行著這些信息的解讀工作
12:28
And the exciting thing is that we do have sufficient information
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一個令人振奮的是我們的確擁有了足夠的信息
12:31
to move ahead to protect some of these
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來更進一步保護這些
12:33
significant hope spots, hotspots.
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十分富有希望的地區，熱點地區
12:36
At the same time we're saying,
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同時我們也在號召
12:38
"Yes, we need more. We need to move forward."
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對，我們需要更多，我們需要前進
12:40
But many of you have said,
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然而我們中的一部份人問過
12:42
if you get these marine protected areas,
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如果你們讓這些海域得到了保護
12:44
or a reasonable regime for high seas fisheries management in place,
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或者為公海漁業管理創造了合理的規範
12:47
how are you going to enforce it?
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你如何去執行它呢
12:49
Which leads me to my second passion besides ocean science,
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這個問題引起了我對於海洋科學聆之外領域的濃烈興趣
12:52
which is outer space technology.
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這邊是太空科技
12:54
I wanted to be an astronaut,
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我曾經想成為一個宇航員
12:56
so I've constantly followed
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所以我一直關注著
12:58
what are the tools available to monitor Earth
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有些什麽樣的技術能夠對地球進行檢測
13:00
from outer space --
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從外太空
13:02
and that we have incredible tools like we've been learning about,
320
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我也看到了我們擁有一些難以置信的技術，正如我們已經知道的
13:05
in terms of being able to follow tagged species
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跟蹤那些被標注的生物的科技
13:07
throughout their life-cycles
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在他們整個的生命週期
13:09
in the open ocean.
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在遼闊的海洋
13:11
We can also tag and track fishing vessels.
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我們同樣也能標記和追蹤捕魚船
13:14
Many already have transponders on board
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許多捕魚船已經在船上裝備了轉發器
13:17
that allow us to find out where they are and even what they're doing.
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能夠讓我們知道他們在哪裡並且能知道他們在幹什麼
13:20
But not all the vessels have those to date.
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可是並非所有的船隻都裝備了這個
13:22
It does not take too much rocket science
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我們並不需要很多高科技
13:25
to actually try to create new laws to mandate,
329
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來制定和執行新的法律
13:28
if you're going to have the privilege
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如果你將擁有特權
13:30
of accessing our high seas resources,
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能夠獲得我們公海上的資源
13:33
we need to know -- someone needs to know --
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我們需要知道--有人需要知道--
13:35
where you are and what you're doing.
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你在哪裡和你在做什麽
13:38
So it brings me to my main take-home message,
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所以又回到了我的主題
13:40
which is we can avert a tragedy of the commons.
335
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就是我們能避免公用資源的悲劇
13:43
We can stop the collision course
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我們能夠阻止那些衝突
13:45
of 50 percent of the planet
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這些衝突發生在占這個星球一半的
13:47
with the high seas.
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公海上
13:49
But we need to think broad-scale. We need to think globally.
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然而我們需要從一個廣闊的角度來思考 我們需要全球化的思考
13:52
We need to change how we actually go about
340
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我們需要改變我們現在的做法
13:54
managing these resources.
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管理這些資源
13:57
We need to get the new paradigm
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我們需要制定新的規範
13:59
of precaution and respect.
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來預防和重視
14:01
At the same time, we need to think locally,
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同時，我們也需要當地化的思考
14:03
which is the joy and marvel of Sylvia's hope spot wish,
345
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這正是西爾維婭的希望取得成果的原因
14:06
is that we can shine a spotlight
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我們能夠突出一個熱點
14:08
on many of these previously unknown areas,
347
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在這些之前并不為人所知的地區
14:11
and to bring people to the table, if you will,
348
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然後把人們帶到問題面前--如果你願意--
14:14
to actually make them feel part of this community
349
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來讓他們感到他們是我們這個社會的一部份
14:17
that truly has a stake
350
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這個社會擁有一個
14:19
in their future management.
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對於他們未來的管理十分重大的利益
14:21
And third is that we need to look at ocean-basin-wide management.
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我想說的第三點是我們需要關注整個海盆的管理
14:24
Our species are ocean-basin-wide.
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許多生物都是在海盆活動
14:27
Many of the deep-sea communities
354
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許多深海生態系統
14:30
have genetic distribution
355
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有著基因配置
14:32
that goes ocean-basin-wide.
356
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在整個海盆的範圍內的配置
14:34
We need to better understand,
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我們需要懂得
14:36
but we also need to start to manage and protect.
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我們也需要開始管理和保護
14:39
And in order to do that,
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另外爲了做好這一點
14:41
you also need ocean-basin management regimes.
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我們也需要一些海盆管理的規範
14:43
That is, we have regional management regimes
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正如我們有著區域性的管理規範
14:46
within the exclusive economic zone,
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在專屬經濟區內
14:48
but we need to scale these up, we need to build their capacity,
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但我們也需要將他們整合，我們需要創建這些規範的權限
14:51
so they're like the Southern Ocean,
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例如南太平洋
14:53
where they do have the two-pronged fisheries
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那片海域有自相衝突的漁業
14:55
and conservation organization.
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和保護組織
14:58
So with that, I would just like to sincerely thank and honor
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所以在這一點上，我真誠地感謝和讚揚
15:01
Sylvia Earle for her wish,
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Sylvia Earle的希望
15:03
for it is helping us to put a face on the high seas
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因為它幫助我們重視公海
15:05
and the deep seas beyond national jurisdiction.
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和沒有被國家主權覆蓋的遠洋
15:08
It's helping to bring an incredible group
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它幫助我們組建了一個令人不可思議的團隊
15:10
of talented people together
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這個團隊有各種富有才華的人
15:12
to really try to solve and penetrate
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一起真正的去解決和發現
15:14
these problems that have created our obstacles
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這些成為了
15:17
to management and rational use
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我們管理和合理使用
15:20
of this area that was once so far away and remote.
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這片曾經如此遙遠的公海海域的問題
15:25
So on this tour, I hope I provided you
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所以通過這樣的一次旅行，我希望我已經為大家展示了
15:27
with a new perspective of the high seas:
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一種關於公海的新的視角
15:29
one, that it is our home too,
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公海同樣是我們的家園
15:32
and that we need to work together
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我們需要一起努力
15:34
if we are to make this a sustainable ocean future for us all.
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如果我們想讓公海在未來成為一片可持續發展的共有海洋
15:37
Thank you.
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謝謝大家
15:39
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Kristina Gjerde - High seas policy advisorKristina Gjerde is an expert on the law of the high seas -- the vast areas of the sea and seabed that exist beyond any national jurisdiction. These places belong to the world; Gjerde's work helps the world work together to protect them.
Why you should listen
Kristina Gjerde is an expert in the law of marine conservation. She's the high-seas policy advisor for IUCN, the International Union for Conservation of Nature, where she helps communities and governments find practical solutions to protect the environment. Her focus is on the tricky areas of the sea and seabed that exist beyond any national jurisdiction. These places belong to the world; Gjerde's work aims to help the world work together to protect them.
Gjerde's working with the Census of Marine Life and other scientific organizations to establish the Global Ocean Biodiversity Initiative, an effort to identify areas of special ecological or biological importance in the high seas and seabed. She's using her legal and scientific expertise to seek protection for these special areas as part of a global network of marine protected areas.
Kristina Gjerde | Speaker | TED.com