TEDNYC
Philippa Neave: The unexpected challenges of a country's first election
菲利帕・妮薇: 國家第一次選舉時的未知挑戰
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當一個國家的公民都沒有投票經驗時，該如何教他們選舉呢？這些從未有過選舉經驗的國家正在面臨一些巨大的挑戰，而這個挑戰是缺少共通的語言。畢竟當人民不能形容一件事情時，他們也無法理解這件事。在這個發人深省的演講中，選舉專家菲利帕・妮薇（Philippa Neave）分享了她在民主前線的經驗，以及她彌補語言鴻溝的解決方案。
Philippa Neave - Electoral consultant
Philippa Neave is senior advisor on the UN's Lexicon of Electoral Terminology. Full bio
Philippa Neave is senior advisor on the UN's Lexicon of Electoral Terminology. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
The great philosopher Aristotle said
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偉大的哲人亞里士多德說過：
00:16
if something doesn't exist,
there's no word for it,
there's no word for it,
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如果一件事物不存在，
它就沒有名字。
它就沒有名字。
00:21
and if there's no word for something,
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如果一件事物沒有名字，
00:23
that something doesn't exist.
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它就不存在。
00:26
So when we talk about elections,
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所以當我們談論選舉的時候，
我們的國家採用了民主制，
所以知道民主是什麼。
所以知道民主是什麼。
00:28
we in established democracies,
we know what we're talking about.
we know what we're talking about.
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我們有相關的單字、相關的詞彙。
00:31
We've got the words.
We have the vocabulary.
We have the vocabulary.
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我們知道什麼是投票站。
00:34
We know what a polling station is.
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我們知道什麼是選票。
00:36
We know what a ballot paper is.
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00:38
But what about countries
where democracy doesn't exist,
where democracy doesn't exist,
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但在那些非民主國家，
00:43
countries where there are
no words to describe the concepts
no words to describe the concepts
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不存在可以形容「民主社會」
這個概念的詞語時，
這個概念的詞語時，
該怎麼辦呢？
00:48
that underpin a democratic society?
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00:51
I work in the field
of electoral assistance,
of electoral assistance,
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我從事選舉援助工作，
也就是說，
00:53
so that's to say we assist
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我們幫助新興的民主國家組織選舉，
00:56
emerging democracies to organize
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通常是第一次選舉。
00:58
what is often their first elections.
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當人們問起我的工作時，
01:01
When people ask me what I do,
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01:02
quite often I get this answer.
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我通常會得到這個回答，
「喔！你就是那些到世界各地，
01:05
"Oh, so you're one of these people
who goes around the world
who goes around the world
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到不能承受民主的國家，
去強行實施西方民主制的人。」
去強行實施西方民主制的人。」
01:09
imposing Western democracy
on countries that can't handle it."
on countries that can't handle it."
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呃……
聯合國不強迫任何人做任何事，
聯合國不強迫任何人做任何事，
01:14
Well, the United Nations
does not impose anything on anybody.
does not impose anything on anybody.
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01:19
It really doesn't,
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真的不。
而且，我們所做的
01:20
and also, what we do
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是篤守 1948《世界人權宣言》的
01:23
is firmly anchored in the 1948
Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
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第二十一條：
01:29
Article 21, that says
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人人有選擇代表
參與治理本國的權利。
參與治理本國的權利。
01:31
that everybody should have the right
to choose who governs them.
to choose who governs them.
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這是我們工作的基石。
01:36
So that's the basis of the work.
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01:37
I specialize in public outreach.
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我從事公眾推廣顧問。
這是什麼意思呢？聽起來又是個術語。
01:40
What does that mean? Another jargon.
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這其實是設計圖像去表達複雜信息。
01:42
It actually means
designing information campaigns
designing information campaigns
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01:46
so that candidates and voters
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這使從來沒有機會參與
01:49
who have never had the opportunity
to participate or to vote
to participate or to vote
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或投票的候選人和選民，
明白在何時何地註冊，如何註冊；
01:53
understand where, when, how to register;
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瞭解在何時何地投票，如何投票；
01:57
where, when, how to vote;
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知道參與選舉是多麼的重要。
01:59
why, why it is important to take part.
