ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Elliot Krane - Pediatric anesthesiologist
At the Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford, Elliot Krane works on the problem of treating pain in children.

Why you should listen

It's an awful problem to contemplate: How do you help a young child in pain? As director of Pain Management Services at Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford, Elliot Krane works on solving this problem, studying and treating kids who are undergoing surgeries, suffering from complications of diabetes -- and kids suffering "neuropathic pain" resulting from injury to the nervous system itself.

More profile about the speaker
Elliot Krane | Speaker | TED.com
TED2011

Elliot Krane: The mystery of chronic pain

Elliot Krane: O misterio da dor crónica

Filmed:
2,012,954 views

Pensamos na dor como un síntoma, pero hai casos nos que o sistema nervioso desenvolve ciclos de retroalimentación e dor que se converten nunha terrible enfermidade por si mesma. A partir da historia dunha moza cuxa torcedura de pulso se converteu nun pesadelo, Elliot Krane fala sobre o complexo misterio da dor crónica e analiza os feitos que apenas estamos aprendendo acerca do seu funcionamento e tratamento.
- Pediatric anesthesiologist
At the Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford, Elliot Krane works on the problem of treating pain in children. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
I'm a pediatrician and an anesthesiologist,
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Son pediatra e anestesista,
00:17
so I put children to sleep for a living.
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polo que gaño a vida durmindo nenos.
00:19
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
00:21
And I'm an academic, so I put audiences to sleep for free.
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Tamén son académico,
polo que durmo ao público de balde.
00:24
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
00:28
But what I actually mostly do
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Pero en realidade dedícome
00:30
is I manage the pain management service
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a levar a Unidade de Dor
00:32
at the Packard Children's Hospital up at Stanford in Palo Alto.
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no Hospital Infantil Packard
en Stanford, Palo Alto.
00:35
And it's from the experience
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E coa experiencia
00:37
from about 20 or 25 years of doing that
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de 20 ou 25 anos traballando nisto
00:39
that I want to bring to you the message this morning,
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tráiovos unha mensaxe esta mañá:
00:41
that pain is a disease.
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a dor é unha enfermidade.
00:43
Now most of the time,
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Xeralmente,
00:45
you think of pain as a symptom of a disease,
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pénsase na dor
coma no síntoma dunha patoloxía
00:47
and that's true most of the time.
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e isto é certo a maioría das veces.
00:49
It's the symptom of a tumor or an infection
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É o síntoma dun tumor, dunha infección,
00:52
or an inflammation or an operation.
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dunha inflamación ou dunha cirurxía.
00:54
But about 10 percent of the time,
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Pero en arredor do 10% dos casos,
00:57
after the patient has recovered from one of those events,
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os pacientes seguirán padecendo dor
01:00
pain persists.
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despois de recuperarse da enfermidade.
01:02
It persists for months
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Pode persistir meses,
01:04
and oftentimes for years,
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e, ás veces, anos.
01:06
and when that happens,
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Cando sucede isto,
01:08
it is its own disease.
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a dor é unha enfermidade por si mesma.
01:10
And before I tell you about how it is that we think that happens
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Antes de que vos conte como
cremos que sucede isto,
01:13
and what we can do about it,
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e qué podemos facer ó respecto,
01:15
I want to show you how it feels for my patients.
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quixera mostrarvos como senten a dor
os meus pacientes.
01:18
So imagine, if you will,
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Imaxinade, se podedes,
01:20
that I'm stroking your arm with this feather,
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que vos acaricio o brazo
con esta pluma,
01:22
as I'm stroking my arm right now.
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como estou acariciando
o meu neste intre.
01:25
Now, I want you to imagine
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Agora quero que imaxinedes
01:27
that I'm stroking it with this.
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que o estou acariciando con isto.
01:29
Please keep your seat.
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Por favor, ficade nos asentos.
01:31
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
01:33
A very different feeling.
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Unha sensación moi diferente.
01:35
Now what does it have to do with chronic pain?
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Pero, que ten que ver isto
coa dor crónica?
01:37
Imagine, if you will, these two ideas together.
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Imaxinade, se queredes,
as dúas ideas xuntas.
01:40
Imagine what your life would be like
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Imaxinade como sería a vosa vida
01:42
if I were to stroke it with this feather,
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se vos acariciasen con esta pluma,
01:45
but your brain was telling you
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pero os vosos cerebros vos din
01:47
that this is what you are feeling --
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que o que están sentindo é isto:
01:49
and that is the experience of my patients with chronic pain.
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esta é a experiencia dos meus pacientes
con dor crónica.
01:52
In fact, imagine something even worse.
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De feito, imaxinade algo aínda peor.
01:54
Imagine I were to stroke your child's arm with this feather,
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Imaxinade que estou acariciando o brazo
