TEDMED 2011
Quyen Nguyen: Color-coded surgery
Quyen Nguyen：顏色導引手術
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醫學教科書把人體組織畫上顏色，以便外科醫生學習，但實體組織看起來並非如此。直到現在，Quyen Nguyen在TEDMED展示了如何用運用標記分子，使腫瘤呈現綠色螢光，讓醫生知道正確的切割位置。
Quyen Nguyen - Surgeon
Quyen Nguyen uses molecular probes that make tumors -- and just the tumors -- glow, as an extraordinary aid to surgeons. Full bio
Quyen Nguyen uses molecular probes that make tumors -- and just the tumors -- glow, as an extraordinary aid to surgeons. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I want to talk to you
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我想跟各位談談
00:17
about one of the biggest myths in medicine,
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醫學界最大的迷思之一
00:19
and that is the idea
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這個迷思就是
00:21
that all we need are more medical breakthroughs
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只要我們在醫學界有更多的突破
00:24
and then all of our problems will be solved.
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一切問題就能迎刃而解
00:27
Our society loves to romanticize
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世人喜歡把這種事想得浪漫
00:30
the idea of the single, solo inventor
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某位發明家隻身奮鬥
00:32
who, working late in the lab one night,
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某晚在實驗室工作到很晚
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makes an earthshaking discovery,
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有了驚為天人的發現
00:38
and voila, overnight everything's changed.
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突然，一夕之間全都變得不一樣了
00:42
That's a very appealing picture,
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這樣的畫面非常吸引人
00:44
however, it's just not true.
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然而，實情並非如此
00:47
In fact, medicine today is a team sport.
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實際上，現今的醫學是種團隊運動
00:50
And in many ways,
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很多方面來說
00:52
it always has been.
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一直都是如此
00:54
I'd like to share with you a story
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我想和大家分享一則故事
00:56
about how I've experienced this very dramatically
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這故事是我在工作上
00:59
in my own work.
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親身經歷的戲劇化改變
01:01
I'm a surgeon,
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我是名外科醫生
01:03
and we surgeons have always had
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身為外科醫生
01:05
this special relationship with light.
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我們和光線有種奇妙的關係
01:08
When I make an incision inside a patient's body, it's dark.
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當我動刀切入病患的身體時，裡頭是暗的
01:12
We need to shine light to see what we're doing.
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我們要打光才能知道我們正在進行什麼動作
01:15
And this is why, traditionally,
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這就是為什麼傳統上
01:18
surgeries have always started so early in the morning --
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手術都在一大早的時候進行
01:20
to take advantage of daylight hours.
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以便利用白天的光線
01:22
And if you look at historical pictures
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假如你看看歷史照片
01:24
of the early operating rooms,
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早期的手術室
01:26
they have been on top of buildings.
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都位在建築物的頂樓
01:29
For example, this is the oldest operating room in the Western world,
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例如：這張是西方世界最早的手術室
01:31
in London,
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位在倫敦
01:33
where the operating room
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這間手術室
01:35
is actually on top of a church
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位在教堂的頂樓
01:37
with a skylight coming in.
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上頭有日光照進來
01:39
And then this is a picture
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再來這張照片是
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of one of the most famous hospitals in America.
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美國最有名的醫院之一
01:44
This is Mass General in Boston.
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這是波士頓的麻省總醫院
01:46
And do you know where the operating room is?
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你知道手術室在哪嗎？
01:48
Here it is
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在這裡
01:50
on the top of the building
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醫院的頂樓
01:52
with plenty of windows to let light in.
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上面開了很多窗戶引進光線
01:55
So nowadays in the operating room,
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現今的手術室
01:57
we no longer need to use sunlight.
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不再需要利用陽光
02:00
And because we no longer need to use sunlight,
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因為我們不需要利用陽光
02:03
we have very specialized lights
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我們有特製的燈光
02:05
that are made for the operating room.
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專為手術室打造的燈
02:07
We have an opportunity
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我們有機會
02:09
to bring in other kinds of lights --
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引進其他種類的光線
02:11
lights that can allow us to see
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這種光線可以讓我們看見
02:13
what we currently don't see.
