TEDMED 2015
Dorothy Roberts: The problem with race-based medicine
多萝西·罗伯茨: 基于种族的药品的危害
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社会公平的支持者、法学学者多萝西·罗伯茨向我们传递了一条精炼而充满力量的信息：基于种族的药品有极大的危害。即使在今天，仍有很多医生把种族信息当作一种诊疗的捷径；面对诸如疼痛耐受等重要问题时，医生们只根据病人的肤色，而非科学的观察与检测结果，来提供诊疗方案。在这个批判性极强的演讲中，罗伯茨把基于种族的药品诸多挥之不去的问题一一进行陈述，并邀请我们为了终结这种药品而贡献一份力量。“当务之急是，要彻底摒弃这些落后的历史遗留产物，”她如是说，“让我们的人道主义思想深深扎根，打破人与人之间真正的障壁——社会的不平等现象。”
Dorothy Roberts - Professor, author and social justice advocate
Global scholar, University of Pennsylvania civil rights sociologist and law professor Dorothy Roberts exposes the myths of race-based medicine. Full bio
Global scholar, University of Pennsylvania civil rights sociologist and law professor Dorothy Roberts exposes the myths of race-based medicine. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
15 years ago, I volunteered
to participate in a research study
to participate in a research study
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15年前，我作为志愿者
参加了一个涉及
参加了一个涉及
基因检测的学术研究。
00:18
that involved a genetic test.
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当我到了医院，准备接受检测时，
00:20
When I arrived at the clinic to be tested,
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有人给了我一份问卷。
00:22
I was handed a questionnaire.
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00:25
One of the very first questions
asked me to check a box for my race:
asked me to check a box for my race:
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最开头的几个问题中
有一个让我选择自己的种族：
有一个让我选择自己的种族：
00:29
White, black, Asian, or Native American.
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白人、黑人、亚洲人还是印第安人。
00:33
I wasn't quite sure
how to answer the question.
how to answer the question.
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我不是很确定如何回答这个问题。
00:37
Was it aimed at measuring the diversity
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它是为了衡量受试者的社会背景
00:39
of research participants'
social backgrounds?
social backgrounds?
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多样化程度有多高吗？
这样的话，我就会写上我的社会身份，
00:43
In that case, I would answer
with my social identity,
with my social identity,
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在“黑人”那一栏里打个勾。
00:46
and check the box for "black."
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00:49
But what if the researchers
were interested in investigating
were interested in investigating
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但是假如研究者感兴趣的是
00:53
some association between ancestry
and the risk for certain genetic traits?
and the risk for certain genetic traits?
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调查血统和某些基因特质之间的关系呢？
那样的话，他们大概就想知道我的血统，
00:59
In that case, wouldn't they want to know
something about my ancestry,
something about my ancestry,
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01:03
which is just as much European as African?
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也就是欧洲和非洲血统了吧？
那么他们会对我的基因有怎样的研究结果，
01:07
And how could they make
scientific findings about my genes
scientific findings about my genes
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如果我写上了"黑人女性"的社会身份？
01:11
if I put down my social identity
as a black woman?
as a black woman?
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01:16
After all, I consider myself
a black woman with a white father
a black woman with a white father
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毕竟，我把自己当成
一个有着白人父亲的黑人女性，
一个有着白人父亲的黑人女性，
01:21
rather than a white woman
with a black mother
with a black mother
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而不是当成
一个有着黑人母亲的白人女性。
一个有着黑人母亲的白人女性。
这完全是因为社会原因。
01:25
entirely for social reasons.
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01:27
Which racial identity I check
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我选择哪一个种族身份
01:30
has nothing to do with my genes.
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与我的基因是毫无关联的。
01:34
Well, despite the obvious
importance of this question
importance of this question
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好吧，虽然这个问题
明明对这个研究的科学有效性很重要，
01:37
to the study's scientific validity,
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01:40
I was told, "Don't worry about it,
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但有人告诉我，“别在意这个，
你怎么看待自己，你就怎么选。”
01:42
just put down however
you identify yourself."
you identify yourself."
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01:46
So I check "black,"
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所以我就填上了“黑人”，
01:48
but I had no confidence
in the results of a study
in the results of a study
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但是我对这个研究的结果是没有信心的，
因为它以如此不严谨的方式
对待一个关键的变量。
对待一个关键的变量。
01:52
that treated a critical variable
so unscientifically.
so unscientifically.
