ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Carl Safina - Ecologist, writer
Carl Safina's writing explores the scientific, moral and social dimensions of our relationship with nature.

Why you should listen

Carl Safina explores how the ocean is changing and what those changes mean for wildlife and for people.

Safina is author of seven books, including Song for the Blue Ocean, which was a New York Times Notable Book of the Year, Eye of the Albatross, Voyage of the Turtle and The View From Lazy Point. Safina is founding president of The Safina Center at Stony Brook University, where he also co-chairs the University's Alan Alda Center for Communicating Science. A winner of the 2012 Orion Award and a MacArthur Prize, among others, his work has been featured in outlets such as The New York Times, National Geographic, CNN.com and The Huffington Post, and he hosts “Saving the Ocean” on PBS.

 

His latest book, Beyond Words: What Animals Think And Feel, explores the inner lives of animals.

More profile about the speaker
Carl Safina | Speaker | TED.com
TEDxOilSpill

Carl Safina: The oil spill's unseen villains -- and victims

卡爾‧沙芬納:石油外洩事件背後的罪魁禍首,和檯面下的受害者

Filmed:
817,323 views

造成墨西哥灣漏油事件的原因錯綜複雜,我們只知道:這件事很糟。卡爾‧沙芬納滿腔熱血地透過交叉論證幫我們拼湊事實,並說明在墨西哥灣漏油事件背後的意義,而那些宣稱是解決方法的只會讓情況更糟。
- Ecologist, writer
Carl Safina's writing explores the scientific, moral and social dimensions of our relationship with nature. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:16
This is the ocean海洋 as I used to know it.
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這是我過去認識的海洋,
00:19
And I find that
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我曾經去過墨西哥灣幾次,
00:21
since以來 I've been in the Gulf海灣 a couple一對 of times,
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發生這件事情(指漏油),
00:23
I really kind of am traumatized創傷
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我的心真的像被劃了一刀,
00:25
because whenever每當 I look at the ocean海洋 now,
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現在,不論何時看著這片海洋,
00:28
no matter where I am,
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不論我在何處,
00:30
even where I know
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我知道,
00:32
none沒有 of the oil has gone走了,
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飄在海面上的石油還沒被清除,
00:34
I sort分類 of see slicks浮油,
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我都覺得好像看見浮油在眼前,
00:36
and I'm finding發現 that I'm very much
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這件事情在我心中,
00:38
haunted鬧鬼 by it.
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一直揮之不去。
00:41
But what I want to talk to you about today今天
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今天我所要告訴各位的,
00:43
is a lot of things that try
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是這件事情的
00:45
to put all of this in context上下文,
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來龍去脈。
00:47
not just about the oil eruption噴發,
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不只是石油的外漏,
00:50
but what it means手段 and why it has happened發生.
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還有這件事情的意義和原因。
00:53
First, just a little bit about me.
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首先,簡單介紹一下我自己。
00:55
I'm basically基本上 just a guy that likes喜歡 to go fishing釣魚
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我只是個喜歡釣魚的傢伙,
00:57
ever since以來 I was a little kid孩子,
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我小時候就愛釣魚,
00:59
and because I did,
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也正因為我愛釣魚,
01:01
I wound傷口 up studying研究 sea birds鳥類
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我開始學習有關海鳥的知識,
01:03
to try to stay in the coastal沿海 habitats棲息地 that I so loved喜愛.
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我常待在我喜歡的海鳥棲息地。
01:06
And now I mainly主要 write books圖書
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現在我專職寫書,
01:08
about how the ocean海洋 is changing改變,
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寫關於海洋如何改變的事情,
01:10
and the ocean海洋 is certainly當然 changing改變 very rapidly急速.
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毫無疑問,我們的海洋正在劇烈轉變,
01:13
Now we saw this kind of graphic圖像 earlier on,
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讓我們先看幾張圖片。
01:16
that we really live生活 on a hard marble大理石
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我們都生活在地球這塊堅硬的大理石上,
01:19
that has just a slight輕微
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這塊石頭,
01:21
bit of wetness to it.
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有一點點濕潤,
01:23
It's like you dipped a marble大理石 in water.
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像是把大理石在水裡沾一下一樣。
01:25
And the same相同 thing with the atmosphere大氣層:
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大氣層也是薄薄一層
01:27
If you took all the atmosphere大氣層
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若把大氣層的氣體都蒐集起來,
01:29
and rolled熱軋 it up in a ball,
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把它揉成一團,
01:31
you would get that little sphere領域 of gas加油站 on the right.
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你會得到像右邊那張圖那麼大的氣體小球,
01:33
So we live生活 on
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我們是生活在
01:35
the most fragile脆弱, little soap肥皂 bubble泡沫 you can imagine想像,
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一層非常薄弱,像肥皂泡泡的大氣層底下,
01:38
a very sacred神聖 soap肥皂 bubble泡沫,
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非常神聖的肥皂泡泡,
01:40
but one that is very, very easy簡單 to affect影響.
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但非常容易受到外物影響,
01:43
And all the burning燃燒 of oil and coal煤炭 and gas加油站,
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石油、煤炭、天然氣的燃燒,
01:46
all the fossil化石 fuels燃料,
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還有石化燃料,
01:48
have changed the atmosphere大氣層 greatly非常.
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都會給大氣層帶來巨大的影響。
01:50
Carbon dioxide二氧化碳 level水平 has gone走了 up and up and up.
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二氧化碳的濃度一天比一天高,
01:53
We're warming變暖 the climate氣候.
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我們正在使氣候暖化,
01:56
So the blowout吹熄 in the Gulf海灣
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為了維續人類當今文明,
01:58
is just a little piece
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墨西哥灣事件只不過是,
02:00
of a much larger problem問題 that we have
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使用這些燃料所帶來眾多問題的
02:03
with the energy能源 that we use to run civilization文明.
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鱗毛一角罷了。
02:06
Beyond warming變暖,
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除了地球暖化,
02:08
we have the problem問題 of the oceans海洋 getting得到 more acidified酸化 --
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我們有海洋酸化的問題出現,
