TED2014
David Epstein: Are athletes really getting faster, better, stronger?
David Epstein: Postaju li sportaši zaista brži, bolji, snažniji?
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Kada pogledate sportska dostignuća u posljednjim desetljećima, čini se da su ljudi postali brži, bolji i snažniji na sve moguće načine. Ali kako David Epstein ističe u ovom kontra-intuitivnom govoru, možda ćemo si htjeti prestati čestitati. Mnogi čimbenici sudjeluju u rušenju rekorda, i razvoj našeg prirodnog talenta je samo jedan od njih.
David Epstein - Sports science reporter
David Epstein is an investigative reporter who covers the wide-open space where sports, science and medicine overlap. Full bio
David Epstein is an investigative reporter who covers the wide-open space where sports, science and medicine overlap. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
The Olympic motto is "Citius, Altius, Fortius."
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Olimpijski moto je "Citius, Altius, Fortius".
00:16
Faster, Higher, Stronger.
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Brže, više, jače.
00:19
And athletes have fulfilled that motto rapidly.
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I sportaši su uspjeli ostvariti
taj moto ubrzano.
taj moto ubrzano.
00:22
The winner of the 2012 Olympic marathon
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Pobjednik olimpijskog maratona
2012. godine
2012. godine
00:26
ran two hours and eight minutes.
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je trčao dva sata i osam minuta.
00:28
Had he been racing against the winner
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U slučaju da se utrkivao s pobjednikom
00:30
of the 1904 Olympic marathon,
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olimpijskog maratona iz 1904. godine
00:32
he would have won by nearly an hour and a half.
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bio bi bolji za gotovo sat i pol.
00:35
Now we all have this feeling
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Danas svi imamo osjećaj
00:37
that we're somehow just getting better
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da jednostavno postajemo bolji
00:39
as a human race, inexorably progressing,
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kao ljudska vrsta,
neumoljivo napredujući,
neumoljivo napredujući,
00:41
but it's not like we've evolved into a new species
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ali nije baš da smo evoluirali u novu vrstu
00:43
in a century.
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tijekom jednog stoljeća.
00:45
So what's going on here?
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Pa što se zaista ovdje događa?
00:47
I want to take a look at what's really behind
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Želim vidjeti što zapravo stoji iza
00:49
this march of athletic progress.
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ovog marširajućeg sportskog napretka.
00:51
In 1936, Jesse Owens
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1936. godine, Jesse Owens
00:54
held the world record in the 100 meters.
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je držao svjetski rekord na 100 metara.
00:56
Had Jesse Owens been racing last year
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U slučaju da se Jesse Owens
natjecao prošle godine
natjecao prošle godine
00:59
in the world championships of the 100 meters,
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na svjetskom natjecanju na 100 metara,
01:01
when Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt finished,
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u trenutku kad je jamajkanski sprinter
Usain Bolt stigao na cilj,
Usain Bolt stigao na cilj,
01:04
Owens would have still had 14 feet to go.
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Owensu bi ostalo još 5 m do cilja.
01:07
That's a lot in sprinter land.
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To je zaista mnogo u sprinterskom svijetu.
01:09
To give you a sense of how much it is,
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Kako bih vam predočio koliko je to zapravo,
01:10
I want to share with you a demonstration
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želio bih s vama podijeliti
jednu demonstraciju
jednu demonstraciju
01:12
conceived by sports scientist Ross Tucker.
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koju je osmislio
sportski znanstvenik Ross Tucker.
sportski znanstvenik Ross Tucker.
01:15
Now picture the stadium last year
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Zamislite stadion tijekom prošle godine
01:18
at the world championships of the 100 meters:
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za vrijeme svjetskog prvenstva
na 100 metara:
na 100 metara:
01:20
thousands of fans waiting with baited breath
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tisuće fanova bez daha čekaju
01:22
to see Usain Bolt, the fastest man in history;
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kako bi vidjeli Usaina Bolta,
najbržeg čovjeka svih vremena;
najbržeg čovjeka svih vremena;
01:26
flashbulbs popping as the
nine fastest men in the world
nine fastest men in the world
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bljeskalice bljeskaju dok se devet
najbržih ljudi na svijetu
najbržih ljudi na svijetu
01:29
coil themselves into their blocks.
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spušta na startne blokove.
01:31
And I want you to pretend
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I želim da zamislite
01:32
that Jesse Owens is in that race.
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da je Jesse Owens u toj utrci.
01:35
Now close your eyes for a
second and picture the race.
second and picture the race.
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Sada zatvorite oči na trenutak
i zamislite utrku.
i zamislite utrku.
01:38
Bang! The gun goes off.
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Bang! Pištolj opali.
01:40
An American sprinter jumps out to the front.
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Američki sprinter odmah iskoči
i preuzima vodstvo.
i preuzima vodstvo.
01:42
Usain Bolt starts to catch him.
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Usain Bolt ga počinje sustizati.
01:44
Usain Bolt passes him, and as
the runners come to the finish,
the runners come to the finish,
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Usain Bolt ga prelazi i dok se
trkači približavaju cilju
trkači približavaju cilju
01:45
you'll hear a beep as each man crosses the line.
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čut ćete beep svaki put kad trkač
pređe ciljnu liniju.
pređe ciljnu liniju.
01:48
(Beeps)
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(Beep)
01:50
That's the entire finish of the race.
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To je kraj utrke.
01:53
You can open your eyes now.
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Sada možete otvoriti oči.
01:54
That first beep was Usain Bolt.
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Prvi beep je bio Usain Bolt.
01:57
That last beep was Jesse Owens.