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01:58
That personal experience
with the use of race in genetic testing
with the use of race in genetic testing
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这次把种族因素加入基因检测的个人经历
让我不禁思考起来：
02:02
got me thinking:
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医药领域还有没有其他地方利用
种族差异来做出错误的生物学推测结果？
种族差异来做出错误的生物学推测结果？
02:04
Where else in medicine is race used
to make false biological predictions?
to make false biological predictions?
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02:10
Well, I found out that race runs deeply
throughout all of medical practice.
throughout all of medical practice.
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我发现，种族问题在整个医药行业
都有很深的影响。
都有很深的影响。
它会影响医生的诊断结果、
02:17
It shapes physicians' diagnoses,
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02:20
measurements, treatments,
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检测结果、医疗过程、
处方，
02:22
prescriptions,
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02:24
even the very definition of diseases.
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甚至连疾病的定义都有所不同。
02:28
And the more I found out,
the more disturbed I became.
the more disturbed I became.
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当我发现得越多，我就变得越不安。
02:33
Sociologists like me have long explained
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我们社会学家一直以来
02:36
that race is a social construction.
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都把种族解释为一种社会架构。
02:39
When we identify people as black,
white, Asian, Native American, Latina,
white, Asian, Native American, Latina,
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当我们把人们分为黑人、白人、亚洲人、
印第安人、拉丁美洲人，
02:46
we're referring to social groupings
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我们指的是一种社会团体，
02:49
with made up demarcations
that have changed over time
that have changed over time
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它们有划定的界限，
但也随时间推移而改变，
但也随时间推移而改变，
而且界限在世界各地有所不同。
02:52
and vary around the world.
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作为一个法学学者，我同样研究了
02:55
As a legal scholar, I've also studied
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02:58
how lawmakers, not biologists,
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立法者，而不是生物学家，
03:01
have invented the legal
definitions of races.
definitions of races.
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是如何发明出种族的法律定义的。
03:06
And it's not just the view
of social scientists.
of social scientists.
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这还不只是社会科学家的观点。
03:10
You remember when the map
of the human genome
of the human genome
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大家还记得人类基因组图
在2000年6月在白宫的一次典礼上
初次展出的时候吗？
初次展出的时候吗？
03:12
was unveiled at a White House
ceremony in June 2000?
ceremony in June 2000?
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03:17
President Bill Clinton famously declared,
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比尔·克林顿总统的那句著名的声明，
“我相信，从这次对
人类基因组的成功探索中
人类基因组的成功探索中
03:20
"I believe one of the great truths
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03:22
to emerge from this triumphant expedition
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得出的一个伟大真理，
03:26
inside the human genome
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就是在基因的角度上，
03:27
is that in genetic terms,
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03:29
human beings, regardless of race,
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全人类，不论种族的差异，
03:32
are more than 99.9 percent the same."
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有超过99.9%是完全相同的。”
03:36
And he might have added
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其实他本应该加一句，
03:38
that that less than one percent
of genetic difference
of genetic difference
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那不到0.1%的基因组差异
并不属于种族的范畴。
03:42
doesn't fall into racial boxes.
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03:45
Francis Collins, who led
the Human Genome Project
the Human Genome Project
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弗朗西斯·柯林斯，
人类基因组计划的领导者，
人类基因组计划的领导者，
03:49
and now heads NIH,
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现在是美国国家卫生研究院院长，
也附和了克林顿总统。
03:50
echoed President Clinton.
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“我非常高兴，
03:52
"I am happy that today,
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我们今天讨论的唯一种族
是人类这个种族。”
是人类这个种族。”
03:54
the only race we're talking about
is the human race."
is the human race."
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04:00
Doctors are supposed to practice
evidence-based medicine,
evidence-based medicine,
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医生们应该提供基于
客观事实的诊疗方案，
客观事实的诊疗方案，
04:04
and they're increasingly called
to join the genomic revolution.
to join the genomic revolution.
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越来越多医生也加入了
基因组研究的革命。
基因组研究的革命。
但是他们依据种族差异
对待病人的坏习惯拖了后腿。
对待病人的坏习惯拖了后腿。
04:08
But their habit of treating patients
by race lags far behind.
by race lags far behind.
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04:14
Take the estimate
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举个例子，
04:15
of glomerular filtration rate, or GFR.
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肾小球滤过率，简称GFR。
医生们常常把GFR的数值，
04:18
Doctors routinely interpret GFR,
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这个反映肾功能的重要指标，
用种族加以解读。
用种族加以解读。
04:22
this important indicator
of kidney function, by race.
of kidney function, by race.