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我可能會設計針對女性的活動，
02:02
So I'll probably devise a specific
campaign to reach out to women
campaign to reach out to women
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保證女性可以參與其中，
02:07
to make sure that they can take part,
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02:09
that they can be part of the process.
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參與整個過程。
還有年輕人、
02:11
Young people as well.
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各種人、
02:13
All sorts of people.
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行動不便的人，
02:14
Handicapped people.
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我們嘗試去幫助每一個人。
02:15
We try to reach everybody.
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但這並非一帆風順的，
因為常常在過程中，
因為常常在過程中，
02:18
And it's not always easy,
because very often in this work,
because very often in this work,
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在我這麼多年的工作經驗裡，
02:22
I've noticed now over the years
that I've been doing it
that I've been doing it
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02:25
that words are lacking,
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會出現詞彙不足的問題，
我們應該怎麼做？
02:27
and so what do you do?
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02:30
Afghanistan.
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這是阿富汗，
02:32
It's a country with
high levels of illiteracy,
high levels of illiteracy,
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這個國家文盲程度很高。
在 2005 年的時候，
02:34
and the thing about that was,
it was in 2005,
it was in 2005,
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我們一天組織了兩次選舉，
02:38
and we organized two elections
on the same day.
on the same day.
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因為物流條件太差了，
02:42
The reason was because the logistics
are so incredibly difficult,
are so incredibly difficult,
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所以一天辦兩場會更有效率。
02:46
it seemed to be more efficient to do that.
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的確是比較高效。
02:49
It was,
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但是在另一方面，解釋兩場選舉
02:50
but on the other hand,
explaining two elections instead of one
explaining two elections instead of one
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比解釋一場難多了。
02:54
was even more complicated.
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02:56
So we used a lot of images,
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所以我們用了很多圖像。
02:58
and when it came to the actual ballot,
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當投票時，
我們遇到問題，
因為太多人想參加了。
因為太多人想參加了。
03:02
we had problems, because
so many people wanted to take part,
so many people wanted to take part,
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03:05
we had 300 candidates for 52 seats
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在阿富汗人民院，
有 300 個候選人
爭奪 52 個議員席位。
爭奪 52 個議員席位。
03:10
in the Wolesi Jirga,
which is the parliamentary elections.
which is the parliamentary elections.
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而省議會選舉有更多候選人：
03:14
And for the Provincial Council,
we had even more candidates.
we had even more candidates.
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330 個候選人爭奪 54 個席位。
03:17
We had 330 for 54 seats.
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03:20
So talking about ballot design,
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所以談到選票的設計，
選票看起來是這樣的。
03:23
this is what the ballot looked like.
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03:27
It's the size of a newspaper.
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和報紙一樣大。
這個就是阿富汗人民院的選票。
03:29
This was the Wolesi Jirga ballot --
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（笑聲）
03:31
(Laughter)
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03:32
Yeah, and --
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對，還有
03:35
this was the Provincial Council ballot.
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這個是省議會選票，
不只一頁。
03:39
Even more.
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所以你看，我們的確
使用了很多符號之類的東西。
使用了很多符號之類的東西。
03:40
So you see, we did use
a lot of symbols and things like that.
a lot of symbols and things like that.
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我們在南蘇丹
又遇到了另外的問題。
又遇到了另外的問題。
03:45
And we had other problems
in Southern Sudan.
in Southern Sudan.
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南蘇丹的情況完全不同。
03:50
Southern Sudan was a very different story.
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03:53
We had so many people
who had never, of course, voted,
who had never, of course, voted,
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南蘇丹有很多人從來沒有投票過，
03:56
but we had extremely, extremely
high levels of illiteracy,
high levels of illiteracy,
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而且他們的文盲程度非常、非常高，
有著很差、很差的基礎設施。
04:01
very, very poor infrastructure.
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04:02
For example -- I mean, it's a country
the size of Texas, more or less.
the size of Texas, more or less.
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例如，這個國家和德州差不多大。
可是只鋪了七公里的道路，
04:07
We had seven kilometers of paved roads,
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整個國家只有七公里，
04:11
seven kilometers in the whole country,
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04:13
and that includes the tarmac
where we landed the planes
where we landed the planes
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這包括我們降落在首都朱巴時
的機場跑道。
04:16
in Juba Airport.
