ABOUT THE SPEAKER
John Graham-Cumming - Computer programmer
Computer programmer John Graham-Cumming keeps geek history alive by raising awareness for it's heroes and their inventions.

Why you should listen

John Graham-Cumming received his Ph.D. in computer security from Oxford University. A peripatetic programmer, he has worked in Silicon Valley, New York, the UK, Germany and France. In 2004, his open source POPFile program won a Jolt Productivity Award. He has authored two books: The Geek Atlas, a travel companion for math and science history enthusiasts; and GNU Make Unleashed, a guide for programmers. In 2009, he spearheaded a successful petition to the British Government demanding an apology for its persecution of Alan Turing for his homosexuality. His personal blog was rated among the "top 30 science blogs" by The Times in February 2010. And in October, 2010, he founded an organization dedicated to build Charles Babbage's famous analytical engine.

 

More profile about the speaker
John Graham-Cumming | Speaker | TED.com
TEDxImperialCollege

John Graham-Cumming: The greatest machine that never was

John Graham-Cumming: 史上最偉大的機器

Filmed:
1,242,570 views

計算機科學在30年代開始了;而且是1830,不是1930。John Graham-Cumming 介紹了 Charles Babbage 所設計的一個以蒸氣為動力的純機械分析引擎,以及拜淪王的女兒--數學家 Ada Lovelace是如何在這台機器簡易的算術能力之外,看見電腦未來的發展。
- Computer programmer
Computer programmer John Graham-Cumming keeps geek history alive by raising awareness for it's heroes and their inventions. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:16
So the machine I'm going to talk you about
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我今天要向大家介紹的這個機器
00:17
is what I call the greatest最大 machine that never was.
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被稱為有史以來最偉大的機器
00:19
It was a machine that was never built內置,
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雖然目前它還沒被真的創造出來
00:21
and yet然而, it will be built內置.
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但它以後一定會被發明出來的
00:23
It was a machine that was designed設計
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這個機器在任何人發明電腦之前
00:25
long before anyone任何人 thought about computers電腦.
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就被設計出來了
00:27
If you know anything about the history歷史 of computers電腦,
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如果你對電腦的歷史有一些了解
00:29
you will know that in the '30s and the '40s,
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你就會知道,在30和40年代的時候
00:32
simple簡單 computers電腦 were created創建
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一些電腦的雛型被創造出來
00:35
that started開始 the computer電腦 revolution革命 we have today今天,
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接著誕生了我們今日的電腦革命
00:37
and you would be correct正確,
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你是對的
00:39
except for you'd have the wrong錯誤 century世紀.
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不過你把發生的世紀搞錯了
00:41
The first computer電腦 was really designed設計
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其實,第一台電腦是在19世紀的
00:43
in the 1830s and 1840s, not the 1930s and 1940s.
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30和40年代,而不是20世紀的時發明的
00:46
It was designed設計, and parts部分 of it were prototyped原型,
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有人設計出這個機器,並做出部分原型
00:49
and the bits of it that were built內置 are here
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有部分就是在這裡製造的
00:51
in South Kensington肯辛頓.
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也就是肯辛頓南部
00:53
That machine was built內置 by this guy, Charles查爾斯 Babbage巴貝奇.
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這個機器是被Charles Babbage這個人做出來的
00:56
Now, I have a great affinity親和力 for Charles查爾斯 Babbage巴貝奇
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我對Charles Babbage很感興趣
00:58
because his hair頭髮 is always completely全然 unkempt蓬頭垢面 like this
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因為他所有照片裡的頭髮都亂七八糟的
01:01
in every一切 single picture圖片. (Laughter笑聲)
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像這樣,每張都是 (笑聲)
01:03
He was a very wealthy富裕 man, and a sort分類 of,
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他非常的富有
01:05
part部分 of the aristocracy貴族 of Britain英國,
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而且可以說是英國的貴族成員
01:07
and on a Saturday星期六 night in Marylebone馬里波恩,
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在馬斯伯恩 (倫敦市區) 的一個週六夜晚
01:09
were you part部分 of the intelligentsia知識分子 of that period,
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如果你是一位當代的知識分子
01:12
you would have been invited邀請 round回合 to his house
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你就會被邀請到他家參加晚會
01:13
for a soiree社交晚會 — and he invited邀請 everybody每個人:
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他邀請了每個人--
01:16
kings國王, the Duke公爵 of Wellington惠靈頓, many許多, many許多 famous著名 people —
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國王、惠靈頓的公爵、很多有名的人---
01:19
and he would have shown顯示 you one of his mechanical機械 machines.