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目前我們看不到的地方
02:16
And this is what I think
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這種光線就是
02:18
is the magic of fluorescence.
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神奇的螢光
02:20
So let me back up a little bit.
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我先把話題拉回以前
02:22
When we are in medical school,
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當我們在醫學院的時候
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we learn our anatomy from illustrations such as this
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我們透過插圖學習解剖學，就像這張
02:28
where everything's color-coded.
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各部位都用色彩區分
02:31
Nerves are yellow, arteries are red,
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神經是黃的，動脈是紅的
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veins are blue.
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靜脈是藍的
02:35
That's so easy anybody could become a surgeon, right?
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很簡單，每個人都可以當外科醫生，對吧？
02:39
However, when we have a real patient on the table,
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然而，當我們在看手術台上的實體病人時
02:42
this is the same neck dissection --
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這是相同的頸部解剖面
02:45
not so easy to tell the difference
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不太易區分
02:47
between different structures.
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不同組織的差異
02:49
We heard over the last couple days
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過去幾天我們聽說
02:52
what an urgent problem
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癌症至今仍是
02:54
cancer still is in our society,
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我們所面臨的迫切問題
02:56
what a pressing need it is
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我們有急迫的需求
02:58
for us to not have
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不希望隨時會有人
03:00
one person die every minute.
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因為癌症而死
03:04
Well if cancer can be caught early,
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假如能夠早期發現癌症
03:06
enough such that someone can have their cancer taken out,
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在最初時就透過手術
03:11
excised with surgery,
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把腫瘤移除
03:13
I don't care if it has this gene or that gene,
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我不管是有這個基因或那個基因
03:15
or if it has this protein or that protein,
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或者有這種蛋白質或那種蛋白質
03:17
it's in the jar.
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反正都丟到罐子了
03:19
It's done, it's out, you're cured of cancer.
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手術完成，切除了，癌症治好了
03:22
This is how we excise cancers.
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這是我們移除腫瘤手術的照片
03:24
We do our best, based upon our training
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我們盡最大能力，依據過去的訓練
03:27
and the way the cancer looks and the way it feels
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還有腫瘤的樣貌和感覺
03:30
and its relationship to other structures and all of our experience,
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以及腫瘤與其他組織的關聯，還有過去的經驗
03:33
we say, you know what, the cancer's gone.
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我們說，你知道嗎，腫瘤清除了
03:36
We've made a good job. We've taken it out.
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很好，我們把腫瘤移除了
03:39
That's what the surgeon is saying in the operating room
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外科醫生在手術室都會這樣說
03:41
when the patient's on the table.
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當患者還在手術台上時
03:43
But then we actually don't know that it's all out.
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可是我們其實不確定腫瘤是否都移除了
03:46
We actually have to take samples from the surgical bed,
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我們必須從腫瘤床採取樣本
03:49
what's left behind in the patient,
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以了解患者體內是否殘存腫瘤
03:51
and then send those bits to the pathology lab.
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然後把樣本送到病理實驗室
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In the meanwhile, the patient's on the operating room table.
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這時，患者仍然躺在手術台上
03:57
The nurses, anesthesiologist, the surgeon,
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護士、麻醉師、外科醫生
03:59
all the assistants are waiting around.
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所有的助理都在等候
04:01
And we wait.
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我們就這樣等著
04:03
The pathologist takes that sample,
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病理師把樣本拿去
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freezes it, cuts it, looks in the microscope one by one
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冷凍、切開，一片片放在顯微鏡下觀察
04:08
and then calls back into the room.
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然後回覆手術室
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And that may be 20 minutes later per piece.
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每件樣本大概要花20分鐘
04:12
So if you've sent three specimens,
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所以假如你送三件樣本
04:14
it's an hour later.
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要等上一小時
04:16
And very often they say,
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通常他們會說
04:18
"You know what, points A and B are okay,
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「你知道嗎，A點和B點都沒問題，
04:21
but point C, you still have some residual cancer there.
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但是C點仍然殘留些許的腫瘤，
04:23
Please go cut that piece out."
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請把殘留的腫瘤切除。」
04:26
So we go back and we do that again, and again.
