TED2015
Steve Silberman: The forgotten history of autism
Stiv Silberman (Steve Silberman): Zaboravljena istorija autizma
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Pre više decenija, mali broj pedijatara je čuo za autizam. 1975. godine procenjeno je da autizam ima jedno u 5.000 dece. Danas se 1 u 68 nalazi na spektru autizma. Šta je uzrokovalo ovaj nagli rast? Stiv Silberman ukazuje na "savršenu oluju svesti o autizmu" - par lekara koji su ponudili otvoreniji stav, neočekivani trenutak u pop kulturi i novi klinički test. Ali da bismo zaista razumeli, moramo da se vratimo još jednom austrijskom lekaru, Hansu Aspergeru, koji je objavio začetnički rad 1944. godine. Kako je on bio zakopan u vremenu, autizam je od tada obavijen nerazumevanjem. (Ovaj razgovor je bio deo TED2015 sesije koju je priredio magazin Pop-Up: popupmagazine.com ili @popupmag na Tviteru.)
Steve Silberman - Writer and editor
Steve Silberman is a writer and contributing editor for Wired who covers science and society. His newest book explores neurodiversity and the link between autism and genius. Full bio
Steve Silberman is a writer and contributing editor for Wired who covers science and society. His newest book explores neurodiversity and the link between autism and genius. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Just after Christmas last year,
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Odmah posle Božića prošle godine,
00:15
132 kids in California got the measles
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132 deteta u Kaliforniji
je dobilo male boginje
je dobilo male boginje
00:19
by either visiting Disneyland
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ili posetivši Diznilend
00:21
or being exposed to someone
who'd been there.
who'd been there.
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ili tako što su bili izloženi
nekome ko je bio tamo.
nekome ko je bio tamo.
00:24
The virus then hopped the Canadian border,
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Virus je zatim preskočio kanadsku granicu,
00:27
infecting more than
100 children in Quebec.
100 children in Quebec.
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zarazivši više od 100 dece u Kvebeku.
00:30
One of the tragic things
about this outbreak
about this outbreak
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Jedna od tragičnih stvari
u vezi sa ovom epidemijom
u vezi sa ovom epidemijom
00:33
is that measles, which can be fatal
to a child with a weakened immune system,
to a child with a weakened immune system,
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je da su male boginje,
koje mogu biti pogubne
za dete sa oslabljenim imunim sistemom,
za dete sa oslabljenim imunim sistemom,
jedna od bolesti
koje su najlakše sprečive na svetu.
koje su najlakše sprečive na svetu.
00:39
is one of the most easily
preventable diseases in the world.
preventable diseases in the world.
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00:43
An effective vaccine against it
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Efikasna vakcina protiv njih
00:45
has been available for more
than half a century,
than half a century,
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je dostupna više od polovine veka,
00:48
but many of the kids involved
in the Disneyland outbreak
in the Disneyland outbreak
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ali mnoga deca
obuhvaćena epidemijom u Diznilendu
obuhvaćena epidemijom u Diznilendu
00:51
had not been vaccinated
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nisu bila vakcinisana
00:53
because their parents were afraid
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jer su njihovi roditelji bili uplašeni
00:56
of something allegedly even worse:
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od nečeg navodno još goreg:
00:59
autism.
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autizma.
01:00
But wait -- wasn't the paper
that sparked the controversy
that sparked the controversy
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Ali čekajte - zar rad
koji je podstakao kontroverzu
koji je podstakao kontroverzu
01:04
about autism and vaccines
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o autizmu i vakcinama
01:06
debunked, retracted,
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nije raskrinkan, poništen,
01:08
and branded a deliberate fraud
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i obeležen kao namerna prevara
od strane Britanskog medicinskog časopisa?
01:11
by the British Medical Journal?
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01:13
Don't most science-savvy people
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Zar većina ljudi koji se razumeju u nauku
01:15
know that the theory
that vaccines cause autism is B.S.?
that vaccines cause autism is B.S.?
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ne zna da je teorija da vakcine
izazivaju autizam jedna velika prevara?
izazivaju autizam jedna velika prevara?
01:19
I think most of you do,
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Mislim da većina vas to zna,
01:21
but millions of parents worldwide
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ali milioni roditelja širom sveta
01:23
continue to fear that vaccines
put their kids at risk for autism.
put their kids at risk for autism.
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se i dalje plaše da vakcine
stavljaju decu pod rizik od autizma.
stavljaju decu pod rizik od autizma.
01:28
Why?
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Zašto?
01:30
Here's why.
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Evo zašto.
01:32
This is a graph of autism
prevalence estimates rising over time.
prevalence estimates rising over time.
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Ovo je grafikon procene učestalosti
autizma koja se vremenom povećava.
autizma koja se vremenom povećava.