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Zadnji beep je bio Jesse Owens.
01:59
Listen to it again.
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Poslušajte ponovno.
02:01
(Beeps)
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(Beep)
02:03
When you think of it like that,
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Kada čujete ovo,
02:04
it's not that big a difference, is it?
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to i nije velika razlika, zar ne?
02:06
And then consider that Usain Bolt started
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I tada uzmite u obzir da je Usain Bolt
započeo utrku
započeo utrku
02:08
by propelling himself out of blocks
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odgurujući se iz startnih blokova
02:11
down a specially fabricated carpet
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na posebno napravljenoj stazi
02:13
designed to allow him to travel
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koja je dizajnirana da mu
omogući da trči
omogući da trči
02:15
as fast as humanly possible.
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najbrže što je ljudski moguće.
02:17
Jesse Owens, on the other hand,
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S druge strane, Jesse Owens
02:19
ran on cinders, the ash from burnt wood,
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je trčao po ugarcima,
pepelu izgorjelog drva,
pepelu izgorjelog drva,
02:22
and that soft surface stole far more energy
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i takva mekana površina je sigurno
krala mnogo više energije
krala mnogo više energije
02:25
from his legs as he ran.
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njegovim nogama dok je trčao.
02:26
Rather than blocks, Jesse
Owens had a gardening trowel
Owens had a gardening trowel
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Umjesto startnih blokova Jesse Owens
je imao vrtnu lopatu
je imao vrtnu lopatu
02:29
that he had to use to dig holes
in the cinders to start from.
in the cinders to start from.
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koju je koristio kako bi iskopao rupe
u pepelu iz kojih je startao.
u pepelu iz kojih je startao.
02:33
Biomechanical analysis of the speed
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Biomehanička analiza brzine
02:35
of Owens' joints shows that had been running
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Owensovih zglobova pokazuje
da u slučaju da je trčao
da u slučaju da je trčao
02:38
on the same surface as Bolt,
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po istoj površini kao i Bolt,
02:39
he wouldn't have been 14 feet behind,
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on ne bi zaostao 5 metara,
02:42
he would have been within one stride.
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već bi bio u dometu jednog koraka.
02:44
Rather than the last beep,
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Owens ne bio bio zadnji beep,
02:46
Owens would have been the second beep.
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već bi bio drugi beep.
02:49
Listen to it again.
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Poslušajte ponovno.
02:51
(Beeps)
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(Beep)
02:53
That's the difference track
surface technology has made,
surface technology has made,
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To je napredak koji je postignut
zahvaljujući razvitku tehnologije staza,
zahvaljujući razvitku tehnologije staza,
02:55
and it's done it throughout the running world.
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a zahvatio je cijeli trkaći svijet.
02:57
Consider a longer event.
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Uzmite u obzir neku dužu utrku.
02:59
In 1954, Sir Roger Bannister
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1954. godine Sir Roger Bannister
03:02
became the first man to run
under four minutes in the mile.
under four minutes in the mile.
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je postao prvi čovjek koji je istrčao
milju ispod četiri minute.
milju ispod četiri minute.
03:05
Nowadays, college kids do that every year.
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Danas studenti to čine svake godine.
03:08
On rare occasions, a high school kid does it.
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Rjeđe to napravi i poneki srednjoškolac.
03:11
As of the end of last year,
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Do kraja prošle godine,
03:12
1,314 men
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1,314 ljudi
03:15
had run under four minutes in the mile,
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je istrčalo milju ispod 4 minute,
03:17
but like Jesse Owens,
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ali kao i Jesse Owens,
03:19
Sir Roger Bannister ran on soft cinders
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i sir Roger Bannister je trčao
na mekanom pepelu
na mekanom pepelu
03:21
that stole far more energy from his legs
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koji je krao mnogo
više energije njegovim nogama
više energije njegovim nogama
03:23
than the synthetic tracks of today.
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nego što to danas čine sintetičke staze.
03:25
So I consulted biomechanics experts
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Stoga sam se posavjetovao sa
stručnjacima iz područja biomehanike
stručnjacima iz područja biomehanike
03:27
to find out how much slower it is to run on cinders
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kako bih saznao koliko se
sporije trči na pepelu
sporije trči na pepelu
03:30
than synthetic tracks,
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u usporedbi sa sintetičkim stazama,
03:31
and their consensus that it's
one and a half percent slower.
one and a half percent slower.
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i oni konzesusno tvrde da je
takvo trčanje sporije za 1,5 posto.
takvo trčanje sporije za 1,5 posto.
03:34
So if you apply a one and a half
percent slowdown conversion
percent slowdown conversion
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Pa ako primjenite ovakvu transformaciju i
usporite za 1,5 posto
usporite za 1,5 posto
03:37
to every man who ran his sub-four mile
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svakog čovjeka koji je istrčao milju
ispod 4 minute
ispod 4 minute
03:40
on a synthetic track,
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na sintetičkoj stazi
03:41
this is what happens.
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dogodi se ovo.
03:43
Only 530 are left.
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Ostane ih samo 530.
03:45
If you look at it from that perspective,
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Ako to pogledate iz ovog kuta,
03:47
fewer than ten new men per [year]
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manje od 10 ljudi godišnje
03:49
have joined the sub-four mile club
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istrčalo je milju ispod 4 minute
03:50
since Sir Roger Bannister.
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od vremena sira Rogera Bannistera.
03:53
Now, 530 is a lot more than one,
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Sada, 530 je mnogo više od jednoga,
03:56
and that's partly because
there are many more people
there are many more people
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i to je djelomično tako jer više ljudi
03:57
training today and they're training more intelligently.
