TED2014
David Epstein: Are athletes really getting faster, better, stronger?
Dejvid Epstajn (David Epstein): Da li sportisti stvarno postaju brži, bolji i jači?
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Kada pogledate na sportkska postignuća proteklih decenija, čini se kao da su ljudi postali brži, bolji i jači u skoro svakom aspketu. Ipak, kao što Dejvid Epstajn ističe u ovom predivnom govoru koji ide protiv intuicije, bolje da ne preterujemo sa samočestitanjem. U razbijanju atletskih rekorda ima dosta faktora, i razvitak naših prirodnih talenata je samo jedan od njih.
David Epstein - Sports science reporter
David Epstein is an investigative reporter who covers the wide-open space where sports, science and medicine overlap. Full bio
David Epstein is an investigative reporter who covers the wide-open space where sports, science and medicine overlap. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
The Olympic motto is "Citius, Altius, Fortius."
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Moto Olimpijskih igara glasi
,,Citius, Altius, Fortius."
,,Citius, Altius, Fortius."
00:16
Faster, Higher, Stronger.
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Brže, više, jače.
00:19
And athletes have fulfilled that motto rapidly.
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A sportisti su to prilično brzo ostvarili.
00:22
The winner of the 2012 Olympic marathon
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Pobednik olimpijskog maratona 2012. godine
00:26
ran two hours and eight minutes.
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je postigao vreme
od dva sata i osam minuta.
od dva sata i osam minuta.
Da se nekim slučajem takmičio protiv
00:28
Had he been racing against the winner
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00:30
of the 1904 Olympic marathon,
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pobednika olimpijskog maratona
1904. godine,
1904. godine,
00:32
he would have won by nearly an hour and a half.
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pobedio bi sa razlikom
od skoro sat i po vremena.
od skoro sat i po vremena.
00:35
Now we all have this feeling
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Svima nam se čini
00:37
that we're somehow just getting better
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da postajemo sve bolji i bolji,
00:39
as a human race, inexorably progressing,
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da čovečanstvo nezadrživo napreduje,
00:41
but it's not like we've evolved into a new species
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ali sigurno nismo postali
sasvim nova vrsta
sasvim nova vrsta
00:43
in a century.
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za sto godina.
00:45
So what's going on here?
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Šta se onda dešava?
00:47
I want to take a look at what's really behind
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Želeo bih da ispitam šta je
00:49
this march of athletic progress.
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zapravo razlog
tako brzog napretka u sportu.
tako brzog napretka u sportu.
00:51
In 1936, Jesse Owens
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1936. godine, Džesi Ovens
00:54
held the world record in the 100 meters.
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je držao svetski rekord
u trci na 100 metara.
u trci na 100 metara.
00:56
Had Jesse Owens been racing last year
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Da je Džesi Ovens
učestvovao na prošlogodišnjem
učestvovao na prošlogodišnjem
00:59
in the world championships of the 100 meters,
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svetskom šampionatu u trci na 100 metara,
01:01
when Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt finished,
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u trenutku kad Jamajčanin Jusejn Bolt
prelazi cilj,
prelazi cilj,
01:04
Owens would have still had 14 feet to go.
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Ovensu bi ostalo
još nešto više od 4 metra.
još nešto više od 4 metra.
Za sprintere je to mnogo.
01:07
That's a lot in sprinter land.
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Da bi vam bilo jasnije
kolika je to zapravo razlika
kolika je to zapravo razlika
01:09
To give you a sense of how much it is,
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01:10
I want to share with you a demonstration
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želim da vam pokažem nešto
01:12
conceived by sports scientist Ross Tucker.
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što je osmislio stručnjak za nauku sporta,
Ros Taker.
Ros Taker.
01:15
Now picture the stadium last year
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Zamislite stadion prošle godine
01:18
at the world championships of the 100 meters:
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za vreme svetskog šampionata
na 100 metara:
na 100 metara:
01:20
thousands of fans waiting with baited breath
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hiljade fanova nestrpljivo čekaju
01:22
to see Usain Bolt, the fastest man in history;
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da vide Jusejna Bolta,
najbržeg čoveka ikada;
najbržeg čoveka ikada;
01:26
flashbulbs popping as the
nine fastest men in the world
nine fastest men in the world
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blicevi sevaju
dok se devet najbržih ljudi na svetu
dok se devet najbržih ljudi na svetu
01:29
coil themselves into their blocks.
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namešta na startnim pozicijama.
01:31
And I want you to pretend
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I želim da zamislite
01:32
that Jesse Owens is in that race.
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da i Džesi Ovens učestvuje u toj trci.
01:35
Now close your eyes for a
second and picture the race.
second and picture the race.
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Sad zažmurite na momenat
i zamislite tu trku.
i zamislite tu trku.
01:38
Bang! The gun goes off.
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Beng! Startni pištolj je opalio.
01:40
An American sprinter jumps out to the front.
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Američki sprinter izleće na čelo.
Jusejn počinje da ga sustiže.
On ga i prestiže,
On ga i prestiže,
01:42
Usain Bolt starts to catch him.
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01:44
Usain Bolt passes him, and as
the runners come to the finish,
the runners come to the finish,
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i kako trkači prilaze cilju,
01:45
you'll hear a beep as each man crosses the line.
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čuje se pištanje
svaki put kad neki pređe finiš.
svaki put kad neki pređe finiš.
01:48
(Beeps)
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(Pištanje)
01:50
That's the entire finish of the race.
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To je ceo kraj trke.
01:53
You can open your eyes now.
