TED2016
Franz Freudenthal: A new way to heal hearts without surgery
弗朗茨·弗羅伊登塔爾: 不用手術卻能治療心臟病的新方法
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在醫學發明和本土文化的匯合點上，小兒心臟科醫師弗朗茨·弗羅伊登塔爾使用一種源自玻利維亞的傳統織布編織法，來修復世界各地小孩心臟上的通孔。 他說：「我們這個時代的最複雜的問題，是能用簡單的技術解決的——如果我們敢於逐夢的話。」
Franz Freudenthal - Pediatric cardiologist
With his unique inventions (including a device knitted from threads of high-tech alloy by indigenous craftswomen), Franz Freudenthal saves children from congenital heart defects. Full bio
With his unique inventions (including a device knitted from threads of high-tech alloy by indigenous craftswomen), Franz Freudenthal saves children from congenital heart defects. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
The most complex problems in our time
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在我們這個時代最複雜的問題
00:16
can be solved with simple techniques,
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卻能用簡單的技術解決，
00:19
if we are able to dream.
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如果我們敢於逐夢的話。
00:22
As a child, I discovered
that creativity is the key
that creativity is the key
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小時候，我發現創造力是
跨越夢想與現實的關鍵。
跨越夢想與現實的關鍵。
00:27
to cross from dreams to reality.
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00:33
I learned this from my grandmother,
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我從我的祖母（Ruth Tichauer 醫師）學到這點，
00:35
Dr. Ruth Tichauer,
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00:38
a Jewish refugee that settled
in the heart of the Andes.
in the heart of the Andes.
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她是位猶太難民，
定居在安第斯山脈中心地帶。
定居在安第斯山脈中心地帶。
00:43
That is how I grew up:
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那正是我長大的方式，
00:46
encouraged to see beyond any limitation.
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被鼓勵去觀察超越任何限制的事物。
00:50
So part of my education
included helping her
included helping her
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所以我受到的教育的一部分就是
00:54
in remote, indigenous communities.
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在偏遠的原住民社區裡協助她。
00:57
I cherish those memories,
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我珍惜那些記憶，
01:00
because they helped me
to understand life outside the city,
to understand life outside the city,
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因為它們幫助我了解城市以外的生活，
01:07
a life with a lot of possibilities,
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一種具有多種可能性的生活，
01:10
without barriers, as language or culture.
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沒有障礙，例如在語言或文化方面。
01:13
During those trips, my grandmother
used to recite a Kipling poem:
used to recite a Kipling poem:
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在那些旅程中，
我的祖母常常朗誦吉卜林的詩：
我的祖母常常朗誦吉卜林的詩：
01:18
"Something hidden. Go and find it.
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「去找。找那些被藏起之物。
01:22
Go and look behind the Mountains.
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快，到山的後面找。
01:24
Something lost behind the mountains.
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在山後，那些丟失之物，
01:28
Lost and waiting for you. Go!"
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在遺失中正等待著你。去吧！」
01:33
In the coming years,
I became a medical student.
I became a medical student.
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在之後的數年，我成為一個醫學生。
01:38
One of every hundred
children born worldwide
children born worldwide
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全世界每一百個出生的小孩之中
01:43
has some kind of heart disease.
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就有一位有某種心臟病。
01:47
There's a part of this problem
I think I can solve --
I think I can solve --
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我想我能解決這問題的其中一部份 ──
01:52
the part of this problem
I have spent my life working on.
I have spent my life working on.
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這部分我已花費我的一生不斷鑽研。
01:59
The problem starts
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這問題是開始於懷孕期間，
02:02
during pregnancy.
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02:04
The fetus needs to survive
inside the mother.
inside the mother.
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胎兒需要在母體內生存，
02:08
Survival depends on communication
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存活則仰賴體循環與肺循環間血液的交流。
02:13
between the systemic
and the pulmonary blood.
and the pulmonary blood.
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02:16
At the moment of birth,
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而在出生時，
02:19
this communication needs to stop.
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這種交流必須停止。
02:22
If it doesn't close, the baby
has a hole in the heart.
has a hole in the heart.
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假如沒有關閉，
嬰兒的心臟就會有一個通孔。
嬰兒的心臟就會有一個通孔。
02:27
It is caused by prematurity
and genetic conditions.
and genetic conditions.
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這是因早產及基因異常造成的，
02:32
But what we know today
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但現今我們知道的是
02:35
is that a lack of oxygen
is also one of the causes.
is also one of the causes.
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缺少氧氣也是原因之一。
02:41
As you can see in the chart,
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在這圖表中你可看到，
02:43
the frequency of this kind of hole
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這種心臟通孔的發生率
02:48
dramatically increases with altitude.
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隨著海拔高度的增長而急劇增加。
02:52
Video: (Baby crying)
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影片：（嬰兒哭聲）。
02:56
When you look at patients
with this condition,
with this condition,
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當你看到這種狀況的病人，
02:59
they seem desperate to breathe.
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他們似乎拼命地呼吸。
03:02
To close the hole, major surgery
used to be the only solution.
used to be the only solution.
