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Benedetta Berti: The surprising way groups like ISIS stay in power
Benedetta Berti: Kako ISIS in podobne skupine ohranjajo moč
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ISIS, Hezbolah, Hamas. Te med seboj zelo različne skupine so vse znane po nasilju - a to je le del njihove dejavnosti, pravi analitičarka politik Benedetta Berti. Te skupine pridobijo prebivalstvo na svojo stran tudi s socialno službo: odpirajo šole in bolnišnice, nudijo varnost, zapolnjujejo praznino, ki je šibke vlade ne. Razumevanje širšega obsega njihovega dela odpira nove poti za končanje nasilja.
Benedetta Berti - Conflict and security researcher
Benedetta Berti studies how conflicts impact civilians. Full bio
Benedetta Berti studies how conflicts impact civilians. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
For the past decade,
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Zadnjih deset let
00:14
I've been studying non-state armed groups:
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preučujem nedržavne oborožene skupine:
00:17
armed organizations like terrorists,
insurgents or militias.
insurgents or militias.
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teroriste, upornike in milice.
00:21
I document what these groups do
when they're not shooting.
when they're not shooting.
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Zanima me, kaj te skupine počnejo,
kadar ne streljajo.
kadar ne streljajo.
00:24
My goal is to better understand
these violent actors
these violent actors
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Ta nasilna gibanja želim bolje razumeti
00:28
and to study ways to encourage transition
from violent engagement
from violent engagement
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in najti poti, kako spodbuditi
prehod od nasilja
prehod od nasilja
00:32
to nonviolent confrontation.
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k nenasilni konfrontaciji.
00:33
I work in the field, in the policy world
and in the library.
and in the library.
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Delam na terenu, na ravni politik
in v knjižnici.
in v knjižnici.
00:37
Understanding non-state armed groups
is key to solving most ongoing conflict,
is key to solving most ongoing conflict,
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Da bi rešili večino trenutnih konfliktov,
moramo razumeti take oborožene skupine,
moramo razumeti take oborožene skupine,
00:42
because war has changed.
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saj se je značaj vojne spremenil.
00:44
It used to be a contest between states.
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Nekoč je šlo za tekmovanje med državami.
00:47
No longer.
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Nič več.
00:48
It is now a conflict between states
and non-state actors.
and non-state actors.
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Zdaj je konflikt med državami
in nedržavnimi akterji.
in nedržavnimi akterji.
00:53
For example, of the 216 peace agreements
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Na primer: od 216 mirovnih sporazumov,
00:56
signed between 1975 and 2011,
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podpisanih med 1975 in 2011,
01:00
196 of them were between a state
and a non-state actor.
and a non-state actor.
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jih je bilo 196 med državo
in nedržavnim akterjem.
in nedržavnim akterjem.
01:05
So we need to understand these groups;
we need to either engage them
we need to either engage them
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Zato jih moramo bolje razumeti:
moramo jih bodisi vključiti
moramo jih bodisi vključiti
01:08
or defeat them in any conflict resolution
process that has to be successful.
process that has to be successful.
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bodisi premagati skozi uspešno
rešitev konflikta.
rešitev konflikta.
01:13
So how do we do that?
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Ampak kako naj to naredimo?
01:15
We need to know what makes
these organizations tick.
these organizations tick.
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Vedeti moramo, kaj jih vodi.
01:19
We know a lot about
how they fight, why they fight,
how they fight, why they fight,
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Veliko vemo o tem, kako
in zakaj se borijo,
in zakaj se borijo,
01:21
but no one looks at what they're doing
when they're not fighting.
when they're not fighting.
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skoraj nič pa o tem,
kaj počnejo, ko niso v boju.
kaj počnejo, ko niso v boju.
01:25
Yet, armed struggle
and unarmed politics are related.
and unarmed politics are related.
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Oborožen boj in politika brez orožja
sta povezana.
sta povezana.
01:28
It is all part of the same organization.
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Gre za delo iste organizacije.
01:30
We cannot understand these groups,
let alone defeat them,
let alone defeat them,
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Teh skupin ne bomo razumeli,
sploh pa ne premagali,
sploh pa ne premagali,
01:34
if we don't have the full picture.
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če ne dobimo celostnega vpogleda.
01:37
And armed groups today
are complex organizations.
are complex organizations.
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Današnje oborožene skupine
so kompleksno organizirane.
so kompleksno organizirane.
01:40
Take the Lebanese Hezbollah,
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Libanonski Hezbolah, recimo,
01:42
known for its violent
confrontation against Israel.
confrontation against Israel.
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je znan po nasilnem spopadanju
z Izraelom.
z Izraelom.
01:44
But since its creation in the early 1980s,
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A od ustanovitve v zgodnjih 80. letih
01:47
Hezbollah has also set up
a political party,
a political party,
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je Hezbolah vzpostavil tudi
politično stranko,
politično stranko,
01:50
a social-service network,
and a military apparatus.
and a military apparatus.
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mrežo socialnih storitev
ter vojaški aparat.
ter vojaški aparat.