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Sad otvorite oči.
01:54
That first beep was Usain Bolt.
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Taj prvi zvuk je Jusejn Bolt.
01:57
That last beep was Jesse Owens.
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Poslednji je Džesi Ovens.
01:59
Listen to it again.
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Poslušajte ponovo.
02:01
(Beeps)
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(Pištanje)
Kad se pogleda na taj način,
02:03
When you think of it like that,
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02:04
it's not that big a difference, is it?
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i nije neka razlika, zar ne?
02:06
And then consider that Usain Bolt started
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Ali uzmite u obzir
da je Jusejn Bolt započeo trku
da je Jusejn Bolt započeo trku
02:08
by propelling himself out of blocks
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tako što je izleteo iz startnog bloka,
02:11
down a specially fabricated carpet
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a zatim trčao po specijalnoj podlozi
02:13
designed to allow him to travel
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osmišljenoj tako da mu omogući
02:15
as fast as humanly possible.
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da trči što je brže moguće.
Sa druge strane, Džesi Ovens je trčao
02:17
Jesse Owens, on the other hand,
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02:19
ran on cinders, the ash from burnt wood,
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po ugljevlju, pepelu od izgorelog drveta,
i ta meka površina
je upijala mnogo više energije
je upijala mnogo više energije
02:22
and that soft surface stole far more energy
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02:25
from his legs as he ran.
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koju su stvarale njegove noge
dok je trčao.
dok je trčao.
02:26
Rather than blocks, Jesse
Owens had a gardening trowel
Owens had a gardening trowel
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Umesto startnog bloka,
Džesi Ovens je imao lopaticu
Džesi Ovens je imao lopaticu
02:29
that he had to use to dig holes
in the cinders to start from.
in the cinders to start from.
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kojom je kopao rupe u ugljevlju.
Biomehanička analiza
brzine Ovensovih zglobova
brzine Ovensovih zglobova
02:33
Biomechanical analysis of the speed
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02:35
of Owens' joints shows that had been running
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pokazuje da, kad bi trčao
02:38
on the same surface as Bolt,
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po istoj površini kao Bolt,
02:39
he wouldn't have been 14 feet behind,
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razlika između njih
ne bi bila veća od 4 metra
ne bi bila veća od 4 metra
02:42
he would have been within one stride.
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već bi bili na korak jedan od drugog.
02:44
Rather than the last beep,
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Umesto poslednjeg zvuka,
02:46
Owens would have been the second beep.
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Ovens bi bio drugi.
02:49
Listen to it again.
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Poslušajte ponovo.
02:51
(Beeps)
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(Pištanje)
02:53
That's the difference track
surface technology has made,
surface technology has made,
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Toliku je razliku stvorila
tehnologija podloge
tehnologija podloge
02:55
and it's done it throughout the running world.
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i to važi za sve druge trkačke discipline.
02:57
Consider a longer event.
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Pogledajmo neku dužu trku.
02:59
In 1954, Sir Roger Bannister
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1954. godine, Ser Rodžer Banister
03:02
became the first man to run
under four minutes in the mile.
under four minutes in the mile.
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je postao prvi koji je pretrčao 1.600 m
za manje od 4 minuta.
za manje od 4 minuta.
03:05
Nowadays, college kids do that every year.
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U današnje vreme,
studenti to uspevaju svake godine.
studenti to uspevaju svake godine.
03:08
On rare occasions, a high school kid does it.
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Ponekad i srednjoškolci.
03:11
As of the end of last year,
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Od kraja prošle godine,
03:12
1,314 men
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1.314 ljudi
03:15
had run under four minutes in the mile,
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je pretrčalo 1.600 m za manje od 4 minuta,
ali kao i u slučaju Džesija Ovensa,
03:17
but like Jesse Owens,
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03:19
Sir Roger Bannister ran on soft cinders
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Ser Rodžer Banister je trčao
po mekom ugljevlju
po mekom ugljevlju
03:21
that stole far more energy from his legs
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koje je upijalo više energije
nego današnje sintetičke podloge.
03:23
than the synthetic tracks of today.
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Raspitao sam se
kod stručnjaka za biomehaniku
kod stručnjaka za biomehaniku
03:25
So I consulted biomechanics experts
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kako bih saznao koliko je sporije
trčanje po ugljevlju
trčanje po ugljevlju
03:27
to find out how much slower it is to run on cinders
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03:30
than synthetic tracks,
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u odnosu na sintetičku podlogu
03:31
and their consensus that it's
one and a half percent slower.
one and a half percent slower.
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i složili su se da razlika iznosi 1,5%.
03:34
So if you apply a one and a half
percent slowdown conversion
percent slowdown conversion
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Ako se ovo usporenje od 1,5%
03:37
to every man who ran his sub-four mile
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primeni na svakog muškarca koji je istrčao
03:40
on a synthetic track,
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1.600 m za manje od 4 minuta
03:41
this is what happens.
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na sintetičkoj podlozi, dobije se sledeće:
03:43
Only 530 are left.
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ostane ih samo 530.
03:45
If you look at it from that perspective,
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Ako uzmemo to u obzir, vidimo
03:47
fewer than ten new men per [year]
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da je manje od deset
ljudi godišnje prvi put
ljudi godišnje prvi put
uspelo da istrči 1.600 m za manje
03:49
have joined the sub-four mile club
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03:50
since Sir Roger Bannister.
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od 4 minuta od kad je to uspeo
Ser Rodžer Banister.
Ser Rodžer Banister.
