TED Talks Live
Paula Hammond: A new superweapon in the fight against cancer
保拉•哈蒙德: 抗击癌症的新式武器
Filmed:
Readability: 5.4
1,601,223 views
癌症是一种非常狡猾、适应性强的疾病。从事医学研究和教育工作的保拉•哈蒙德认为，要打败癌症，我们需要全新的、强有力的进攻方式。哈蒙德同她麻省理工学院的同事一起，制造了一种纳米粒子，尺寸只有头发的百分之一，能对付最致命且具有抗药性的癌症。让我们进一步了解这种分子武器，同哈蒙德并肩作战，共同抗击我们共同的敌人——癌症。
Paula Hammond - Medical researcher and educator
Paula Hammond, head of MIT's Department of Chemical Engineering, is developing new technologies to kill cancer cells. Full bio
Paula Hammond, head of MIT's Department of Chemical Engineering, is developing new technologies to kill cancer cells. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Cancer affects all of us --
0
838
2183
癌症是我们每个人的大敌——
00:15
especially the ones that come
back over and over again,
back over and over again,
1
3045
3367
尤其是那些不断复发的，
00:18
the highly invasive
and drug-resistant ones,
and drug-resistant ones,
2
6436
2996
容易扩散的，具有抗药性的癌症，
00:21
the ones that defy medical treatment,
3
9456
2379
药物治疗对它们无效，
00:23
even when we throw our best drugs at them.
4
11859
2516
即使我们用最好的药也无济于事。
00:27
Engineering at the molecular level,
5
15247
2920
在分子级别进行（基因）工程改造，
00:30
working at the smallest of scales,
6
18191
2648
从最小结构层面着手，
00:32
can provide exciting new ways
7
20863
2523
（我们就）能找到意想不到的新办法
00:35
to fight the most aggressive
forms of cancer.
forms of cancer.
8
23410
2928
同最致命的癌症进行斗争。
00:39
Cancer is a very clever disease.
9
27260
2477
癌症是一种很狡猾的疾病。
00:42
There are some forms of cancer,
10
30346
1577
幸运的是，对于一些癌症，
00:43
which, fortunately, we've learned
how to address relatively well
how to address relatively well
11
31947
4735
我们可以通过一些
验证过的药物和手术
验证过的药物和手术
00:48
with known and established
drugs and surgery.
drugs and surgery.
12
36706
3392
进行治疗，可以
得到相对较好的结果。
得到相对较好的结果。
00:52
But there are some forms of cancer
13
40627
1977
但有几种癌症
00:54
that don't respond to these approaches,
14
42628
2232
这些方法对它们都无效，
00:56
and the tumor survives or comes back,
15
44884
2628
即使在药物的猛烈攻击下，
00:59
even after an onslaught of drugs.
16
47536
2129
肿瘤依然能够存活，或者复发。
01:02
We can think of these
very aggressive forms of cancer
very aggressive forms of cancer
17
50053
3994
我们可以将这几种致命的癌症
01:06
as kind of supervillains in a comic book.
18
54071
2866
想象成漫画书里面的大反派。
01:09
They're clever, they're adaptable,
19
57455
2705
他们狡猾，适应性强，
01:12
and they're very good at staying alive.
20
60184
2809
生存能力一流。
01:15
And, like most supervillains these days,
21
63744
2662
而且，跟现在（漫画书里）
大多数大反派一样，
大多数大反派一样，
01:18
their superpowers come
from a genetic mutation.
from a genetic mutation.
22
66996
3910
他们的超能力来自基因突变。
01:24
The genes that are modified
inside these tumor cells
inside these tumor cells
23
72740
2942
这些肿瘤细胞的基因不断变化，
01:27
can enable and encode for new
and unimagined modes of survival,
and unimagined modes of survival,
24
75706
5267
能找到新的、意想不到的生存方式，
01:32
allowing the cancer cell to live through
25
80997
2475
可以让癌细胞抵抗住
01:35
even our best chemotherapy treatments.
26
83496
2365
我们最强大的化学治疗。
01:38
One example is a trick
in which a gene allows a cell,
in which a gene allows a cell,
27
86789
4507
有一个例子很神奇，
基因能让细胞
基因能让细胞
01:43
even as the drug approaches the cell,
28
91320
2484
在药物接近之前，
01:46
to push the drug out,
29
94390
2649
把药物推开，
01:49
before the drug can have any effect.