02:11
and already已經 measurably可測量 so,
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這件事情,
02:13
and already已經 affecting影響 animals動物.
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已經開始影響地球的其他生物。
02:16
Now in the laboratory實驗室,
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我做了點實驗,
02:18
if you take a clam and you put it in the pHpH值
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把蛤蜊放入較酸的海水裏,
02:20
that is -- not 8.1,
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也就是說
02:22
which哪一個 is the normal正常 pHpH值 of seawater海水 --
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不是弱鹼值8.1的正常海水,
02:24
but 7.5,
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而是7.5,
02:26
it dissolves溶解 in about three days.
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這酸度大概只需要三天就能讓它們融化。
02:29
If you take a sea urchin頑童 larva幼蟲
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把海膽幼蟲也放入酸一點的海水,
02:31
from 8.1,
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ph值在
02:33
put it in a pHpH值 of 7.7 --
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7.7到8.1之間,
02:35
not a huge巨大 change更改 --
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離正常值只差那麼一點點,
02:37
it becomes deformed變形 and dies.
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就足夠讓它們外觀變形甚至死亡。
02:40
And already已經, commercial廣告 oyster牡蠣 larvae幼蟲
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已經有大量
02:43
are dying垂死 at large scales
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人類圈養在海邊的牡蠣苗
02:45
in some places地方.
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因而死亡。
02:47
Coral珊瑚 reefs珊瑚礁 are growing生長 slower比較慢
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有些區域的珊瑚礁,生長速度變慢,
02:49
in some places地方 because of this problem問題.
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也是這個原因。
02:51
So this really matters事項.
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這是個嚴重的問題,
02:53
Now, let's take a little tour遊覽
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現在,讓我們稍微
02:55
around the Gulf海灣 a little bit.
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到墨西哥灣去看一看。
02:57
One of the things that really impresses令人印象深刻 me about the people in the Gulf海灣:
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在那,讓我留下深刻印象的是
03:00
They are really, really aquatic people.
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那些生活在水底下的生物。
03:03
And they can handle處理 water.
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牠們在水中來去自如,
03:05
They can handle處理 a hurricane颶風 that comes and goes.
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暴風雨來了牠們也怡然自得,
03:07
When the water goes down, they know what to do.
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海平面下降,牠們也知道如何應對。
03:10
But when it's something other than water,
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但是當有其他外力侵襲,
03:12
and their water habitat棲息地 changes變化,
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使牠們的棲息地完全改變時,
03:14
they don't have many許多 options選項.
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牠們就完全沒有抵抗力了。
03:16
In fact事實, those entire整個 communities社區
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事實上,整個海洋的生物
03:18
really don't have many許多 options選項.
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都沒有辦法抵抗這種外力。
03:20
They don't have another另一個 thing they can do.
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他們完全束手無策,
03:23
They can't go and work
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牠們可沒辦法,
03:25
in the local本地 hotel旅館 business商業
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搬到附近的飯店避難,
03:27
because there isn't one in their community社區.
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水底下可沒這種產業。
03:31
If you go to the Gulf海灣 and you look around,
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各位到墨西哥灣看看,
03:33
you do see a lot of oil.
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映入眼簾的全都是浮油,
03:35
You see a lot of oil on the ocean海洋.
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海面上全是浮油,
03:37
You see a lot of oil on the shoreline海岸線.
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海岸線也全都是,
03:40
If you go to the site現場 of the blowout吹熄,
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如果你前往漏油的地方看看,
03:42
it looks容貌 pretty漂亮 unbelievable難以置信的.
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眼前的事物會讓你不敢相信,
03:44
It looks容貌 like you just emptied清空 the oil pan in your car汽車,
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那場景就像你剛剛換車子的機油,
03:47
and you just dumped it in the ocean海洋.
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然後把那堆廢油丟到大海一樣。
03:49
And one of the really most incredible難以置信 things, I think,
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最令我感到難以置信的是,
03:52
is that there's nobody沒有人 out there
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在這油汙最密集的地方,
03:54
trying to collect蒐集 it
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沒有任何人
03:56
at the site現場 where it is densest最密集.
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在清理現場。
03:59
Parts部分 of the ocean海洋 there
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這片海域的大部分,
04:01
look just absolutely絕對 apocalyptic世界末日.
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看起來就像世界末日一樣。
04:05
You go in along沿 the shore支撐,
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你沿著周圍的海岸行走,
04:07
you can find it everywhere到處.
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油汙在每個角落都看的到,
04:09
It's really messy.
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實在是太可怕了。
04:11
If you go to the places地方 where it's just arriving到達,
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如果你到油污剛抵達的海岸,
04:13
like the eastern part部分 of the Gulf海灣, in Alabama阿拉巴馬,
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像是阿拉巴馬州的墨西哥灣東岸,
04:16
there's still people using運用 the beach海灘
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雖然有人在清理海岸,
04:18
while there are people cleaning清潔的 up the beach海灘.
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但還是有很多民眾在這片海岸上娛樂,
04:20
And they have a very strange奇怪 way of cleaning清潔的 up the beach海灘.
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他們用非常奇怪的方法清理海岸,
04:23
They're not allowed允許 to put more than 10 pounds英鎊 of sand
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他們用50加崙的塑膠袋裝(約200公升)
04:25
in a 50-gallon-加侖 plastic塑料 bag.
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裏面不得裝超過10磅的污泥沙
04:27
They have thousands數千 and thousands數千 of plastic塑料 bags包裝袋.
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他們使用了成千上萬這樣的塑膠袋,
04:29
I don't know what they're going to do with all that stuff東東.
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我不知道以後他們要怎樣處理這些東西,
04:31
Meanwhile與此同時, there are still people trying to use the beach海灘.