03:53
Now, 530 is a lot more than one,
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530 je svakako mnogo više
od jednog čoveka
od jednog čoveka
i to je delom posledica toga
što u današnje vreme
što u današnje vreme
03:56
and that's partly because
there are many more people
there are many more people
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03:57
training today and they're training more intelligently.
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mnogo više ljudi trenira
i to rade mnogo pametnije.
i to rade mnogo pametnije.
Čak i studenti treniraju
na profesionalnom nivou
na profesionalnom nivou
04:00
Even college kids are professional in their training
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04:02
compared to Sir Roger Bannister,
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u odnosu na Ser Rodžera Banistera
04:03
who trained for 45 minutes at a time
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koji je trenirao po 45 minuta
04:05
while he ditched gynecology lectures in med school.
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dok je bežao sa časova ginekologije
u medicinskoj školi.
u medicinskoj školi.
04:08
And that guy who won the 1904 Olympic marathon
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A tip koji je pobedio
u olimpijskom maratonu 1904.
u olimpijskom maratonu 1904.
04:10
in three in a half hours,
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sa vremenom od tri i po sata,
04:12
that guy was drinking rat poison and brandy
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on je pio rakiju sa mišomorom
04:14
while he ran along the course.
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dok je trčao.
04:16
That was his idea of a performance-enhancing drug.
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To je za njega bio doping.
04:19
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
04:21
Clearly, athletes have gotten more savvy
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Očito je da su sportisti shvatili
04:23
about performance-enhancing drugs as well,
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kako da pametnije koriste doping,
04:25
and that's made a difference
in some sports at some times,
in some sports at some times,
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i to je povremeno uticalo
na određene sportove,
na određene sportove,
04:27
but technology has made a difference in all sports,
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ali tehnologija je imala uticaj
na sve sportove,
na sve sportove,
04:30
from faster skis to lighter shoes.
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od bržih skija do lakših patika.
04:32
Take a look at the record for
the 100-meter freestyle swim.
the 100-meter freestyle swim.
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Pogledajmo rekord u plivanju
na 100 m slobodnim stilom.
na 100 m slobodnim stilom.
04:35
The record is always trending downward,
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Prolazno vreme se stalno smanjuje,
04:38
but it's punctuated by these steep cliffs.
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ali u određenim trenucima
dolazi do naglih padova.
dolazi do naglih padova.
04:41
This first cliff, in 1956, is the introduction
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Prvi ovakav pad desio se 1956. godine
04:44
of the flip turn.
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nakon uvođenja zaokreta.
04:45
Rather than stopping and turning around,
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Plivači su mogli da naprave
salto pod vodom
salto pod vodom
04:47
athletes could somersault under the water
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i da odmah krenu natrag,
04:49
and get going right away in the opposite direction.
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umesto da staju da bi se okrenuli.
04:51
This second cliff, the introduction of gutters
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Do drugog pada je došlo
nakon uvođenja slivnika
nakon uvođenja slivnika
04:54
on the side of the pool
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na ivicama bazena, zbog kojih je
04:56
that allows water to splash off,
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voda mogla da se preliva
04:57
rather than becoming turbulence
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umesto da se uskomeša
04:58
that impedes the swimmers as they race.
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i time ometa plivače.
05:01
This final cliff,
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Poslednji pad je pri uvođenju
kupaćih kostima
kupaćih kostima
05:02
the introduction of full-body
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koji prekrivaju celo telo
i smanjuju trenje.
i smanjuju trenje.
05:04
and low-friction swimsuits.
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05:05
Throughout sports, technology has
changed the face of performance.
changed the face of performance.
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Tehnologija je uticala na učinak
tokom čitave istorije sporta.
tokom čitave istorije sporta.
05:09
In 1972, Eddy Merckx set the record
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Edi Merks je 1972. godine
prešao rekordnu razdaljinu biciklom
za sat vremena:
za sat vremena:
05:12
for the longest distance cycled in one hour
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05:14
at 30 miles, 3,774 feet.
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49.430 metara.
Kako su bicikli postajali
sve bolji i aerodinamičniji,
sve bolji i aerodinamičniji,
05:18
Now that record improved and improved
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05:21
as bicycles improved and became more aerodynamic
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tako se pomerao i rekord,
05:24
all the way until 1996,
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sve dok 1996.
05:25
when it was set at 35 miles, 1,531 feet,
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nije iznosio 56.793 metara,
05:30
nearly five miles farther
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skoro 7,5 km više
05:32
than Eddy Merckx cycled in 1972.
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nego što je Edi Merks prešao 1972. godine.
05:35
But then in 2000, the International Cycling Union
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Međutim, 2000. godine je
Međunarodni Biciklistički Savez
Međunarodni Biciklistički Savez
05:38
decreed that anyone who wanted to hold that record
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propisao da svako ko želi da obori rekord
05:41
had to do so with essentially the same equipment
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mora to da postigne koristeći istu opremu
05:44
that Eddy Merckx used in 1972.
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kao Edi Merks 1972.
05:47
Where does the record stand today?
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Koliko trenutno iznosi rekord?
05:49
30 miles, 4,657 feet,
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49.699 metara,
05:53
a grand total of 883 feet
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ukupno 269 metara više
05:56
farther than Eddy Merckx cycled
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nego što je Edi Merks prešao
05:57
more than four decades ago.
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pre više od 40 godina.
05:59
Essentially the entire improvement in this record
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U suštini, pomeranje ovog rekorda
06:02
was due to technology.
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je u potpunosti zavisilo od tehnologije.