01:37
For most of the 20th century,
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Tokom većine XX veka,
01:39
autism was considered
an incredibly rare condition.
an incredibly rare condition.
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autizam se smatrao
izuzetno retkim stanjem.
izuzetno retkim stanjem.
01:43
The few psychologists and pediatricians
who'd even heard of it
who'd even heard of it
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Nekolicina psihologa i pedijatara
koji su uopšte čuli za njega
koji su uopšte čuli za njega
01:46
figured they would get through
their entire careers
their entire careers
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pretpostavljali su
da će završiti svoju karijeru
da će završiti svoju karijeru
01:49
without seeing a single case.
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ne videvši ni jedan jedini slučaj.
01:52
For decades, the prevalence estimates
remained stable
remained stable
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Decenijama je procena učestalosti
ostala nepromenjena
ostala nepromenjena
01:55
at just three or four children in 10,000.
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sa svega tri ili četiri deteta na 10 000.
01:58
But then, in the 1990s,
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Ali onda, 1990-ih godina,
02:00
the numbers started to skyrocket.
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brojevi su počeli da naglo rastu.
02:03
Fundraising organizations
like Autism Speaks
like Autism Speaks
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Dobrotvorne organizacije
poput "Autism Speaks"
poput "Autism Speaks"
02:06
routinely refer to autism as an epidemic,
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rutinski pominju autizam kao epidemiju,
02:09
as if you could catch it
from another kid at Disneyland.
from another kid at Disneyland.
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kao da možete da ga dobijete
od drugog deteta u Diznilendu.
od drugog deteta u Diznilendu.
02:13
So what's going on?
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Dakle, šta se dešava?
02:14
If it isn't vaccines, what is it?
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Ako nisu vakcine u pitanju, šta jeste?
02:18
If you ask the folks down at
the Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta
the Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta
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Ako pitate ljude tamo dole
u Centrima za kontrolu bolesti u Atlanti
u Centrima za kontrolu bolesti u Atlanti
02:22
what's going on,
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šta se dešava,
oni se obično oslanjaju
na izraze kao što su
na izraze kao što su
02:23
they tend to rely on phrases like
"broadened diagnostic criteria"
"broadened diagnostic criteria"
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"prošireni dijagnostički kriterijumi"
i "bolje pronalaženje slučajeva"
i "bolje pronalaženje slučajeva"
02:28
and "better case finding"
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02:30
to explain these rising numbers.
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da bi objasnili te brojeve u porastu.
02:32
But that kind of language
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Ali takav jezik
02:34
doesn't do much to allay
the fears of a young mother
the fears of a young mother
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ne postiže naročito
da se ublaže strahovanja mlade majke
da se ublaže strahovanja mlade majke
02:37
who is searching her
two-year-old's face for eye contact.
two-year-old's face for eye contact.
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koja traga za kontaktom očima
na licu svog dvogodišnjaka.
na licu svog dvogodišnjaka.
02:42
If the diagnostic criteria
had to be broadened,
had to be broadened,
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Ako su dijagnostički kriterijumi
morali da budu prošireni,
morali da budu prošireni,
02:45
why were they so narrow
in the first place?
in the first place?
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zašto su prvobitno bili tako suženi?
02:48
Why were cases of autism
so hard to find
so hard to find
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Zašto je bilo tako teško pronaći
slučajeve autizma
slučajeve autizma
02:51
before the 1990s?
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pre 1990-ih godina?
02:53
Five years ago, I decided to try
to uncover the answers to these questions.
to uncover the answers to these questions.
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Pre pet godina, odlučio sam da pokušam
da razotkrijem odgovore na ova pitanja.
da razotkrijem odgovore na ova pitanja.
02:59
I learned that what happened
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Saznao sam da ono što se dogodilo
03:01
has less to do with the slow and cautious
progress of science
progress of science
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ima manje veze
sa sporim i opreznim napretkom nauke
sa sporim i opreznim napretkom nauke
03:05
than it does with the seductive
power of storytelling.
power of storytelling.
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nego što ima
sa zavodljivom moći pripovedanja.
sa zavodljivom moći pripovedanja.
03:08
For most of the 20th century,
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Većim delom XX veka,
03:10
clinicians told one story
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lekari su pričali jednu priču
03:13
about what autism is
and how it was discovered,
and how it was discovered,
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o tome šta je autizam i kako se otkriva,
03:16
but that story turned out to be wrong,
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ali ispostavilo se
da je ta priča pogrešna,
da je ta priča pogrešna,
03:19
and the consequences of it
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a njene posledice
03:21
are having a devastating impact
on global public health.
on global public health.
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imaju razarajući uticaj
na globalno javno zdravlje.
na globalno javno zdravlje.
03:25
There was a second,
more accurate story of autism
more accurate story of autism
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Postojala je i druga,
tačnija priča o autizmu
tačnija priča o autizmu
03:28
which had been lost and forgotten
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koja je napuštena i zaboravljena
03:31
in obscure corners
of the clinical literature.
of the clinical literature.