dun fillo voso con esta pluma
01:57
and their brain [was] telling them
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e o seu cerebro dille
01:59
that they were feeling this hot torch.
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que o que sente é esta chama.
02:02
That was the experience of my patient, Chandler,
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Esta era a vivencia de Chandler,
unha paciente miña
02:04
whom you see in the photograph.
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á que vedes na foto.
02:06
As you can see, she's a beautiful, young woman.
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Como podedes ver, é unha rapaza fermosa.
02:08
She was 16 years old last year when I met her,
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Tiña 16 anos cando a coñecín o ano pasado,
02:10
and she aspired to be a professional dancer.
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E quería ser bailarina profesional.
02:13
And during the course of one of her dance rehearsals,
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Durante un dos seus ensaios de baile,
02:15
she fell on her outstretched arm and sprained her wrist.
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caeu co brazo estendido e torceu o pulso.
02:18
Now you would probably imagine, as she did,
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Probablemente pensedes, igual ca fixo ela,
02:20
that a wrist sprain is a trivial event
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que una torcedura de pulso é trivial
02:22
in a person's life.
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na vida dunha persoa.
02:24
Wrap it in an ACE bandage,
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Envólvese cunha venda elástica,
02:26
take some ibuprofen for a week or two,
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Tómase ibuprofeno 1 ou 2 semanas
02:28
and that's the end of the story.
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e fin da historia.
02:30
But in Chandler's case, that was the beginning of the story.
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Pero no caso de Chandler,
este foi o inicio da historia.
02:34
This is what her arm looked like
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Esta era a pinta do seu brazo
02:36
when she came to my clinic about three months after her sprain.
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cando veu á clínica tres meses
despois da torcedura.
02:39
You can see that the arm is discolored,
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Fixádevos que o brazo ten a cor alterada,
02:41
purplish in color.
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como denegrida.
02:43
It was cadaverically cold to the touch.
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Estaba frío coma o dun cadáver.
02:45
The muscles were frozen, paralyzed --
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Os músculos estaban xeados, paralizados
02:47
dystonic is how we refer to that.
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--como nós dicimos, distónicos.
02:50
The pain had spread from her wrist to her hands,
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A dor estendérase dende o pulso cara á man
02:53
to her fingertips, from her wrist up to her elbow,
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e as puntas dos dedos, e cara ó cóbado.
02:56
almost all the way to her shoulder.
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chegando case ó ombreiro.
02:58
But the worst part was,
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Pero o peor non era
03:00
not the spontaneous pain that was there 24 hours a day.
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a dor espontánea que sentía
as 24 horas do día.
03:03
The worst part was that she had allodynia,
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O peor era a alodinia,
03:06
the medical term for the phenomenon that I just illustrated
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un termo médico usado para o fenómeno
que antes expliquei
03:09
with the feather and with the torch.
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coa pluma e a chama.
03:11
The lightest touch of her arm --
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O máis leve contacto no brazo
03:13
the touch of a hand,
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--o rozamento dunha man,
mesmo o contacto dunha manga,
dunha prenda ao poñela--
03:15
the touch even of a sleeve, of a garment, as she put it on --
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causáballe unha dor insoportable,
moi ardente.
03:18
caused excruciating, burning pain.
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03:22
How can the nervous system get this so wrong?
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Como pode o sistema nervioso
equivocarse dese xeito?
03:25
How can the nervous system
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Como pode o sistema nervioso
03:27
misinterpret an innocent sensation
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confundir una sensación inocente
03:29
like the touch of a hand
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como o tacto dunha man
03:31
and turn it into the malevolent sensation
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e convertela nunha sensación tan maligna
03:34
of the touch of the flame?
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como o contacto cunha chama?
03:36
Well you probably imagine that the nervous system in the body
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Ben, se cadra pensades
que o sistema nervioso
03:39
is hardwired like your house.
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é como a cablaxe da vosa casa.
03:41
In your house, wires run in the wall,
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Nela os cables pasan polas paredes
03:43
from the light switch to a junction box in the ceiling
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dende o interruptor da luz, a unha caixa
de conexións no teito
03:46
and from the junction box to the light bulb.
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e dende aí ata a lámpada.
03:49
And when you turn the switch on, the light goes on.
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Cando se calca no interruptor,
acéndese a luz.
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And when you turn the switch off, the light goes off.
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E cando se pecha, a luz apágase.
03:54
So people imagine the nervous system is just like that.
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A xente imaxina
que o sistema nervioso funciona así.
03:58
If you hit your thumb with a hammer,
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Se pegas cun martelo no polgar,
04:00
these wires in your arm -- that, of course, we call nerves --
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estes cables do brazo --chamados nervios--