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然後他會向你們展示他許多機械中的一個
01:22
I really miss小姐 that era時代, you know, where you could
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我非常想念那個時代,你知道的,
01:25
go around for a soiree社交晚會 and see a mechanical機械 computer電腦
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可以去參加晚會,然後看一個
01:27
get demonstrated證明 to you. (Laughter笑聲)
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機械電腦在你面前被展示 (笑聲)
01:28
But Babbage巴貝奇, Babbage巴貝奇 himself他自己 was born天生
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不過Babbage是在
01:32
at the end結束 of the 18th century世紀,
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18世紀末出生的
01:33
and was a fairly相當 famous著名 mathematician數學家.
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而且還是個有名的數學家
01:35
He held保持 the post崗位 that Newton牛頓 held保持 at Cambridge劍橋,
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他主持了當初牛頓在劍橋主持的盛會
01:39
and that was recently最近 held保持 by Stephen斯蒂芬 Hawking霍金.
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這個盛會最近由史蒂芬霍金主持
01:41
He's less well known已知 than either of them because
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他沒這些人那麼有名,因為
01:44
he got this idea理念 to make mechanical機械 computing計算 devices設備
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他只有創造這台機器的想法
01:47
and never made製作 any of them.
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但卻從未真正創造出來
01:49
The reason原因 he never made製作 any of them, he's a classic經典 nerd書呆子.
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原因就是,他是個標準的書呆子
01:53
Every一切 time he had a good idea理念, he'd他會 think,
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每次他有很好的想法時
01:55
"That's brilliant輝煌, I'm going to start開始 building建造 that one.
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他就會想:「太棒了,我要去把它做出來。
01:56
I'll spend a fortune幸運 on it. I've got a better idea理念.
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我得投入一些錢... 阿,我又有個更好的主意
01:59
I'm going to work on this one. (Laughter笑聲) And I'm going to do this one."
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那我來做這個吧 (笑聲) 然後我還要...」
02:01
He did this until直到 Sir先生 Robert羅伯特 Peel, then Prime主要 Minister部長,
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他一直重複這些想法,直到首相Sir Robert Peel
02:04
basically基本上 kicked him out of Number 10 Downing唐寧 Street,
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把他從唐寧街10號 (首相官邸) 趕出去
02:06
and kicking him out, in those days, that meant意味著 saying,
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當時,從那裏被趕出去就意會著
02:09
"I bid出價 you good day, sir先生." (Laughter笑聲)
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「先生,祝您有個愉快的一天。」 (笑聲)
02:12
The thing he designed設計 was this monstrosity怪物 here,
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他所設計的就是這個巨大的東西:分析引擎。
02:14
the analytical分析 engine發動機. Now, just to give you an idea理念 of this,
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現在,為了讓你有個初步的了解
02:17
this is a view視圖 from above以上.
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這是由上往下的俯視圖
02:19
Every一切 one of these circles is a cogCOG, a stack of cogs齒輪,
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每個圈圈都是一個齒輪,一堆齒輪
02:22
and this thing is as big as a steam蒸汽 locomotive機車.
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而這東西就跟一個蒸汽火車頭一樣大
02:26
So as I go through通過 this talk, I want you to imagine想像
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所以在我演講的過程中,我希望你能想像一下
02:28
this gigantic巨大 machine. We heard聽說 those wonderful精彩 sounds聲音
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這個巨大的機器。我們可以想像我們正聽著
02:30
of what this thing would have sounded滿面 like.
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這個機器有可能發出的美妙聲音
02:32
And I'm going to take you through通過 the architecture建築 of the machine
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現在,我將為各位介紹這個機器的搆造
02:34
— that's why it's computer電腦 architecture建築
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這就是為什麼「電腦系統搆造 (computer architechture)」是用英文中建築物 (architecture) 這個單字
02:35
and tell you about this machine, which哪一個 is a computer電腦.
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並為大家介紹這台機器,也就是電腦
02:39
So let's talk about the memory記憶. The memory記憶
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首先,讓我們聊聊記憶體。
02:42
is very like the memory記憶 of a computer電腦 today今天,
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這機器的記憶體就跟現在電腦的記憶體很像
02:44
except it was all made製作 out of metal金屬,
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只不過它當時是用金屬打造成的
02:47
stacks and stacks of cogs齒輪, 30 cogs齒輪 high.