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要關閉這通孔，
動大手術是過去唯一的治療方法。
動大手術是過去唯一的治療方法。
03:08
One night, my friend Malte,
were camping in the Amazon region.
were camping in the Amazon region.
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有天晚上，我的朋友 Malte 和我
在亞馬遜地區露營，
在亞馬遜地區露營，
03:14
The only thing that would not burn
in the fire was a green avocado branch.
in the fire was a green avocado branch.
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唯一無法在營火裡燃燒的
是一枝牛油果的嫩枝。
是一枝牛油果的嫩枝。
03:21
Then came a moment of inspiration.
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接著我們靈感泉湧，
03:24
So we used the branch as a mold
for our first invention.
for our first invention.
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所以我們用樹枝
作為我們首次發明的模型。
作為我們首次發明的模型。
03:29
The holes in children's hearts
can be closed with it.
can be closed with it.
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小孩心臟的通孔可以用它將之關閉。
03:32
A coil is a piece of wire
wrapped onto itself.
wrapped onto itself.
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線圈是由一條金屬絲自我盤繞而成。
03:37
It maybe doesn't look so fancy to you now,
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現在你看它也許不怎麼起眼，
03:40
but that was our first successful attempt
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但那是我們第一次成功的嘗試，
03:44
to create a device for this major problem.
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為這重大問題製造出一個裝置。
03:49
In this video, we can see
how a very tiny catheter
how a very tiny catheter
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在這影片中，
我們可看到一條極細的導管
我們可看到一條極細的導管
03:52
takes the coil to the heart.
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如何將線圈帶到心臟，
03:55
The coil then closes the hole.
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然後線圈將通孔關閉。
03:57
After that moment of inspiration,
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在那靈感啟發後，
04:00
there came a very long time of effort
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經過一段非常長時間的努力，
04:06
developing a prototype.
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研發出這種裝置的雛形。
04:08
In vitro and in vivo studies took
thousands of hours of work in the lab.
thousands of hours of work in the lab.
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在實驗室裡，花費數千個小時
作生物體外與體內的研究；
作生物體外與體內的研究；
04:15
The coil, if it works, can save lives.
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如果成功，這線圈能挽救無數生命。
04:20
I returned from Germany to Bolivia,
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我從德國返回玻利維亞，
04:22
thinking that wherever we go,
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心想：無論到哪裡
04:25
we have the opportunity
to make a difference.
to make a difference.
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我們都有機會有所作為。
04:29
With my wife and partner,
Dr. Alexandra Heath,
Dr. Alexandra Heath,
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我與我的妻子，也是同事
（Alexandra Heath 醫師）
（Alexandra Heath 醫師）
04:33
we started to see patients.
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開始訪視病人。
04:35
After successfully treating
patients with our coil,
patients with our coil,
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使用我們的線圈成功治療病人之後，
04:39
we felt really enthusiastic.
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我們真的感到滿腔熱忱。
04:42
But we live in a place
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但我們住在海拔 12,000 英尺的地方，
04:46
that is 12,000 feet high.
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04:51
And,
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而且，
04:54
the patients there need a special device
to solve their heart condition.
to solve their heart condition.
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那裡的病人需要一種特殊的裝置
來解決他們心臟的狀況。
來解決他們心臟的狀況。
04:59
The hole in altitude
patients is different,
patients is different,
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在高海拔病人的心臟通孔是不同的，
05:02
because the orifice
between the arteries is larger.
between the arteries is larger.
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因為動脈間的開口比較大。
05:06
Most patients cannot afford
to be treated on time,
to be treated on time,
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大部份病人付不起費用，
無法及時接受治療，
無法及時接受治療，
05:11
and they die.
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因而死亡了。
05:13
The first coil could successfully treat
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在玻利維亞，最初的線圈
只能成功地治療一半的病人。
只能成功地治療一半的病人。
05:17
only half of the patients in Bolivia.
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05:23
The search started again.
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研究再度展開，
05:26
We went back to the drawing board.
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我們重新返回設計階段，
05:31
After many trials,
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經過許多試驗，
05:33
and with the help of my grandmother's
indigenous friends in the mountains,
indigenous friends in the mountains,
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在我祖母的山區原住民朋友協助下，
05:38
we obtained a new device.
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我們做了一種新的裝置。
05:40
For centuries, indigenous women
told stories by weaving complex patterns
told stories by weaving complex patterns
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數世紀以來，原住民婦女藉著
在織布機上編織複雜圖案述說故事，
在織布機上編織複雜圖案述說故事，
05:46
on looms,
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05:48
and an unexpected skill
helped us for the new device.
helped us for the new device.
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而這種意料之外的技巧
幫助了我們的新裝置。
幫助了我們的新裝置。
05:53
We take this traditional method of weaving
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我們採用這種傳統編織法，
05:56
and make a design made by a smart material
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利用一種可記憶自身形狀的
智慧型材質完成了設計。
智慧型材質完成了設計。
06:00
that records shape.