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所以我們就回去一次又一次再做手術
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And this whole process:
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這就是整個過程
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"Okay you're done.
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「好了，完成了，
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We think the entire tumor is out."
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我們認為腫瘤已經切除了。」
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But very often several days later,
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但通常幾天以後
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the patient's gone home,
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病患回家了
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we get a phone call:
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我們接到電話說：
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"I'm sorry,
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「抱歉，
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once we looked at the final pathology,
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我們看了最後的病理報告
04:46
once we looked at the final specimen,
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我們看了最後的樣本
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we actually found that there's a couple other spots
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我們發現有些其他的點
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where the margins are positive.
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邊緣呈現陽性反應
04:54
There's still cancer in your patient."
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患者的體內仍有腫瘤。」
04:57
So now you're faced with telling your patient, first of all,
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所以首先要面對的是告訴患者
05:00
that they may need another surgery,
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可能要再進行一次手術
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or that they need additional therapy
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或者額外的治療
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such as radiation or chemotherapy.
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像是放射線治療或化療
05:08
So wouldn't it be better
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如果我們能夠知道
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if we could really tell,
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如果可以在手術時就知道
05:12
if the surgeon could really tell,
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腫瘤是否仍然存在
05:15
whether or not there's still cancer on the surgical field?
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這樣是不是更好？
05:18
I mean, in many ways, the way that we're doing it,
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我的意思是，現階段我們進行手術時
05:21
we're still operating in the dark.
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很多時候等於在黑暗中動刀
05:25
So in 2004, during my surgical residency,
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2004年，當我在住院醫師期間
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I had the great fortune
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我很榮幸
05:30
to meet Dr. Roger Tsien,
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遇見 Roger Chen 醫師
05:33
who went on to win the Nobel Prize for chemistry
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後來他在2008年時
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in 2008.
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獲得諾貝爾化學獎
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Roger and his team
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Roger和他的團隊
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were working on a way to detect cancer,
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當時正在研究偵測腫瘤的方法
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and they had a very clever molecule
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他們後來研發出
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that they had come up with.
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一種非常神奇的分子
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The molecule they had developed
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他們研發出的分子
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had three parts.
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由三個部分構成
05:51
The main part of it is the blue part, polycation,
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第一部分是藍色的聚陽離子
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and it's basically very sticky
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這東西很容易附著在
05:56
to every tissue in your body.
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身體組織上
05:58
So imagine that you make a solution
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想像一下你製做了一種溶液
06:00
full of this sticky material
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裡頭都是這種高依附性物質
06:02
and inject it into the veins of someone who has cancer,
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然後注射到癌症患者的靜脈
06:04
everything's going to get lit up.
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接著全身各部位開始發亮
06:06
Nothing will be specific.
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沒有什麼地方不會發亮
06:08
There's no specificity there.
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看不出任何不同的地方
06:10
So they added two additional components.
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所以他們添加了兩種成分
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The first one is a polyanionic segment,
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第一種是聚陰離子
06:15
which basically acts as a non-stick backing
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具有反依附作用
06:17
like the back of a sticker.
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就像貼紙下面那張不黏的底紙
06:19
So when those two are together, the molecule is neutral
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當這兩種物質結合在一起時，分子變成中性
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and nothing gets stuck down.
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不會附著在組織上
06:24
And the two pieces are then linked
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當這兩種物質結合在一起時
06:27
by something that can only be cut
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必須使用特定的分子剪刀
06:30
if you have the right molecular scissors --
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才能將兩者分開
06:32
for example, the kind of protease enzymes
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像是腫瘤產生的
06:34
that tumors make.
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蛋白酵素
06:36
So here in this situation,
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在這種溶液裡
06:38
if you make a solution full of this three-part molecule
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假如溶液裡含有這三種成分
06:42
along with the dye, which is shown in green,
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同時含有綠色染劑
06:44
and you inject it into the vein
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把這溶液注射到
06:47
of someone who has cancer,
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癌症患者的靜脈裡
06:49
normal tissue can't cut it.
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正常組織無法切斷分子鍵
06:51
The molecule passes through and gets excreted.