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trenira i to inteligentno trenira.
04:00
Even college kids are professional in their training
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Čak su i studenti vrlo profesionalni
u svojim treninzima
u svojim treninzima
04:02
compared to Sir Roger Bannister,
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u usporedbi sa sir Rogerom Bannisterom
04:03
who trained for 45 minutes at a time
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koji je trenirao po 45 minuta
04:05
while he ditched gynecology lectures in med school.
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kad bi kidnuo sa predavanja ginekologije
dok je pohađao medicinu.
dok je pohađao medicinu.
04:08
And that guy who won the 1904 Olympic marathon
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A tip koji je osvojio
olimpijski maraton 1904. godine
olimpijski maraton 1904. godine
04:10
in three in a half hours,
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u tri i pol sata,
04:12
that guy was drinking rat poison and brandy
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on je pio mišomor i brandy
04:14
while he ran along the course.
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tijekom puta koji je trčao.
04:16
That was his idea of a performance-enhancing drug.
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To je bila njegova ideja droge
za poboljšanje izvedbe.
za poboljšanje izvedbe.
04:19
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:21
Clearly, athletes have gotten more savvy
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Očito je da su sportaši također
postali mnogo mudriji
postali mnogo mudriji
04:23
about performance-enhancing drugs as well,
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po pitanju droga za poboljšanje izvedbe,
04:25
and that's made a difference
in some sports at some times,
in some sports at some times,
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i to je također uvelike utjecalo
na neke sportove,
na neke sportove,
04:27
but technology has made a difference in all sports,
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ali tehnologija je učinila veliku razliku
na području svih sportova,
na području svih sportova,
04:30
from faster skis to lighter shoes.
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od bržih skija do lakše obuće.
04:32
Take a look at the record for
the 100-meter freestyle swim.
the 100-meter freestyle swim.
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Pogledajte rekord u plivanju
slobodnim stilom na 100 metara.
slobodnim stilom na 100 metara.
04:35
The record is always trending downward,
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Ovaj rekord uvijek ima silaznu putanju,
04:38
but it's punctuated by these steep cliffs.
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ali je obilježen ovim strmim padovima.
04:41
This first cliff, in 1956, is the introduction
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Prvi pad, 1956. godine,
predstavlja uvođenje
predstavlja uvođenje
04:44
of the flip turn.
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salto okreta.
04:45
Rather than stopping and turning around,
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Umjesto da stanu i okrenu se,
04:47
athletes could somersault under the water
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sportaši su mogli napraviti kolut pod vodom
04:49
and get going right away in the opposite direction.
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i odmah krenuti u suprotnom smjeru.
04:51
This second cliff, the introduction of gutters
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Drugi pad, uvođenje žlijebova
04:54
on the side of the pool
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uz bazen
04:56
that allows water to splash off,
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koji su omogućavali da se voda rasprši
04:57
rather than becoming turbulence
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umjesto da se pretvori u otpor
04:58
that impedes the swimmers as they race.
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koji predstavlja prepreku plivačima
dok se utrkuju.
dok se utrkuju.
05:01
This final cliff,
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Ovaj posljednji pad,
05:02
the introduction of full-body
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uvođenje plivaćih odijela
05:04
and low-friction swimsuits.
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koja smanjuju otpor vode.
05:05
Throughout sports, technology has
changed the face of performance.
changed the face of performance.
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Tehnologija je potpuno izmijenila lice
izvedbe u svim sportovima.
izvedbe u svim sportovima.
05:09
In 1972, Eddy Merckx set the record
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1972. godine Eddy Merckx
je postavio rekord
je postavio rekord
05:12
for the longest distance cycled in one hour
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za najveću udaljenost pređenu
biciklom za sat vremena
biciklom za sat vremena
05:14
at 30 miles, 3,774 feet.
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na 49 km i 431m.
05:18
Now that record improved and improved
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Taj se rekord poboljšavao i poboljšavao
05:21
as bicycles improved and became more aerodynamic
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kako su se i bicikli poboljšavali i
postajali aerodinamičniji
postajali aerodinamičniji
05:24
all the way until 1996,
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sve do 1996. godine
05:25
when it was set at 35 miles, 1,531 feet,
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kad je rekord postavljen na 53 km i 40 m,
05:30
nearly five miles farther
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skoro 4 km pređenih više
05:32
than Eddy Merckx cycled in 1972.
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od onoga što je Eddy Merckx
odvozio 1972. godine.
odvozio 1972. godine.
05:35
But then in 2000, the International Cycling Union
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Ali tada Međunarodna biciklistička unija
je 2000. godine
je 2000. godine
05:38
decreed that anyone who wanted to hold that record
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objavila da svatko tko želi držati taj rekord
05:41
had to do so with essentially the same equipment
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to mora napraviti zapravo sa tipom opreme
05:44
that Eddy Merckx used in 1972.
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kakvu je Eddy Merckx koristio 1972. godine,
05:47
Where does the record stand today?
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Kako danas stoji taj rekord?
05:49
30 miles, 4,657 feet,
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49 km i 700m,
05:53
a grand total of 883 feet
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ukupno 270 m
05:56
farther than Eddy Merckx cycled
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više od onoga što je Eddy Merckx odvozio
05:57
more than four decades ago.
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prije više od četiri desetljeća.
05:59
Essentially the entire improvement in this record
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U biti svo poboljšanje ovog rekorda
06:02
was due to technology.
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se dogodilo zahvaljujući tehnologiji.
06:04
Still, technology isn't the only
thing pushing athletes forward.
thing pushing athletes forward.