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04:27
As you can see in this lab test,
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正如你们在这次实验报告里看到的，
04:31
the exact same creatinine level,
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完全一样的肌酸酐水平，
也就是病人血液中肌酸酐的浓度，
04:36
the concentration
in the blood of the patient,
in the blood of the patient,
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会自动产生不同的GFR估计值，
04:40
automatically produces
a different GFR estimate
a different GFR estimate
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取决于病人是否是非裔美国人。
04:45
depending on whether or not
the patient is African-American.
the patient is African-American.
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04:51
Why?
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为什么啊？
04:53
I've been told it's based on an assumption
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有人告诉过我，这是基于一种假设，
04:56
that African-Americans
have more muscle mass
have more muscle mass
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非裔美国人的肌肉总质量
比其他种族的人要多。
04:59
than people of other races.
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05:02
But what sense does it make
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但是这又是什么道理？
05:04
for a doctor to automatically assume
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一个医生自然而然地就假设
我比一个女健身爱好者有更多的肌肉？
05:08
I have more muscle mass
than that female bodybuilder?
than that female bodybuilder?
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05:12
Wouldn't it be far more accurate
and evidence-based
and evidence-based
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要想以更准确、更基于客观事实的方式
05:16
to determine the muscle mass
of individual patients
of individual patients
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来判断每个病人的肌肉质量，
直接看一眼不就可以了吗？
05:20
just by looking at them?
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05:24
Well, doctors tell me
they're using race as a shortcut.
they're using race as a shortcut.
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医生们告诉我，他们把种族当作一种捷径。
05:27
It's a crude but convenient proxy
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这是一个相对粗糙但很方便的替代方式，
05:30
for more important factors,
like muscle mass,
like muscle mass,
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它可以代表其它更重要的因素，
比如肌肉质量、
比如肌肉质量、
酶水平、基因特质，
05:33
enzyme level, genetic traits
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而这些都是他们没时间去检测的。
05:36
they just don't have time to look for.
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05:39
But race is a bad proxy.
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但是种族是个很差的替代品。
05:42
In many cases, race adds
no relevant information at all.
no relevant information at all.
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在很多情况下，种族根本不能
提供任何相关的信息。
提供任何相关的信息。
这只是个分散注意力的东西罢了。
05:46
It's just a distraction.
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05:49
But race also tends to overwhelm
the clinical measures.
the clinical measures.
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但是种族倾向于取代临床检测的数据。
05:55
It blinds doctors to patients' symptoms,
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它让医生对病人的症状视而不见，
05:59
family illnesses,
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还包括家族疾病、
06:02
their history, their own illnesses
they might have --
they might have --
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病人病史，
还有自身可能患有的疾病的问题——
还有自身可能患有的疾病的问题——
06:06
all more evidence-based
than the patient's race.
than the patient's race.
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这些都比病人的种族要更加客观。
06:11
Race can't substitute
for these important clinical measures
for these important clinical measures
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种族是不可以代替
这些重要的临床数据的，
这些重要的临床数据的，
否则牺牲的是病人的健康。
06:16
without sacrificing patient well-being.
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06:21
Doctors also tell me
race is just one of many factors
race is just one of many factors
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医生同样告诉我，种族只是
他们考虑的许多因素中的一个，
06:25
they take into account,
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但是仍有很多的医学检测，
06:27
but there are numerous medical tests,
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正如GFR一样，
06:29
like the GFR,
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是利用种族作为分类标准，
06:30
that use race categorically
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06:34
to treat black, white,
Asian patients differently
Asian patients differently
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以不同方式诊疗黑人、白人、亚洲病人，
06:38
just because of their race.
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唯独因为他们种族不同。
06:41
Race medicine also leaves
patients of color especially vulnerable
patients of color especially vulnerable
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基于种族的药物也让有色人种
特别容易受到
特别容易受到
偏见与陈规陋习的伤害。
06:47
to harmful biases and stereotypes.
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黑人和拉丁美洲病人，
06:50
Black and Latino patients
are twice as likely
are twice as likely
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不被给予止痛药物的几率是白人的两倍，
06:53
to receive no pain medication as whites
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即便都要承受同样的长骨骨折的痛苦。
06:57
for the same painful long bone fractures
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这都是因为一种成见，
07:02
because of stereotypes
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认为黑人和棕色皮肤的人
痛感相对更弱，
痛感相对更弱，
07:04
that black and brown people
feel less pain,
feel less pain,
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而且会夸大自己的痛感，
07:08
exaggerate their pain,
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或者是容易对药物产生依赖性。
07:10
and are predisposed to drug addiction.