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u mračnim ćoškovima kliničke literature.
03:34
This second story tells us everything
about how we got here
about how we got here
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Ta druga priča nam govori
sve o tome kako smo dospeli ovde
sve o tome kako smo dospeli ovde
03:38
and where we need to go next.
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i gde treba sledeće da se zaputimo.
03:41
The first story starts with a child
psychiatrist at Johns Hopkins Hospital
psychiatrist at Johns Hopkins Hospital
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Prva priča počinje sa dečijim psihijatrom
u bolnici Džon Hopkins
u bolnici Džon Hopkins
03:45
named Leo Kanner.
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po imenu Lio Kaner.
03:47
In 1943, Kanner published a paper
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1943. godine, Kaner je objavio rad
03:51
describing 11 young patients
who seemed to inhabit private worlds,
who seemed to inhabit private worlds,
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opisujući 11 mladih pacijenata
za koje se činilo
za koje se činilo
da nastanjuju skrivene svetove,
ignorišući ljude oko sebe,
ignorišući ljude oko sebe,
03:56
ignoring the people around them,
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03:58
even their own parents.
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čak i sopstvene roditelje.
04:00
They could amuse themselves for hours
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Mogli su da se razonode satima
04:02
by flapping their hands
in front of their faces,
in front of their faces,
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pljeskajući rukama ispred lica,
04:05
but they were panicked by little things
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ali bi se uspaničili zbog malih stvari
04:07
like their favorite toy
being moved from its usual place
being moved from its usual place
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kao što je premeštanje
njihove omiljene igračke
njihove omiljene igračke
sa uobičajenog mesta bez njihovog znanja.
04:10
without their knowledge.
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04:12
Based on the patients
who were brought to his clinic,
who were brought to his clinic,
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Na osnovu pacijenata
koji su dovedeni na njegovu kliniku,
koji su dovedeni na njegovu kliniku,
04:15
Kanner speculated
that autism is very rare.
that autism is very rare.
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Kanner je mislio
da je autizam veoma redak.
da je autizam veoma redak.
04:19
By the 1950s, as the world's
leading authority on the subject,
leading authority on the subject,
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Do 1950-ih,
kao vodeći svetski autoritet na ovu temu,
kao vodeći svetski autoritet na ovu temu,
04:23
he declared that he had seen
less than 150 true cases of his syndrome
less than 150 true cases of his syndrome
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izjavio je da je video
manje od 150 pravih slučajeva tog sindroma
manje od 150 pravih slučajeva tog sindroma
04:29
while fielding referrals from
as far away as South Africa.
as far away as South Africa.
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dok je radio sa ljudima
čak i iz Južne Afrike.
čak i iz Južne Afrike.
04:33
That's actually not surprising,
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To zapravo nije iznenađujuće,
04:35
because Kanner's criteria
for diagnosing autism
for diagnosing autism
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jer su Kanerovi kriterijumi
za postavljanje dijagnoze autizma
za postavljanje dijagnoze autizma
04:39
were incredibly selective.
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bili neverovatno selektivni.
04:41
For example, he discouraged giving
the diagnosis to children who had seizures
the diagnosis to children who had seizures
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Na primer, osporavao je davanje dijagnoze
deci koja su imala napade, a sada znamo
da je epilepsija vrlo česta kod autizma.
da je epilepsija vrlo česta kod autizma.
04:46
but now we know that epilepsy
is very common in autism.
is very common in autism.
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04:50
He once bragged that he had turned
nine out of 10 kids
nine out of 10 kids
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Jednom se hvalio da je vratio
devetoro od 10 dece
devetoro od 10 dece
04:53
referred to his office as autistic
by other clinicians
by other clinicians
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koju su drugi kliničari
uputili na njegovu kancelariju,
uputili na njegovu kancelariju,
04:57
without giving them an autism diagnosis.
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a da im nije postavio dijagnozu autizma.
05:00
Kanner was a smart guy,
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Kaner je bio pametan tip,
05:02
but a number of his theories
didn't pan out.
didn't pan out.
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ali veliki broj njegovih teorija
nije uspeo.
nije uspeo.
05:05
He classified autism as a form
of infantile psychosis
of infantile psychosis
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On je klasifikovao autizam
kao oblik infantilne psihoze
kao oblik infantilne psihoze
05:08
caused by cold and unaffectionate parents.
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koju uzrokuju hladni roditelji
koji ne pružaju ljubav.
koji ne pružaju ljubav.
05:12
These children, he said,
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Ova deca, govorio je,
05:14
had been kept neatly
in a refrigerator that didn't defrost.
in a refrigerator that didn't defrost.
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su uredno držana u frižideru
koji se nije odledio.
koji se nije odledio.