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一堆齒輪 -- 總共有30個齒輪那麼高
02:51
Imagine想像 a thing this high of cogs齒輪,
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想像一下這些齒輪的高度
02:53
hundreds數以百計 and hundreds數以百計 of them,
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成千上百個的齒輪
02:54
and they've他們已經 got numbers數字 on them.
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每個齒輪上都有編號
02:56
It's a decimal十進制 machine. Everything's一切都 doneDONE in decimal十進制.
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這個機器是十進位制的。所有東西都是十進位制
02:59
And he thought about using運用 binary二進制. The problem問題
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他曾想過用二進位制,不過問題是
03:00
with using運用 binary二進制 is that the machine would have been so
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如果用二進位制,機器就會變得過高
03:02
tall, it would have been ridiculous荒謬. As it is, it's enormous巨大.
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看起來很荒謬,而且極其巨大
03:05
So he's got memory記憶.
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它也有記憶體
03:07
The memory記憶 is this bit over here.
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記憶體就是這裡的位元
03:10
You see it all like this.
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它們長這個樣子
03:12
This monstrosity怪物 over here is the CPU中央處理器, the chip芯片, if you like.
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這個巨大的東西就是CPU,或稱為晶片
03:17
Of course課程, it's this big.
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沒錯,就是這麼大
03:19
Completely全然 mechanical機械. This whole整個 machine is mechanical機械.
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整個機器完全都是機械化
03:22
This is a picture圖片 of a prototype原型 for part部分 of the CPU中央處理器
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這是一張局部的CPU原型照片
03:26
which哪一個 is in the Science科學 Museum博物館.
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目前被存放在科學博物館
03:28
The CPU中央處理器 could do the four fundamental基本的 functions功能 of arithmetic算術 --
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CPU可以做4種最基本的算數
03:32
so addition加成, multiplication乘法, subtraction減法, division --
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加、減、乘、除
03:34
which哪一個 already已經 is a bit of a feat功績 in metal金屬,
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這對金屬來說已經很厲害了
03:37
but it could also do something that a computer電腦 does
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不過,它也可以做一些電腦可以、
03:40
and a calculator計算器 doesn't:
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但計算機做不了的事情
03:42
this machine could look at its own擁有 internal內部 memory記憶 and make a decision決定.
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這個機器可以透過本身的記憶體做出決定
03:45
It could do the "if then" for basic基本 programmers程序員,
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它可以幫基本編程做假設
03:48
and that fundamentally從根本上 made製作 it into a computer電腦.
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而擁有這些功能,表示它就是一台電腦
03:50
It could compute計算. It couldn't不能 just calculate計算. It could do more.
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它可以計算、不光是算數,而且還可以做更多
03:55
Now, if we look at this, and we stop for a minute分鐘,
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現在,如果我們看著它,停下來想想
03:58
and we think about chips芯片 today今天, we can't
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我們今天的晶片,,我們根本沒辦法看見
04:00
look inside a silicon chip芯片. It's just so tiny.
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那些矽晶片的內部構造,它們實在太小了
04:03
Yet然而 if you did, you would see something
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然而,如果你真的仔細研究它,你可以看到
04:05
very, very similar類似 to this.
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跟這個非常相似的東西
04:07
There's this incredible難以置信 complexity複雜 in the CPU中央處理器,
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這就是CPU裡令人屏息的複雜構造
04:10
and this incredible難以置信 regularity規律性 in the memory記憶.
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以及記憶體中不可思議的規律性
04:13
If you've ever seen看到 an electron電子 microscope顯微鏡 picture圖片,
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如果你曾經看過一個電子顯微鏡照片
04:14
you'll你會 see this. This all looks容貌 the same相同,
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你就會看到這個,它們看起來完全一樣
04:16
then there's this bit over here which哪一個 is incredibly令人難以置信 complicated複雜.