30
97850
2173
药物根本来不及起任何作用。
01:52
Imagine -- the cell effectively
spits out the drug.
spits out the drug.
31
100047
3686
就好比细胞一口把药吐出去。
01:56
This is just one example
of the many genetic tricks
of the many genetic tricks
32
104393
2930
而这仅仅是我们的大反派——癌症的
01:59
in the bag of our supervillain, cancer.
33
107347
2600
众多基因把戏之一。
02:01
All due to mutant genes.
34
109971
2160
这一切都跟突变基因有关。
02:04
So, we have a supervillain
with incredible superpowers.
with incredible superpowers.
35
112717
4721
因此，我们要面对的是
拥有超强能力的大反派。
拥有超强能力的大反派。
02:09
And we need a new and powerful
mode of attack.
mode of attack.
36
117462
3122
我们需要新的、
更强大的攻击方式。
更强大的攻击方式。
02:13
Actually, we can turn off a gene.
37
121704
3084
实际上，我们可以关闭基因。
02:17
The key is a set of molecules
known as siRNA.
known as siRNA.
38
125328
3341
开关是一系列叫siRNA的分子
（即小分子干扰核糖核酸）。
（即小分子干扰核糖核酸）。
02:21
siRNA are short sequences of genetic code
39
129143
3603
它是一小段基因编码，
02:25
that guide a cell to block a certain gene.
40
133253
3081
可以让细胞阻止
某些特定基因（发挥作用）。
某些特定基因（发挥作用）。
02:28
Each siRNA molecule
can turn off a specific gene
can turn off a specific gene
41
136982
3575
每一个siRNA都能
关闭细胞内部
关闭细胞内部
02:32
inside the cell.
42
140581
1570
某个特定的基因。
02:35
For many years since its discovery,
43
143292
2021
自siRNA被发现后，
02:37
scientists have been very excited
44
145337
1950
科学家们兴奋了好多年，
02:39
about how we can apply
these gene blockers in medicine.
these gene blockers in medicine.
45
147311
3357
因为他们可以将这种
基因拦截者加入药物中。
基因拦截者加入药物中。
02:43
But, there is a problem.
46
151216
1718
但是，有一个问题。
02:44
siRNA works well inside the cell.
47
152958
2460
siRNA在细胞内部
可以正常发挥作用。
可以正常发挥作用。
02:47
But if it gets exposed to the enzymes
48
155854
2994
但如果它接触到
02:50
that reside in our bloodstream
or our tissues,
or our tissues,
49
158872
2500
位于我们血液或者组织中的酶的话，
02:53
it degrades within seconds.
50
161396
1855
几秒钟内就会被降解。
02:55
It has to be packaged, protected
through its journey through the body
through its journey through the body
51
163769
4316
因此，它们必须被包裹及保护起来，
才能完成在人身体里的旅程，
才能完成在人身体里的旅程，
03:00
on its way to the final target
inside the cancer cell.
inside the cancer cell.
52
168109
3070
顺利抵达最终目标
——癌细胞内部。
——癌细胞内部。
03:03
So, here's our strategy.
53
171740
2317
因此，我们的策略如下。
03:06
First, we'll dose the cancer cell
with siRNA, the gene blocker,
with siRNA, the gene blocker,
54
174468
3803
首先，我们将siRNA——
基因拦截者——用在癌细胞身上，
基因拦截者——用在癌细胞身上，
03:10
and silence those survival genes,
55
178295
1596
让（癌细胞的）生存基因失效，
03:11
and then we'll whop it with a chemo drug.
56
179915
2088
然后我们再用化学药品来对付癌细胞。
03:14
But how do we carry that out?
57
182501
1678
但如何实现呢？
03:16
Using molecular engineering,
58
184764
1780
答案是分子工程技术，
03:19
we can actually design a superweapon
59
187705
3188
我们可以设计一种超级武器，
03:23
that can travel through the bloodstream.
60
191648
2251
能在血液循环中存活下来。
03:25
It has to be tiny enough
to get through the bloodstream,
to get through the bloodstream,
61
193923
2996
它必须足够小，才可以进入血液循环，
03:28
it's got to be small enough
to penetrate the tumor tissue,
to penetrate the tumor tissue,
62
196943
2871
穿过肿瘤组织，
03:32
and it's got to be tiny enough
to be taken up inside the cancer cell.
to be taken up inside the cancer cell.
63
200368
4145
进入癌细胞内部。
03:37
To do this job well,
64
205049
1602
要做到这一点，
03:38
it has to be about one one-hundredth
the size of a human hair.
the size of a human hair.