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溶液的分子流經組織，然後代謝掉
06:54
However, in the presence of the tumor,
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然而，當有腫瘤的時後
06:56
now there are molecular scissors
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裡面就有分子剪刀
06:58
that can break this molecule apart
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可以把分子分開
07:00
right there at the cleavable site.
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從可以切開的地方切斷
07:02
And now, boom,
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接著，蹦
07:04
the tumor labels itself
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腫瘤發亮了
07:06
and it gets fluorescent.
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並且發出螢光
07:08
So here's an example of a nerve
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這邊以神經為例
07:11
that has tumor surrounding it.
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神經的周遭有腫瘤
07:13
Can you tell where the tumor is?
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你看得出來腫瘤在哪嗎？
07:15
I couldn't when I was working on this.
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我在那時候根本看不出來
07:18
But here it is. It's fluorescent.
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不過現在有了，螢光的地方就是了
07:20
Now it's green.
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看起來是綠色的
07:22
See, so every single one in the audience
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在座的每位聽眾
07:25
now can tell where the cancer is.
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都看得出來腫瘤在哪
07:28
We can tell in the operating room, in the field,
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我們在手術室能夠以分子般的細微程度
07:31
at a molecular level,
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判斷腫瘤位置
07:33
where is the cancer and what the surgeon needs to do
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知道哪邊需要進行手術
07:35
and how much more work they need to do
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以及需要做到什麼程度
07:37
to cut that out.
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才能將腫瘤切除
07:40
And the cool thing about fluorescence
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螢光最炫的地方在於
07:42
is that it's not only bright,
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螢光不只會發亮
07:45
it actually can shine through tissue.
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還能穿透組織發亮
07:48
The light that the fluorescence emits
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螢光所發出光線
07:51
can go through tissue.
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能夠穿透組織
07:53
So even if the tumor is not right on the surface,
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就算腫瘤不在組織的表面
07:56
you'll still be able to see it.
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一樣可以看得到
07:59
In this movie, you can see
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這段影片可以看見
08:01
that the tumor is green.
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腫瘤呈現綠色
08:04
There's actually normal muscle on top of it. See that?
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正常肌肉組織在上面，看到沒？
08:07
And I'm peeling that muscle away.
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我把肌肉剝開
08:09
But even before I peel that muscle away,
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不過就算還沒把肌肉剝開
08:11
you saw that there was a tumor underneath.
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仍然看得到底下有腫瘤
08:14
So that's the beauty of having a tumor
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散發出螢光的腫瘤
08:17
that's labeled with fluorescent molecules.
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看起來就是這麼漂亮
08:20
That you can, not only see the margins
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你不只能夠以分子般細微的尺度
08:22
right there on a molecular level,
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看出腫瘤的範圍
08:24
but you can see it even if it's not right on the top --
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即使腫瘤的位置不在最上層一樣看得見
08:27
even if it's beyond your field of view.
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即使有東西阻隔同樣看得到
08:30
And this works for metastatic lymph nodes also.
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這項技術也可用在轉移性淋巴結
08:33
Sentinel lymph node dissection
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前哨性淋巴腺摘除術
08:35
has really changed the way that we manage breast cancer, melanoma.
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改變了我們治療乳癌、黑色素瘤的方式
08:39
Women used to get
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過去女性為了
08:41
really debilitating surgeries
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徹底切除腋下淋巴結
08:43
to excise all of the axillary lymph nodes.
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必須接受非常折人的手術
08:46
But when sentinel lymph node
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不過按照我們治療
08:49
came into our treatment protocol,
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前哨性淋巴結的方法
08:52
the surgeon basically looks for the single node
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外科醫生會先尋找
08:55
that is the first draining lymph node of the cancer.
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最早形成腫瘤的淋巴結
08:58
And then if that node has cancer,
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假如這個淋巴結帶有腫瘤
09:01
the woman would go on to get
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該名女性病患
09:03
the axillary lymph node dissection.
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必須接受腋下淋巴結切除術
09:05
So what that means
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也就是說
09:07
is if the lymph node did not have cancer,
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假如這個淋巴結沒有腫瘤
09:10
the woman would be saved
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患者就不必接受
09:12
from having unnecessary surgery.