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04:18
So transporting electoral materials, etc.,
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所以運輸選舉材料之類的，
變得極度困難。
04:21
is exceedingly difficult.
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人們完全不知道
投票亭長什麼樣。
投票亭長什麼樣。
04:23
People had no idea
about what a box looked like.
about what a box looked like.
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真的太複雜了，
04:28
It was very complicated,
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所以我們當然選擇了用口頭方式去溝通，
04:30
so using verbal communication
was obviously the way to go,
was obviously the way to go,
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04:34
but there were 132 languages.
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但是他們有 132 種語言，
04:38
So that was extremely challenging.
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所以具有極大的挑戰性。
04:42
Then I arrived in Tunisia in 2011.
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之後，我在 2011 年去了突尼西亞。
當時是阿拉伯的春天。
04:46
It was the Arab Spring.
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04:48
A huge amount of hope was generated
by that enormous movement
by that enormous movement
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一場盛大的民主運動，
給人們帶來了巨大的希望。
04:52
that was going on in the region.
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04:53
There was Libya,
there was Egypt, there was Yemen.
there was Egypt, there was Yemen.
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在利比亞、埃及、葉門。
那是值得紀念的歷史時刻。
04:57
It was an enormous, enormous
historical moment.
historical moment.
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05:00
And I was sitting
with the election commission,
with the election commission,
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我那時和選舉委員會坐在一起，
我們在談選舉的不同方面。
05:02
and we were talking
about various aspects of the election,
about various aspects of the election,
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05:06
and I was hearing them using words
that I hadn't actually heard before,
that I hadn't actually heard before,
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我聽到他們用一些我從未聽過的詞彙。
05:09
and I'd worked with Iraqis,
I'd worked with Jordanians, Egyptians,
I'd worked with Jordanians, Egyptians,
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我曾與伊拉克人、約旦人、埃及人一起工作，
05:14
and suddenly they were using these words,
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然後突然間他們
就開始使用這些詞彙。
就開始使用這些詞彙。
05:16
and I just thought, "This is strange."
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我就想：“這真是奇怪”。
但他們真正想表達的是「觀察員」。
05:18
And what really gave rise to it
was this word "observer."
was this word "observer."
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05:21
We were discussing election observers,
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我們正在討論選舉的觀察員。
05:23
and the election commissioner
was talking about "mulahiz" in Arabic.
was talking about "mulahiz" in Arabic.
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選舉委員們用阿拉伯語
討論著「mulahiz」。
討論著「mulahiz」。
它的意思接近被動語氣的「注意」。
05:28
This means "to notice"
in a passive sort of sense,
in a passive sort of sense,
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例如：「我注意到
他穿著一件淡藍色的襯衫。」
他穿著一件淡藍色的襯衫。」
05:32
as in, "I noticed
he was wearing a light blue shirt."
he was wearing a light blue shirt."
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我是不是該檢查
他的襯衫真的是淡藍色的？
他的襯衫真的是淡藍色的？
05:36
Did I go and check whether
the shirt was light blue or not?
the shirt was light blue or not?
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這就是選舉觀察員的角色。
05:39
That is the role of an election observer.
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05:41
It's very active, it's governed
by all kinds of treaties,
by all kinds of treaties,
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這角色非常活躍，
它被各種條約所支配，
它被各種條約所支配，
05:46
and it has got
that control function in it.
that control function in it.
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本身也擁有控制能力。
然後我又聽到埃及的用法，
05:48
And then I got wind
of the fact that in Egypt,
of the fact that in Egypt,
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05:51
they were using this term "mutabi’,"
which means "to follow."
which means "to follow."
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他們用「mutabi」這個詞，
意思是「跟進」。
意思是「跟進」。
所以我們現在
又有了選舉的跟進員。
又有了選舉的跟進員。
05:54
So we were now having
followers of an election.
followers of an election.
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但這也不太對，
05:56
So that's not quite right either,
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因為我們已經有
使用中、且為人接受的詞，
使用中、且為人接受的詞，
05:59
because there is a term
that's already accepted and in use,
that's already accepted and in use,
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06:02
which was the word "muraqib"
which means "a controller."
which means "a controller."