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同時間,還是有很多人在海邊娛樂,
04:33
They don't see the little, tiny sign標誌
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這些民眾都沒看那小小的指示牌,
04:35
that says: "Stay out of the water."
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上頭寫著:請勿下水
04:37
Their kids孩子 are in the water; they're getting得到 tar柏油
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當孩子們在水中嬉戲的時候,
04:39
all over their clothes衣服 and their sandals涼鞋. It's a mess食堂.
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衣服和脫鞋上就已經沾染上了焦油。非常糟糕。
04:42
If you go to the place地點 where the oil has been a while,
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你要是被汙染久一點的地方瞧一瞧,
04:44
it's an even bigger mess食堂.
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情況更糟糕。
04:46
And there's basically基本上 nobody沒有人 there anymore,
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這片沙灘基本上已經沒有遊客。
04:49
a few少數 people trying
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只有少數民眾,
04:51
to keep using運用 it.
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在這附近走動,
04:53
You see people who are really shell-shocked見慣不驚.
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還是有人會對周圍的現象感到驚慌,
04:55
They are very hardworking用功 people.
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這些人就是在當地辛苦工作的居民。
04:57
All they know about life is they get up in the morning早上,
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他們的日常生活就是起個大早,
04:59
and if their engine發動機 starts啟動, they go to work.
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發動船引擎,然後就上工了。
05:02
They always felt that they could rely依靠 on
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這些人總認為,
05:05
the assurances保證 that nature性質 brought them
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他們可以依賴
05:07
through通過 the ecosystem生態系統 of the Gulf海灣.
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那墨西哥灣的生態系統所帶來的天然資源。
05:09
They're finding發現 that their world世界 is really collapsing崩潰.
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而現在他們賴以為生的世界已經倒塌了。
05:12
And so you can see, literally按照字面,
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你真的可以看到,
05:15
signs跡象 of their shock休克,
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他們臉上的震驚,
05:20
signs跡象 of their outrage暴行,
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他們的憤慨,
05:25
signs跡象 of their anger憤怒,
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他們的憤怒,
05:32
and signs跡象 of their grief哀思.
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和他們的哀痛。
05:35
These are the things that you can see.
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這些是表面上看得到的。
05:40
There's a lot you can't see, also,
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但是,各位看不到的是,
05:42
underwater水下.
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在水底下的情形。
05:44
What's going on underwater水下?
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水底下發生什麼事了?
05:46
Well, some people say
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嗯,有些人認為,
05:48
there are oil plumes羽毛.
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石油羽状物已經出現了(懸浮在水下的石油)
05:50
Some people say there are not oil plumes羽毛.
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也有人認為羽狀物並未出現。
05:53
And Congressman眾議員 Markey馬基 asks, you know,
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國會議員馬凱就質疑:
05:56
"Is it going to take a submarine潛艇 ride
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"為什麼不坐潛水艇,
05:59
to see if there are really oil plumes羽毛?"
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下去看看水底是否真的有浮油?"(註:BP認為水底沒有浮油,因此阻止水底探勘)
06:02
But I couldn't不能 take a submarine潛艇 ride --
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在來此演講前
06:04
especially特別 between之間 the time I knew知道 I was coming未來 here and today今天 --
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我沒機會坐到潛水艇下去看,
06:07
so I had to do
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所以我自己,
06:09
a little experiment實驗 myself
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就做了一點小實驗,
06:11
to see if there was oil in the Gulf海灣 of Mexico墨西哥.
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看看墨西哥灣是不是真的有浮油。
06:13
So this is the Gulf海灣 of Mexico墨西哥,
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假設這杯水就是墨西哥灣,
06:16
sparkling閃閃發光的 place地點 full充分 of fish.
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發亮的部份就是魚,
06:19
I created創建 a little oil spill
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然後我在這杯墨西哥灣裡,
06:21
in the Gulf海灣 of Mexico墨西哥.
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製造了一點漏油情形,
06:23
And I learned學到了 -- in fact事實, I confirmed確認 -- the hypothesis假設
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明顯的我證實了
06:25
that oil and water don't mix混合
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油不溶於水的原理,
06:28
until直到 you add a dispersant分散劑,
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然後我加入擴散劑(註:部分專家認為擴散劑能加速石油揮發、分解)
06:33
and then
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結果,
06:36
they start開始 mixing混合.
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油水居然開始混合了,
06:38
And you add a little energy能源
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這時候如果海面上來一點點動力,
06:40
from the wind and the waves波浪,
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像是大風,或是海浪,
06:42
and you get a big mess食堂,
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你會得到非常混濁的結果,
06:45
a big mess食堂
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這混濁的程度,
06:47
that you can't possibly或者 clean清潔,
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根本沒辦法清理了。
06:49
you can't touch觸摸, you can't extract提取
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而你再也摸不到,你也無法萃取浮油,
06:52
and, I think most importantly重要的 -- this is what I think --
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而我認為最重要的是,
06:55
you can't see it.
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你就再也看不到浮油了。
06:57
I think it's being存在 hidden on purpose目的.
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我想真相是故意被隱藏的。
07:00
Now this is such這樣 a catastrophe災難 and such這樣 a mess食堂,
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這是一場大災難,一場非常混亂的災難,
07:03
that lots of stuff東東 is leaking洩漏 out on the edges邊緣 of the information信息 stream.
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有一大堆媒體管道散播一大堆訊息。
07:06
But as many許多 people have said,
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但有人認為,
07:08
there's a large attempt嘗試 to suppress壓制 what's going on.
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這背後有一個很大的力量,在壓抑真相的爆發。
07:11
Personally親自, I think that
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就我個人的想法,
07:13
the dispersants分散劑 are
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擴散劑的使用,
07:15
