Kate Raworth: A healthy economy should be designed to thrive, not grow
凱特拉沃斯: 健康的經濟應該是設計來追求繁榮,而非成長
Kate Raworth is passionate about making economics fit for the 21st century. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
a baby learning to crawl?
parent knows, it's gripping.
這是很吸引人的畫面。
of forwards and upwards,
of progress we humans recognize.
最基本的進步方向。
of evolution as well,
演化故事時也會提到它,
to Homo erectus, finally upright,
到直立猿人,最後才完全挺直,
通常都被描繪成一個人走路
will take this very same shape,
同樣簡單的形狀:
whether or not they make us thrive,
是否會讓我們繁榮,
especially in the richest countries,
特別是在最富有的國家中,
we need to make
here together this century.
在這個世紀一起繁榮的話。
with growth come from?
迷戀是從何而來的?
of goods and services
the overriding goal of policymaking,
政策制訂的首要目標,
in the richest of countries,
在最富有的國家中,
to their economic problems
the 1960 classic by W.W. Rostow.
六十年代的經典著作來談。
I have a first-edition copy.
A Non-Communist Manifesto."
非共產黨宣言》。
five stages of growth:
where a nation's output is limited
在此階段,國家的產出
its institutions and mindset;
和心態的限制;
of a banking industry,
for something beyond itself,
為的是遠超越它本身的更大目的,
or a better life for the children;
或是給孩子更好的生活;
is built into the economy's institutions
經濟的制度就有內建複利,
where you can have any industry you want,
在此階段,想要什麼產業都有,
the age of high-mass consumption
是高度大量消費時代,
all the consumer goods they want,
任何想要買的消費品,
airplane metaphor in this story,
我們可以聽出隱含的飛機比喻,
into the sunset of mass consumerism,
是飛向大量消費主義的夕陽,
in real income itself loses its charm?"
失去了它的魅力時,該怎麼辦?」
but he never answered it, and here's why.
但從來沒有回答,原因如下:
candidate John F. Kennedy,
on the promise of five-percent growth,
是要讓經濟成長 5%,
to keep that plane flying,
要讓那架飛機持續飛行,
it could ever be allowed to land.
何時會被允許降落。
of mass consumerism
我們一直飛向大量消費主義的夕陽,
to expect, demand and depend upon
期望、需要,及仰賴
politically and socially addicted to it.
和社會上,我們都對成長上癮了。
because today's financial system
是因為現今的金融體系
the highest rate of monetary return,
最高的貨幣收益率,
under constant pressure
經常要承受很大的壓力,
growing market share and growing profits,
市埸佔有率成長,和利潤成長,
as debt bearing interest,
創造成計息債款,
want to raise tax revenue
seems a sure way to do that.
似乎就要靠 GDP 的成長了。
their place in the G-20 family photo.
二十國集團的大家庭合照中缺席。
while the rest keep going,
而其他國家的卻持續成長,
by the next emerging powerhouse.
精力旺盛的後浪給推開。
of consumer propaganda,
was created by Edward Bernays,
以迷人的方式創造出來的,
his uncle's psychotherapy
very lucrative retail therapy
有利可圖的零售治療,
to believe that we transform ourselves
每次我們多買一些東西,
are insurmountable,
than they currently get,
比現在多許多的關注,
has been taking us.
已經帶我們到了什麼地方。
than it was in 1950
prosperity to billions of people,
帶給了數十億人,
has also become incredibly divisive,
掌握巨大份額的財富。
of the global one percent.
incredibly degenerative,
this delicately balanced planet
快速地造成不穩定,
new destinations for growth.
所以他們提供新的成長目標。
inclusive growth,
so long as you choose growth.
只要選擇成長就好。
a higher ambition, a far bigger one,
更高、更大的野心的時候了,
21st century challenge is clear:
挑戰非常明確:
extraordinary, unique, living planet
來滿足所有人的需求,
of nature can thrive.
to be measured with the metric of money.
不能用貨幣制來衡量。
a picture of what that might look like,
那個儀表板可能的樣子時,
to the one doughnut
to be good for us.
它其實對我們是有益的。
radiating out from the middle.
人類的資源使用是從中間向外放射。
on life's essentials.
education, political voice, housing
教育、政治聲音,和住房,
for a life of dignity and opportunity.
他們的生命才會有尊嚴和機會。
over the social foundation
越過社會基礎,
overshoot that outer circle,
集體資源使用超出外圈,
on this extraordinary planet
非凡的星球施加太多的壓力,
we acidify the oceans,
beyond the planetary boundaries
that have for the last 11,000 years
在地球上的界線,
home to humanity.
地球不會成為人類的親切家園。
to meet the needs of all
要用這個星球上的手段
between the foundation and the ceiling.
once I'd drawn this picture
我真的吃了一驚,
in many ancient cultures
在許多古老文化中的安康象徵,
of dynamic balance,
(一種螺旋圖案)
the Buddhist endless knot,
in the 21st century?