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Ipak, nije tehnologija jedina stvar
koja gura sportaše naprijed.
koja gura sportaše naprijed.
06:07
While indeed we haven't evolved
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Iako zaista nismo evoluirali
06:08
into a new species in a century,
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u novu vrstu u samo sto godina,
06:10
the gene pool within competitive sports
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genetski bazen u natjecateljskim sportovima
06:12
most certainly has changed.
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se nesumnjivo promijenio.
06:14
In the early half of the 20th century,
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U prvoj polovici 20. stoljeća
06:16
physical education instructors and coaches
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profesori tjelesnog kao i treneri
06:18
had the idea that the average body type
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su smatrali da jedan prosječan tip tijela
06:20
was the best for all athletic endeavors:
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najprikladniji za sve sportske napore:
06:22
medium height, medium weight, no matter the sport.
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srednja visina, srednja težina,
bez obzira o kojem se sportu radi.
bez obzira o kojem se sportu radi.
06:26
And this showed in athletes' bodies.
161
374110
1972
I to se vidjelo na tijelima sportaša.
06:28
In the 1920s, the average elite high-jumper
162
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2253
20-ih godina 20. stoljeća,
prosječni skakač u vis
prosječni skakač u vis
06:30
and average elite shot-putter
were the same exact size.
were the same exact size.
163
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3715
kao i prosječni bacač kugle su
bili iste veličine.
bili iste veličine.
06:34
But as that idea started to fade away,
164
382050
1910
Kako je ovakva ideja počela blijedjeti,
06:36
as sports scientists and coaches realized that
165
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2076
i kako su sportski znanstvenici
i treneri shvatili
i treneri shvatili
06:38
rather than the average body type,
166
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1592
da umjesto prosječnog tipa tijela,
06:39
you want highly specialized bodies
167
387628
1912
trebaju usko specijaliziran tip tijela
06:41
that fit into certain athletic niches,
168
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2330
koja pristaju u određena sportska područja,
06:44
a form of artificial selection took place,
169
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2305
počelo se provoditi umjetno biranje,
06:46
a self-sorting for bodies that fit certain sports,
170
394175
2623
samo- razvrstavanje tijela koja
odgovaraju određenim sportovima
odgovaraju određenim sportovima
06:48
and athletes' bodies became
more different from one another.
more different from one another.
171
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2660
i tijela sportaša su se počela
razlikovati jedno od drugoga.
razlikovati jedno od drugoga.
06:51
Today, rather than the same size
as the average elite high jumper,
as the average elite high jumper,
172
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Danas imamo slučaj da prosječni
skakač u vis nije iste veličine
skakač u vis nije iste veličine
06:55
the average elite shot-putter
173
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1014
i kao prosječni bacač kugle
06:56
is two and a half inches taller
174
404428
1651
već je potonji 6,4 cm viši
06:58
and 130 pounds heavier.
175
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3089
i 65 kg teži.
07:01
And this happened throughout the sports world.
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1919
Ovo je odjeknulo diljem sportskog svijeta.
07:03
In fact, if you plot on a height versus mass graph
177
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Ustvari, ako postavite na grafu
koji sadržava omjer visine i mase
koji sadržava omjer visine i mase
07:05
one data point for each of two dozen sports
178
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2528
jednu podatkovnu točku za svaki
od dvadesetak sportova
od dvadesetak sportova
07:08
in the first half of the 20th century, it looks like this.
179
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3285
tijekom prve polovice 20. stoljeća,
on bi izgledao ovako.
on bi izgledao ovako.
07:11
There's some dispersal,
180
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1485
Tu vidmo jednu određenu raspršenost,
07:13
but it's kind of grouped
around that average body type.
around that average body type.
181
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3010
ali je sve okupljeno oko
tog prosječnog tipa tijela.
tog prosječnog tipa tijela.
07:16
Then that idea started to go away,
182
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1579
Tada se ta ideja počela zaboravljati
07:17
and at the same time, digital technology --
183
425639
1701
a istovremeno je digitalna tehnologija --
07:19
first radio, then television and the Internet --
184
427340
2207
prvo radio pa televizija i Internet--
07:21
gave millions, or in some cases billions, of people
185
429547
2377
dala milijunima, pa u nekim slučajevima i
milijardama, ljudi
milijardama, ljudi
07:24
a ticket to consume elite sports performance.
186
431924
3179
priliku da postanu konzumenti
elitnog sporta.
elitnog sporta.
07:27
The financial incentives and fame and glory
afforded elite athletes skyrocketed,
afforded elite athletes skyrocketed,
187
435103
3873
Novčani poticaji i slava omogućili su
eksploziju elitnih sportaša,
eksploziju elitnih sportaša,
07:31
and it tipped toward the tiny
upper echelon of performance.
upper echelon of performance.
188
438976
4193
i omogućila je prevrtanje prema gornjem
rangu izvedbe.
rangu izvedbe.
07:35
It accelerated the artificial
selection for specialized bodies.
selection for specialized bodies.
189
443169
3427
Ubrzali su umjetno biranje
specijaliziranih tijela.
specijaliziranih tijela.
07:38
And if you plot a data point for these same
190
446596
1628
I ako stavite točku za ovih istih
07:40
two dozen sports today, it looks like this.
191
448224
3882
dvadesetak sportova danas,
ona bi izgledala ovako.
ona bi izgledala ovako.
07:44
The athletes' bodies have gotten
192
452106
1427
Tijela sportaša su postala
07:45
much more different from one another.
193
453533
2194
mnogo drugačija jedna od drugih.