a major重大的 strategy戰略 to hide隱藏 the body身體,
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是掩藏事實的主要策略。
07:18
because we put the murderer兇手
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因為我們讓兇手
07:20
in charge收費 of the crime犯罪 scene現場.
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負責清理事故現場。
07:22
But you can see it.
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你是可以看到浮油。
07:24
You can see where the oil
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你是可以看到
07:26
is concentrated集中 at the surface表面,
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海上的浮油集中在表面的地方,
07:28
and then it is attacked襲擊,
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但他們已經動了手腳。
07:31
because they don't want the evidence證據, in my opinion意見.
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我的看法是,他們根本不想要留下任何證據
07:34
Okay.
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07:36
We heard聽說 that bacteria eat oil?
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我們都聽說過細菌可以吞噬石油,
07:38
So do sea turtles海龜.
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但是海龜也會。
07:40
When it breaks休息 up,
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在噬油細菌出現之前,
07:42
it has a long way to go
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原油要自行分解
07:44
before it gets得到 down to bacteria.
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需要很長一段時間,
07:46
Turtles海龜 eat it. It gets得到 in the gills of fish.
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而這段期間海龜就會誤食浮油,而且浮油也會被魚吸入魚鰓,
07:49
These guys have to swim游泳 around through通過 it.
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這些海洋生物會在這片海域來來去去。
07:51
I heard聽說 the most incredible難以置信 story故事 today今天
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我今天聽到一則非常驚人的故事,
07:54
when I was on the train培養 coming未來 here.
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當我在前往這裡的火車上時,
07:57
A writer作家 named命名 Ted攤曬 Williams威廉姆斯 called me,
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一位叫泰德威廉斯的作家打電話給我,
07:59
and he was asking me a couple一對 of questions問題
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他問了我幾個問題,
08:01
about what I saw,
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想知道我的看法,
08:03
because he's writing寫作 an article文章 for Audubon奧杜邦 magazine雜誌.
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他正在幫奧杜邦雜誌專寫文章(註:某環保團體的出版品)
08:05
He said that he had been in the Gulf海灣 a little while ago --
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他說,他有聽到一些關於墨西哥灣的事情--
08:08
like about a week ago --
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就在幾週前,
08:10
and a guy who had been a recreational休閒 fishing釣魚 guide指南
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一位曾是導覽民眾休憩釣魚的嚮導,
08:13
took him out to show顯示 him what's going on.
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來找泰德,並陳述目前墨西哥灣的情形。
08:16
That guide's導遊的 entire整個 calendar日曆 year
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這位嚮導整年度的預定導覽行程,
08:19
is canceled取消 bookings預訂.
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全部都被取消了,
08:21
He has no bookings預訂 left.
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一個都不剩,
08:23
Everybody每個人 wanted their deposit存款 back. Everybody每個人 is fleeing逃離.
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遊客要求退還定金,大家都不想來了
08:26
That's the story故事 of thousands數千 of people.
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這是和數千人息息相關的故事。
08:28
But he told Ted攤曬
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他告訴泰德,
08:31
that on the last day he went out,
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在他最後一天的嚮導行程時,
08:33
a bottlenose寬吻海豚 dolphin海豚
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有一隻瓶鼻海豚,
08:35
suddenly突然 appeared出現 next下一個 to the boat,
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突然從船邊冒了出來,
08:38
and it was splattering飛濺 oil
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從牠頭頂的氣孔中,
08:40
out its blowhole氣孔.
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不斷地冒出黑色的石油,
08:43
And he moved移動 away
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這位嚮導緩緩的離開,
08:45
because it was
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因為這趟,
08:47
his last fishing釣魚 trip,
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是他的最後一次釣魚旅程,
08:49
and he knew知道 that the dolphins海豚 scare fish.
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而海豚的出現會把魚群嚇跑,
08:51
So he moved移動 away from it,
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所以他把船駛離海豚,
08:53
turned轉身 around a few少數 minutes分鐘 later後來,
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過沒幾分鐘,
08:55
it was right next下一個 to the side of the boat again.
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這海豚又出現在船旁邊了,
08:57
He said that in 30 years年份 of fishing釣魚
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他釣了30年的魚,
08:59
he had never seen看到 a dolphin海豚 do that.
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從沒看過海豚會這麼做,
09:01
And he felt that --
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他覺得...
09:04
he felt that it was
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他覺得海豚是要...
09:06
coming未來 to ask for help. Sorry.
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尋求幫助。抱歉。
09:12
Now, in the Exxon埃克森 Valdez瓦爾迪茲 spill,
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Exxon Valdez號油船漏油事件(註:發生於1989年)
09:15
about 30 percent百分 of the killer兇手 whales鯨魚
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短短的幾個月,
09:17
died死亡 in the first few少數 months個月.
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就殺死了約30%的鯨魚,
09:20
Their numbers數字 have never recovered恢復.
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這些失去的數量沒有補回來過,
09:22
So the recovery復甦 rate of all this stuff東東
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這種生物數量的回復速率,
09:24
is going to be variable變量.
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是不穩定的上下波動。
09:26
It's going to take longer for some things.
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有的會耗費比較長的時間,
09:29
And some things, I think, will probably大概
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而我想,有的
09:31
come back a little faster更快.
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回復的速率會比較快。
09:33
The other thing about the Gulf海灣 that is important重要
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另一件有關墨西哥灣的是,
09:36
is that there are a lot of animals動物
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有許多的生物,
09:38
that concentrate集中 in the Gulf海灣
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在每年的特定時刻,
09:40
at certain某些 parts部分 of the year.
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會聚集在墨西哥灣。
09:43
So the Gulf海灣 is a really important重要 piece of water --
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所以這海灣是非常重要的海域。
09:45