06:04
Still, technology isn't the only
thing pushing athletes forward.
thing pushing athletes forward.
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Tehnologija ipak nije
jedina stvar koja pomaže sportistima.
jedina stvar koja pomaže sportistima.
06:07
While indeed we haven't evolved
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Iako se u poslednjih 100 godina
06:08
into a new species in a century,
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nismo pretvorili u novu vrstu,
06:10
the gene pool within competitive sports
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sigurno je da se genetski fond
06:12
most certainly has changed.
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u svetu profesionalnog sporta promenio.
06:14
In the early half of the 20th century,
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Treneri i nastavnici fizičkog vaspitanja
06:16
physical education instructors and coaches
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su tokom prve polovine 20. veka
06:18
had the idea that the average body type
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smatrali da je prosečan oblik tela
06:20
was the best for all athletic endeavors:
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najbolje prilagođen svim disciplinama:
06:22
medium height, medium weight, no matter the sport.
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prosečna visina i težina,
bez obzira na sport.
bez obzira na sport.
06:26
And this showed in athletes' bodies.
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1972
Što se i videlo po telima sportista.
06:28
In the 1920s, the average elite high-jumper
162
376082
2253
Tkom 1920-ih, vrhunski skakač u vis
06:30
and average elite shot-putter
were the same exact size.
were the same exact size.
163
378335
3715
i vrhunski bacač kugle
bi bili istih dimenzija.
bi bili istih dimenzija.
06:34
But as that idea started to fade away,
164
382050
1910
Ali i ta ideja je počela da gubi maha
06:36
as sports scientists and coaches realized that
165
383960
2076
jer su stručnjaci za sport shvatili
06:38
rather than the average body type,
166
386036
1592
da im umesto prosečnog oblika tela
06:39
you want highly specialized bodies
167
387628
1912
trebaju sportisti vrlo specifične građe,
06:41
that fit into certain athletic niches,
168
389540
2330
da bi se što bolje uklopili
u određene sportove.
u određene sportove.
06:44
a form of artificial selection took place,
169
391870
2305
Tako je započela
određena veštačka selekcija,
određena veštačka selekcija,
06:46
a self-sorting for bodies that fit certain sports,
170
394175
2623
razvrstavanje tela
po odgovarajućim sportovima,
po odgovarajućim sportovima,
06:48
and athletes' bodies became
more different from one another.
more different from one another.
171
396798
2660
i građa sportista je počela
sve više da se razlikuje.
sve više da se razlikuje.
06:51
Today, rather than the same size
as the average elite high jumper,
as the average elite high jumper,
172
399458
3956
U današnje vreme, umesto da bude
iste građe kao prosečan skakač u vis,
iste građe kao prosečan skakač u vis,
06:55
the average elite shot-putter
173
403414
1014
prosečan bacač kugle
06:56
is two and a half inches taller
174
404428
1651
je oko 6,5 cm viši
06:58
and 130 pounds heavier.
175
406079
3089
i oko 60 kg teži.
Ovo se desilo
i u svim drugim sportovima.
i u svim drugim sportovima.
07:01
And this happened throughout the sports world.
176
409168
1919
07:03
In fact, if you plot on a height versus mass graph
177
411087
2665
Ustvari, ako na grafiku prikažete
odnos mase i visine
odnos mase i visine
07:05
one data point for each of two dozen sports
178
413752
2528
za svaki od 24 sporta
07:08
in the first half of the 20th century, it looks like this.
179
416280
3285
za vreme prve polovine 20. veka,
to izgleda ovako.
to izgleda ovako.
07:11
There's some dispersal,
180
419565
1485
Postoje određeni izuzeci,
07:13
but it's kind of grouped
around that average body type.
around that average body type.
181
421050
3010
ali tačke se uglavnom grupišu
oko prosečne građe.
oko prosečne građe.
Zatim je ta ideja počela da nestaje,
07:16
Then that idea started to go away,
182
424060
1579
07:17
and at the same time, digital technology --
183
425639
1701
a istovremeno i digitalna tehnologija -
07:19
first radio, then television and the Internet --
184
427340
2207
prvo radio,
a zatim televizija i internet -
a zatim televizija i internet -
07:21
gave millions, or in some cases billions, of people
185
429547
2377
milionima, pa čak i milijardama ljudi
07:24
a ticket to consume elite sports performance.
186
431924
3179
omogućila da prate vrhunski sport.
07:27
The financial incentives and fame and glory
afforded elite athletes skyrocketed,
afforded elite athletes skyrocketed,
187
435103
3873
Novčane nagrade i slava su rasli
vrtoglavo za profesionalne sportiste,
vrtoglavo za profesionalne sportiste,
07:31
and it tipped toward the tiny
upper echelon of performance.
upper echelon of performance.
188
438976
4193
što je do najvećeg izražaja dovelo
sportiste sa vrhunskim učinkom.
sportiste sa vrhunskim učinkom.
07:35
It accelerated the artificial
selection for specialized bodies.
selection for specialized bodies.
189
443169
3427
Ovo je dodatno ubrzalo
odabir specifičnih građa tela.
odabir specifičnih građa tela.
07:38
And if you plot a data point for these same
190
446596
1628
Ako na grafiku prikažete
07:40
two dozen sports today, it looks like this.
191
448224
3882
ona ista 24 sporta u današnje vreme,
rezultat izgleda ovako.
rezultat izgleda ovako.
07:44
The athletes' bodies have gotten
192
452106
1427
Tela sportista
07:45
much more different from one another.