07:47
And because this chart looks like the charts
194
455727
2109
I upravo stoga što ovaj grafikon
izgleda kao grafikon
izgleda kao grafikon
07:50
that show the expanding universe,
195
457836
1731
koji pokazuje rastući svemir
07:51
with the galaxies flying away from one another,
196
459567
2460
sa galaksijama koje lete
jedna od druge
jedna od druge
07:54
the scientists who discovered it call it
197
462027
1644
znanstvenici koji su otkrili ovo
zovu ovaj fenomen
zovu ovaj fenomen
07:55
"The Big Bang of Body Types."
198
463671
3289
"Veliki prasak tipologije tijela."
07:59
In sports where height is prized, like basketball,
199
466960
2408
U sportovima gdje je na cijeni visina,
poput košarke,
poput košarke,
08:01
the tall athletes got taller.
200
469368
1790
visoki sportaši su postali još viši.
08:03
In 1983, the National Basketball Association
201
471158
3106
1983. godine
Nacionalna košarkaška asocijacija (NBA)
Nacionalna košarkaška asocijacija (NBA)
08:06
signed a groundbreaking agreement
202
474264
1323
je potpisala revolucionarni sporazum
08:07
making players partners in the league,
203
475587
2052
kojim je igrače učinila
svojim partnerima u ligi
svojim partnerima u ligi
08:09
entitled to shares of ticket revenues
204
477639
1550
s pravom na udio od zarade
na prodaji ulaznica
na prodaji ulaznica
08:11
and television contracts.
205
479189
1907
i televizijskih ugovora.
08:13
Suddenly, anybody who could be an NBA player
206
481096
2203
Iznenada, svatko tko je
mogao biti NBA igrač,
mogao biti NBA igrač,
08:15
wanted to be,
207
483299
1196
to je i želio biti,
08:16
and teams started scouring the globe
208
484495
1846
i ekipe su počele pretraživati
kuglu zemaljsku
kuglu zemaljsku
08:18
for the bodies that could
help them win championships.
help them win championships.
209
486341
2280
kako bi našli tijela koja bi im
mogla pomoći osvojiti prvenstvo.
mogla pomoći osvojiti prvenstvo.
08:20
Almost overnight,
210
488621
1743
Skoro preko noći
08:22
the proportion of men in the NBA
211
490364
1378
razmjer ljudi u NBA-u
08:23
who are at least seven feet tall doubled
212
491742
1892
koji su bili visoki
najmanje 2,1 metar se povećala
najmanje 2,1 metar se povećala
08:25
to 10 percent.
213
493634
1765
do 10 posto.
08:27
Today, one in 10 men in the NBA
214
495399
2023
Danas, jedan od 10 ljudi u NBA
08:29
is at least seven feet tall,
215
497422
2182
je najmanje 2,1 metar visok,
08:31
but a seven-foot-tall man is incredibly rare
216
499604
2149
ali ljudi koji su visoki 2,1 metar
su izuzetno rijetki
su izuzetno rijetki
08:33
in the general population --
217
501753
1519
u široj populaciji --
08:35
so rare that if you know an American man
218
503272
2650
toliko rijetki da u slučaju
da znate Amerikanca
da znate Amerikanca
08:38
between the ages of 20 and 40
219
505922
1405
koji ima između 20 i 40 godina
08:39
who is at least seven feet tall,
220
507327
2136
i koji je visok najmanje 2,1 metar,
08:41
there's a 17 percent chance
221
509463
1772
postoji 17 postotna šansa
08:43
he's in the NBA right now.
222
511235
1805
da on igra u NBA-u sada.
08:45
(Laughter)
223
513040
2938
(Smijeh)
08:48
That is, find six honest seven footers,
224
515978
2876
To jest, nađite šest poštenih dvometraša,
08:51
one is in the NBA right now.
225
518854
3230
jedan je sigurno u NBA-u sada.
08:54
And that's not the only way that
NBA players' bodies are unique.
NBA players' bodies are unique.
226
522084
2829
I to nije jedino po čemu su tijela
NBA igrača jedinstvena.
NBA igrača jedinstvena.
08:57
This is Leonardo da Vinci's "Vitruvian Man,"
227
524913
2615
Ovo je 'Vitruvijev čovjek'
Leonarda da Vincija,
Leonarda da Vincija,
08:59
the ideal proportions,
228
527528
1423
idealnih proporcija
09:01
with arm span equal to height.
229
528951
1999
koji ima raspon ruku jednak svojoj visini.
09:03
My arm span is exactly equal to my height.
230
530950
2508
Raspon mojih ruku je jednak mojoj visini.
09:05
Yours is probably very nearly so.
231
533458
2136
Vaš raspon je vjerojatno također tu negdje.
09:07
But not the average NBA player.
232
535594
2162
Ali ne u slučaju prosječnog NBA igrača.
09:09
The average NBA player is a shade under 6'7",
233
537756
2807
Prosječan NBA igrač ima malo ispod 2 m
09:12
with arms that are seven feet long.
234
540563
2311
s rasponom ruku od 2,1 m.
09:15
Not only are NBA players ridiculously tall,
235
542874
2798
ne samo da su NBA igrači izuzetno visoki,
09:17
they are ludicrously long.
236
545672
2278
već su i izuzetno dugi.
09:20
Had Leonardo wanted to draw
237
547950
1005
Da je Leonardo htio nacrtati
09:21
the Vitruvian NBA Player,
238
548955
1975
Vitruvijevog NBA igrača,
09:23
he would have needed a rectangle and an ellipse,
239
550930
1973
trebao bi pravokutnik i elipsu
09:25
not a circle and a square.