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然後這裡會有些十分複雜的位元
04:19
All this cogCOG wheel mechanism機制 here is doing is what a computer電腦 does,
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這裡所有的齒輪都在做一些電腦能做的事情
04:23
but of course課程 you need to program程序 this thing, and of course課程,
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當然,你得幫它寫程式
04:25
Babbage巴貝奇 used the technology技術 of the day
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而 Babbage 用了和當今一樣的方法
04:28
and the technology技術 that would reappear再現 in the '50s, '60s and '70s,
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而這個方法在50,60,70年代會再次出現
04:32
which哪一個 is punch沖床 cards. This thing over here
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也就是:打孔。這個東西
04:35
is one of three punch沖床 card readers讀者 in here,
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就是三個讀卡機的其中一個
04:37
and this is a program程序 in the Science科學 Museum博物館, just
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而這是一個程式,目前存放在科學博物館
04:41
not far from here, created創建 by Charles查爾斯 Babbage巴貝奇,
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離這兒不遠,是由 Charles Babbage 建造的
04:45
that is sitting坐在 there — you can go see it —
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它就在那裡,你可以去看看
04:47
waiting等候 for the machine to be built內置.
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它等待著人們把機器創造出來
04:50
And there's not just one of these, there's many許多 of them.
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事實上,這機器不僅僅只有一台,而是有很多
04:53
He prepared準備 programs程式 anticipating期待 this would happen發生.
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他設計了一些程式,認為這個可以實現
04:56
Now, the reason原因 they used punch沖床 cards was that Jacquard提花,
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之所以使用打孔卡片的原因是
04:58
in France法國, had created創建 the Jacquard提花 loom織布機,
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法國的 Jacquard 創造了織布機
05:00
which哪一個 was weaving織布 these incredible難以置信 patterns模式 controlled受控 by punch沖床 cards,
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而織布機可以織出這些打孔卡片上不可思議的圖案
05:03
so he was just repurposing再利用 the technology技術 of the day,
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所以他當時是在為今天的科技做準備
05:06
and like everything else其他 he did, he's using運用 the technology技術
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就跟所有他做的其他事情一樣,他使用的
05:08
of his era時代, so 1830s, 1840s, 1850s, cogs齒輪, steam蒸汽,
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是他當時19世紀30,40,50年代的科技:齒輪、蒸汽
05:13
mechanical機械 devices設備. Ironically諷刺地, born天生 the same相同 year
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機器。很諷刺的是,跟 Charles Babbage
05:16
as Charles查爾斯 Babbage巴貝奇 was Michael邁克爾 Faraday法拉第,
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同一年出生的有麥克法拉第
05:19
who would completely全然 revolutionize革命化 everything
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那個用發電機、變壓器、和其他玩意兒
05:21
with the dynamo發電機, transformers變形金剛, all these sorts排序 of things.
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改變了一切的那個傢伙
05:24
Babbage巴貝奇, of course課程, wanted to use proven證明 technology技術,
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Babbage 想要用當時現存的科技
05:27
so steam蒸汽 and things.
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也就是就是蒸汽之類的東西
05:29
Now, he needed需要 accessories飾品.
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現在,他需要一些配件
05:30
Obviously明顯, you've got a computer電腦 now.
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顯然電腦的雛型已經出來了
05:32
You've got punch沖床 cards, a CPU中央處理器 and memory記憶.
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你有很多卡片、CPU、以及記憶體
05:34
You need accessories飾品 you're going to come with.
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但你還需要一些其他的配件
05:36
You're not just going to have that,
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但是你找不到
05:38
So, first of all, you had sound聲音. You had a bell,
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所以呢,首先你要有發出聲音的東西,像是鈴鐺
05:41
so if anything went wrong錯誤 — (Laughter笑聲) —
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如果任何事情搞砸了的話---- (笑聲)
05:43
or the machine needed需要 the attendant服務員 to come to it,
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或者這機器需要一個人員陪同
05:45
there was a bell it could ring. (Laughter笑聲)
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你就可以搖鈴鐺 (笑聲)
05:47
And there's actually其實 an instruction指令 on the punch沖床 card
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在打孔卡片上其實有個說明
05:49
which哪一個 says "Ring the bell." So you can imagine想像 this "Ting!"
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寫著:「搖鈴鐺」。想像那「叮」的一聲
05:52
You know, just stop for a moment時刻, imagine想像 all those noises噪音,
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讓我們暫停一下,想像這些聲音
05:54
this thing, "Click點擊, clack嘮叨 click點擊 click點擊 click點擊,"
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這台機器發出「喀喀喀喀」的聲音
05:55
steam蒸汽 engine發動機, "Ding," right? (Laughter笑聲)
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或是蒸汽引擎的聲音「叮」。沒錯吧?(笑聲)
05:58
You also need a printer打印機, obviously明顯, and everyone大家 needs需求 a printer打印機.