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美国食品药监局甚至通过了
一种针对特定种族的药品。
一种针对特定种族的药品。
07:14
The Food and Drug Administration has even
approved a race-specific medicine.
approved a race-specific medicine.
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它是一种叫做BiDil的胶囊，
07:20
It's a pill called BiDil
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专门治疗自我认定为非裔美国人
心脏衰竭的问题。
心脏衰竭的问题。
07:22
to treat heart failure in self-identified
African-American patients.
African-American patients.
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一位心脏学家开发出这种药品
07:27
A cardiologist developed this drug
without regard to race or genetics,
without regard to race or genetics,
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是没有考虑种族和基因问题的，
但是从商业角度来看，这样做很方便，
07:33
but it became convenient
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07:36
for commercial reasons
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可以更容易地把药品销售给黑人。
07:38
to market the drug to black patients.
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07:42
The FDA then allowed
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食品药监局后来又同意了
07:44
the company, the drug company,
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那个制药公司，
在临床试验中测试药品的功效，
07:47
to test the efficacy in a clinical trial
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但是受试对象只有非裔美国人。
07:51
that only included
African-American subjects.
African-American subjects.
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根据实验结果推测，
07:56
It speculated
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07:58
that race stood in as a proxy
for some unknown genetic factor
for some unknown genetic factor
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种族可作为替代品
是因为存在某种未知的基因因素
是因为存在某种未知的基因因素
会影响心脏疾病，
08:04
that affects heart disease
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或者是让人对药品产生不同反应。
08:07
or response to drugs.
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08:11
But think about
the dangerous message it sent,
the dangerous message it sent,
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但是想想，这传递的是多么危险的信号：
08:15
that black people's bodies
are so substandard,
are so substandard,
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黑人的身体标准是如此的低，
08:19
a drug tested in them
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在他们身上测试过的药品
08:21
is not guaranteed
to work in other patients.
to work in other patients.
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都不能保证能在其他人身上起作用。
结果，那个制药公司的营销策略失败了。
08:26
In the end, the drug company's
marketing scheme failed.
marketing scheme failed.
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原因就是，黑人们对
一种只有黑人能用的药品
一种只有黑人能用的药品
08:30
For one thing, black patients
were understandably wary
were understandably wary
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是非常警惕的，这很容易理解。
08:34
of using a drug just for black people.
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有一位年长的黑人女性
在社区集会上站起来大喊，
在社区集会上站起来大喊，
08:38
One elderly black woman stood up
in a community meeting and shouted,
in a community meeting and shouted,
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“把白人吃的药给我拿过来！”
08:42
"Give me what the white
people are taking!"
people are taking!"
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(笑声)
08:44
(Laughter)
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如果你觉得针对种族的药品很令人惊讶，
08:47
And if you find race-specific
medicine surprising,
medicine surprising,
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那么你还要知道
08:52
wait until you learn
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美国有很多的医生
08:54
that many doctors in the United States
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都仍在使用一种改进版的
08:57
still use an updated version
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09:00
of a diagnostic tool
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诊断方法，
最早是由奴隶社会时期的
一位外科医生所发明的，
一位外科医生所发明的，
09:02
that was developed by a physician
during the slavery era,
during the slavery era,
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这种诊断方法跟奴役的合法化
09:06
a diagnostic tool that is tightly linked
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有着非常紧密的联系。
09:09
to justifications for slavery.
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塞缪尔·卡特赖特医生毕业于
09:13
Dr. Samuel Cartwright graduated
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宾夕法尼亚大学医学院。
09:16
from the University
of Pennsylvania Medical School.
of Pennsylvania Medical School.
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他在美国内战之前在美国东南部工作，
09:19
He practiced in the Deep South
before the Civil War,
before the Civil War,
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是当时称作“黑奴药品”领域的
一位著名专家。
一位著名专家。
09:23
and he was a well-known expert
on what was then called "Negro medicine."
on what was then called "Negro medicine."
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他推广了疾病的种族概念，
09:28
He promoted the racial concept of disease,
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声称不同的种族会遭受不同的疾病，
09:31
that people of different races
suffer from different diseases
suffer from different diseases
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而且对普通疾病的感受也有所不同。
09:35
and experience
common diseases differently.
common diseases differently.