more important重要 than a similar類似 volume
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重要性可能比
09:48
of water in the open打開 Atlantic大西洋 Ocean海洋.
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大西洋中其他的海灣還要大,
09:51
These tuna金槍魚 swim游泳 the entire整個 ocean海洋.
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金槍魚在大西洋的每個角落都能看到,
09:53
They get in the Gulf海灣 Stream. They go all the way to Europe歐洲.
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牠們會順著墨西哥洋流游走,然後繞行整個歐洲,
09:55
When it comes time to spawn, they come inside,
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到了產卵時期,才會回到墨西哥灣,
09:57
and these two tuna金槍魚 that were tagged標記,
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我們追蹤2條金槍魚的蹤跡,
09:59
you can see them on the spawning產卵 grounds理由
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你可以發現牠們產卵的地點,
10:02
very much right in the area of the slick華而不實的.
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幾乎就是在污油出現的地區,
10:04
They're probably大概 having, at the very least最小,
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至少在今年,
10:07
a catastrophic災難性的 spawning產卵 season季節 this year.
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這污油事件對牠們的產卵季是個大災難。
10:10
I'm hoping希望 that maybe the adults成年人
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我希望這些能繁殖的成魚,
10:12
are avoiding避免 that dirty water.
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能避開受污染的水域,
10:14
They don't usually平時 like to go into water
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一般來說,
10:16
that is very cloudy多雲的 anyway無論如何.
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牠們不太喜歡接近太過混濁的水域,
10:18
But these are really high-performance高性能
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但牠們速度很快,
10:20
athletic競技 animals動物.
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是好動性的魚類,
10:22
I don't know what this kind of stuff東東 will do in their gills.
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我無法得知什麼會被吸進魚鰓裡,
10:25
I don't know if it'll它會 affect影響 the adults成年人.
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我也不知道成年魚會不會被影響,
10:27
If it's not, it's certainly當然 affecting影響
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即使都不會,我想
10:29
their eggs and larvae幼蟲, I would certainly當然 think.
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魚卵跟幼魚一定會被影響的。
10:31
But if you look at that graph圖形 that goes down and down and down,
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但是請看這張圖表,它顯示金槍魚的數量是一直在下降,
10:34
that's what we've我們已經 doneDONE to this species種類
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這是數十年來,
10:36
through通過 overfishing過度捕撈 over many許多 decades幾十年.
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我們濫捕後的成果。
10:39
So while the oil spill,
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當油輪漏油,
10:41
the leak洩漏, the eruption噴發,
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油管外洩、噴發,
10:43
is a catastrophe災難,
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就是一場大災難。
10:45
I think it's important重要 to keep in mind心神
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我認為應該要牢記在心的,
10:47
that we've我們已經 doneDONE a lot to affect影響 what's in the ocean海洋
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就是我們已經對海洋造成許多影響,
10:49
for a very, very long time.
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而且已經有很長、很長的一段時間,
10:51
It's not like we're starting開始 with something
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而這些影響
10:53
that's been okay.
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都是不好的。
10:55
We're starting開始 with something that's had a lot of stresses應力
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我們給海洋帶來了很多的壓力,
10:57
and a lot of problems問題 to begin開始 with.
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和很多的問題。
10:59
If you look around at the birds鳥類,
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抬頭看看天空的鳥群,
11:01
there are a lot of birds鳥類 in the Gulf海灣
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有許多鳥類在每年的特定時刻,
11:03
that concentrate集中 in the Gulf海灣 at certain某些 times of the year,
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就會聚集在墨西哥灣的上空覓食,
11:06
but then leave離開.
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然後就離開,
11:08
And they populate填充 much larger areas.
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牠們居住的地點非常分散,
11:11
So for instance,
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舉例來說,
11:13
most of the birds鳥類 in this picture圖片 are migratory遷徙 birds鳥類.
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在畫面中的大多是屬於候鳥類型,
11:16
They were all on the Gulf海灣 in May可能,
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牠們會在每年的5月聚集在墨西哥灣,
11:18
while oil was starting開始 to come ashore岸上 in certain某些 places地方.
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而這時候也剛好是浮油漂上岸的時候,
11:22
Down on the lower降低 left there
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畫面下方的這2種鳥類,
11:24
are Ruddy紅潤 TurnstonesTurnstones and Sanderlings三趾.
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分別是翻石鷸和三趾濱鷸,
11:26
They breed品種 in the high arctic北極,
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牠們的棲息地主要在高緯北極一帶,
11:28
and they winter冬季 down in southern南部的 South America美國.
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冬天的時候牠們會遷徙到南美洲的南方,
11:30
But they concentrate集中 in the Gulf海灣
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牠們會在墨西哥灣做停留,
11:32
and then fan風扇 out all across橫過 the arctic北極.
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然後再飛回北極各地,
11:35
I saw birds鳥類 that breed品種 in Greenland格陵蘭
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所以在格陵蘭長大的鳥類,
11:37
in the Gulf海灣,
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你在墨西哥灣也看的到。
11:40
so this is a hemispheric半球 issue問題.
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這是個牽涉到南北半球的議題。
11:43
The economic經濟 effects效果
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經濟成長或衰退,
11:45
go at least最小 nationally國內 in many許多 ways方法.
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可能會影響到國家的許多層面,
11:48
The biological生物 effects效果 are certainly當然 hemispheric半球.
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但是生態的影響範圍是跨到整個半球,
11:53
I think that this is one of the most
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我想這是我能想象的,
11:55
absolutely絕對 mind-boggling令人難以置信
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最讓人心驚的
11:58
examples例子 of total unpreparedness不意
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完全沒有一點預防措施的
12:00
that I can even think of.
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大災難之一。
12:02
Even when the Japanese日本 bombed轟炸 Pearl珍珠 Harbor港口,
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就算日本人偷襲珍珠港時,
12:05
at least最小 they shot射擊 back.
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至少還有一點反擊。