240
552903
2782
a ne krug i kvadrat.
09:27
So in sports where large size is prized,
241
555685
2165
Tako da u sportovima u kojima
se cijeni veća veličina
se cijeni veća veličina
09:30
the large athletes have gotten larger.
242
557850
2071
veliki sportaši su postali još veći.
09:32
Conversely, in sports where
diminutive stature is an advantage,
diminutive stature is an advantage,
243
559921
2979
s druge strane, u sportovima u kojima
je sitan stas prednost,
je sitan stas prednost,
09:35
the small athletes got smaller.
244
562900
2217
mali sportaši su postali još manji.
09:37
The average elite female gymnast
245
565117
1663
Prosječna gimnastičarka
09:38
shrunk from 5'3" to 4'9" on average
246
566780
2763
se smanjila s 1,60 m na 1,45 m u prosjeku
09:41
over the last 30 years,
247
569543
1337
u posljednjih 30 godina,
09:43
all the better for their power-to-weight ratio
248
570880
2115
u korist omjera njihove snage i težine
09:45
and for spinning in the air.
249
572995
1770
i okretanja u zraku.
09:46
And while the large got larger
250
574765
1362
I dok su veliki postajali veći,
09:48
and the small got smaller,
251
576127
1364
mali su postajali manji,
09:49
the weird got weirder.
252
577491
2428
čudni su postajali još čudniji.
09:52
The average length of the forearm
253
579919
1550
Prosječna dužina podlaktice
09:53
of a water polo player in relation
254
581469
1751
jednog vaterpolista je postala duža
09:55
to their total arm got longer,
255
583220
1857
u usporedbi sa dužinom cijele ruke,
09:57
all the better for a forceful throwing whip.
256
585077
2129
što je odlično za snažan izbačaj u bacanju.
09:59
And as the large got larger,
257
587206
1727
I dok su veliki postajali veći
10:01
small got smaller, and the weird weirder.
258
588933
2370
mali su postajali manji,
a čudni čudniji.
a čudni čudniji.
10:03
In swimming, the ideal body type
259
591303
2193
Idealan tip tijela u plivanju čini
10:05
is a long torso and short legs.
260
593496
1895
dugi torzo i kratke noge.
10:07
It's like the long hull of a canoe
261
595391
1939
Slično dugom čamcu kanua
10:09
for speed over the water.
262
597330
1706
kako bi se postigla brzina na vodi.
10:11
And the opposite is advantageous in running.
263
599036
1765
A upravo suprotno je prednost u trčanju.
10:13
You want long legs and a short torso.
264
600801
2015
Želite duge noge i kratki torzo.
10:15
And this shows in athletes' bodies today.
265
602816
2196
I to se vidi u tijelima sportaša danas.
10:17
Here you see Michael Phelps,
266
605012
1595
Ovdje vidite Michaela Phelpsa,
10:18
the greatest swimmer in history,
267
606607
1464
najboljeg plivača u povijesti,
10:20
standing next to Hicham El Guerrouj,
268
608071
2869
kako stoji pokraj Hichama El Guerrouja,
10:23
the world record holder in the mile.
269
610940
1987
svjetskog rekordera u utrci na milju.
10:25
These men are seven inches different in height,
270
612927
2817
Razlika u visini ova dva čovjeka je 18 cm
10:27
but because of the body types
271
615744
1202
ali upravo zbog tipa tijela
10:29
advantaged in their sports,
272
616946
1863
koji čini prednost u njihovom sportu
10:31
they wear the same length pants.
273
618809
2388
oni nose hlače iste dužine.
10:33
Seven inches difference in height,
274
621197
1494
18 cm razlike u visini,
10:34
these men have the same length legs.
275
622691
2520
a ova dva čovjeka nose hlače iste dužine.
10:37
Now in some cases, the search for bodies
276
625211
1958
U nekim slučajevima je potraga za tijelima
10:39
that could push athletic performance forward
277
627169
1973
koja su mogla unaprijediti sportsku izvedbu
10:41
ended up introducing into the competitive world
278
629142
2643
dovela do ulaska u natjecateljski svijet
10:43
populations of people that weren't
previously competing at all,
previously competing at all,
279
631785
3139
populacije ljudi koja se prethodno
uopće nije natjecala,
uopće nije natjecala,
10:47
like Kenyan distance runners.
280
634924
2752
kao kenijske trkače na velike udaljenosti.
10:49
We think of Kenyans as being great marathoners.
281
637676
3330
Smatramo Kenijce odličnim maratoncima.
10:53
Kenyans think of the Kalenjin tribe
282
641006
2378
Kenijci smatraju pleme Kalenjin
10:55
as being great marathoners.
283
643384
2100
odličnim maratoncima.
10:57
The Kalenjin make up just 12 percent
284
645484
2095
Kalenjin čini 12 posto
10:59
of the Kenyan population
285
647579
1797
Kenijske populacije
11:01
but the vast majority of elite runners.
286
649376
2169
ali veliku većinu elitnih trkača.
11:03
And they happen, on average,
287
651545
1306
I događa se da oni, u prosjeku,
11:05
to have a certain unique physiology:
288
652851
2104
imaju određenu jedinstvenu fiziologiju:
11:07
legs that are very long
289
654955
1081
noge koje su vrlo duge
11:08
and very thin at their extremity,
290
656036
2538
i tanke na ekstremitetima,
11:10
and this is because they have their ancestry
291
658574
1418
i to je zato što imaju pretke
11:12
at very low latitude
292
659992
1435
na niskoj širini
11:13
in a very hot and dry climate,
293
661427
2415
u vrlo vrućoj i suhoj klimi,
11:16
and an evolutionary adaptation to that
294
663842
1890
i evolucijska adaptacija tome je
11:17
is limbs that are very long
295
665732
958
da su im udovi vrlo dugi
11:18
and very thin at the extremity
296
666690
1519
i vrlo tanki na ekstremitetima
11:20
for cooling purposes.