01:53
Similarly, the Palestinian Hamas,
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Palestinski Hamas,
01:56
known for its suicide attacks
against Israel,
against Israel,
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ki je tudi znan po
samomorilskih napadih na Izrael,
samomorilskih napadih na Izrael,
01:59
also runs the Gaza Strip since 2007.
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vodi območje Gaze od leta 2007.
02:02
So these groups do way more
than just shoot.
than just shoot.
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Te skupine torej niso samo strelci.
02:05
They multi-task.
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Opravljajo več nalog.
02:07
They set up complex
communication machines --
communication machines --
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Vzpostavljajo kompleksne
sisteme komunikacije,
sisteme komunikacije,
02:10
radio stations, TV channels,
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radijske postaje, TV kanale,
02:12
Internet websites
and social media strategies.
and social media strategies.
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spletne strani in strategije
za družabne medije.
za družabne medije.
02:15
And up here, you have the ISIS magazine,
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Tule je ISIS revija,
02:17
printed in English
and published to recruit.
and published to recruit.
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ki izhaja v angleščini in je
namenjena rekrutiranju.
namenjena rekrutiranju.
02:21
Armed groups also invest
in complex fund-raising --
in complex fund-raising --
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Oborožene skupine vlagajo
tudi v zbiranje sredstev -
tudi v zbiranje sredstev -
02:24
not looting, but setting up
profitable businesses;
profitable businesses;
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ne s plenjenjem, pač pa
z odpiranjem dobičkonosnih podjetij,
z odpiranjem dobičkonosnih podjetij,
02:28
for example, construction companies.
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denimo v gradbeništvu.
02:30
Now, these activities are keys.
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Te dejavnosti so ključne.
02:32
They allow these groups
to increase their strength,
to increase their strength,
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Skupinam pomagajo krepiti moč,
02:34
increase their funds,
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zbirati sredstva,
02:36
to better recruit
and to build their brand.
and to build their brand.
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rekrutirati in graditi blagovno znamko.
02:39
Armed groups also do something else:
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Oborožene skupine počnejo še nekaj:
02:41
they build stronger bonds
with the population
with the population
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z vlaganjem v socialne službe
02:43
by investing in social services.
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krepijo vezi s prebivalstvom.
02:46
They build schools, they run hospitals,
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Gradijo šole, vodijo bolnišnice,
02:49
they set up vocational-training programs
or micro-loan programs.
or micro-loan programs.
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odpirajo programe poklicnega
izobraževanja, dajejo mikrokredite.
izobraževanja, dajejo mikrokredite.
02:53
Hezbollah offers all
of these services and more.
of these services and more.
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Hezbolah ponuja vse to in več.
02:56
Armed groups also seek
to win the population over
to win the population over
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Oborožene skupine skušajo
ljudi pridobiti tudi tako,
ljudi pridobiti tudi tako,
02:59
by offering something
that the state is not providing:
that the state is not providing:
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da ponujajo tisto, česar država ne:
03:03
safety and security.
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varnost.
03:06
The initial rise of the Taliban
in war-torn Afghanistan,
in war-torn Afghanistan,
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Prvotni vzpon talibanov
v povojnem Afganistanu
v povojnem Afganistanu
03:10
or even the beginning
of the ascent of ISIS,
of the ascent of ISIS,
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ali celo prvi koraki razvoja ISIS
03:13
can be understood also by looking
at these groups' efforts
at these groups' efforts
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so povezani tudi s poskusi teh skupin
03:16
to provide security.
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zagotoviti varnost.
03:18
Now, unfortunately, in these cases,
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Na žalost je bila v teh primerih
03:20
the provision of security
came at an unbearably high price
came at an unbearably high price
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cena take varnosti
za prebivalce neznosna.
03:23
for the population.
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03:25
But in general, providing
social services fills a gap,
social services fills a gap,
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Na splošno pa s socialno službo
te skupine poskrbijo za nekaj,
te skupine poskrbijo za nekaj,
03:29
a governance gap left by the government,
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česar vlada ni sposobna narediti,
03:31
and allows these groups
to increase their strength
to increase their strength
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kar še okrepi njihovo moč
03:34
and their power.
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in vpliv.
03:36
For example, the 2006 electoral victory
of the Palestinian Hamas
of the Palestinian Hamas
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Volilne zmage Hamasa leta 2006
03:40
cannot be understood without
acknowledging the group's social work.
acknowledging the group's social work.
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ne bi razumeli, če ne upoštevamo
socialnega dela, ki ga nudi.
socialnega dela, ki ga nudi.
03:44
Now, this is a really complex picture,
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Slika je res zapletena,
03:47
yet in the West,
when we look at armed groups,
when we look at armed groups,
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a z vidika Zahoda oborožene skupine
predstavljajo samo nasilje.
predstavljajo samo nasilje.
03:49
we only think of the violent side.
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03:51
But that's not enough to understand
these groups' strength,
these groups' strength,
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Vendar to ne pokaže njihove celotne moči,
03:54
strategy or long-term vision.
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strategije ali dolgoročne vizije.
03:57
These groups are hybrid.