65
206675
4805
它的尺寸必须小到
头发的百分之一。
头发的百分之一。
03:44
Let's take a closer look
at how we can build this nanoparticle.
at how we can build this nanoparticle.
66
212224
3381
来仔细看一下我们是
如何制造这种纳米粒子的。
如何制造这种纳米粒子的。
03:49
First, let's start
with the nanoparticle core.
with the nanoparticle core.
67
217146
2397
首先，我们要制造纳米核。
03:51
It's a tiny capsule that contains
the chemotherapy drug.
the chemotherapy drug.
68
219567
3800
那是一颗小胶囊，
内含化学药剂。
内含化学药剂。
03:56
This is the poison that will
actually end the tumor cell's life.
actually end the tumor cell's life.
69
224089
3477
对肿瘤细胞而言是致命毒药。
04:00
Around this core, we'll wrap a very thin,
70
228152
3785
在内核周围，我们包上一层很厚的
04:03
nanometers-thin blanket of siRNA.
71
231961
2833
——当然也就几纳米厚——的siRNA。
04:06
This is our gene blocker.
72
234818
1634
这是我们的基因拦截者。
04:09
Because siRNA is strongly
negatively charged,
negatively charged,
73
237093
3589
因为siRNA带负电，
04:12
we can protect it
74
240706
1557
我们用一层
04:14
with a nice, protective layer
of positively charged polymer.
of positively charged polymer.
75
242287
4725
坚固的，带正电的
聚合物来保护它。
聚合物来保护它。
04:19
The two oppositely charged
molecules stick together
molecules stick together
76
247503
3257
这两种带有不同电荷的分子
04:22
through charge attraction,
77
250784
1436
相互吸引，
04:24
and that provides us
with a protective layer
with a protective layer
78
252244
2134
形成一层保护膜
04:26
that prevents the siRNA
from degrading in the bloodstream.
from degrading in the bloodstream.
79
254402
3051
防止siRNA在血液中被降解。
04:30
We're almost done.
80
258106
1300
别着急，我快说完了。
04:31
(Laughter)
81
259430
1460
（笑声）
04:32
But there is one more big obstacle
we have to think about.
we have to think about.
82
260914
4078
但前方还有一个
大障碍需要跨越。
大障碍需要跨越。
04:37
In fact, it may be the biggest
obstacle of all.
obstacle of all.
83
265016
2392
而且，也许是最大的一个障碍。
04:39
How do we deploy this superweapon?
84
267432
1974
我们该如何部署这件超级武器？
04:41
I mean, every good weapon
needs to be targeted,
needs to be targeted,
85
269430
2554
每一件武器都要设定目标，
04:44
we have to target this superweapon
to the supervillain cells
to the supervillain cells
86
272008
4065
我们要将这件超级武器
瞄准潜伏在肿瘤内部的
瞄准潜伏在肿瘤内部的
04:48
that reside in the tumor.
87
276097
1950
超级大反派。
04:50
But our bodies have a natural
immune-defense system:
immune-defense system:
88
278071
3273
但人体是有免疫系统的：
04:53
cells that reside in the bloodstream
89
281916
1951
血液里的各种细胞
04:55
and pick out things that don't belong,
90
283891
2345
能辨认出外来物体，
04:58
so that it can destroy or eliminate them.
91
286260
2299
然后杀死或清除它们。
05:00
And guess what? Our nanoparticle
is considered a foreign object.
is considered a foreign object.
92
288583
4436
很显然，我们的纳米粒子
就是一种外来物体。
就是一种外来物体。
05:05
We have to sneak our nanoparticle
past the tumor defense system.
past the tumor defense system.
93
293718
4099
我们要让它骗过肿瘤的防御系统。
05:09
We have to get it past this mechanism
of getting rid of the foreign object
of getting rid of the foreign object
94
297841
6254
我们要伪装它，
帮它通过重重岗哨，
帮它通过重重岗哨，
05:16
by disguising it.
95
304119
1420
进入敌营。
05:17
So we add one more
negatively charged layer
negatively charged layer
96
305563
4345
于是我们再加上一层
带负电的保护膜
带负电的保护膜
05:21
around this nanoparticle,
97
309932
1324
包住我们的纳米粒子，
05:23
which serves two purposes.