297
668209
1774
da se rashlade.
11:22
It's the same reason that a radiator has long coils,
298
669983
3029
Isti razlog je zašto radijator
ima duge zavojnice,
ima duge zavojnice,
11:25
to increase surface area compared to volume
299
673012
1842
da bi povećao površinu
u usporedbi s volumenom
u usporedbi s volumenom
11:27
to let heat out,
300
674854
1942
kako bi pustio toplinu van,
11:28
and because the leg is like a pendulum,
301
676796
1513
i jer je noga kao visak,
11:30
the longer and thinner it is at the extremity,
302
678309
1657
što je dulja i tanja na ekstremitetu,
11:32
the more energy-efficient it is to swing.
303
679966
2779
to je energetski učinkovitije
zamahivati njom.
zamahivati njom.
11:34
To put Kalenjin running success in perspective,
304
682745
2594
Da stavimo trkački uspjeh
Kalenjina u perspektivu,
Kalenjina u perspektivu,
11:37
consider that 17 American men in history
305
685339
2727
zamislite da 17 Amerikanaca u povijesti
11:40
have run faster than two hours and 10 minutes
306
688066
2629
trče brže od dva sata i 10 minuta
11:42
in the marathon.
307
690695
1289
u maratonu.
11:44
That's a four-minute-and-58-second-per-mile pace.
308
691984
3047
To je tempo od četiri minute i 58 sekundi po milji.
11:47
Thirty-two Kalenjin men did that last October.
309
695031
2935
Trideset i dva Kalenjin muškarca
učinila su to prošlog listopada.
učinila su to prošlog listopada.
11:50
(Laughter)
310
697966
2094
(Smijeh)
11:52
That's from a source population the size
311
700060
1821
To je iz populacije veličine
11:54
of metropolitan Atlanta.
312
701881
2827
gradskog područja Atlante.
11:56
Still, even changing technology
313
704708
1574
No ipak, promjene u tehnologiji
11:58
and the changing gene pool in sports
314
706282
1606
i promjena genetskog bazena u sportu
12:00
don't account for all of the changes in performance.
315
707888
2473
nisu izvor svih promjena u performansama.
12:02
Athletes have a different mindset than they once did.
316
710361
2890
Sportaši imaju drugačiji
način razmišljanja nego prije.
način razmišljanja nego prije.
12:05
Have you ever seen in a movie when someone gets
317
713251
1369
Jeste ikad vidjeli u filmu da nekog
12:06
an electrical shock
318
714620
1272
udari struja
12:08
and they're thrown across a room?
319
715892
2323
i baci ih preko sobe?
12:10
There's no explosion there.
320
718215
1571
Tu nema eksplozije.
12:11
What's happening when that happens is that
321
719786
1238
Ono što se tada događa je da
12:13
the electrical impulse is causing
322
721024
1462
električni impuls čini
12:14
all their muscle fibers to twitch at once,
323
722486
2130
da se sva mišićna vlakna trznu odjednom,
12:16
and they're throwing themselves across the room.
324
724616
2594
i bacaju se preko sobe.
12:19
They're essentially jumping.
325
727210
1897
Oni u osnovi skaču.
12:21
That's the power
326
729107
1177
To je snaga
12:22
that's contained in the human body.
327
730284
1949
koja je sadržana u ljudskom tijelu.
12:24
But normally we can't access nearly all of it.
328
732233
2227
Ali normalno ne možemo
svemu tome pristupiti.
svemu tome pristupiti.
12:26
Our brain acts as a limiter,
329
734460
2019
Naš mozak radi kao limitator,
12:28
preventing us from accessing
all of our physical resources,
all of our physical resources,
330
736479
2295
sprječavajući nas da pristupimo
svim našim fizičkim resursima,
svim našim fizičkim resursima,
12:30
because we might hurt ourselves,
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jer se možemo ozlijediti,
12:32
tearing tendons or ligaments.
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kidajući tetive ili ligamente.
12:33
But the more we learn about
how that limiter functions,
how that limiter functions,
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Ali što više učimo kako
taj limitator funkcionira,
taj limitator funkcionira,
12:36
the more we learn how we can push it back
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više učimo kako ga potisnuti
12:38
just a bit,
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barem malo,
12:40
in some cases by convincing the brain
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u nekim slučajevima uvjeravajući mozak
12:42
that the body won't be in mortal danger
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da tijelo neće biti u smrtnoj opasnosti
12:44
by pushing harder.
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ako guramo jače.
12:46
Endurance and ultra-endurance sports
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Sportovi izdržljivosti i ultra izdržljivosti
12:47
serve as a great example.
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služe kao odličan primjer.
12:49
Ultra-endurance was once thought to be harmful
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Ultra izdržljivost se nekad
smatrala štetnom
smatrala štetnom
12:51
to human health,
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za ljudsko zdravlje,
12:52
but now we realize
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ali sada shvaćamo
12:54
that we have all these traits
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da imamo sve te osobine
12:55
that are perfect for ultra-endurance:
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koje su savršene za ultra izdržljivost:
12:58
no body fur and a glut of sweat glands
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nemamo krzna i mnoštvo znojnih žlijezda
13:01
that keep us cool while running;
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koje nas hlade dok trčimo:
13:03
narrow waists and long legs compared to our frames;
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uzak struk i duge noge
u usporedbi s našim okvirima;
u usporedbi s našim okvirima;
13:06
large surface area of joints for shock absorption.