04:03
transmit the information into the junction box in the spinal cord
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transmiten a información á caixa
de conexións na medula espiñal
04:06
where new wires, new nerves,
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onde novos cables, novos nervios,
04:08
take the information up to the brain
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levan a información ata o cerebro,
04:10
where you become consciously aware that your thumb is now hurt.
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que é cando te das conta
de que magoaches o polgar.
04:14
But the situation, of course, in the human body
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Por suposto, a situación no corpo humano
04:16
is far more complicated than that.
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é moito máis complexa.
04:19
Instead of it being the case
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Poderíase pensar
04:21
that that junction box in the spinal cord
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que a caixa de conexións na medula espiñal
04:23
is just simple where one nerve connects with the next nerve
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é só onde un nervio conecta
co seguinte
04:26
by releasing these little brown packets
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liberando paquetiños marróns
04:28
of chemical information called neurotransmitters
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de información química que chamamos
neurotransmisores
04:31
in a linear one-on-one fashion,
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de forma linear un a un;
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in fact, what happens
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pero en realidade o que sucede
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is the neurotransmitters spill out in three dimensions --
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é que se esparexen en tres dimensións
04:38
laterally, vertically, up and down in the spinal cord --
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--lateralmente, verticalmente,
arriba e abaixo na medula espiñal--
04:41
and they start interacting
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e comezan a interactuar
04:43
with other adjacent cells.
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con outras células adxacentes.
04:46
These cells, called glial cells,
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Estas células, chamadas gliais,
04:48
were once thought to be
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antes pensábase que eran
elementos estruturais pouco importantes
da medula espiñal
04:50
unimportant structural elements of the spinal cord
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04:52
that did nothing more than hold all the important things together,
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que non tiñan máis función
ca a de unir os elementos importantes,
04:54
like the nerves.
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como os nervios.
04:56
But it turns out
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Pero a verdade é que
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the glial cells have a vital role
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a glía xoga un papel vital
05:00
in the modulation, amplification
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na modulación, amplificación
05:02
and, in the case of pain, the distortion
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e, no caso da dor, na distorsión
05:05
of sensory experiences.
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das experiencias sensoriais.
05:08
These glial cells become activated.
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Estas células gliais actívanse.
05:10
Their DNA starts to synthesize new proteins,
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O seu ADN sintetiza novas proteínas
05:12
which spill out
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que se liberan
e interactúan cos nervios adxacentes,
05:14
and interact with adjacent nerves,
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05:16
and they start releasing their neurotransmitters,
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e comezan a liberar
os seus neurotransmisores.
05:19
and those neurotransmitters spill out
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E estes esparéxense,
05:21
and activate adjacent glial cells, and so on and so forth,
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activan células gliais adxacentes,
e así sucesivamente,
05:24
until what we have
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ata que se produza
05:26
is a positive feedback loop.
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unha retroalimentación positiva.
05:28
It's almost as if somebody came into your home
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É case como se alguén fora á vosa casa
05:30
and rewired your walls
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e cambiara a cablaxe das paredes,
05:32
so that the next time you turned on the light switch,
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de modo que a seguinte vez
que acendedes a luz
05:34
the toilet flushed three doors down,
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funcionara a cadea do WC
tres portas máis alá,
05:36
or your dishwasher went on,
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ou o lavalouza acendera só
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or your computer monitor turned off.
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ou se apagara o monitor
do ordenador.
05:40
That's crazy,
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É unha loucura,
05:42
but that's, in fact, what happens
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pero de feito, iso é o que sucede
05:44
with chronic pain.
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coa dor crónica.
05:46
And that's why pain becomes its own disease.
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E por iso a dor convértese
nunha enfermidade por si mesma.
05:49
The nervous system has plasticity.
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O sistema nervioso ten plasticidade.
05:51
It changes, and it morphs
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Cambia e transfórmase
05:53
in response to stimuli.
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en resposta ós estímulos.
05:55
Well, what do we do about that?
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E que facemos ó respecto?
05:57
What can we do in a case like Chandler's?
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Que podemos facer nun caso
como o de Chandler?
06:00
We treat these patients in a rather crude fashion
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Hoxe en día tratamos eses pacientes