12:07
And we just seem似乎 to be
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但是我們現在看起來,
12:09
unable無法 to figure數字 out what to do.
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是完全的束手無策。
12:11
There was nothing ready準備,
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對這種情形完全沒有任何準備。
12:15
and, you know, as we can see
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你可以從他們的措施裏
12:17
by what they're doing.
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看得出來。
12:19
Mainly主要 what they're doing is booms繁榮 and dispersants分散劑.
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石油公司目前正使用漂浮柵欄和擴散劑來處理漏油,
12:21
The booms繁榮 are absolutely絕對 not made製作 for open打開 water.
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漂浮柵欄在這麼開放性的海域上幾乎沒用。
12:24
They don't even attempt嘗試 to corral科拉爾
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石油公司的清潔隊,
12:27
the oil where it is most concentrated集中.
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也沒有試著去集中海面上的油汙。
12:30
They get near shore支撐. Look at these two boats.
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就這樣讓油汙漸漸往海岸靠近。看畫面中的這二艘船。
12:32
That one on the right is called Fishing釣魚 Fool傻子.
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右邊這艘是"魚痴號"。
12:35
And I think, you know, that's a great name名稱
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現在仍有
12:37
for boats that think that they're going to do anything
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數十萬平方英哩的油汙
12:40
to make a dent凹痕 in this by dragging拖延 a boom繁榮 between之間 them
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漂浮在海灣上。
12:43
when there are literally按照字面 hundreds數以百計 of thousands數千
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這二艘名字讓人啼笑皆非的船,
12:45
of square廣場 miles英里 in the Gulf海灣 right now
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拖曳著它們之間的漂浮柵欄,
12:47
with oil at the surface表面.
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來阻斷油汙往海岸的路線,
12:49
The dispersants分散劑 make the oil go right under the booms繁榮.
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然後再倒入分散劑分解浮油,
12:52
The booms繁榮 are only about
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一個漂浮柵欄的長度,
12:54
13 inches英寸 in diameter直徑.
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大概只有13英吋,
12:57
So it's just absolutely絕對 crazy.
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用這個東西去包圍海岸這種方法一定是瘋了。
13:00
Here are shrimp boats employed就業.
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他們雇用補蝦的漁船,
13:02
There are hundreds數以百計 of shrimp boats employed就業 to drag拖動 booms繁榮 instead代替 of nets.
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上百艘的補蝦船不去補蝦反而是去放置柵欄。
13:05
Here they are working加工.
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這是他們在作業的情形,
13:07
You can see easily容易
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各位可以看得出來,
13:09
that all the oily油膩 water just goes over the back of the boom繁榮.
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油膩膩的海水會被這些柵欄推來推去,
13:12
All they're doing is stirring攪拌 it.
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柵欄反而像是攪拌棒把油水拌勻,
13:15
It's just ridiculous荒謬.
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這真的很荒謬。
13:17
Also, for all the shoreline海岸線 that has booms繁榮 --
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就這樣,所有的海岸線上都撲滿了漂浮柵欄,
13:20
hundreds數以百計 and hundreds數以百計 of miles英里 of shoreline海岸線 --
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數百英哩長的海岸線,
13:22
all of the shoreline海岸線 that has booms繁榮,
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全都佈滿了柵欄。
13:24
there's adjacent shoreline海岸線 that doesn't have any booms繁榮.
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應該要被放柵欄的地方沒放,
13:27
There is ample充足 opportunity機會
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這些又油又髒的海水,
13:29
for oil and dirty water to get in behind背後 them.
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很有機會往那邊流,
13:32
And that lower降低 photo照片, that's a bird colony殖民地 that has been boomed發飆.
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畫面下方的圖片,這個鳥類棲息地已經被柵欄所包圍。
13:35
Everybody's每個人都 trying to protect保護
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很多人試著
13:38
the bird colonies群落 there.
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去保護這些鳥類棲息地。
13:40
Well, as an ornithologist鳥類學家,
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嗯,身為一個鳥類學家,我可以告訴你:
13:43
I can tell you that birds鳥類 fly, and that --
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鳥是會飛的。
13:46
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑)
13:50
and that booming繁榮 a bird colony殖民地
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把這些鳥類棲息地用柵欄圍起來,
13:53
doesn't do it; it doesn't do it.
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這一點幫助都沒有,
13:56
These birds鳥類 make a living活的 by diving潛水 into the water.
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因為這些鳥類為了生存,必須潛到水下覓食,
14:00
In fact事實,
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事實上,
14:03
really what I think they should do, if anything --
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我認為正在清理油汙的這些人,
14:06
they're trying so hard to protect保護 those nests --
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他們可能以為這樣做是保護鳥巢,
14:09
actually其實, if they destroyed銷毀 every一切 single nest
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事實上他們應該破壞鳥巢,
14:12
some of the birds鳥類 would leave離開,
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這樣鳥類就會離開棲息地,
14:14
and that would be better for them this year.
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這對今年要生活在墨西哥灣的鳥類來說比較好。
14:17
As far as cleaning清潔的 them,
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至於在清理油汙這件事情上,
14:20
I don't mean to cast any aspersion誹謗
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我並不是要中傷
14:23
on people cleaning清潔的 birds鳥類.
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這些辛苦清理的人。
14:25
It's really, really important重要
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重點是,
14:27
that we express表現 our compassion同情.
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我們表現出了同情心,
14:29
I think that's the most important重要 thing that people have,
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還有許多人
14:31
is compassion同情.
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願意關心、同情其他生物。
14:33
It's really important重要 to get those images圖片
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有這種心態並願意付諸行動,
14:35
and to show顯示 it.
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我覺得是很重要的。
14:37
But really, where are those birds鳥類 going to get released發布 to?
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回到剛剛的問題上,那我們應該要把這些鳥放到哪裡去呢?
14:40
It's like taking服用 somebody out of a burning燃燒 building建造,
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這就好像剛把一個困在火災現場的人救出來後,