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那就是「muraqib」，
意思是「監控員」。
意思是「監控員」。
類似控制的概念。
06:05
It's got that notion of control.
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所以我就想，三個單詞，
一個概念，這可不太好。
一個概念，這可不太好。
06:07
So I thought, three words
for one concept. This is not good.
for one concept. This is not good.
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和同事討論後，
我們認為我們的角色或許是
我們認為我們的角色或許是
06:11
And with our colleagues,
we thought perhaps it's our role
we thought perhaps it's our role
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幫助他們確切地理解這些單詞，
06:14
to actually help make sure
that the words are understood
that the words are understood
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06:18
and actually create a work of reference
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並建立一份參考資料，
06:21
that could be used across the Arab region.
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用於阿拉伯語地區。
所以我們就這麼做了。
06:24
And that's what we did.
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我和這些同事發起了
06:25
So together with these colleagues,
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「阿拉伯語選舉標準術語」項目，
06:27
we launched the "Arabic Lexicon
of Electoral Terminology,"
of Electoral Terminology,"
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並在八個不同的國家使用。
06:31
and we worked
in eight different countries.
in eight different countries.
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06:34
It meant actually defining 481 terms
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實際上，我們定義了 481 個詞語，
如果你想辦場民主選舉，
06:39
which formed the basis
of everything you need to know
of everything you need to know
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06:42
if you're going to organize
a democratic election.
a democratic election.
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所有基本知識都囊括其中。
06:44
And we defined these terms,
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我們定義了這些詞彙，
06:46
and we worked with the Arab colleagues
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也和阿拉伯同事一起工作，
進而達成了
適用於阿拉伯世界
適用於阿拉伯世界
06:48
and came to an agreement
about what would be the appropriate word
about what would be the appropriate word
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的詞彙共識。
06:52
to use in Arabic.
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阿拉伯語的詞彙很豐富，
但那正是問題所在。
但那正是問題所在。
06:53
Because the Arabic language is very rich,
and that's part of the problem.
and that's part of the problem.
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因為有 22 個國家使用阿拉伯語。
06:57
But there are 22 countries
that speak Arabic,
that speak Arabic,
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07:00
and they use modern standard Arabic,
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雖然他們使用的
都是標準現代阿拉伯語，
都是標準現代阿拉伯語，
07:05
which is the Arabic
that is used across the whole region
that is used across the whole region
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就是在整個中東地區通用的阿拉伯語，
07:08
in newspapers and broadcasts,
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也用在報紙和廣播中。
但當然，隨著國家間的
日常用語有所改變，
日常用語有所改變，
07:11
but of course, then from one country
to the next in day to day language and use
to the next in day to day language and use
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阿拉伯語就開始分化了——
方言、俗語等等。
方言、俗語等等。
07:15
it varies -- dialect, colloquialisms, etc.
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07:19
So that was another
added layer of complication.
added layer of complication.
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這構成了另一道障礙。
07:21
So in one sense you had the problem
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在這個情況下有個問題：
07:24
that language wasn't
fully ripe, if you like,
fully ripe, if you like,
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語言尚未完全成熟；
新詞彙和表達方式
卻蜂擁而來，
卻蜂擁而來，
07:28
neologisms were coming up,
new expressions.
new expressions.
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所以我們定義了這些詞彙，
07:31
And so we defined all these terms,
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07:33
and then we had
eight correspondents in the region.
eight correspondents in the region.
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我們在這些地區
有八位通訊作者。
有八位通訊作者。
我們把詞彙表的
草稿交給他們，
草稿交給他們，
07:36
We submitted the draft to them,
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他們就回覆我們：
07:38
they responded back to us.
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「是的，我們明白這些定義。
07:39
"Yes, we understand the definition.
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我們贊同這個說法，
07:42
We agree with it,
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07:44
but this is what we say in our country."
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但這是我們國家的說法。」
因為我們不打算去協調
也不準備強制協調，
也不準備強制協調，
07:47
Because we were not going
to harmonize or force harmonization.
to harmonize or force harmonization.