193
453533
2194
se znatno razlikuju.
07:47
And because this chart looks like the charts
194
455727
2109
S obzirom da ovaj grafik podseća
07:50
that show the expanding universe,
195
457836
1731
na grafike koji prikazuju
širenje univerzuma
i međusobno udaljavanje galaksija,
i međusobno udaljavanje galaksija,
07:51
with the galaxies flying away from one another,
196
459567
2460
07:54
the scientists who discovered it call it
197
462027
1644
naučnici koji su otkrili ovu pojavu,
07:55
"The Big Bang of Body Types."
198
463671
3289
nazivaju je
,,Veliki prasak telesne građe''.
,,Veliki prasak telesne građe''.
07:59
In sports where height is prized, like basketball,
199
466960
2408
U sportovima poput košarke,
gde je važna visina,
gde je važna visina,
08:01
the tall athletes got taller.
200
469368
1790
sportisti su postali viši.
08:03
In 1983, the National Basketball Association
201
471158
3106
1983. godine, NBA je donela na snagu
revolucionarni dogovor, po kom bi
08:06
signed a groundbreaking agreement
202
474264
1323
08:07
making players partners in the league,
203
475587
2052
igrači postali partneri unutar lige,
čime su dobili deo novca od ulaznica
08:09
entitled to shares of ticket revenues
204
477639
1550
08:11
and television contracts.
205
479189
1907
i ugovora za TV emitovanje utakmica.
08:13
Suddenly, anybody who could be an NBA player
206
481096
2203
Od tog trenutka,
svi koji su to mogli želeli su
svi koji su to mogli želeli su
08:15
wanted to be,
207
483299
1196
da igraju za NBA
08:16
and teams started scouring the globe
208
484495
1846
i timovi su širom sveta tražili igrače
08:18
for the bodies that could
help them win championships.
help them win championships.
209
486341
2280
koji bi im pomogli da osvajaju titule.
08:20
Almost overnight,
210
488621
1743
Skoro preko noći
08:22
the proportion of men in the NBA
211
490364
1378
se udeo NBA igrača
08:23
who are at least seven feet tall doubled
212
491742
1892
viših od 210 cm
08:25
to 10 percent.
213
493634
1765
udvostručio na 10%
08:27
Today, one in 10 men in the NBA
214
495399
2023
Danas je jedan od 10 NBA igrača
08:29
is at least seven feet tall,
215
497422
2182
viši od 210 cm,
08:31
but a seven-foot-tall man is incredibly rare
216
499604
2149
ali takve ljude je veoma teško pronaći -
08:33
in the general population --
217
501753
1519
toliko su retki da,
08:35
so rare that if you know an American man
218
503272
2650
ako poznajete Amerikanca
08:38
between the ages of 20 and 40
219
505922
1405
starosti od 20 do 40 godina
08:39
who is at least seven feet tall,
220
507327
2136
koji je viši od 210 cm,
08:41
there's a 17 percent chance
221
509463
1772
postoji 17% šanse
08:43
he's in the NBA right now.
222
511235
1805
da trenutno igra u NBA.
08:45
(Laughter)
223
513040
2938
(Smeh)
08:48
That is, find six honest seven footers,
224
515978
2876
Što znači da jedan od šest ljudi
08:51
one is in the NBA right now.
225
518854
3230
viših od 210 cm trenutno igra u NBA.
08:54
And that's not the only way that
NBA players' bodies are unique.
NBA players' bodies are unique.
226
522084
2829
A to nije jedina specifičnost
građe NBA igrača.
građe NBA igrača.
08:57
This is Leonardo da Vinci's "Vitruvian Man,"
227
524913
2615
Ovo je ,,Vitruvijanski čovek''
Leonarda da Vinčija,
Leonarda da Vinčija,
koji prikazuje idealne razmere tela,
08:59
the ideal proportions,
228
527528
1423
09:01
with arm span equal to height.
229
528951
1999
gde je raspon ruku jednak visini.
09:03
My arm span is exactly equal to my height.
230
530950
2508
Raspon mojih ruku je tačno jednak
mojoj visini.
mojoj visini.
09:05
Yours is probably very nearly so.
231
533458
2136
Kod vas je verovatno skoro pa isto.
09:07
But not the average NBA player.
232
535594
2162
Ali kod prosečnog NBA igrača nije tako.
09:09
The average NBA player is a shade under 6'7",
233
537756
2807
Prosečni NBA igrač je
tek nešto niži od dva metra
tek nešto niži od dva metra
09:12
with arms that are seven feet long.
234
540563
2311
i ima raspon ruku od 210 cm.
09:15
Not only are NBA players ridiculously tall,
235
542874
2798
Znači da NBA igrači
nisu samo izuzetno visoki,
nisu samo izuzetno visoki,
09:17
they are ludicrously long.
236
545672
2278
već su i neverovatno krakati.
09:20
Had Leonardo wanted to draw
237
547950
1005
Kad bi Leonardo hteo
09:21
the Vitruvian NBA Player,
238
548955
1975
da nacrta vitruvijanskog NBA igrača,
09:23
he would have needed a rectangle and an ellipse,
239
550930
1973
morao bi da koristi pravougaonik i elipsu
09:25
not a circle and a square.
240
552903
2782
umesto kvadrata i kruga.
09:27
So in sports where large size is prized,
241
555685
2165
Dakle, u sportovima gde se traži veličina,
09:30
the large athletes have gotten larger.
242
557850
2071
sportisti su postajali sve veći.