98
311280
1438
目的有两个。
05:25
First, this outer layer is one
of the naturally charged,
of the naturally charged,
99
313140
3968
第一，最外面这层保护膜
是存在于我们体内的
是存在于我们体内的
05:29
highly hydrated polysaccharides
that resides in our body.
that resides in our body.
100
317132
3713
带电多糖水合物之一。
05:33
It creates a cloud of water molecules
around the nanoparticle
around the nanoparticle
101
321456
4833
它能在纳米粒子周围
形成许多水分子，
形成许多水分子，
05:38
that gives us an invisibility
cloaking effect.
cloaking effect.
102
326313
3071
就像给纳米粒子穿上了隐形披风。
05:42
This invisibility cloak allows
the nanoparticle
the nanoparticle
103
330257
2717
这件披风能帮助纳米粒子
05:44
to travel through the bloodstream
104
332998
1606
在血液里自由行动，
05:46
long and far enough to reach the tumor,
105
334628
2765
畅通无阻，
05:49
without getting eliminated by the body.
106
337417
2139
直到抵达肿瘤细胞。
05:52
Second, this layer contains molecules
107
340121
4392
第二，这层保护膜含有一些分子，
05:56
which bind specifically to our tumor cell.
108
344537
3199
专门用来与肿瘤细胞结合。
06:00
Once bound, the cancer cell
takes up the nanoparticle,
takes up the nanoparticle,
109
348190
4520
一旦结合，癌细胞
就会把纳米粒子吸收，
就会把纳米粒子吸收，
06:04
and now we have our nanoparticle
inside the cancer cell
inside the cancer cell
110
352734
4374
这样我们的纳米粒子最终就会进入癌细胞，
06:09
and ready to deploy.
111
357132
1673
准备发起进攻。
06:11
Alright! I feel the same way. Let's go!
112
359304
2237
是啊！我也觉得很兴奋。继续！
06:13
(Applause)
113
361565
6182
（掌声）
06:20
The siRNA is deployed first.
114
368057
3226
siRNA首先开始行动。
06:24
It acts for hours,
115
372287
1626
它需要几个小时，
06:25
giving enough time to silence
and block those survival genes.
and block those survival genes.
116
373937
4568
来让（癌细胞的）生存基因失效。
06:31
We have now disabled
those genetic superpowers.
those genetic superpowers.
117
379398
3938
我们去除了（癌细胞的）基因超能力。
06:35
What remains is a cancer cell
with no special defenses.
with no special defenses.
118
383725
3229
只剩下没有防御的癌细胞。
06:38
Then, the chemotherapy drug
comes out of the core
comes out of the core
119
386978
2902
之后化学药剂从内核中释放出来
06:41
and destroys the tumor cell
cleanly and efficiently.
cleanly and efficiently.
120
389904
3584
干净利落地杀死肿瘤细胞。
06:46
With sufficient gene blockers,
121
394228
2337
只要有足够多的基因拦截者，
06:48
we can address many
different kinds of mutations,
different kinds of mutations,
122
396589
3210
我们就能对付各种变异（的癌细胞），
06:51
allowing the chance to sweep out tumors,
123
399823
2361
有机会消灭肿瘤，
06:54
without leaving behind any bad guys.
124
402208
2191
不留落网之鱼。
06:56
So, how does our strategy work?
125
404811
2716
那么，我们的方法到底有没有效呢？
07:01
We've tested these nanostructure
particles in animals
particles in animals
126
409543
3961
我们进行了动物实验，
07:05
using a highly aggressive form
of triple-negative breast cancer.
of triple-negative breast cancer.
127
413528
3583
使用的是一种非常厉害的
癌症，三阴性乳腺癌。
癌症，三阴性乳腺癌。
07:09
This triple-negative breast cancer
exhibits the gene
exhibits the gene
128
417135
2555
它的基因非常厉害，
07:11
that spits out cancer drug
as soon as it is delivered.
as soon as it is delivered.
129
419714
3475
能迅速将抗癌药排出。
07:15
Usually, doxorubicin -- let's call
it "dox" -- is the cancer drug
it "dox" -- is the cancer drug
130
423742
5171
通常，我们会使用阿霉素这种抗癌药，
07:20
that is the first line of treatment
for breast cancer.
for breast cancer.
131
428937
2809
它是治疗乳腺癌的首选手段。
07:24
So, we first treated our animals
with a dox core, dox only.
with a dox core, dox only.