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卡特赖特在19世纪50年代曾表示，
09:39
Cartwright argued in the 1850s
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奴役对黑人来说其实是有益的，
09:43
that slavery was beneficial
for black people
for black people
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这是有医学依据的。
09:47
for medical reasons.
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他声称，因为黑人的肺活量低于白人，
09:49
He claimed that because black people
have lower lung capacity than whites,
have lower lung capacity than whites,
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09:54
forced labor was good for them.
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所以强制劳动对他们有好处。
他在一本医学日志中写道，
09:57
He wrote in a medical journal,
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“当他们受白人奴役，
至关重要的新鲜血液流经大脑时，
至关重要的新鲜血液流经大脑时，
10:00
"It is the red vital blood
sent to the brain
sent to the brain
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他们的思想才能获得解放，
10:03
that liberates their minds
when under the white man's control,
when under the white man's control,
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而当他们自由时，
大脑得不到充足的新鲜血液，
大脑得不到充足的新鲜血液，
10:07
and it is the want of sufficiency
of red vital blood
of red vital blood
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会让他们变得无知和野蛮。”
10:11
that chains their minds to ignorance
and barbarism when in freedom."
and barbarism when in freedom."
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为了支持这个理论，
卡特赖特协助完善了
卡特赖特协助完善了
10:17
To support this theory,
Cartwright helped to perfect
Cartwright helped to perfect
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一个称为肺活量计的
用于监测呼吸的医学仪器，
用于监测呼吸的医学仪器，
10:20
a medical device for measuring breathing
called the spirometer
called the spirometer
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10:26
to show the presumed deficiency
in black people's lungs.
in black people's lungs.
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试图展现黑人肺部所谓的“缺陷”。
现在，医生们依然支持卡特赖特的理论，
10:31
Today, doctors still
uphold Cartwright's claim
uphold Cartwright's claim
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认为黑人整个种族
10:37
the black people as a race
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都比白人肺活量更低。
10:40
have lower lung capacity
than white people.
than white people.
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10:44
Some even use a modern day spirometer
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有些人使用的一种现代的肺活量计，
10:48
that actually has a button labeled "race"
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仪器上竟然有一个标着“种族”的按钮，
让仪器根据每个病人的种族
10:52
so the machine adjusts the measurement
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来调整检测的结果。
10:55
for each patient
according to his or her race.
according to his or her race.
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这是个有名的功能，叫做“种族校正”。
10:59
It's a well-known function
called "correcting for race."
called "correcting for race."
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种族药物的危害远不止对病人的误诊。
11:05
The problem with race medicine
extends far beyond misdiagnosing patients.
extends far beyond misdiagnosing patients.
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它对疾病先天性、种族性差异的强调，
11:11
Its focus on innate
racial differences in disease
racial differences in disease
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使得对其他社会决定因素的
注意力和资源发生了转移，
注意力和资源发生了转移，
11:16
diverts attention and resources
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11:19
from the social determinants
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而这些因素都
导致了种族间医疗水平的惊人差异：
11:21
that cause appalling
racial gaps in health:
racial gaps in health:
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高水平医疗的匮乏；
11:25
lack of access
to high-quality medical care;
to high-quality medical care;
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贫困社区的食物紧缺问题；
11:29
food deserts in poor neighborhoods;
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11:33
exposure to environmental toxins;
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与环境中的毒素的接触；
11:37
high rates of incarceration;
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极高的监禁率；
还有种族歧视的种种压力。
11:39
and experiencing the stress
of racial discrimination.
of racial discrimination.
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11:45
You see, race is not a biological category
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可以看到，种族不属于生物学分类，
它不会因为基因差异
11:48
that naturally produces
these health disparities
these health disparities
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自然地导致医疗水平的差异。
11:52
because of genetic difference.
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种族应该是一个社会学分类，
11:55
Race is a social category
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11:57
that has staggering
biological consequences,
biological consequences,
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却在生物学领域产生了非常严重的后果，
社会不平等问题
会对民众健康造成直接冲击。
会对民众健康造成直接冲击。
12:01
but because of the impact
of social inequality on people's health.
of social inequality on people's health.
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然而种族药品让我们误以为
这些健康差异问题
这些健康差异问题
12:07
Yet race medicine pretends
the answer to these gaps in health
the answer to these gaps in health
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只需一粒指定种族的胶囊来解决。
12:11
can be found in a race-specific pill.