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不必要的手術
09:14
But sentinel lymph node, the way that we do it today,
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現今我們執行的前哨性淋巴腺摘除術
09:17
is kind of like having a road map
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有點像拿著地圖
09:19
just to know where to go.
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才知道要往哪邊走
09:21
So if you're driving on the freeway
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就像你在高速公路上開車
09:23
and you want to know where's the next gas station,
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想要知道下個加油站在哪
09:25
you have a map to tell you that that gas station is down the road.
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地圖上顯示往前走就到了
09:28
It doesn't tell you whether or not
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地圖上不會告訴你
09:30
the gas station has gas.
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加油站有沒有油
09:32
You have to cut it out, bring it back home,
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你得把油箱帶回家
09:35
cut it up, look inside
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打開來看
09:37
and say, "Oh yes, it does have gas."
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然後才知道：「真的耶，裡面有油。」
09:39
So that takes more time.
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所以這樣太費時了
09:41
Patients are still on the operating room table.
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患者仍然躺在手術台
09:43
Anesthesiologists, surgeons are waiting around.
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麻醉師、外科醫生在一旁等候
09:45
That takes time.
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要等上一會的時間
09:47
So with our technology, we can tell right away.
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有了這項技術，我們馬上就可以知道結果
09:50
You see a lot of little, roundish bumps there.
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這裡有一些小小的、圓圓的腫塊
09:53
Some of these are swollen lymph nodes
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其中有些是腫大的淋巴結
09:56
that look a little larger than others.
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看起來比其他的要大
09:58
Who amongst us hasn't had swollen lymph nodes with a cold?
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在座的各位有誰感冒時不會造成淋巴結腫大？
10:01
That doesn't mean that there's cancer inside.
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腫大的淋巴結未必代表裡面有腫瘤
10:03
Well with our technology,
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運用我們的技術
10:05
the surgeon is able to tell immediately
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外科醫生可以馬上知道
10:08
which nodes have cancer.
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哪個淋巴結有腫瘤
10:10
I won't go into this very much,
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細節部分不再多講
10:12
but our technology, besides being able
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不過這項技術
10:14
to tag tumor and metastatic lymph nodes with fluorescence,
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除了可以用螢光標記轉移性淋巴結外
10:18
we can also use the same smart three-part molecule
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我們也可以用相同的三合一分子
10:22
to tag gadolinium onto the system
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在系統裡標記出釓
10:25
so you can do this noninvasively.
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如此可以用非入侵方式達到目的
10:27
The patient has cancer,
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患者患有癌症
10:29
you want to know if the lymph nodes have cancer
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我們想在手術前
10:31
even before you go in.
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知道他的淋巴結是否有腫瘤
10:33
Well you can see this on an MRI.
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可以用核磁共振影像得知
10:36
So in surgery,
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在手術時
10:38
it's important to know what to cut out.
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了解切除掉的是什麼東西很重要
10:41
But equally important
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不過同樣重要的是
10:43
is to preserve things
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把具有重要功能的組織
10:46
that are important for function.
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保留下來
10:49
So it's very important to avoid inadvertent injury.
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所以避免疏忽造成傷害很重要
10:52
And what I'm talking about
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我這裡所說的是
10:54
are nerves.
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神經
10:56
Nerves, if they are injured,
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假如神經受損
10:58
can cause paralysis,
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可能會造成癱瘓
11:00
can cause pain.
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造成疼痛
11:03
In the setting of prostate cancer,
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以前列腺癌來說
11:05
up to 60 percent of men
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有60%的患者
11:07
after prostate cancer surgery
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在前列腺癌手術後
11:09
may have urinary incontinence
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會出現尿失禁
11:11
and erectile disfunction.
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以及勃起障礙
11:13
That's a lot of people to have a lot of problems --
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很多的問題發生在很多人的身上
11:16
and this is even in
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即使是在
11:18
so-called nerve-sparing surgery,
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所謂的神經保護手術也一樣
11:20
which means that the surgeon is aware of the problem,
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也就是說外科醫生知道這個問題
11:24
and they are trying to avoid the nerves.