05:19
At the same time, however,
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Istovremeno, međutim,
05:21
Kanner noticed that some
of his young patients
of his young patients
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Kaner je primetio
da su neki od njegovih mladih pacijenata
da su neki od njegovih mladih pacijenata
05:24
had special abilities
that clustered in certain areas
that clustered in certain areas
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imali posebne sposobnosti
koje su se grupisale u određene oblasti
koje su se grupisale u određene oblasti
05:27
like music, math and memory.
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kao što su muzika, matematika i pamćenje.
05:30
One boy in his clinic
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Jedan dečak na njegovoj klinici
05:32
could distinguish between 18 symphonies
before he turned two.
before he turned two.
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mogao je da razlikuje 18 simfonija
pre nego što je napunio dve godine.
pre nego što je napunio dve godine.
Kada bi njegova majka pustila
jednu od njegovih omiljenih ploča,
jednu od njegovih omiljenih ploča,
05:37
When his mother put on
one of his favorite records,
one of his favorite records,
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05:40
he would correctly declare,
"Beethoven!"
"Beethoven!"
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on bi tačno izjavio: "Betoven!"
05:43
But Kanner took a dim view
of these abilities,
of these abilities,
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Ali Kaner nije uvažio ove sposobnosti,
05:46
claiming that the kids
were just regurgitating things
were just regurgitating things
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tvrdeći da su deca samo ponavljala
05:50
they'd heard their pompous parents say,
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ono što bi čuli da govore
njihovi pompezni roditelji,
njihovi pompezni roditelji,
05:52
desperate to earn their approval.
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očajni da steknu njihovo priznanje.
05:55
As a result, autism became
a source of shame and stigma for families,
a source of shame and stigma for families,
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Kao rezultat toga, autizam je postao
izvor stida i stigmatizacije za porodice,
izvor stida i stigmatizacije za porodice,
06:00
and two generations of autistic children
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i dve generacije autistične dece
06:03
were shipped off to institutions
for their own good,
for their own good,
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je otpremljeno u institucije
za njihovo dobro,
za njihovo dobro,
06:06
becoming invisible to the world at large.
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postavši nevidljivi za čitav svet.
06:10
Amazingly, it wasn't until the 1970s
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Zapanjujuće je da su tek 1970-ih
06:14
that researchers began to test
Kanner's theory that autism was rare.
Kanner's theory that autism was rare.
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istraživači počeli da proveravaju
Kanerovu teoriju da je autizam redak.
Kanerovu teoriju da je autizam redak.
06:19
Lorna Wing was a cognitive
psychologist in London
psychologist in London
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Lorna Ving je bila
kognitivna psihološkinja u Londonu
kognitivna psihološkinja u Londonu
06:23
who thought that Kanner's theory
of refrigerator parenting
of refrigerator parenting
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koja je smatrala da je Kanerova teorija
o hladnom roditeljstvu
o hladnom roditeljstvu
06:26
were "bloody stupid," as she told me.
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"prokleto glupa", kako mi je rekla.
06:29
She and her husband John were warm
and affectionate people,
and affectionate people,
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Ona i njen suprug Džon
su bili topli i nežnI ljudi,
su bili topli i nežnI ljudi,
06:33
and they had a profoundly
autistic daughter named Susie.
autistic daughter named Susie.
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a imali su duboko autističnu ćerku Suzi.
06:37
Lorna and John knew how hard it was
to raise a child like Susie
to raise a child like Susie
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Lorna i Džon su znali koliko je bilo teško
podići dete kao što je Suzi
podići dete kao što je Suzi
06:41
without support services,
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bez službi podrške,
06:43
special education,
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specijalnog obrazovanja,
06:45
and the other resources that are
out of reach without a diagnosis.
out of reach without a diagnosis.
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i drugih resursa
koji su izvan domašaja bez dijagnoze.
koji su izvan domašaja bez dijagnoze.
06:49
To make the case
to the National Health Service
to the National Health Service
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Da bi obrazložili
Nacionalnoj zdravstvenoj službi
Nacionalnoj zdravstvenoj službi
06:52
that more resources were needed
for autistic children and their families,
for autistic children and their families,
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da je potrebno više resursa
za autističnu decu i njihove porodice,
za autističnu decu i njihove porodice,
06:57
Lorna and her colleague Judith Gould
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Lorna i njena koleginica Džudit Guld
06:59
decided to do something that should
have been done 30 years earlier.
have been done 30 years earlier.
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odlučile su da urade nešto što je trebalo
da bude urađeno 30 godina pre toga.
da bude urađeno 30 godina pre toga.
07:04
They undertook a study of autism
prevalence in the general population.
prevalence in the general population.
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Pokrenule su istraživanje
o učestalosti autizma u opštoj populaciji.
o učestalosti autizma u opštoj populaciji.