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很顯然,你還需要一個印表機,每個人都需要
06:00
This is actually其實 a picture圖片 of the printing印花 mechanism機制 for
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這個圖片是關於另外一個機器的列印原理
06:03
another另一個 machine of his, called the Difference區別 Engine發動機 No. 2,
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它叫做「不同的2號引擎」
06:06
which哪一個 he never built內置, but which哪一個 the Science科學 Museum博物館
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他沒有把這個機器做出來,不過科學博物館
06:08
did build建立 in the '80s and '90s.
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在80和90年代真的做出來了
06:10
It's completely全然 mechanical機械, again, a printer打印機.
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它是個完全機械性的印表機
06:12
It prints版畫 just numbers數字, because he was obsessed痴迷 with numbers數字,
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它只能印數字,因為他對數字很著迷
06:15
but it does print打印 onto paper, and it even does word wrapping包皮,
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它確實可印在紙上,甚至可以自動換行
06:18
so if you get to the end結束 of the line, it goes around like that.
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所以當你打到一行結束,它就可以變成這樣
06:21
You also need graphics圖像, right?
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你還需要圖片,對吧?
06:23
I mean, if you're going to do anything with graphics圖像,
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就是說,當你得處理一些關於圖片的事
06:24
so he said, "Well, I need a plotter繪圖儀. I've got a big piece of paper
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因此他說:「嗯,我需要個繪圖機。我有一大張紙
06:27
and an ink墨水 pen鋼筆 and I'll make it plot情節."
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還有鋼筆,這樣我就可以讓它作圖了。」
06:29
So he designed設計 a plotter繪圖儀 as well,
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因此他也設計了一個繪圖機
06:31
and, you know, at that point, I think he got pretty漂亮 much
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你知道的,以那個時候的發展來說
06:35
a pretty漂亮 good machine.
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我認為他已經做出一個很好的機器了
06:36
Along沿 comes this woman女人, Ada阿達 Lovelace洛夫萊斯.
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接下來則要介紹這位女士,Ada Lovelace
06:39
Now, imagine想像 these soirees晚會, all these great and good comes along沿.
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現在,想像一下這些晚會,聚集了有名利的人們
06:42
This lady淑女 is the daughter女兒 of the mad, bad
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而這位女士的父親就是瘋狂、陰險
06:45
and dangerous-to-know危險方知 Lord Byron拜倫,
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、又危險的拜倫王
06:47
and her mother母親, being存在 a bit worried擔心 that she might威力 have
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她的母親擔心她會繼承拜倫王
06:50
inherited遺傳 some of Lord Byron's拜倫的 madness瘋狂 and badness,
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那些又古怪又壞的行為
06:53
thought, "I know the solution: Mathematics數學 is the solution.
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於是就想:「我知道怎麼解決了:數學。
06:56
We'll teach her mathematics數學. That'll那會 calm冷靜 her down."
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我們會教她數學,這樣她就會安靜下來了。」
06:59
(Laughter笑聲) Because of course課程,
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(笑聲) 原因是因為
07:03
there's never been a mathematician數學家 that's gone走了 crazy,
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從來沒有數學家最後會瘋掉
07:06
so, you know, that'll那會 be fine. (Laughter笑聲)
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所以,嗯,這個主意還不錯 (笑聲)
07:09
Everything'llEverything'll be fine. So she's got this mathematical數學的 training訓練,
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一切不會有問題。所以她開始學習數學
07:12
and she goes to one of these soirees晚會 with her mother母親,
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並跟她母親去了一個這樣的晚會
07:15
and Charles查爾斯 Babbage巴貝奇, you know, gets得到 out his machine.
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Charles Babbage ,你知道的,拿出他的機器
07:18
The Duke公爵 of Wellington惠靈頓 is there, you know,
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威靈頓的公爵也在場
07:20
get out the machine, obviously明顯 demonstrates演示 it,
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Charles 展示了他的機器
07:21
and she gets得到 it. She's the only person in his lifetime一生, really,
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而 Ada Lovelace 就理解了。她是他生命中
07:25
who said, "I understand理解 what this does,
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唯一一個說出:「我知道這個機器的功用
07:26
and I understand理解 the future未來 of this machine."