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並且想辦法避開神經
11:26
But you know what, these little nerves are so small,
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不過各位知道嗎，和前列腺癌相比
11:29
in the context of prostate cancer,
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神經非常的纖細
11:32
that they are actually never seen.
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醫生根本看不見
11:34
They are traced
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只能透過
11:36
just by their known anatomical path
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已知的解剖路徑
11:38
along vasculature.
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沿著血管尋找
11:40
And they're known because somebody has decided to study them,
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因為有人對此研究，我們才得以知道
11:44
which means that we're still learning
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也就是說我們仍在研究
11:46
about where they are.
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神經的位置在哪
11:48
Crazy to think that we're having surgery,
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很難想像如果我們要動手術切除腫瘤
11:51
we're trying to excise cancer, we don't know where the cancer is.
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但卻不知道腫瘤在哪
11:54
We're trying to preserve nerves; we can't see where they are.
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想要保留神經，但卻看不見在哪
11:57
So I said, wouldn't it be great
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所以我說，如果可以找到方法
11:59
if we could find a way
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看見發出螢光的神經
12:01
to see nerves with fluorescence?
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那不是很好嗎？
12:04
And at first this didn't get a lot of support.
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起先這項研究沒有受到什麼支持
12:08
People said, "We've been doing it this way for all these years.
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大家都說：「這些年來我們都這樣開刀，
12:10
What's the problem?
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有什麼問題嗎？
12:12
We haven't had that many complications."
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我們很少遇到併發症。」
12:15
But I went ahead anyway.
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不過我執意進行
12:17
And Roger helped me.
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Roger 協助我
12:19
And he brought his whole team with him.
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而且他帶著他的團隊
12:22
So there's that teamwork thing again.
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所以這又是團隊研究
12:26
And we eventually discovered molecules
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最後我們發現
12:29
that were specifically labeling nerves.
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可以標記神經的分子
12:31
And when we made a solution of this,
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當我們做好溶液
12:33
tagged with the fluorescence
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用螢光作為標記
12:35
and injected in the body of a mouse,
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把溶液注入老鼠體內
12:38
their nerves literally glowed.
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神經真的發亮了
12:40
You can see where they are.
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各位可以看見神經在哪
12:42
Here you're looking at a sciatic nerve of a mouse,
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現在看到的是老鼠的坐骨神經
12:46
and you can see that that big, fat portion you can see very easily.
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各位可以很容易的看見大大、肥肥的部分
12:49
But in fact, at the tip of that where I'm dissecting now,
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實際上，在我正在解剖的位置上
12:52
there's actually very fine arborizations
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分佈著細微的神經分支
12:55
that can't really be seen.
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肉眼看不見
12:57
You see what looks like little Medusa heads coming out.
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看起來就像小小的梅杜莎蛇頭伸出來
13:01
We have been able to see nerves
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我們可以看見
13:03
for facial expression, for facial movement, for breathing --
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控制表情、顏面動作和呼吸的神經
13:06
every single nerve --
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每一條都看得見
13:08
nerves for urinary function around the prostate.
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前列腺周圍泌尿功能的神經
13:11
We've been able to see every single nerve.
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我們可以看見每條神經
13:14
When we put these two probes together ...
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當我們把這兩根探針放一起
13:18
So here's a tumor.
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看到腫瘤了
13:20
Do you guys know where the margins of this tumor is?
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各位知道腫瘤的範圍有多大嗎？
13:23
Now you do.
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這麼大
13:26
What about the nerve that's going into this tumor?
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那麼腫瘤裡的神經又在哪呢？
13:29
That white portion there is easy to see.
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白色的部分很容易看見
13:31
But what about the part that goes into the tumor?
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但是穿進腫瘤的神經在哪呢？
13:33
Do you know where it's going?
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各位知道神經分布在哪嗎？
13:35
Now you do.
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這樣子
13:37
Basically, we've come up with a way
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基本上，我們已經找到
13:39
to stain tissue
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把組織染色的方法
13:41
and color-code the surgical field.
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並且在特定區域用顏色作標記
13:43
This was a bit of a breakthrough.
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這是一項突破
13:46
I think that it'll change the way that we do surgery.