07:09
They pounded the pavement
in a London suburb called Camberwell
in a London suburb called Camberwell
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Prevrnuli su predgrađe Londona
zvano Kambervel
zvano Kambervel
07:13
to try to find autistic children
in the community.
in the community.
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da bi pronašli
autističnu decu u zajednici.
autističnu decu u zajednici.
07:17
What they saw made clear
that Kanner's model was way too narrow,
that Kanner's model was way too narrow,
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Onim što su videli, postalo je jasno
da je Kanerov model bio suviše ograničen,
da je Kanerov model bio suviše ograničen,
07:21
while the reality of autism
was much more colorful and diverse.
was much more colorful and diverse.
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dok je stvarnost autizma
mnogo više šarenolika i raznovrsna.
mnogo više šarenolika i raznovrsna.
07:26
Some kids couldn't talk at all,
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Neka deca uopšte nisu umela da pričaju,
07:28
while others waxed on at length
about their fascination with astrophysics,
about their fascination with astrophysics,
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dok su druga naklapala nadugačko
o svojoj fascinaciji astrofizikom,
o svojoj fascinaciji astrofizikom,
07:33
dinosaurs or the genealogy of royalty.
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dinosaurusima ili rodoslovima plemstva.
07:37
In other words, these children
didn't fit into nice, neat boxes,
didn't fit into nice, neat boxes,
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Drugim rečima, ova deca se nisu uklapala
u fine, uredne kutije,
u fine, uredne kutije,
07:42
as Judith put it,
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kako je Džudit to formulisala,
07:43
and they saw lots of them,
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a videli su ih mnogo,
07:45
way more than Kanner's monolithic model
would have predicted.
would have predicted.
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mnogo više nego što bi to
Kanerov monolitni model predvideo.
Kanerov monolitni model predvideo.
07:49
At first, they were at a loss
to make sense of their data.
to make sense of their data.
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U početku, nisu mogli
da nađu smisao u svojim podacima.
da nađu smisao u svojim podacima.
07:53
How had no one noticed
these children before?
these children before?
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Kako to da niko pre nije primetio tu decu?
07:56
But then Lorna came upon a reference
to a paper that had been published
to a paper that had been published
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Ali onda je Lorna naišla
na referencu na rad koji je objavljen
na referencu na rad koji je objavljen
07:59
in German in 1944,
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u Nemačkoj 1944. godine,
08:02
the year after Kanner's paper,
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godinu dana nakon Kanerovog rada,
08:04
and then forgotten,
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i zatim je zaboravljen,
08:06
buried with the ashes of a terrible time
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zakopan u pepelu užasnog vremena
08:09
that no one wanted to remember
or think about.
or think about.
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koje niko nije želeo da pamti
niti da misli o njemu.
niti da misli o njemu.
08:12
Kanner knew about this competing paper,
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Kaner je znao za taj konkurentski rad,
08:15
but scrupulously avoided
mentioning it in his own work.
mentioning it in his own work.
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ali brižljivo izbegavao
da ga pominje u svom radu.
da ga pominje u svom radu.
08:19
It had never even
been translated into English,
been translated into English,
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Nikada nije preveden na engleski,
08:22
but luckily, Lorna's husband spoke German,
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ali srećom,
Lornin suprug je govorio nemački,
Lornin suprug je govorio nemački,
08:25
and he translated it for her.
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i preveo ga je za nju.
08:27
The paper offered
an alternate story of autism.
an alternate story of autism.
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Rad je ponudio
alternativnu priču o autizmu.
alternativnu priču o autizmu.
08:31
Its author was a man named Hans Asperger,
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Njegov autor je bio
čovek po imenu Hans Asperger,
čovek po imenu Hans Asperger,
08:34
who ran a combination clinic
and residential school
and residential school
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koji je rukovodio spojem klinike
i škole sa boravištem
i škole sa boravištem
08:37
in Vienna in the 1930s.
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u Beču 1930-ih godina.
08:40
Asperger's ideas about teaching children
with learning differences
with learning differences
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Aspergerove ideje o učenju dece
sa različitostima u učenju
sa različitostima u učenju
08:44
were progressive even
by contemporary standards.
by contemporary standards.
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bile su napredne
čak i po savremenim standardima.
čak i po savremenim standardima.
08:47
Mornings at his clinic began
with exercise classes set to music,
with exercise classes set to music,
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Jutra na njegovoj klinici bi započinjala
časovima vežbanja prilagođenim muzici,
časovima vežbanja prilagođenim muzici,
08:51
and the children put on plays
on Sunday afternoons.
on Sunday afternoons.
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a deca bi igrala predstave
nedeljom popodne.
nedeljom popodne.