132
432178
5770
第一次，我们只用
阿霉素来对动物进行治疗。
阿霉素来对动物进行治疗。
07:30
The tumor slowed their rate of growth,
133
438661
2207
肿瘤的增长率有所减缓，
07:32
but they still grew rapidly,
134
440892
1440
但还是增长很快，
07:34
doubling in size
over a period of two weeks.
over a period of two weeks.
135
442356
2328
两周之内就增长了一倍。
07:37
Then, we tried
our combination superweapon.
our combination superweapon.
136
445297
3098
接下来，我们的超级武器上场了。
07:41
A nanolayer particle with siRNA
against the chemo pump,
against the chemo pump,
137
449415
4412
外层是siRNA，
保护自身不被拦截，
保护自身不被拦截，
07:45
plus, we have the dox in the core.
138
453851
2995
内核部分是阿霉素。
07:48
And look -- we found that not only
did the tumors stop growing,
did the tumors stop growing,
139
456870
4315
结果我们发现，
肿瘤不但没有增长，
肿瘤不但没有增长，
07:53
they actually decreased in size
140
461209
2516
而且变小了，
07:55
and were eliminated in some cases.
141
463749
2415
在某些样本上甚至完全消失。
07:58
The tumors were actually regressing.
142
466188
3256
肿瘤被击退了。
08:01
(Applause)
143
469859
6982
（掌声）
08:09
What's great about this approach
is that it can be personalized.
is that it can be personalized.
144
477820
3808
这种方法最大的好处就是可以定制。
08:13
We can add many different layers of siRNA
145
481652
2836
我们可以添加多重siRNA
08:16
to address different mutations
and tumor defense mechanisms.
and tumor defense mechanisms.
146
484512
3558
分别针对不同的变异和防御机制。
08:20
And we can put different drugs
into the nanoparticle core.
into the nanoparticle core.
147
488094
3285
我们还可以在内核中
放入不同种类的药物。
放入不同种类的药物。
08:23
As doctors learn how to test patients
148
491946
3207
随着医生掌握测试方法，
08:27
and understand certain
tumor genetic types,
tumor genetic types,
149
495177
3774
弄清肿瘤的特定基因类型，
08:30
they can help us determine which patients
can benefit from this strategy
can benefit from this strategy
150
498975
3742
就能帮我们确定
哪些病人能使用这种疗法，
哪些病人能使用这种疗法，
08:34
and which gene blockers we can use.
151
502741
2278
应该选用哪种基因拦截者。
08:38
Ovarian cancer strikes
a special chord with me.
a special chord with me.
152
506410
2903
我想特别说说卵巢癌。
08:41
It is a very aggressive cancer,
153
509337
1973
它是一种非常可怕的癌症，
08:43
in part because it's discovered
at very late stages,
at very late stages,
154
511334
2885
一部分原因是它只有
在晚期才能被发现，
在晚期才能被发现，
08:46
when it's highly advanced
155
514243
1447
那时病情已经很严重
08:47
and there are a number
of genetic mutations.
of genetic mutations.
156
515714
2276
而且伴随很多基因突变。
08:50
After the first round of chemotherapy,
157
518566
2989
在首轮化疗结束之后，
08:53
this cancer comes back
for 75 percent of patients.
for 75 percent of patients.
158
521579
4390
有75%的患者会复发。
08:58
And it usually comes back
in a drug-resistant form.
in a drug-resistant form.
159
526333
2826
而且复发之后通常都有抗药性。
09:02
High-grade ovarian cancer
160
530215
1694
晚期卵巢癌
09:03
is one of the biggest
supervillains out there.
supervillains out there.
161
531933
2167
是最大的超级反派之一。
09:06
And we're now directing our superweapon
162
534124
1912
它是我们的超级武器
09:08
toward its defeat.
163
536060
1316
下一个目标。
09:11
As a researcher,
164
539375
1262
作为一名研究者，
09:12
I usually don't get to work with patients.
165
540661
2855
我通常很少与病人接触。
09:16
But I recently met a mother
166
544164
2417
但最近我遇到了一位母亲
09:18
who is an ovarian cancer survivor,
Mimi, and her daughter, Paige.
Mimi, and her daughter, Paige.
167
546605
4897
她叫咪咪，是一名卵巢癌幸存者，
她有个女儿叫佩吉。
她有个女儿叫佩吉。
09:24
I was deeply inspired
by the optimism and strength
by the optimism and strength
168
552257
4104
她们母女俩表现出来的乐观和坚强，
09:28
that both mother and daughter displayed
169
556385
2093
勇气和相互支持，
09:31
and by their story of courage and support.