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更简单、更有利可图的方式
12:14
It's much easier and more lucrative
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是把解决医疗差异的技术问题
12:17
to market a technological fix
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12:20
for these gaps in health
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通过市场营销来解决，
而不是对付真正产生差异的
社会架构不平等问题。
社会架构不平等问题。
12:22
than to deal with the structural
inequities that produce them.
inequities that produce them.
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我如此热衷于禁止种族药物的工作，
12:29
The reason I'm so passionate
about ending race medicine
about ending race medicine
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绝不仅是因为它是一种不好的药物。
12:34
isn't just because it's bad medicine.
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我执行这个使命
12:37
I'm also on this mission
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是因为医生们从事医药行业的方式，
12:39
because the way doctors practice medicine
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一直在宣传一种错误、有害的人道观念。
12:42
continues to promote
a false and toxic view of humanity.
a false and toxic view of humanity.
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12:48
Despite the many visionary breakthroughs
in medicine we've been learning about,
in medicine we've been learning about,
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除去我们所了解的
那么多富有远见的医药学突破，
那么多富有远见的医药学突破，
在涉及种族问题的时候，
12:54
there's a failure of imagination
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人们的想象力突然丧失了。
12:57
when it comes to race.
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13:00
Would you imagine with me, just a moment:
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大家跟我一起想象一下：
13:04
What would happen if doctors
stopped treating patients by race?
stopped treating patients by race?
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如果医生不再依据种族来给病人看病，
会发生什么事呢？
会发生什么事呢？
假如，他们不再采用
13:12
Suppose they rejected
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一个18世纪的分类系统，
13:14
an 18th-century classification system
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而是利用当今最先进的知识，
13:18
and incorporated instead
the most advanced knowledge
the most advanced knowledge
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有关人类基因多样性和统一性的知识，
13:22
of human genetic diversity and unity,
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13:25
that human beings cannot be categorized
into biological races?
into biological races?
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最终得出人类不能被
简单分类成生物学种族的结论？
简单分类成生物学种族的结论？
13:32
What if, instead of using race
as a crude proxy
as a crude proxy
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假如，我们不再用种族来粗糙地替代
其它更为重要的因素，
13:37
for some more important factor,
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而且医生也开始仔细检测和采纳
那些更为重要的因素，会怎么样呢？
那些更为重要的因素，会怎么样呢？
13:39
doctors actually investigated
and addressed that more important factor?
and addressed that more important factor?
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13:46
What if doctors joined the forefront
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又假如，医生们都加入了革命的前线，
去终结由种族歧视，
13:49
of a movement to end
the structural inequities
the structural inequities
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而非基因导致的
13:53
caused by racism,
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社会结构的不平等性，又会如何呢？
13:55
not by genetic difference?
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种族药品是很拙劣的药品，
14:01
Race medicine is bad medicine,
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它是一种伪科学，
14:05
it's poor science
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而且是对人道的一种错误解读。
14:07
and it's a false
interpretation of humanity.
interpretation of humanity.
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14:11
It is more urgent than ever
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迫在眉睫的是，
14:14
to finally abandon this backward legacy
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要彻底摒弃这些落后的历史遗留产物，
并且让我们的人道主义思想深深扎根，
14:18
and to affirm our common humanity
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打破人与人之间真正的壁垒——
即社会的不平等现象。
即社会的不平等现象。
14:22
by ending the social inequalities
that truly divide us.
that truly divide us.
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谢谢。
14:28
Thank you.
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(鼓掌)
14:29
(Applause)
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谢谢大家。谢谢。
14:31
Thank you. Thanks.
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谢谢你们。
14:34
Thank you.
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Dorothy Roberts - Professor, author and social justice advocateGlobal scholar, University of Pennsylvania civil rights sociologist and law professor Dorothy Roberts exposes the myths of race-based medicine.
Why you should listen
Internationally recognized scholar, public intellectual and social justice advocate Dorothy Roberts studies the interplay of gender, race and class in legal issues. She has been a leader in transforming public thinking and policy on reproductive health, child welfare and bioethics.
Professor of Africana Studies, Law & Sociology at the University of Pennsylvania, Dorothy directs the Penn Program on Race, Science and Society. She has authored and co-edited ten books, including the award-winning Killing the Black Body and Shattered Bonds. Her latest book is Fatal Invention: How Science, Politics, and Big Business Re-create Race in the Twenty-First Century. She received the 2015 Solomon Carter Fuller Award from the American Psychiatric Association for "providing significant benefit for the quality of life for Black people."
Dorothy Roberts | Speaker | TED.com