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06:03
It seems this time,
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此次，
06:05
the weaving allows us
to create a seamless device
to create a seamless device
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似乎編織法讓我們設計出
一種無瑕疵的裝置，
一種無瑕疵的裝置，
06:10
that doesn't rust
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它不會生鏽，
06:13
because it's made of only one piece.
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因為它僅由一條金屬絲做成。
06:17
It can change by itself
into very complex structures
into very complex structures
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它能自己變形成為非常複雜的結構，
06:21
by a procedure that took
decades to develop.
decades to develop.
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這過程花了數十年的研發，
06:26
As you can see, the device enters the body
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正如你們所看到的，
這裝置經由血液流動的通道進入人體。
這裝置經由血液流動的通道進入人體。
06:29
through the natural channels.
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06:32
Doctors have only to close
the catheter through the hole.
the catheter through the hole.
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醫師只須將導管跨過通孔，
06:36
Our device expands, places itself
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裝置會自行展開，它會自己擺好位置，
06:38
and closes the hole.
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而後關閉心臟的通孔。
06:42
We have this beautiful delivery system
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我們有這完美的置放系統，
06:45
that is so simple to use
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使用非常簡單，
06:47
because it works by itself.
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因為它自己就能發揮作用。
06:50
No open surgery was necessary.
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不再需要開心手術了！
06:55
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
07:04
As doctors, we fight with diseases
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身為醫師，我們鍥而不捨地與痼疾作戰 ──
假如它們可治癒的話。
假如它們可治癒的話。
07:06
that take a long time
and effort to heal -- if they do.
and effort to heal -- if they do.
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07:11
This is the child from before,
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這是先前的那個小孩，
07:14
after the procedure.
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經過治療以後的樣子。
07:15
As you can see --
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正如你所看到的——
07:17
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
07:22
As you can see,
once the device is in place,
once the device is in place,
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正如你所看到，一旦裝置植入，
07:25
the patient is 100 percent healed.
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病人 100% 完全痊癒。
07:28
From start to finish,
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從開始至結束，
07:30
the whole procedure takes only 30 minutes.
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整個過程只花 30 分鐘。
07:35
That's very rewarding from the medical
and human point of view.
and human point of view.
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從醫療以及常人的觀點來看，
那是非常值得的。
那是非常值得的。
07:40
We are so proud that some
of our former patients
of our former patients
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我們感到自豪的是
一些我們以前的病人
一些我們以前的病人
07:47
are part of our team --
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加入我們的團隊，
07:50
a team, thanks to added close interaction
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這個團隊歸功於
和我們一起工作的病人所附加的緊密互動。
和我們一起工作的病人所附加的緊密互動。
07:54
with patients that work with us.
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07:57
Together, we have only one idea:
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我們只有一個共同的信念：
08:01
the best solutions need to be simple.
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最佳解決方案必須很簡潔。
08:05
We lost the fear
of creating something new.
of creating something new.
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我們不再畏懼創造新型式。
08:09
The path, it's not easy.
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這路不容易走，
08:12
Many obstacles arise all the time.
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許多障礙一直出現；
08:15
But we receive strength from our patients.
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但我們從病人得到力量，
08:19
Their resilience and courage
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他們的適應能力與勇氣
08:24
inspire our creativity.
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鼓舞我們的創造力。
08:27
Our goal is to make sure
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我們的目標是要確保
08:30
that no child is left behind,
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沒有一個小孩會因為費用
或就醫機會的因素而被遺漏掉。
或就醫機會的因素而被遺漏掉。
08:34
not because of cost or access.
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08:39
So we have to start a foundation
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所以我們必須建立一個基金會，
08:42
with a one-to-one model.
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以一對一的模式，
08:45
We will give one device for free
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我們免費提供一支裝置，
08:49
to make sure that every child is treated.
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以確保每一個孩子都能接受治療。
08:53
We are in many countries now,
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我們現在已在許多國家中作業，
08:56
but we need to be everywhere.
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但我們必須擴大到各地。
09:00
This whole thing began
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整個事情始於一個異想天開的念頭，
09:03
with one impossible idea
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09:06
as will continue it, really:
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事實上也會持續下去：
09:10
No child is left behind.
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沒有一個小孩會被忽略遺漏。
09:15
Muchas gracias.
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（西語）非常謝謝！
09:17
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Franz Freudenthal - Pediatric cardiologistWith his unique inventions (including a device knitted from threads of high-tech alloy by indigenous craftswomen), Franz Freudenthal saves children from congenital heart defects.
Why you should listen
In his quest to understand the complexities of congenital heart disease, Bolivian-German physician and inventor Franz Freudenthal creates and produces sophisticated devices aimed at improving the lives of patients, especially children that will carry this device inside their heart for the rest of their lives.
His most heralded invention, the Nit Occlud, closes a hole in the heart or arteries and restores basic heart functionality. Freudenthal works with top scientists and universities from Europe and North and South America; however, his heart is in Bolivia, where he works with a team of engineers and highly skilled laborers and dreams of healthy children.
Franz Freudenthal | Speaker | TED.com