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也理解這個機器的未來會怎麼樣」的人。
07:28
And we owe to her an enormous巨大 amount because we know
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她對我們帮助非常大,因為我們之所以
07:31
a lot about the machine that Babbage巴貝奇 was intending打算 to build建立
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能知道許多 Babbage 設計的機器
07:34
because of her.
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都歸功於她
07:36
Now, some people call her the first programmer程序員.
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現在有些人稱她叫第一位程式設計者
07:39
This is actually其實 from one of -- the paper that she translated翻譯.
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這其實是從她當初翻譯的一篇論文中節錄出來的
07:42
This is a program程序 written書面 in a particular特定 style樣式.
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這是一個以特定格式寫下的程式
07:45
It's not, historically歷史, totally完全 accurate準確 that she's the first programmer程序員,
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不過,正確來說她並不是真正的第一位程式設計者
07:49
and actually其實, she did something more amazing驚人.
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而且事實上,她做了更驚人的事
07:51
Rather than just being存在 a programmer程序員,
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不僅僅只是寫程式
07:52
she saw something that Babbage巴貝奇 didn't.
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她看到了一些 Babbage 沒看到的東西
07:54
Babbage巴貝奇 was totally完全 obsessed痴迷 with mathematics數學.
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因為 Babbage 對數學太著迷了
07:58
He was building建造 a machine to do mathematics數學,
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他想做一個能算數學的機器
08:02
and Lovelace洛夫萊斯 said, "You could do more than mathematics數學
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Lavelace 說:「這台機器
08:05
on this machine." And just as you do,
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不只可以算數。」就像在座的各位一樣
08:08
everyone大家 in this room房間 already's已經是 got a computer電腦 on them
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大家此刻身上都有一台電腦
08:09
right now, because they've他們已經 got a phone電話.
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也就是手機
08:11
If you go into that phone電話, every一切 single thing in that phone電話
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如果你打開你的手機,每個手機
08:14
or computer電腦 or any other computing計算 device設備
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、電腦、或任何其他計算設備
08:16
is mathematics數學. It's all numbers數字 at the bottom底部.
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都是數學。運作的基礎都是數字
08:18
Whether是否 it's video視頻 or text文本 or music音樂 or voice語音, it's all numbers數字,
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不論是影片、簡訊、音樂、或聲音,都是數字
08:22
it's all, underlying底層 it, mathematical數學的 functions功能 happening事件,
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全部。數學讓這一切成為可能
08:26
and Lovelace洛夫萊斯 said, "Just because you're doing
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而 Lovalace 說「雖然你在使用的
08:28
mathematical數學的 functions功能 and symbols符號
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是數學函數和數學符號
08:32
doesn't mean these things can't represent代表
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但這並不表示這些東西就不能
08:34
other things in the real真實 world世界, such這樣 as music音樂."
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代表其他東西,例如音樂」
08:37
This was a huge巨大 leap飛躍, because Babbage巴貝奇 is there saying,
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這是個非常大的進展,因為 Babbage 還在說著
08:40
"We could compute計算 these amazing驚人 functions功能 and print打印 out
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「我們可以繪出這些神奇的函數、
08:42
tables of numbers數字 and draw graphs," — (Laughter笑聲) —
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印出表格和數字,然後畫圖!」(笑聲)
08:46
and Lovelace洛夫萊斯 is there and she says, "Look,
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Lovalce 則說:「你看,
08:48
this thing could even compose撰寫 music音樂 if you
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這機器可以做出曲子,
08:50
told it a representation表示 of music音樂 numerically數字."
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只要你給它用來代表音樂的數字代號
08:54
So this is what I call Lovelace's洛夫萊斯的 Leap飛躍.
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這就是我所說的 Loavelace 大躍進
08:56
When you say she's a programmer程序員, she did do some,
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若你稱她為程式設計者,她的確是
08:59
but the real真實 thing is to have said the future未來 is going to be
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不過真正重要的是她看見了這機器
09:02
much, much more than this.
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在未來能有更多可能性
09:05
Now, a hundred years年份 later後來, this guy comes along沿,
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而一百多年後,某個人出現了
09:07
Alan艾倫 Turing圖靈, and in 1936, and invents發明了 the computer電腦 all over again.
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Alan Turing 在1936年重新發明了電腦
09:12
Now, of course課程, Babbage's巴貝奇的 machine was entirely完全 mechanical機械.