14:42
treating治療 them for smoke抽煙 inhalation吸入
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治療好他的嗆傷後,
14:44
and sending發出 them back into the building建造, because the oil is still gushing噴薄.
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然後再把他丟回火場。
14:48
I refuse垃圾 to acknowledge確認 this
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我拒絕承認漏油這件事情
14:50
as anything like an accident事故.
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只是個意外,
14:53
I think that this is the result結果 of gross negligence疏忽.
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我認為這是人為的嚴重疏忽。
14:56
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
15:01
Not just B.P.
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不只是BP這間公司的疏忽而已。
15:03
B.P. operated操作
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BP對漏油事件的處理,
15:05
very sloppily拖泥帶水 and very recklessly不顧一切
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非常魯莽和草率,
15:08
because they could.
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因為他們有本事這麼做
15:10
And they were allowed允許 to do so
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甚至被允許這麼做
15:12
because of the absolute絕對 failure失敗 of oversight疏忽
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因為那個我們所支持政府、應該保護我們的政府,
15:15
of the government政府 that's supposed應該 to be
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並沒有負起
15:18
our government政府, protecting保護 us.
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確實監督的責任。
15:23
It turns out that --
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結果變成--
15:25
you see this sign標誌 on almost幾乎 every一切 commercial廣告 vessel船隻 in the United聯合的 States狀態 --
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你可以在美國任何一艘商船上看到這塊牌子。
15:28
you know, if you spilled a couple一對 of gallons加侖 of oil,
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這牌子主要是說,只要在美國的海域上灑1加崙的石油,
15:30
you would be in big trouble麻煩.
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就會受到嚴厲的民事與刑事懲罰。
15:32
And you have to really wonder奇蹟
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而各位應該要想一想,
15:34
who are the laws法律 made製作 for,
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這法條是為誰而定?
15:37
and who has gotten得到 above以上 the laws法律.
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還有誰視法律如無物?
15:40
Now there are things that we can do in the future未來.
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未來我們還可以做很多事情,
15:42
We could have the kinds of equipment設備 that we would really need.
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我們應該好好想想真的需要哪些東西,
15:45
It would not take an awful可怕 lot
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其實這並不難預見,
15:47
to anticipate預料
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為了尋找石油
15:49
that after making製造 30,000 holes
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在墨西哥灣底部的海床
15:51
in the sea floor地板 of the Gulf海灣 of Mexico墨西哥 looking for oil,
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打了30000個洞,
15:54
oil might威力 start開始 coming未來 out of one of them.
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石油總有一天會外漏的。
15:56
And you'd have some idea理念 of what to do.
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這必須要想想辦法解決,
15:59
That's certainly當然 one of the things we need to do.
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而我們最起碼能做到的。
16:02
But I think we have to understand理解 where this leak洩漏
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我認為,我們都應該去了解這次漏油事件的
16:04
really started開始 from.
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起始爲何。
16:07
It really started開始 from the destruction毀壞
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這件事情起始於
16:09
of the idea理念 that the government政府 is there
388
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政府功能的瓦解。
16:12
because it's our government政府, meant意味著 to protect保護
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因為我們的政府,
16:15
the larger public上市 interest利益.
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必須要保護大眾利益。
16:21
So I think that the oil blowout吹熄,
391
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所以我認為石油危機,
16:23
the bank銀行 bailout救助,
392
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銀行紓困方案,
16:25
the mortgage抵押 crisis危機 and all these things
393
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房貸危機等這類事件,
16:28
are absolutely絕對 symptoms症狀 of
394
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都是起始於同一原因的
16:31
the same相同 cause原因.
395
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的表面徵兆。
16:33
We still seem似乎 to understand理解
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我們似乎仍同意這種觀念:
16:35
that at least最小 we need the police警察 to protect保護 us
397
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警察是在保護我們,
16:38
from a few少數 bad people.
398
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不受少數的壞蛋的傷害。
16:41
And even though雖然 the police警察 can be a little annoying惱人的 at times --
399
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雖然我們有時候會很討厭警察,
16:43
giving us tickets門票 and stuff東東 like that --
400
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尤其是在開罰單的時候,
16:45
nobody沒有人 says that we should just get rid擺脫 of them.
401
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但是沒有人認為應該把警察制度廢除。
16:48
But in the entire整個 rest休息 of government政府 right now
402
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但是在許多的政府部門,
16:51
and for the last at least最小 30 years年份,
403
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至少在過去的30年裡,
16:53
there has been a culture文化 of deregulation放鬆管制
404
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已經出現了一種放寬管制的文化,
16:56
that is caused造成 directly
405
1001000
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這種文化起因於
16:58
by the people who
406
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那些少數的壞蛋
17:00
we need to be protected保護 from,
407
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該與我們隔離的壞蛋
17:02
buying購買 the government政府 out from under us.
408
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把政府收買了。
17:05
(Applause掌聲)
409
1010000
9000
(掌聲)
17:15
Now this has been a problem問題 for a very, very long time.
410
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這問題已經出現了一段很久的時間
17:18
You can see that
411
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各位都知道,
17:21
corporations公司 were illegal非法 at the founding創建 of America美國,
412
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企業結構在美國剛建立時是違法的,
17:23
and even Thomas托馬斯 Jefferson杰斐遜 complained抱怨
413
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3000
湯瑪斯-傑弗遜當時就抱怨過(註:美國第三任總統)
17:26
that they were already已經
414
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"這些企業試著要
17:29
bidding投標 defiance蔑視 to the laws法律 of our country國家.
415