09:32
Conversely, in sports where
diminutive stature is an advantage,
diminutive stature is an advantage,
243
559921
2979
Nasuprot tome, u sportovima
gde prednost ima manja veličina,
gde prednost ima manja veličina,
09:35
the small athletes got smaller.
244
562900
2217
sportisti su postajali manji.
09:37
The average elite female gymnast
245
565117
1663
Prosečna visina
09:38
shrunk from 5'3" to 4'9" on average
246
566780
2763
vrhunskih gimnastičarki
u poslednjih 30 godina smanjila se
u poslednjih 30 godina smanjila se
09:41
over the last 30 years,
247
569543
1337
sa 160 na 143 cm,
09:43
all the better for their power-to-weight ratio
248
570880
2115
što im je povećalo odnos snage i veličine
09:45
and for spinning in the air.
249
572995
1770
i omogućilo da se lakše vrte u vazduhu.
09:46
And while the large got larger
250
574765
1362
I kako su veliki
postajali veći, a mali manji,
09:48
and the small got smaller,
251
576127
1364
09:49
the weird got weirder.
252
577491
2428
neobični su postajali neobičniji.
09:52
The average length of the forearm
253
579919
1550
Dužina podlaktice
09:53
of a water polo player in relation
254
581469
1751
kod vaterpolista se povećala
09:55
to their total arm got longer,
255
583220
1857
u odnosu na ukupnu dužinu ruke,
09:57
all the better for a forceful throwing whip.
256
585077
2129
što je pojačalo snagu šuteva.
09:59
And as the large got larger,
257
587206
1727
I tako su veliki postajali veći,
10:01
small got smaller, and the weird weirder.
258
588933
2370
mali manji, a neobični neobičniji.
10:03
In swimming, the ideal body type
259
591303
2193
Idealnom građom za plivanje
10:05
is a long torso and short legs.
260
593496
1895
se smatra duži torzo i kraće noge,
10:07
It's like the long hull of a canoe
261
595391
1939
po ugledu na korito kanua,
10:09
for speed over the water.
262
597330
1706
koje mu daje brzinu na vodi.
10:11
And the opposite is advantageous in running.
263
599036
1765
Kod trčanja je obrnuto.
10:13
You want long legs and a short torso.
264
600801
2015
Traže se duže noge i kraći torzo.
10:15
And this shows in athletes' bodies today.
265
602816
2196
Ova razlika se vidi i u građi sportista.
10:17
Here you see Michael Phelps,
266
605012
1595
Na slici je Majkl Felps,
10:18
the greatest swimmer in history,
267
606607
1464
najbolji plivač sveta,
10:20
standing next to Hicham El Guerrouj,
268
608071
2869
koji stoji pored Hišama El Garuža,
10:23
the world record holder in the mile.
269
610940
1987
rekordera na 1.600 metara.
10:25
These men are seven inches different in height,
270
612927
2817
Razlika u visini između njih dvojice
je skoro 18 cm,
je skoro 18 cm,
10:27
but because of the body types
271
615744
1202
ali zbog razlike u građi
10:29
advantaged in their sports,
272
616946
1863
vezane za sport kojim se bave,
10:31
they wear the same length pants.
273
618809
2388
nose istu veličinu pantalona.
10:33
Seven inches difference in height,
274
621197
1494
18 cm razlike u visini,
10:34
these men have the same length legs.
275
622691
2520
a imaju istu dužinu nogu.
10:37
Now in some cases, the search for bodies
276
625211
1958
U određenim slučajevima je potraga
10:39
that could push athletic performance forward
277
627169
1973
za građom koja bi
pomerila granice sporta
pomerila granice sporta
10:41
ended up introducing into the competitive world
278
629142
2643
u takmičenje uvela grupe
10:43
populations of people that weren't
previously competing at all,
previously competing at all,
279
631785
3139
koje se ranije uopšte nisu takmičile,
10:47
like Kenyan distance runners.
280
634924
2752
na primer, kenijske trkače.
10:49
We think of Kenyans as being great marathoners.
281
637676
3330
Za Kenijce važi da su odlični maratonci.
10:53
Kenyans think of the Kalenjin tribe
282
641006
2378
Kenijci to isto smatraju
10:55
as being great marathoners.
283
643384
2100
za pripadnike plemena Kelendžin.
10:57
The Kalenjin make up just 12 percent
284
645484
2095
Kelendžini čine svega
10:59
of the Kenyan population
285
647579
1797
12% populacije Kenije,
11:01
but the vast majority of elite runners.
286
649376
2169
ali ih ima najviše među maratoncima.
11:03
And they happen, on average,
287
651545
1306
Uz to, prosečna fiziologija
11:05
to have a certain unique physiology:
288
652851
2104
im je jedinstvena:
11:07
legs that are very long
289
654955
1081
veoma duge noge
11:08
and very thin at their extremity,
290
656036
2538
koje su veoma uske na krajevima,
što je posledica toga
što je posledica toga
11:10
and this is because they have their ancestry
291
658574
1418
što vuku korene iz predela
11:12
at very low latitude
292
659992
1435
male geografske širine,
11:13
in a very hot and dry climate,
293
661427
2415
gde je klima veoma topla i suva.
11:16
and an evolutionary adaptation to that
294
663842
1890
Evolucijom su se na ovo adaptirali
11:17
is limbs that are very long
295
665732
958
razvijanjem dugih udova
11:18
and very thin at the extremity
296
666690
1519
koji su uski na krajevima
11:20
for cooling purposes.
297
668209
1774
kako bi se lakše hladili.