08:55
Instead of blaming parents
for causing autism,
for causing autism,
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Umesto da okrivi roditelje
za prouzrokovanje autizma,
za prouzrokovanje autizma,
08:58
Asperger framed it as a lifelong,
polygenetic disability
polygenetic disability
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Asperger ga je zamislio kao doživotni,
poligenetski invaliditet
poligenetski invaliditet
09:03
that requires compassionate forms
of support and accommodations
of support and accommodations
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koji zahteva saosećajne oblike
podrške i smeštaja
podrške i smeštaja
09:07
over the course of one's whole life.
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tokom celog života osobe.
09:10
Rather than treating the kids
in his clinic like patients,
in his clinic like patients,
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Umesto da tretira
decu na svojoj klinici kao pacijente,
decu na svojoj klinici kao pacijente,
09:13
Asperger called them
his little professors,
his little professors,
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Asperger ih je nazivao
svojim malim profesorima,
svojim malim profesorima,
09:16
and enlisted their help in developing
methods of education
methods of education
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i koristio je njihovu pomoć
u razvoju metoda obrazovanja
u razvoju metoda obrazovanja
09:20
that were particularly suited to them.
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koje su bile posebno pogodne za njih.
09:22
Crucially, Asperger viewed autism
as a diverse continuum
as a diverse continuum
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U suštini, Asperger je video autizam
kao raznovrstan kontinuum
kao raznovrstan kontinuum
09:28
that spans an astonishing range
of giftedness and disability.
of giftedness and disability.
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koji obuhvata zapanjujući spektar
darovitosti i invaliditeta.
darovitosti i invaliditeta.
09:33
He believed that autism
and autistic traits are common
and autistic traits are common
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Verovao je da su autizam
i autistične osobine česte
i autistične osobine česte
09:37
and always have been,
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i da su oduvek bile,
09:38
seeing aspects of this continuum
in familiar archetypes from pop culture
in familiar archetypes from pop culture
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videvši aspekte ovog kontinuuma
u poznatim arhetipovima iz pop kulture
u poznatim arhetipovima iz pop kulture
09:44
like the socially awkward scientist
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kao što je društveno nespretan naučnik
09:46
and the absent-minded professor.
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i rasejani profesor.
09:49
He went so far as to say,
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Išao je toliko daleko da je rekao
09:51
it seems that for success
in science and art,
in science and art,
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da se čini da je za uspeh
u nauci i umetnosti
u nauci i umetnosti
09:54
a dash of autism is essential.
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neophodno malčice autizma.
09:58
Lorna and Judith realized that Kanner
had been as wrong about autism being rare
had been as wrong about autism being rare
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Lorna i Džudit su shvatile da je Kaner
grešio u vezi sa time da je autizam redak
grešio u vezi sa time da je autizam redak
10:03
as he had been about parents causing it.
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2693
kao u pripisivanju uzroka roditeljima.
10:05
Over the next several years,
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2044
Tokom narednih nekoliko godina,
10:07
they quietly worked with
the American Psychiatric Association
the American Psychiatric Association
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3413
tiho su radile
sa Američkom psihijatrijskom asocijacijom
sa Američkom psihijatrijskom asocijacijom
10:11
to broaden the criteria for diagnosis
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2600
na proširenju dijagnostičkih kriterijuma
10:13
to reflect the diversity of what
they called "the autism spectrum."
they called "the autism spectrum."
187
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4017
da bi prikazali raznolikost
onoga što su nazvali "autistični spektar".
onoga što su nazvali "autistični spektar".
10:17
In the late '80s and early 1990s,
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2578
Kasnih 80-ih i ranih 90-ih,
10:20
their changes went into effect,
189
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2298
njihove izmene su došle na snagu,
10:22
swapping out Kanner's narrow model
190
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2369
zamenivši Kanerov uski model
10:25
for Asperger's broad and inclusive one.
191
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3575
Aspergerovim širokim i inkluzivnim.
10:28
These changes weren't
happening in a vacuum.
happening in a vacuum.
192
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2671
Ove promene se nisu događale u vakuumu.
10:31
By coincidence, as Lorna and Judith
worked behind the scenes
worked behind the scenes
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3854
Igrom slučaja, dok su Lorna i Džudit
radile iza kulisa
radile iza kulisa
10:35
to reform the criteria,
194
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1834
da bi reformisale kriterijume,
10:37
people all over the world were seeing
an autistic adult for the first time.
an autistic adult for the first time.
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ljudi širom sveta su prvi put videli
odraslog autističnog čoveka.
odraslog autističnog čoveka.
10:42
Before "Rain Man" came out in 1988,
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Pre nego što je "Kišni čovek"
izašao 1988. godine,
izašao 1988. godine,
10:45
only a tiny, ingrown circle of experts
knew what autism looked like,
knew what autism looked like,
197
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samo je mali, interni krug eksperata
znao kako autizam izgleda,
znao kako autizam izgleda,
10:50
but after Dustin Hoffman's unforgettable
performance as Raymond Babbitt
performance as Raymond Babbitt
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ali nakon što je nezaboravno izvođenje
Dastina Hofmana u ulozi Rejmonda Bebita
Dastina Hofmana u ulozi Rejmonda Bebita
10:54
earned "Rain Man" four Academy Awards,
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zaradilo četiri Oskara za "Kišnog čoveka",
10:58
pediatricians, psychologists,
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pedijatri, psiholozi,
11:00
teachers and parents all over the world
knew what autism looked like.
knew what autism looked like.