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鑽我國法律的漏洞。"
17:33
Okay, people who say
416
1038000
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或許有人會自認為,
17:35
they're conservative保守,
417
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自己是保守派的。
17:37
if they really wanted to be
418
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如果他們真的想做到
17:39
really conservative保守 and really patriotic愛國,
419
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如此保守也夠愛國,
17:41
they would tell these corporations公司
420
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他們會對企業講:
17:43
to go to hell地獄.
421
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"下地獄去吧"
17:45
That's what it would really mean to be conservative保守.
422
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這樣才稱得上是保守派的人
17:49
So what we really need to do
423
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我們現在需要作的,
17:51
is regain恢復 the idea理念
424
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是重新讓政府意識到,
17:53
that it's our government政府
425
1058000
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他們必須要
17:55
safeguarding保障 our interests利益
426
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保護人民的利益,
17:57
and regain恢復 a sense of unity統一
427
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還有重新喚起國内團結的意識,
17:59
and common共同 cause原因 in our country國家
428
1064000
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共同攜手合作,
18:01
that really has been lost丟失.
429
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這是已經失去很久的事物。
18:04
I think there are signs跡象 of hope希望.
430
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我想希望還是有的。
18:06
We seem似乎 to be waking醒來 up a little bit.
431
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我們似乎已經漸漸看清事實。
18:08
The Glass-Steagall格拉斯 - 斯蒂格爾 Act法案 --
432
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格拉斯-史蒂格法條(註:美國的金融機構管制法)
18:10
which哪一個 was really to protect保護 us from the kind of thing
433
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這法條的目的是保護我們,
18:12
that caused造成 the recession不景氣 to happen發生,
434
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不被引起大蕭條時期的原因所影響:
18:14
and the bank銀行 meltdown崩潰
435
1079000
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像是銀行的崩潰等等,
18:16
and all that stuff東東 that required需要 the bailouts救助 --
436
1081000
2000
這類需要政府救濟的事件,
18:18
that was put in effect影響 in 1933,
437
1083000
2000
這法條在1933年實施,
18:20
was systematically系統 destroyed銷毀.
438
1085000
3000
然後有系統性地被廢止。(1999年底廢止)
18:23
Now there's a mood心情 to put some of that stuff東東
439
1088000
2000
現在開始漸漸有共識
18:25
back in place地點,
440
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要把這條法規再回復。
18:27
but the lobbyists說客 are already已經 there
441
1092000
2000
但是在新環保法規剛通過之後,
18:29
trying to weaken削弱 the regulations法規
442
1094000
2000
又有許多政治說客出現,
18:31
after the legislation立法 has just passed通過.
443
1096000
3000
想要試圖削弱這些法條的規定。
18:34
So it's a continued繼續 fight鬥爭.
444
1099000
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這是一場持續不斷的戰爭。
18:36
It's a historic歷史性 moment時刻 right now.
445
1101000
2000
現在是歷史性的一刻,
18:38
We're either going to have an absolutely絕對
446
1103000
2000
我們要嘛會一再遭遇
18:40
unmitigated十足 catastrophe災難
447
1105000
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像這次墨西哥灣漏油的
18:42
of this oil leak洩漏 in the Gulf海灣,
448
1107000
2000
重大悲劇;或是-
18:44
or we will make the moment時刻 we need out of this,
449
1109000
2000
像這次的很多人一樣,
18:46
as many許多 people have noted注意 today今天.
450
1111000
2000
人們會記取這次的教訓。
18:48
There's certainly當然 a common共同 theme主題
451
1113000
2000
我們需要一個共識,
18:50
about needing需要 to make the moment時刻 out of this.
452
1115000
2000
來創造這樣的一刻。
18:52
We've我們已經 been through通過 this before
453
1117000
2000
在過去其他的'海上鑽井平台'出現之前,
18:54
with other ways方法 of offshore海上 drilling鑽孔.
454
1119000
2000
我們也經歷過同樣類似的經驗
18:56
The first offshore海上 wells were called whales鯨魚.
455
1121000
3000
人類的第一個海上油井,叫作鯨魚;
18:59
The first offshore海上 drills演習 were called harpoons魚叉.
456
1124000
3000
而人類的第一個海上鑽井工具叫魚叉;
19:02
We emptied清空 the ocean海洋 of the whales鯨魚 at that time.
457
1127000
3000
在那個時期,我們把鯨魚幾乎殺光了,
19:05
Now are we stuck卡住 with this?
458
1130000
2000
那現在我們也陷入同樣的困境了嗎?
19:07
Ever since以來 we lived生活 in caves洞穴,
459
1132000
2000
從我們住洞穴的原始生活開始,
19:09
every一切 time we wanted any energy能源,
460
1134000
2000
我們需要能源的時候
19:11
we lit發光的 something on fire, and that is still what we're doing.
461
1136000
3000
我們便燃燒物體來取得火,到了現代我們還是這麼做,
19:14
We're still lighting燈光 something on fire
462
1139000
2000
當我們需要能源的時候,
19:16
every一切 time we want energy能源.
463
1141000
3000
我們還是燃燒某些物體。
19:19
And people say
464
1144000
2000
有人會說,
19:21
we can't have clean清潔 energy能源
465
1146000
2000
我們沒辦法使用潔淨的能源,
19:23
because it's too expensive昂貴.
466
1148000
3000
因為它們實在太貴了。
19:26
Who says it's too expensive昂貴?
467
1151000
2000
是誰說太貴的?
19:28
People who sell us fossil化石 fuels燃料.
468
1153000
2000
就是那些賣石油燃料給我們的人。
19:30
We've我們已經 been here before with energy能源,
469
1155000
3000
在沒有石油燃料以前,人類就已經存在了
19:33
and people saying the economy經濟
470
1158000
2000
這些人認為,
19:35
cannot不能 withstand經受 a switch開關,
471
1160000
2000
人類經濟將沒辦法承受這種轉變,
19:37
because the cheapest最便宜 energy能源 was slavery奴隸制度.
472
1162000
3000
因為最便宜的能源來源就是奴隸制度。(若不用石油,只能用人力)
19:40
Energy能源 is always a moral道德 issue問題.
473
1165000
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能源一直都是道德問題的一環,
19:43
It's an issue問題 that is moral道德 right now.
474
1168000
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這個問題現在也使我們得到了教訓:
19:45
It's a matter of right and wrong錯誤.
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這是一個涉及大對與大錯的問題,
19:47
Thank you very much.
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謝謝各位。
Translated by Lin Su-Wei()
Reviewed by Wang-Ju Tsai

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Carl Safina - Ecologist, writer
Carl Safina's writing explores the scientific, moral and social dimensions of our relationship with nature.

Why you should listen

Carl Safina explores how the ocean is changing and what those changes mean for wildlife and for people.

Safina is author of seven books, including Song for the Blue Ocean, which was a New York Times Notable Book of the Year, Eye of the Albatross, Voyage of the Turtle and The View From Lazy Point. Safina is founding president of The Safina Center at Stony Brook University, where he also co-chairs the University's Alan Alda Center for Communicating Science. A winner of the 2012 Orion Award and a MacArthur Prize, among others, his work has been featured in outlets such as The New York Times, National Geographic, CNN.com and The Huffington Post, and he hosts “Saving the Ocean” on PBS.

 

His latest book, Beyond Words: What Animals Think And Feel, explores the inner lives of animals.

More profile about the speaker
Carl Safina | Speaker | TED.com