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velike površine zglobova za apsorpciju udara.
13:09
We have an arch in our foot that acts like a spring,
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Imamo luk u stopalu koji
se ponaša kao opruga,
se ponaša kao opruga,
13:12
short toes that are better for pushing off
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kratki nožni prsti, bolji za odgurivanje
13:14
than for grasping tree limbs,
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nego za hvatanje grana,
13:15
and when we run,
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i kada trčimo,
13:17
we can turn our torso and our shoulders
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možemo okrenuti torzo i naša ramena
13:18
like this while keeping our heads straight.
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ovako, dok nam je glava ravno.
13:20
Our primate cousins can't do that.
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Naši rođaci primati ne mogu to.
13:22
They have to run like this.
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Moraju trčati ovako.
13:24
And we have big old butt muscles
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I imamo te velike mišiće stražnjice
13:26
that keep us upright while running.
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koje nas drže uspravnima dok trčimo.
13:28
Have you ever looked at an ape's butt?
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Jeste li ikad vidjeli primatovu stražnjicu?
13:30
They have no buns because they don't run upright.
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Nemaju guzove jer ne trče uspravno.
13:33
And as athletes have realized
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I kako su sportaši shvatili
13:34
that we're perfectly suited for ultra-endurance,
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da smo savršeno
prilagođeni za ultra izdržljivost
prilagođeni za ultra izdržljivost
13:37
they've taken on feats
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učinili su podvige
13:38
that would have been unthinkable before,
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koji bi inače bili nezamislivi,
13:40
athletes like Spanish endurance racer Kílian Jornet.
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sportaši kao španjolski trkač Kilian Jornet.
13:44
Here's Kílian running up the Matterhorn.
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Evo Kiliana kako trči na Matterhornu.
13:46
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
13:48
With a sweatshirt there tied around his waist.
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Sa majicom svezanom oko struka.
13:50
It's so steep he can't even run here.
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Tako je strmo da ne može ni trčati tu.
13:52
He's pulling up on a rope.
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Povlači se na užetu.
13:54
This is a vertical ascent
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Ovo je vertikalni uspon
13:55
of more than 8,000 feet,
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duži od 2500 metara,
13:57
and Kílian went up and down
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i Kilian se popeo gore i spustio
13:59
in under three hours.
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u manje od tri sata.
14:01
Amazing.
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Zadivljujuće.
14:03
And talented though he is,
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I iako je bio talentiran,
14:04
Kílian is not a physiological freak.
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Kilian nije fiziološka nakaza.
14:07
Now that he has done this,
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Sad kada je to učinio,
14:09
other athletes will follow,
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drugi sportaši će ga slijediti,
14:11
just as other athletes followed
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kao što su drugi sportaši slijedili
14:12
after Sir Roger Bannister
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Sir Rogera Bannistera
14:14
ran under four minutes in the mile.
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nakon što je otrčao milju
za manje od 4 minute.
za manje od 4 minute.
14:16
Changing technology, changing genes,
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Mjenjajući tehnologiju, mjenjajući gene,
14:18
and a changing mindset.
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i mjenjajući način razmišljanja.
14:20
Innovation in sports,
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Inovacija u sportu,
14:22
whether that's new track surfaces
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bilo da je to nova površina za trčanje
14:23
or new swimming techniques,
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ili nove tehnike plivanja,
14:25
the democratization of sport,
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demokratizacija sporta,
14:27
the spread to new bodies
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širenje na nova tijela
14:28
and to new populations around the world,
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i nove populacije širom svijeta,
14:31
and imagination in sport,
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i mašta u sportu,
14:33
an understanding of what the human body
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razumijevanje što ljudsko tijelo
14:34
is truly capable of,
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zaista može,
14:36
have conspired to make athletes stronger,
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urotile su se
da sportaši postanu snažniji,
da sportaši postanu snažniji,
14:38
faster, bolder,
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brži, hrabriji,
14:40
and better than ever.
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i bolji nego ikad.
14:42
Thank you very much.
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Hvala vam puno.
14:45
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David Epstein - Sports science reporterDavid Epstein is an investigative reporter who covers the wide-open space where sports, science and medicine overlap.
Why you should listen
David Epstein writes about the developing science around sport -- from performance-enhancing drugs to the lucky genetics that separate a professional athlete from a duffer. A science writer and longtime contributor to Sports Illustrated, he's helped break stories on steroids in baseball, fraudulently marketed health remedies, and big-money irregularities in "amateur" college football. In 2007, inspired by the death of a childhood friend, he wrote a moving exploration of the most common cause of sudden death in young athletes, a hard-to-diagnose heart irregularity known as HCM.
Now an investigative reporter at ProPublica, Epstein is the author of The Sports Gene, a book that explores the complex factors that make up a championship athlete. Is there such a thing as natural greatness, or can even extreme skills -- like the freaky-fast reaction of a hockey great -- be learned? Conversely, is the desire and will to master extreme skills something you're born with?
More profile about the speakerNow an investigative reporter at ProPublica, Epstein is the author of The Sports Gene, a book that explores the complex factors that make up a championship athlete. Is there such a thing as natural greatness, or can even extreme skills -- like the freaky-fast reaction of a hockey great -- be learned? Conversely, is the desire and will to master extreme skills something you're born with?
David Epstein | Speaker | TED.com