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當然,Babbage的機器是純機械的
09:15
Turing's圖靈 machine was entirely完全 theoretical理論.
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Turing 的機器是純理論的
09:17
Both of these guys were coming未來 from a mathematical數學的 perspective透視,
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這兩人都是從數學的觀點來思考
09:20
but Turing圖靈 told us something very important重要.
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但 Turing 告訴我們一些很重要的事情
09:23
He laid鋪設 down the mathematical數學的 foundations基金會
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他奠定了數學在電腦科學
09:26
for computer電腦 science科學, and said,
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中的基礎,說到:
09:28
"It doesn't matter how you make a computer電腦."
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「你怎麼把電腦創造出來的並不重要。」
09:31
It doesn't matter if your computer's電腦 mechanical機械,
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你的電腦是不是像Babbage那樣是純機械的,
09:33
like Babbage's巴貝奇的 was, or electronic電子, like computers電腦 are today今天,
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或者像今天這種電子的,都不重要
09:37
or perhaps也許 in the future未來, cells細胞, or, again,
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也許未來的電腦是由細胞構成的
09:40
mechanical機械 again, once一旦 we get into nanotechnology納米技術.
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或者又回歸到純機械的。一旦我們使用了奈米技術
09:43
We could go back to Babbage's巴貝奇的 machine
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我們可以把 Babbage 的機器變得
09:45
and just make it tiny. All those things are computers電腦.
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非常小。.所有東西都是電腦
09:48
There is in a sense a computing計算 essence本質.
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而在這之中,所有東西的本質都是計算
09:49
This is called the Church教會Turing圖靈 thesis論文.
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這叫做 Church-Turing 理論
09:51
And so suddenly突然, you get this link鏈接 where you say
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所以突然間,你會開始聯想到,
09:54
this thing Babbage巴貝奇 had built內置 really was a computer電腦.
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Babbage 當年造的那東西,其實就是台電腦
09:56
In fact事實, it was capable of doing everything we do today今天
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事實上,它可以做出任何我們現在
09:59
with computers電腦, only really slowly慢慢地. (Laughter笑聲)
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用電腦能做的事情,只不過很慢 (笑聲)
10:04
To give you an idea理念 of how slowly慢慢地,
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為了讓大家了解有多慢,以下是說明:
10:06
it had about 1k of memory記憶.
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它有1k的記憶體
10:10
It used punch沖床 cards, which哪一個 were being存在 fed美聯儲 in,
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並且使用打孔卡,必需手動插進去
10:13
and it ran about 10,000 times slower比較慢 the first ZXZX81.
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它的速度比第一台ZX81 (家用電腦) 要慢一萬倍
10:19
It did have a RAM內存 pack.
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它確實有一個記憶體
10:20
You could add on a lot of extra額外 memory記憶 if you wanted to.
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如果你想的話,你可以擴大它的存儲
10:23
(Laughter笑聲) So, where does that bring帶來 us today今天?
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(笑聲) 那麼,我們今天能做什麼呢?
10:26
So there are plans計劃.
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以下是計劃
10:27
Over in Swindon斯溫頓, the Science科學 Museum博物館 archives檔案,
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在Swindon 科學博物館的檔案中
10:30
there are hundreds數以百計 of plans計劃 and thousands數千 of pages網頁
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有上百個計劃和 上千頁文獻
10:32
of notes筆記 written書面 by Charles查爾斯 Babbage巴貝奇 about this analytical分析 engine發動機.
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是 Charles Babbage 寫的、關於這個分析引擎的筆記
10:35
One of those is a set of plans計劃 that we call Plan計劃 28,
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其中有一系列計畫被我們稱作計劃28
10:39
and that is also the name名稱 of a charity慈善機構 that I started開始
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這也是個我與 Doron Swade 所創立的一個
10:41
with Doron多倫 SwadeSwade, who was the curator館長 of computing計算
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慈善機構的名字。Doron Swade 是科學博物館中
10:44
at the Science科學 Museum博物館, and also the person who drove開車
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管理電腦的成員,也是起草了這個計劃
10:46
the project項目 to build建立 a difference區別 engine發動機,
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要建造出一個不一樣引擎的人
10:48
and our plan計劃 is to build建立 it.
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我們的計劃就是把它做出來
10:50
Here in South Kensington肯辛頓, we will build建立 the analytical分析 engine發動機.