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Te skupine so hibridi.
03:58
They rise because they fill a gap
left by the government,
left by the government,
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Vzpnejo se, ker zapolnijo praznino,
ki je vlada ne,
ki je vlada ne,
04:02
and they emerge
to be both armed and political,
to be both armed and political,
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postanejo tako oborožene kot politične,
04:05
engage in violent struggle
and provide governance.
and provide governance.
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vključijo se tako v nasilni boj
kot v vladanje.
kot v vladanje.
04:09
And the more these organizations
are complex and sophisticated,
are complex and sophisticated,
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In bolj ko so kompleksne in prefinjene,
04:13
the less we can think of them
as the opposite of a state.
as the opposite of a state.
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manj v njih vidimo nasprotje državi.
04:16
Now, what do you call
a group like Hezbollah?
a group like Hezbollah?
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Kako bi opredelili Hezbolah?
04:19
They run part of a territory,
they administer all their functions,
they administer all their functions,
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Nadzorujejo del ozemlja
in upravljajo z njim,
in upravljajo z njim,
04:22
they pick up the garbage,
they run the sewage system.
they run the sewage system.
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pobirajo smeti in vodijo komunalo.
04:25
Is this a state? Is it a rebel group?
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Je to država? So uporniki?
04:28
Or maybe something else,
something different and new?
something different and new?
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So nekaj drugega, novega?
04:32
And what about ISIS?
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Kaj pa ISIS?
04:33
The lines are blurred.
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Meje so zabrisane.
04:35
We live in a world of states,
non-states, and in-between,
non-states, and in-between,
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Živimo v svetu držav, ne-držav
in nečesa vmes,
in nečesa vmes,
04:38
and the more states are weak,
like in the Middle East today,
like in the Middle East today,
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in šibkejše ko so države,
kot denimo na Bližnjem vzhodu,
kot denimo na Bližnjem vzhodu,
04:42
the more non-state actors
step in and fill that gap.
step in and fill that gap.
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bolj nedržavni akterji
vstopajo na ta teren.
vstopajo na ta teren.
04:45
This matters for governments,
because to counter these groups,
because to counter these groups,
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To je pomembno za vlade,
saj bodo za boj s temi skupinami
saj bodo za boj s temi skupinami
04:48
they will have to invest more
in non-military tools.
in non-military tools.
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morale bolj vlagati v nevojaška orodja.
04:53
Filling that governance gap
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Vsak pristop, da bo trajen,
04:54
has to be at the center
of any sustainable approach.
of any sustainable approach.
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se mora osredotočiti na boljše vladanje.
04:58
This also matters very much
for peacemaking and peacebuilding.
for peacemaking and peacebuilding.
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To velja tudi za zagotavljanje miru.
05:01
If we better understand armed groups,
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Če bomo bolje razumeli oborožene skupine,
05:03
we will better know
what incentives to offer
what incentives to offer
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bomo vedeli, kakšne spodbude
05:06
to encourage the transition
from violence to nonviolence.
from violence to nonviolence.
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bodo omogočile prehod
od nasilja k nenasilju.
od nasilja k nenasilju.
05:10
So in this new contest
between states and non-states,
between states and non-states,
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V tem novem boju
med državami in drugimi akterji
med državami in drugimi akterji
05:14
military power can win some battles,
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vojaška moč lahko dobi nekaj bitk,
05:16
but it will not give us
peace nor stability.
peace nor stability.
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ne bo pa prinesla miru in stabilnosti.
05:20
To achieve these objectives,
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Da bi to dosegli,
05:21
what we need is a long-term investment
in filling that security gap,
in filling that security gap,
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potrebujemo dolgoročno vlaganje
v zagotavljanje varnosti,
v zagotavljanje varnosti,
05:26
in filling that governance gap
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v zagotavljanje dobre vlade,
05:28
that allowed these groups
to thrive in the first place.
to thrive in the first place.
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pomanjkanje česar je
pripeljalo do vzpona teh skupin.
pripeljalo do vzpona teh skupin.
05:32
Thank you.
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Hvala.
05:33
(Applause)
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(Aplavz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Benedetta Berti - Conflict and security researcherBenedetta Berti studies how conflicts impact civilians.
Why you should listen
Benedetta Berti is an expert on the role of armed groups and the future of armed conflict, especially in the Middle East. She has spent over a decade researching non-state armed groups, from terrorists to insurgents to militias, and has worked with governments, international organizations and NGOs to offer new approaches to better understand and tackle modern conflict. As a security and humanitarian consultant, Berti has designed disarmament campaigns; conducted trainings of counter-insurgency and protection of civilians; worked on violence prevention; and assisted humanitarian organizations on issues related to gaining access to war-torn areas. She has conducted research and worked across the globe -- from Central and Latin America to the Middle East, and from the United States to Eastern Africa -- and has focused her work on some of the world's most complex conflicts, from Syria, to Iraq, to Gaza, to Burundi.
Berti has written four books, and her writing has appeared in Foreign Policy and Foreign Affairs.
Benedetta Berti | Speaker | TED.com