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4690
učitelji i roditelji širom sveta
su znali kako autizam izgleda.
su znali kako autizam izgleda.
11:05
Coincidentally, at the same time,
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2925
Sticajem okolnosti, istovremeno,
11:08
the first easy-to-use clinical tests
for diagnosing autism were introduced.
for diagnosing autism were introduced.
203
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5130
uvedeni su
prvi lako primenljivi klinički testovi
prvi lako primenljivi klinički testovi
za dijagnostikovanje autizma.
11:13
You no longer had to have a connection
to that tiny circle of experts
to that tiny circle of experts
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Više nije bilo potrebno da imate vezu
sa tim malim krugom eksperata
sa tim malim krugom eksperata
11:18
to get your child evaluated.
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2578
da biste izvršili procenu vašeg deteta.
11:21
The combination of "Rain Man,"
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2113
Kombinacija "Kišnog čoveka",
11:23
the changes to the criteria,
and the introduction of these tests
and the introduction of these tests
207
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4179
promene kriterijuma
i uvođenje ovih testova
i uvođenje ovih testova
11:27
created a network effect,
208
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2275
stvorili su efekat u mreži,
11:29
a perfect storm of autism awareness.
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savršenu oluju svesti o autizmu.
11:33
The number of diagnoses started to soar,
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Broj dijagnoza je počeo da se uzdiže,
11:36
just as Lorna and Judith predicted,
indeed hoped, that it would,
indeed hoped, that it would,
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baš kao što su Lorna i Džudit predvidele,
zapravo nadale da hoće,
zapravo nadale da hoće,
omogućujući ljudima sa autizmom
i njihovim porodicama
i njihovim porodicama
11:41
enabling autistic people
and their families
and their families
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11:44
to finally get the support
and services they deserved.
and services they deserved.
213
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3692
da konačno dobiju podršku i usluge
koje zaslužuju.
koje zaslužuju.
11:47
Then Andrew Wakefield came along
214
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2066
Onda je došao Endru Vejkfild
11:49
to blame the spike
in diagnoses on vaccines,
in diagnoses on vaccines,
215
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3855
da okrivi vakcine
za visok broja dijagnoza,
za visok broja dijagnoza,
11:53
a simple, powerful,
216
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2113
jednostavna, snažna
11:55
and seductively believable story
217
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2786
i zavodljivo uverljiva priča
11:58
that was as wrong as Kanner's theory
218
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2368
koja je bila pogrešna
kao i Kanerova teorija
kao i Kanerova teorija
12:00
that autism was rare.
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2253
da je autizam redak.
12:03
If the CDC's current estimate,
220
711239
3471
Ako je tačna trenutna procena
Centra za kontrolu i prevenciju bolesti,
Centra za kontrolu i prevenciju bolesti,
12:06
that one in 68 kids in America
are on the spectrum, is correct,
are on the spectrum, is correct,
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4423
da se jedno od 68 dece u Americi
nalazi na spektrumu,
nalazi na spektrumu,
12:11
autistics are one of the largest
minority groups in the world.
minority groups in the world.
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autistični ljudi su jedna od najvećih
manjinskih grupa na svetu.
manjinskih grupa na svetu.
12:15
In recent years, autistic people
have come together on the Internet
have come together on the Internet
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3827
Tokom poslednjih godina, autistični ljudi
su se okupili na internetu
su se okupili na internetu
12:19
to reject the notion that they
are puzzles to be solved
are puzzles to be solved
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kako bi odbacili ideju
da su oni zagonetka koju treba da reši
da su oni zagonetka koju treba da reši
12:22
by the next medical breakthrough,
225
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sledeće medicinsko otkriće,
12:24
coining the term "neurodiversity"
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stvorivši pojam "neuroraznolikost"
12:27
to celebrate the varieties
of human cognition.
of human cognition.
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3288
u slavu raznovrsnosti ljudske kognicije.
12:31
One way to understand neurodiversity
228
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2391
Jedan od načina
za razumevanje neuroraznolikosti
za razumevanje neuroraznolikosti
12:33
is to think in terms
of human operating systems.
of human operating systems.
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3669
je razmišljati u smislu
ljudskih operativnih sistema.
ljudskih operativnih sistema.
12:37
Just because a P.C. is not running Windows
doesn't mean that it's broken.
doesn't mean that it's broken.