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我想這會改變目前執行手術的方式
13:50
We published our results
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我們把結果發布於
13:52
in the proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
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美國國家科學院院刊
13:54
and in Nature Biotechnology.
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以及自然生物科技期刊上
13:56
We received commentary in Discover magazine,
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發現雜誌和經濟學人雜誌
13:59
in The Economist.
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對我們的研究作了評論
14:01
And we showed it to a lot of my surgical colleagues.
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我們把成果拿給很多外科醫生同事看
14:04
They said, "Wow!
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他們都說：「哇！
14:06
I have patients
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我的病人
14:08
who would benefit from this.
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可以因此受惠
14:10
I think that this will result in my surgeries
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我想這可以為我未來執行的手術
14:12
with a better outcome
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帶來較好的成效
14:14
and fewer complications."
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並且減少併發症
14:17
What needs to happen now
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現在要做的是
14:19
is further development of our technology
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進一步研究這項技術
14:22
along with development
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同時研發
14:24
of the instrumentation
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相關的醫療儀器
14:26
that allows us to see
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好讓我們可以
14:28
this sort of fluorescence in the operating room.
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在手術室看見螢光
14:31
The eventual goal
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最終的目標是
14:33
is that we'll get this into patients.
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把這項技術用在病患身上
14:36
However, we've discovered
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然而，我們發現
14:39
that there's actually no straightforward mechanism
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現在沒有直接可用的裝置
14:41
to develop a molecule
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可以製作
14:43
for one-time use.
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供單次使用的分子
14:45
Understandably, the majority of the medical industry
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我們可以了解，大部分的醫療產業
14:48
is focused on multiple-use drugs,
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把主力集中在多用途的藥物
14:52
such as long-term daily medications.
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例如長效性的日服藥物
14:55
We are focused on making this technology better.
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我們把焦點放在改進技術
14:58
We're focused on adding drugs,
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添加藥物
15:01
adding growth factors,
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添加生長因子
15:03
killing nerves that are causing problems
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殺除有問題的神經
15:05
and not the surrounding tissue.
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而且不傷害周圍的組織
15:08
We know that this can be done and we're committed to doing it.
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我們知道這是可行的，所以我們堅決研究
15:12
I'd like to leave you with this final thought.
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我想把我的感想跟大家分享
15:16
Successful innovation
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成功的創新
15:18
is not a single breakthrough.
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並不是單一的突破
15:21
It is not a sprint.
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不像百米衝刺
15:24
It is not an event for the solo runner.
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不是單一跑者的比賽
15:28
Successful innovation
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成功的創新
15:30
is a team sport, it's a relay race.
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是團隊運動，是接力賽跑
15:33
It requires one team for the breakthrough
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需要某個團隊先行突破
15:37
and another team
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另一個團隊
15:39
to get the breakthrough accepted and adopted.
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把這項突破拿來應用
15:41
And this takes the long-term steady courage
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這需要長久堅忍不拔的勇氣
15:44
of the day-in day-out struggle
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日復一日的奮鬥
15:46
to educate, to persuade
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去教育、說服其他人
15:49
and to win acceptance.
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以獲得接受
15:52
And that is the light that I want to shine
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這就是我在健康和醫療
15:54
on health and medicine today.
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所點亮的一盞燈
15:56
Thank you very much.
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謝謝各位
15:58
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Quyen Nguyen - SurgeonQuyen Nguyen uses molecular probes that make tumors -- and just the tumors -- glow, as an extraordinary aid to surgeons.
Why you should listen
Dr. Quyen Nguyen’s research (working with Roger Tsien, Nobel Laureate in Chemistry) is focused on the development of fluorescently labeled probes for molecular navigation during surgery. Their first collaborative effort yielded a “smart” probe that makes tumors margins fluoresce, or “glow” and thus easier for surgeons to see and remove accurately during surgery. Their most recent joint effort resulted in another type of probe that can make nerves “glow” during surgery, thus helping surgeons repair injured nerves and avoid inadvertent injury.
She is a professor of surgery and director of the Facial Nerve Clinic at the University of California, San Diego.
Quyen Nguyen | Speaker | TED.com