06:02
at this point in time.
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de forma bastante rudimentaria.
06:04
We treat them with symptom-modifying drugs --
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Tratámolos con fármacos modificadores
dos síntomas
06:07
painkillers --
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--analxésicos--
06:09
which are, frankly, not very effective
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que verdadeiramente non son
moi eficaces
06:11
for this kind of pain.
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para este tipo de dor.
06:13
We take nerves that are noisy and active
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Collemos nervios
que son ruidosos e activos
06:15
that should be quiet,
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que deberían estar en silencio,
06:17
and we put them to sleep with local anesthetics.
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e adormecémolos con analxésicos locais.
06:19
And most importantly, what we do
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E o máis importante que facemos
06:22
is we use a rigorous, and often uncomfortable, process
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é usar un rigoroso, e a miúdo
incómodo proceso
06:26
of physical therapy and occupational therapy
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de terapia física e terapia ocupacional
06:29
to retrain the nerves in the nervous system
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co fin de reeducar os nervios
no sistema nervioso
06:32
to respond normally
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para que teñan unha resposta normal
06:35
to the activities and sensory experiences
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ás actividades e experiencias sensoriais
06:38
that are part of everyday life.
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que forman parte da vida cotiá.
06:40
And we support all of that
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E apoiamos todo isto
06:42
with an intensive psychotherapy program
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cun programa de psicoterapia intensiva
06:45
to address the despondency, despair and depression
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para enfrontar o desánimo, a desesperación
e a depresión
06:48
that always accompanies
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que acompañan sempre
06:50
severe, chronic pain.
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á dor crónica severa.
06:52
It's successful,
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É exitoso,
06:54
as you can see from this video of Chandler,
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como se pode ver neste vídeo de Chandler
06:56
who, two months after we first met her,
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quen, dous meses despois de coñecela,
06:58
is now doings a back flip.
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está facendo unha viravolta para atrás.
07:00
And I had lunch with her yesterday
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Onte comín con ela,
07:02
because she's a college student studying dance at Long Beach here,
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porque é unha estudante universitaria
de danza en Long Beach,
07:05
and she's doing absolutely fantastic.
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todo lle está indo moi ben.
07:07
But the future is actually even brighter.
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Pero o futuro é incluso máis brillante.
07:11
The future holds the promise
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O futuro promete
07:14
that new drugs will be developed
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que os novos medicamentos
que se desenvolverán
07:16
that are not symptom-modifying drugs
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non serán fármacos
modificadores da sintomatoloxía
07:19
that simply mask the problem,
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que simplemente agachan o problema,
07:21
as we have now,
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como facemos agora,
07:23
but that will be disease-modifying drugs
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senón que serán fármacos
modificadores da enfermidade
07:26
that will actually go right to the root of the problem
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que realmente actuarán na raíz do problema
07:28
and attack those glial cells,
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e atacarán ás células gliais
07:30
or those pernicious proteins
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ou a esas proteínas prexudiciais
07:32
that the glial cells elaborate,
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que as células gliais elaboran,
07:35
that spill over and cause this central nervous system wind-up,
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esparexéndose e provocando
no sistema nervioso a sensibilización
07:38
or plasticity,
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ou plasticidade,
07:40
that so is capable
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que é capaz
07:42
of distorting and amplifying
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de distorsionar e amplificar
07:44
the sensory experience that we call pain.
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a experiencia sensorial coñecida como dor.
07:46
So I have hope
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Así, esperamos
07:48
that in the future,
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que no futuro
07:50
the prophetic words of George Carlin will be realized,
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se cumpran as palabras proféticas de
George Carlin
07:53
who said, "My philosophy:
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que dicía: "A miña filosofía:
07:55
No pain, no pain."
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non hai dor, non hai dor"
(Risas)
07:59
Thank you very much.
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Moitas grazas.
08:01
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Elliot Krane - Pediatric anesthesiologist
At the Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford, Elliot Krane works on the problem of treating pain in children.

Why you should listen

It's an awful problem to contemplate: How do you help a young child in pain? As director of Pain Management Services at Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford, Elliot Krane works on solving this problem, studying and treating kids who are undergoing surgeries, suffering from complications of diabetes -- and kids suffering "neuropathic pain" resulting from injury to the nervous system itself.

More profile about the speaker
Elliot Krane | Speaker | TED.com

Data provided by TED.

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