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我們就只能嘗試去促進
人與人之間的相互理解，
人與人之間的相互理解，
07:51
We were trying to facilitate
understanding among people.
understanding among people.
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所以在黃色的部分，
你們能看見，
你們能看見，
07:54
So in yellow, you see
the different expressions in use
the different expressions in use
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不同國家的使用者
所使用的各種表達方式。
所使用的各種表達方式。
07:59
in the various countries.
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08:02
So this, I'm happy to say,
it took three years to produce this
it took three years to produce this
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因此，我很高興告訴各位，
我們花了三年時間
我們花了三年時間
寫出最終的草稿，放到現實情境中，
08:05
because we also finalized the draft
and took it actually into the field,
and took it actually into the field,
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與各國的選舉委員會坐在一起，
08:10
sat with the election commissions
in all these different countries,
in all these different countries,
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爭論、定義、且精鍊這些草稿，
08:13
debated and defined and refined the draft,
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08:16
and finally published it
in November 2014 in Cairo.
in November 2014 in Cairo.
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最後在 2014 年 11 月
於開羅出版。
於開羅出版。
08:21
And it's gone a long way.
We published 10,000 copies.
We published 10,000 copies.
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這是漫長的旅程。
我們出版了一萬份列印本。
我們出版了一萬份列印本。
時至今日，PDF 的
下載量約有三千次。
下載量約有三千次。
08:24
To date, there's about 3,000 downloads
off the internet in PDF form.
off the internet in PDF form.
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我最近剛從一個同事那邊聽說，
他們要把這份文件帶到索馬利亞，
他們要把這份文件帶到索馬利亞，
08:29
I heard just recently from a colleague
that they've taken it up in Somalia.
that they've taken it up in Somalia.
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08:33
They're going to produce
a version of this in Somalia,
a version of this in Somalia,
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他們將製作索馬利亞的版本。
08:36
because there's nothing in Somalia at all.
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因為目前索馬利亞什麼都沒有。
這聽起來不錯吧。
08:38
So that's very good to know.
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有個新成立的
「阿拉伯選舉管理組織」，
「阿拉伯選舉管理組織」，
08:41
And this newly formed Arab Organization
for Electoral Management Bodies,
for Electoral Management Bodies,
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08:46
which is trying to professionalize
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希望讓阿拉伯世界
所舉辦的選舉更為專業，
08:49
how elections are run in the region,
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他們已開始使用這份文件。
08:51
they're using it as well.
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阿拉伯聯盟現在也建立了
「泛阿拉伯觀察中心」，
「泛阿拉伯觀察中心」，
08:53
And the Arab League have now
built up a pan-Arab observation unit,
built up a pan-Arab observation unit,
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08:59
and they're using it.
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他們也在使用這份文件。
09:00
So that's all really good.
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這聽起來都很棒。
然而，這個框架比較陽春白雪。
09:03
However, this work of reference
is quite high-pitched.
is quite high-pitched.
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09:07
It's complex, and a lot of the terms
are quite technical,
are quite technical,
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它很複雜，其中
有很多專業詞彙。
有很多專業詞彙。
09:10
so the average person probably doesn't
need to know at least a third of it.
need to know at least a third of it.
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對一般人來說，有大概
三分之一的詞彙都不用認識。
三分之一的詞彙都不用認識。
但是在中東地區的人們，
09:14
But the people of the Middle East
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09:17
have been deprived of any form
of what we know as civic education.
of what we know as civic education.
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他們被剝奪了我們所理解的文明教育。
09:21
It's part of our curriculum at school.
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那些是我們學校課程中的一部分，
但在那個世界是不存在的。
09:24
It doesn't really exist
in that part of the world,
in that part of the world,
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而我認為每個人都有權利
09:27
and I feel it's really
the right of everybody
the right of everybody
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知道選舉是如何運作的。
09:29
to know how these things work.
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製作一份參考文件，
讓普通人理解，
讓普通人理解，
09:32
And it's a good thing to think about
producing a work of reference
producing a work of reference
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是很棒的一件事。
09:36
for the average person,
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雖然我們已經有了
09:38
and bearing in mind that now
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這樣一份基礎文件，
09:40
we have a basis to work with,
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但別忘了，我們還有科技，
09:42
but also we have technology,
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09:44
so we can reach out using telephone apps,
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我們可以使用手機軟體、視頻、動畫，
接觸到更多的人。
09:49
video, animation.