找到這個動態平衡嗎?
right now we are far from balanced,
我們現在離平衡很遠,
at the same time.
millions or billions of people worldwide
有數百萬或數十億人
on their most basic of needs.
four of these planetary boundaries,
這些星球界線中的四個,
of climate breakdown
and our planetary home.
saw this picture,
經濟學家預見這張圖,
that their theories
generation to see this
這個狀況的第一個世代,
of turning this story around.
這個故事的最後一個世代。
that if growth creates inequality,
如果成長造成不平等,
will even things up again.
will clean things up again.
因為更多的成長將會再次清理一切。
結果發現並非如此,
this shortfall and overshoot together,
是能一併處理不足和過度的經濟,
and distributive by design.
就能再生和分配的經濟。
degenerative industries.
make them into stuff we want,
製做成我們要的東西,
and then throw it away,
通常只使用一次,就把它丟了,
over planetary boundaries,
推過地球的界線,
把這些箭頭轉個方向,
the cycles of the living world,
創造出能與這些循環合作的經濟,
but used again and again,
能一再被重覆使用,
is food for the next.
能成為下一個過程的材料。
is popping up everywhere.
from Quito to Oslo,
從基多到奧斯陸,
of their electricity
are pioneering circular city design,
及阿姆斯特丹等城市,
from one urban process
把城市的一個過程所產生的癈物,
to Queensland, Australia,
到澳洲的昆士蘭州,
once-barren landscapes
讓本來貧瘠的土地得以再生,
regenerative by design,
distributive by design,
在設計上就能分配,
opportunities for making that happen,
可以讓這一點實現,
centralized technologies,
knowledge and power in few hands.
財富、知識,和權力。
our technologies and institutions
在設計我們的科技和制度時,
and empowerment to many.
知識,及賦權給多數人。
and large-scale manufacturing,
digital platforms and 3D printing.
數位平台,和 3D 列印。
of intellectual property is being upended
現在這點正在被顛覆,
peer-to-peer knowledge commons.
點對點的知識分享空間。
maximum rate of return
that are designed to generate
with those throughout their networks.
所有人的社會企業。
to material science,
in service of distributive design,
來協助做到分配式的設計,
finance, energy, political voice
教育、金融、能源、政治聲音
who need it most.
並賦權給他們。
and distributive design
for the 21st-century economy.
創造出不凡的機會。
Rostow's airplane ride?
又要如何看待羅斯托的飛機旅程?
the hope of endless green growth,
while resource use keeps falling.
同時,資源使用則會不斷減少。
This is a flight of fancy.
這是趟異想天開的飛行。
our economies,
經濟給非物質化。
cannot be decoupled from resource use
無法與資源的使用脫鉤,
within planetary boundaries.
about growth is unfamiliar,
這種對成長的看法,
our gardens to grow.
我們的花園成長。
is a wonderful, healthy source of life.
成長是美好的、健康的生命來源。
like Ethiopia and Nepal today
像現今的衣索比亞和尼泊爾,
at seven percent a year.
to the Amazon forest,
一直到亞馬遜森林都一樣,
and they mature,
它們會長大,會成熟,
我的朋友去看醫生,
that when something tries to grow forever
當某樣東西試圖在
繁榮的系統中永遠成長時,
that could buck this trend
political and social innovations
政治,和社會的創新,
this structural dependency on growth,
這種結構性依賴,
focus on thriving and balance
把焦點放在繁榮和平衡,
boundaries of the doughnut.
界線內的繁榮和平衡。
makes you feel, well, bounded,
讓你覺得……受限,
the source of their creativity.
that unleash our potential.
the potential for humanity to thrive
人類用無限的創意、
participation, belonging and meaning.
來達成繁榮的潛能。
that we have got to get there,
會需要用到我們所有的才智,
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Kate Raworth - Renegade economistKate Raworth is passionate about making economics fit for the 21st century.
Why you should listen
Kate Raworth writes: "I am a renegade economist, dedicated to rewriting economics so that it's fit for tackling the 21st century's grand challenge of meeting the needs of all people within the means of the planet. After 20 years of wrestling with policies based on outdated economic theories -- via the villages of Zanzibar to the headquarters of the UN and on the campaigning frontlines of Oxfam -- I realized that if the economic conversations taking place in parliaments, in boardrooms and in the media worldwide are going to change, then the fundamental economic ideas taught in schools and universities have to be transformed, too.
"I wrote Doughnut Economics: Seven Ways to Think Like a 21st-Century Economist to be the book that I wish I could have read when I was a frustrated and disillusioned economics student myself. And silly though it sounds, it all starts with a doughnut (yes, the kind with a hole in the middle), which acts as a compass for 21st-century prosperity, inviting us to rethink what the economy is, and is for, who we are, and what success looks like."
Kate Raworth | Speaker | TED.com