11:22
It's the same reason that a radiator has long coils,
298
669983
3029
Iz istog tog razloga
hladnjaci imaju duge spirale, kako bi se
hladnjaci imaju duge spirale, kako bi se
11:25
to increase surface area compared to volume
299
673012
1842
povećala površina
u odnosu na zapreminu
u odnosu na zapreminu
11:27
to let heat out,
300
674854
1942
da bi se toplota lakše ispuštala.
11:28
and because the leg is like a pendulum,
301
676796
1513
A pošto je noga poput klatna,
11:30
the longer and thinner it is at the extremity,
302
678309
1657
što je duža i uža na kraju,
11:32
the more energy-efficient it is to swing.
303
679966
2779
to manje energije treba
da bi se pokrenula.
da bi se pokrenula.
11:34
To put Kalenjin running success in perspective,
304
682745
2594
Kako bismo sagledali uspeh Kalendžana
11:37
consider that 17 American men in history
305
685339
2727
treba uzeti u obzir
da je do sada svega 17 Amerikanaca
da je do sada svega 17 Amerikanaca
11:40
have run faster than two hours and 10 minutes
306
688066
2629
pretrčalo maraton za manje
11:42
in the marathon.
307
690695
1289
od 2 sata i 10 minuta.
11:44
That's a four-minute-and-58-second-per-mile pace.
308
691984
3047
To je 4 minuta i 58 sekundi
na 1.600 metara.
na 1.600 metara.
11:47
Thirty-two Kalenjin men did that last October.
309
695031
2935
Prošlog oktobra
su ovo postigla 32 Kelendžina.
su ovo postigla 32 Kelendžina.
11:50
(Laughter)
310
697966
2094
(Smeh)
11:52
That's from a source population the size
311
700060
1821
Svi oni potiču iz populacije
11:54
of metropolitan Atlanta.
312
701881
2827
veličine Atlante sa prigradskim naseljima.
11:56
Still, even changing technology
313
704708
1574
Ipak, nisu samo napredak tehnologije
11:58
and the changing gene pool in sports
314
706282
1606
i promene u genetskom fondu sportista
12:00
don't account for all of the changes in performance.
315
707888
2473
odgovorni za bolji učinak.
12:02
Athletes have a different mindset than they once did.
316
710361
2890
Sportisti i razmišljaju
drugačije nego ranije.
drugačije nego ranije.
12:05
Have you ever seen in a movie when someone gets
317
713251
1369
Jeste li videli kad na filmu
12:06
an electrical shock
318
714620
1272
nekog udari struja,
12:08
and they're thrown across a room?
319
715892
2323
pa zbog toga poleti na drugi kraj sobe?
12:10
There's no explosion there.
320
718215
1571
Tu nema nikakve eksplozije.
12:11
What's happening when that happens is that
321
719786
1238
Dešava se to da elektrošok
12:13
the electrical impulse is causing
322
721024
1462
tera sva mišićna vlakna
12:14
all their muscle fibers to twitch at once,
323
722486
2130
da se zgrče istovremeno,
12:16
and they're throwing themselves across the room.
324
724616
2594
tako da se čovek sam baci.
12:19
They're essentially jumping.
325
727210
1897
U suštini skače.
12:21
That's the power
326
729107
1177
Takva se snaga
12:22
that's contained in the human body.
327
730284
1949
nalazi u ljudskom telu.
12:24
But normally we can't access nearly all of it.
328
732233
2227
Ali u normalnim okolnostima
ne možemo da joj pristupimo.
ne možemo da joj pristupimo.
12:26
Our brain acts as a limiter,
329
734460
2019
Mozak nas ograničava i ne da nam
12:28
preventing us from accessing
all of our physical resources,
all of our physical resources,
330
736479
2295
da iskoristimo
sve svoje fizičke mogućnosti
sve svoje fizičke mogućnosti
12:30
because we might hurt ourselves,
331
738774
1241
kako se ne bismo povredili,
12:32
tearing tendons or ligaments.
332
740015
1692
oštetili tetive i ligamente.
12:33
But the more we learn about
how that limiter functions,
how that limiter functions,
333
741707
3023
Međutim, što bolje razumemo
kako ovo ograničenje radi,
kako ovo ograničenje radi,
12:36
the more we learn how we can push it back
334
744730
1880
to bolje možemo da ga zaobiđemo,
12:38
just a bit,
335
746610
1440
makar samo malo,
12:40
in some cases by convincing the brain
336
748050
2432
ponekad tako što ubedimo mozak
12:42
that the body won't be in mortal danger
337
750482
1774
da telo neće doći u smrtnu opasnost
12:44
by pushing harder.
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ako nastavimo sa naporom.
12:46
Endurance and ultra-endurance sports
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Odličan primer za ovo je trčanje
12:47
serve as a great example.
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na duge i izuzetno duge pruge.
12:49
Ultra-endurance was once thought to be harmful
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Smatralo se da je trčanje
na izuzetno duge pruge
na izuzetno duge pruge
12:51
to human health,
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štetno po zdravlje,
12:52
but now we realize
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ali smo shvatili da su nas
12:54
that we have all these traits
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određene osobine
12:55
that are perfect for ultra-endurance:
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odlično prilagodile za to:
12:58
no body fur and a glut of sweat glands
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nemamo krzno,
ali imamo brojne znojne žlezde
ali imamo brojne znojne žlezde
13:01
that keep us cool while running;
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koje nas hlade dok trčimo;
13:03
narrow waists and long legs compared to our frames;
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uzak struk i duge noge
u odnosu na ostatak tela;
u odnosu na ostatak tela;
13:06
large surface area of joints for shock absorption.