170
559495
2692
深深地打动了我。
09:35
At this event, we spoke
about the different technologies
about the different technologies
171
563119
3403
我们聊到了用于治疗癌症的
09:38
directed at cancer.
172
566546
1379
科技手段。
09:40
And Mimi was in tears
173
568355
1309
咪咪听得流泪了，
09:41
as she explained how learning
about these efforts
about these efforts
174
569688
2827
她说，了解到目前
取得的这些成就，
取得的这些成就，
09:44
gives her hope for future generations,
175
572539
2210
让她看到了下一代人
（不受癌症折磨）的希望，
（不受癌症折磨）的希望，
09:46
including her own daughter.
176
574773
1885
其中包括她的女儿。
09:49
This really touched me.
177
577449
1414
这让我很是感慨。
09:51
It's not just about building
really elegant science.
really elegant science.
178
579524
3179
（我们所做的）不仅仅是
建立一门优秀的科学。
建立一门优秀的科学。
09:55
It's about changing people's lives.
179
583140
2099
而是在改变人的命运。
09:58
It's about understanding
the power of engineering
the power of engineering
180
586330
3211
是要了解分子工程学
10:01
on the scale of molecules.
181
589565
1881
强大的力量。
10:03
I know that as students like Paige
move forward in their careers,
move forward in their careers,
182
591470
4083
我坚信，随着像佩吉这样的学生
沿着这条道路不断前进，
沿着这条道路不断前进，
10:07
they'll open new possibilities
183
595577
1440
他们一定能打开一片新天地，
10:09
in addressing some of the big
health problems in the world --
health problems in the world --
184
597041
3390
解决当今世界最大的健康问题，
10:12
including ovarian cancer, neurological
disorders, infectious disease --
disorders, infectious disease --
185
600455
4999
包括卵巢癌，神经系统疾病，传染病——
10:18
just as chemical engineering has
found a way to open doors for me,
found a way to open doors for me,
186
606104
3941
就如同化学基因改造已经
为我指明了一条道路，
为我指明了一条道路，
10:22
and has provided a way of engineering
187
610437
2634
提供了一种基因改造的方法，
10:25
on the tiniest scale,
that of molecules,
that of molecules,
188
613095
3532
让我们可以从小小的分子入手，
10:28
to heal on the human scale.
189
616651
2563
解决人类健康这个大问题。
10:31
Thank you.
190
619797
1158
谢谢大家。
10:32
(Applause)
191
620979
8560
（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paula Hammond - Medical researcher and educatorPaula Hammond, head of MIT's Department of Chemical Engineering, is developing new technologies to kill cancer cells.
Why you should listen
Professor Paula T. Hammond is the Head of the Department of Chemical Engineering and David H. Koch Chair Professor in Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). She is a member of MIT's Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, the MIT Energy Initiative and a founding member of the MIT Institute for Soldier Nanotechnology. She has recently been named the new head of the Department of Chemical Engineering (ChemE). She is the first woman and the first person of color appointed to the post. She also served as the Executive Officer (Associate Chair) of the Chemical Engineering Department (2008-2011).
Professor Hammond was elected into the 2013 Class of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. She is also the recipient of the 2013 AIChE Charles M. A. Stine Award, which is bestowed annually to a leading researcher in recognition of outstanding contributions to the field of materials science and engineering, and the 2014 Alpha Chi Sigma Award for Chemical Engineering Research. She was also selected to receive the Department of Defense Ovarian Cancer Teal Innovator Award in 2013. She has been listed in the prestigious Highly Cited Researchers 2014 list, published by Thomson Reuters in the Materials Science category. This list contains the world's most influential researchers across 21 scientific disciplines based on highly cited papers in the 2002-2012 period. She is also included in the report: The World's Most Influential Scientific Minds 2014.
Professor Hammond serves as an Associate Editor of the American Chemical Society journal, ACS Nano. She has published over 250 scientific papers and holds over 20 patents based on her research at MIT. She was named a Fellow of the American Physical Society, the American Institute of Biological and Medical Engineers, and the American Chemical Society Polymer Division. In 2010, she was named the Scientist of the Year by the Harvard Foundation.
Professor Hammond received her B.S. in Chemical Engineering from MIT in 1984, and her M.S. from Georgia Tech in 1988 and earned her Ph.D. in 1993 from MIT.
Paula Hammond | Speaker | TED.com