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就在肯辛頓南部,我們會做出這個分析引擎
10:54
The project項目 has a number of parts部分 to it.
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這個工程分成很多部分
10:56
One was the scanning掃描 of Babbage's巴貝奇的 archive檔案.
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其中一部分就是掃描 Babbage 的文獻
10:59
That's been doneDONE. The second第二 is now the study研究
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這部分已經完成,而正在進行的第二部份
11:01
of all of those plans計劃 to determine確定 what to build建立.
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則是研讀所有計劃然後決定要建造什麼
11:04
The third第三 part部分 is a computer電腦 simulation模擬 of that machine,
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第三部分是一個模擬那機器的電腦糢擬系統
11:08
and the last part部分 is to physically物理 build建立 it at the Science科學 Museum博物館.
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最後一部份,就是在博物館中把機器做出來
11:11
When it's built內置, you'll你會 finally最後 be able能夠 to understand理解 how a computer電腦 works作品,
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當它完成時,你就會真正理解電腦是怎麼工作的
11:14
because rather than having a tiny chip芯片 in front面前 of you,
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因為你就不再只是盯著面前一個極小的晶片
11:16
you've got to look at this humongous堆積如山 thing and say, "Ah,
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而是可以看看這個巨大的東西然後說:
11:18
I see the memory記憶 operating操作, I see the CPU中央處理器 operating操作,
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「阿,我看到記憶體在運作、CPU在運作、
11:22
I hear it operating操作. I probably大概 smell it operating操作." (Laughter笑聲)
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我聽見它運作的聲響。我說不定還聞的到!」 (笑聲)
11:25
But in between之間 that we're going to do a simulation模擬.
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但在這之間呢,我們會做一個糢擬
11:28
Babbage巴貝奇 himself他自己 wrote, he said,
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Babbage 自己寫到:
11:30
as soon不久 as the analytical分析 engine發動機 exists存在,
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一旦分析引擎真的被製造出來後
11:31
it will surely一定 guide指南 the future未來 course課程 of science科學.
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它一定會對於未來的科學有所帮助
11:35
Of course課程, he never built內置 it, because he was always fiddling擺弄
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當然,他從沒有成功做出來,因為他總是
11:37
with new plans計劃, but when it did get built內置, of course課程,
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在他的新計劃上浪費時間,但當這東西真的
11:39
in the 1940s, everything changed.
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在1940年代被做出來時,一切都改變了
11:43
Now, I'll just give you a little taste味道 of what it looks容貌 like
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現在,我讓各位稍微看看它
11:44
in motion運動 with a video視頻 which哪一個 shows節目
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運作的樣子,這影片會展示出
11:47
just one part部分 of the CPU中央處理器 mechanism機制 working加工.
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局部的CPU運作的機械原理
11:55
So this is just three sets of cogs齒輪,
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這是三組齒輪
11:58
and it's going to add. This is the adding加入 mechanism機制
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它準備做加法。這是加法的運作原理
12:00
in action行動, so you imagine想像 this gigantic巨大 machine.
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如此一來,你可以想像這個巨大的機器
12:03
So, give me five years年份.
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因此呢,給我五年時間
12:04
Before the 2030s happen發生, we'll have it.
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在2030之前,我們將會做出這個機器
12:07
Thank you very much. (Applause掌聲)
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謝謝各位。 (鼓掌)
Translated by Yuguo Zhang
Reviewed by Yun Liu

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
John Graham-Cumming - Computer programmer
Computer programmer John Graham-Cumming keeps geek history alive by raising awareness for it's heroes and their inventions.

Why you should listen

John Graham-Cumming received his Ph.D. in computer security from Oxford University. A peripatetic programmer, he has worked in Silicon Valley, New York, the UK, Germany and France. In 2004, his open source POPFile program won a Jolt Productivity Award. He has authored two books: The Geek Atlas, a travel companion for math and science history enthusiasts; and GNU Make Unleashed, a guide for programmers. In 2009, he spearheaded a successful petition to the British Government demanding an apology for its persecution of Alan Turing for his homosexuality. His personal blog was rated among the "top 30 science blogs" by The Times in February 2010. And in October, 2010, he founded an organization dedicated to build Charles Babbage's famous analytical engine.

 

More profile about the speaker
John Graham-Cumming | Speaker | TED.com