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veliku površinu zglobova
koja upija potrese.
koja upija potrese.
13:09
We have an arch in our foot that acts like a spring,
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Luk stopala nam služi kao opruga,
13:12
short toes that are better for pushing off
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kratki prsti na nogama su bolji za odskok
13:14
than for grasping tree limbs,
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nego za hvatanje za grane,
13:15
and when we run,
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a dok trčimo, možemo
13:17
we can turn our torso and our shoulders
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ovako da okrećemo torzo i ramena
13:18
like this while keeping our heads straight.
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bez pomeranja glave.
13:20
Our primate cousins can't do that.
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Ostali primati to ne mogu.
13:22
They have to run like this.
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Moraju da trče ovako.
13:24
And we have big old butt muscles
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Zatim imamo krupne
mišiće zadnjice koji nas
mišiće zadnjice koji nas
13:26
that keep us upright while running.
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ispravljaju dok trčimo.
Jeste li ikada obratili pažnju
na zadnjice kod majmuna?
na zadnjice kod majmuna?
13:28
Have you ever looked at an ape's butt?
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1718
13:30
They have no buns because they don't run upright.
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Skoro da nemaju guzove
jer nisu uspravni kad trče.
jer nisu uspravni kad trče.
13:33
And as athletes have realized
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Kad su sportisti shvatili
13:34
that we're perfectly suited for ultra-endurance,
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da smo savršeno prilagođeni za duge pruge,
13:37
they've taken on feats
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pokušali su stvari
13:38
that would have been unthinkable before,
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koje su ranije bile nezamislive.
13:40
athletes like Spanish endurance racer Kílian Jornet.
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Sportisti poput španskog dugoprugaša,
Kiliana Džornea.
Kiliana Džornea.
13:44
Here's Kílian running up the Matterhorn.
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Ovde Kilian trči uz Materhorn.
13:46
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
13:48
With a sweatshirt there tied around his waist.
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Vezao je duks oko struka.
Toliko je strmo da se ni ne može trčati.
13:50
It's so steep he can't even run here.
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13:52
He's pulling up on a rope.
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Penje se konopcem.
13:54
This is a vertical ascent
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U pitanju je uspon
13:55
of more than 8,000 feet,
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od više nego 2.400 metara,
13:57
and Kílian went up and down
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a Kilian se popeo i spustio
13:59
in under three hours.
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za manje od tri sata.
14:01
Amazing.
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Neverovatno.
14:03
And talented though he is,
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I iako je talentovan,
14:04
Kílian is not a physiological freak.
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Kilian ipak nije medicinski fenomen.
14:07
Now that he has done this,
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Kad je on ovo uspeo,
14:09
other athletes will follow,
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1911
i drugi će pokušati,
14:11
just as other athletes followed
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kao što su pokušali
14:12
after Sir Roger Bannister
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kad je Ser Rodžer Banister
14:14
ran under four minutes in the mile.
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pretrčao 1.600 metara
za manje od 4 minuta.
za manje od 4 minuta.
14:16
Changing technology, changing genes,
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Promena tehnologija, promena
14:18
and a changing mindset.
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u genima i promena
u načinu razmišljanja.
u načinu razmišljanja.
14:20
Innovation in sports,
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1784
Inovacije u svetu sporta, bilo da su
14:22
whether that's new track surfaces
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u pitanju nove podloge za trčanje
14:23
or new swimming techniques,
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ili nove plivačke tehnike,
14:25
the democratization of sport,
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demokratizacija sporta, uključivanje
14:27
the spread to new bodies
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novih građa tela,
14:28
and to new populations around the world,
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pa čak i novih populacija,
14:31
and imagination in sport,
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i mašta u sportu, pronicanje
14:33
an understanding of what the human body
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u mogućnosti ljudskog tela,
14:34
is truly capable of,
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su zajedno učinili
14:36
have conspired to make athletes stronger,
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1892
da sportisti postanu jači,
14:38
faster, bolder,
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brži, smeliji
14:40
and better than ever.
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i bolji nego ikad ranije.
14:42
Thank you very much.
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Mnogo vam hvala.
14:45
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David Epstein - Sports science reporterDavid Epstein is an investigative reporter who covers the wide-open space where sports, science and medicine overlap.
Why you should listen
David Epstein writes about the developing science around sport -- from performance-enhancing drugs to the lucky genetics that separate a professional athlete from a duffer. A science writer and longtime contributor to Sports Illustrated, he's helped break stories on steroids in baseball, fraudulently marketed health remedies, and big-money irregularities in "amateur" college football. In 2007, inspired by the death of a childhood friend, he wrote a moving exploration of the most common cause of sudden death in young athletes, a hard-to-diagnose heart irregularity known as HCM.
Now an investigative reporter at ProPublica, Epstein is the author of The Sports Gene, a book that explores the complex factors that make up a championship athlete. Is there such a thing as natural greatness, or can even extreme skills -- like the freaky-fast reaction of a hockey great -- be learned? Conversely, is the desire and will to master extreme skills something you're born with?
More profile about the speakerNow an investigative reporter at ProPublica, Epstein is the author of The Sports Gene, a book that explores the complex factors that make up a championship athlete. Is there such a thing as natural greatness, or can even extreme skills -- like the freaky-fast reaction of a hockey great -- be learned? Conversely, is the desire and will to master extreme skills something you're born with?
David Epstein | Speaker | TED.com