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我們現在有
各式各樣的工具
各式各樣的工具
09:51
There's all sorts of tools
that can be used now
that can be used now
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去把這些觀點
用人們自己的語言
用人們自己的語言
09:53
to communicate these ideas to people
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09:56
for the first time in their own language.
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第一次傳遞給他們。
我們聽說了中東地區
人們很多的痛苦。
人們很多的痛苦。
10:00
We hear a lot of misery
about the Middle East.
about the Middle East.
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10:02
We hear the chaos of war.
We hear terrorism.
We hear terrorism.
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我們聽說了戰亂，
聽說了恐怖主義，
聽說了恐怖主義，
聽說了宗教分裂
和各種可怕的負面消息。
和各種可怕的負面消息。
10:05
We hear about sectarianism
and all this horrible negative news
and all this horrible negative news
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我們經常接收這種消息。
10:11
that comes to us all the time.
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我們不知道當地人、
普通人是怎麼想的，
普通人是怎麼想的，
10:12
What we're not hearing is what are
the people, the everyday people, thinking?
the people, the everyday people, thinking?
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他們嚮往什麼呢？
10:17
What are they aspiring to?
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讓我們給予他們方法吧，
給予他們這些詞彙。
給予他們這些詞彙。
10:19
Let's give them the means,
let's give them the words.
let's give them the words.
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沈默的大眾之所以沈默，
10:24
The silent majority is silent
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10:26
because they don't have the words.
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是因為他們缺少詞彙。
沈默的大眾有知的權利。
10:29
The silent majority needs to know.
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10:32
It is time to provide people
with the knowledge tools
with the knowledge tools
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現在是給人們知識工具的時候，
10:35
that they can inform themselves with.
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這樣他們就能積極參與。
10:38
The silent majority
does not need to be silent.
does not need to be silent.
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沈默的大眾不必再保持沈默。
讓我們幫助他們發聲。
10:42
Let's help them have a voice.
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10:44
Thank you very much.
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非常感謝。
（鼓掌）
10:45
(Applause)
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譯者：Kiki Ruan
校對：Chester Cheng
校對：Chester Cheng
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Philippa Neave - Electoral consultantPhilippa Neave is senior advisor on the UN's Lexicon of Electoral Terminology.
Why you should listen
Philippa Neave specializes in electoral communications and education, devising information and training campaigns for voters and candidates in emerging democracies. Since 2005 she has worked in electoral assistance as a consultant for the United Nations, developing strategies to inform people on their voting rights, with particular emphasis on reaching women and people with low levels of literacy. She has worked on elections in Afghanistan, Iraq UAE, Jordan, Turkey, Cambodia, Madagascar, Southern Sudan and Tunisia.
An Arabic speaker, Neave initiated and conducted a three-year project to produce the first Arabic lexicon of electoral terminology. With close to 500 entries, the tri-lingual (Arabic, English and French) lexicon provides clear and accurate explanations of key concepts and terms in the field of elections. Neave's approach included a groundbreaking effort to account for Arabic language variations across the region in eight participating countries: Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Palestine, Tunisia and Yemen.
Neave has always worked with words. For 15 years she was a reporter specialising in the Middle East. After a year and a half in Cairo, she became a foreign correspondent for an international features syndicate in based Rome, Paris and New York. Later, in London, she was chief editor of a magazine on arts and culture and in Paris after that, she was chief editor of European Press Network. She then left the news business and worked as Middle East Director for a British charity, based in Beirut for five years.
Her interest in democracy building goes back to the time when soon after leaving university, she served for several years as deputy Secretary General of the Parliamentary Association for Euro-Arab Cooperation, organising and participating in the Euro-Arab Parliamentary Dialogue.
Born in 1960 in France to an English father and a Danish mother, Neave grew up bilingual. She studied Arabic at Durham University in the UK and obtained a BA degree. She speaks seven languages, including Arabic, and is based in Paris.
Philippa Neave | Speaker | TED.com