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Samo zato što kompjuterom ne upravlja
Vindous, ne znači da je pokvaren.
Vindous, ne znači da je pokvaren.
12:42
By autistic standards,
the normal human brain
the normal human brain
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3629
Po autističnim standardima,
normalan ljudski mozak
normalan ljudski mozak
12:45
is easily distractable,
232
753869
2020
je lako poremetiti,
12:47
obsessively social,
233
755889
1788
opsesivno je društven,
12:49
and suffers from a deficit
of attention to detail.
of attention to detail.
234
757677
3320
i pati od manjka pažnje
usmerene na detalje.
usmerene na detalje.
12:52
To be sure, autistic people
have a hard time
have a hard time
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2995
Svakako, za autistične ljude je teško
12:55
living in a world not built for them.
236
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2276
što žive u svetu
koji nije napravljen za njih.
koji nije napravljen za njih.
12:58
[Seventy] years later, we're still
catching up to Asperger,
catching up to Asperger,
237
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4252
Osamdeset godina kasnije,
još uvek sustižemo Aspergera
još uvek sustižemo Aspergera
13:02
who believed that the "cure"
for the most disabling aspects of autism
for the most disabling aspects of autism
238
770520
4083
koji je verovao da se "lek" za većinu
onesposobljujućih aspekata autizma
onesposobljujućih aspekata autizma
13:06
is to be found in understanding teachers,
239
774603
2926
može naći kod učitelja sa razumevanjem,
13:09
accommodating employers,
240
777529
2136
prilagodljivih poslodavaca,
13:11
supportive communities,
241
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1857
u zajednicama koje pružaju podršku
13:13
and parents who have faith
in their children's potential.
in their children's potential.
242
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3344
i kod roditelja koji imaju veru
u potencijal svoje dece.
u potencijal svoje dece.
13:16
An autistic woman
named Zosia Zaks once said,
named Zosia Zaks once said,
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3042
Autistična žena po imenu Zoša Zeks
je jednom rekla:
je jednom rekla:
13:19
"We need all hands on deck
to right the ship of humanity."
to right the ship of humanity."
244
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5303
"Potrebne su nam sve ruke na palubi
da bismo ispravili brod humanosti."
da bismo ispravili brod humanosti."
13:25
As we sail into an uncertain future,
245
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2553
Dok plovimo u neizvesnu budućnost,
13:27
we need every form
of human intelligence on the planet
of human intelligence on the planet
246
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3738
potrebno nam je da svaki oblik
ljudske inteligencije na planeti
ljudske inteligencije na planeti
13:31
working together to tackle
the challenges that we face as a society.
the challenges that we face as a society.
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zajednički radi
da bismo se bavili izazovima
sa kojima se suočavamo kao društvo.
sa kojima se suočavamo kao društvo.
13:37
We can't afford to waste a brain.
248
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Ne možemo priuštiti da protraćimo mozak.
13:39
Thank you.
249
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2345
Hvala vam.
13:42
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Steve Silberman - Writer and editorSteve Silberman is a writer and contributing editor for Wired who covers science and society. His newest book explores neurodiversity and the link between autism and genius.
Why you should listen
Steve Silberman is a writer and contributing editor for Wired and other national magazines. In 2001, he published "The Geek Syndrome," one of the first articles in the mainstream press to probe the complex relationship between autism and genius. The article was praised by experts in the field like neurologist Oliver Sacks and author Temple Grandin, but as time went on, Silberman was haunted by the biggest question that he had left unanswered: Why have rates of autism diagnosis increased so steeply in the past 30 years?
This question has become particularly pressing in the face of a resurgence of measles, mumps, pertussis and other childhood diseases worldwide due to parental fears of vaccines, despite numerous studies debunking their alleged connection to autism. To solve that medical mystery for his new book, NeuroTribes: The Legacy of Autism and the Future of Neurodiversity, due out in August 2015, Silberman went back to the first years of autism research, where he uncovered a series of events -- some long forgotten, and others deliberately buried -- that will require the history of autism to be rewritten.
A former teaching assistant for the poet Allen Ginsberg, Silberman has won numerous awards over the years for his science coverage in the New Yorker, Nature and many other national and international magazines.
More profile about the speakerThis question has become particularly pressing in the face of a resurgence of measles, mumps, pertussis and other childhood diseases worldwide due to parental fears of vaccines, despite numerous studies debunking their alleged connection to autism. To solve that medical mystery for his new book, NeuroTribes: The Legacy of Autism and the Future of Neurodiversity, due out in August 2015, Silberman went back to the first years of autism research, where he uncovered a series of events -- some long forgotten, and others deliberately buried -- that will require the history of autism to be rewritten.
A former teaching assistant for the poet Allen Ginsberg, Silberman has won numerous awards over the years for his science coverage in the New Yorker, Nature and many other national and international magazines.
Steve Silberman | Speaker | TED.com