TED2016
Adam Grant: The surprising habits of original thinkers
亚当·格兰特: 原创思维者的惊人特质
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有创造力的人是如何产生伟大想法的呢？组织心理学家亚当·格兰特研究“原创者”：那些梦想出新想法并付诸实践的思考者。在这个演讲中，您可以了解原创者的三个意想不到的特质——包括接受失败。“最伟大的原创者是那些失败得最多的人，因为他们也是尝试得最多的人，”格兰特如是说，“你需要一大堆的坏主意，才能获得几个绝佳的想法。”
Adam Grant - Organizational psychologist
After years of studying the dynamics of success and productivity in the workplace, Adam Grant discovered a powerful and often overlooked motivator: helping others. Full bio
After years of studying the dynamics of success and productivity in the workplace, Adam Grant discovered a powerful and often overlooked motivator: helping others. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Seven years ago, a student came to me
and asked me to invest in his company.
and asked me to invest in his company.
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七年前，一个学生找到我，
请求我为他们的公司投资。
请求我为他们的公司投资。
00:17
He said, "I'm working with three friends,
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他说，“我和三位朋友合作，
00:19
and we're going to try to disrupt
an industry by selling stuff online."
an industry by selling stuff online."
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我们要在网上卖东西，
然后颠覆整个行业。”
然后颠覆整个行业。”
00:23
And I said, "OK, you guys spent
the whole summer on this, right?"
the whole summer on this, right?"
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然后我说，“好吧，
你们整个夏天都在做这个，对吧？”
你们整个夏天都在做这个，对吧？”
00:26
"No, we all took internships
just in case it doesn't work out."
just in case it doesn't work out."
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“没有啊，我们都参加了实习，
以防万一它没有成功。”
以防万一它没有成功。”
00:29
"All right, but you're going to
go in full time once you graduate."
go in full time once you graduate."
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”好吧，但是你们毕业之后
要全职投入在这个项目中啊。“
要全职投入在这个项目中啊。“
00:33
"Not exactly. We've all
lined up backup jobs."
lined up backup jobs."
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”不完全对吧。
我们都想好了备选的工作。“
我们都想好了备选的工作。“
00:37
Six months go by,
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六个月过去了，
00:38
it's the day before the company launches,
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他们的公司还有一天就开张了，
00:40
and there is still
not a functioning website.
not a functioning website.
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但是他们的网站还不能正常运营。
00:43
"You guys realize,
the entire company is a website.
the entire company is a website.
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“你们这些家伙要知道，
整个公司就是一个网站，
整个公司就是一个网站，
00:45
That's literally all it is."
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网站就是公司的全部。”
00:48
So I obviously declined to invest.
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所以显然我拒绝了给他们投资。
00:53
And they ended up
naming the company Warby Parker.
naming the company Warby Parker.
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最后他们把公司
命名为“瓦比·帕克”。
命名为“瓦比·帕克”。
00:55
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
00:57
They sell glasses online.
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他们在网上销售眼镜。
01:00
They were recently recognized
as the world's most innovative company
as the world's most innovative company
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他们最近被认定为
世界上最有创新力的企业，
世界上最有创新力的企业，
01:03
and valued at over a billion dollars.
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估值超过十亿美金。
01:05
And now? My wife handles our investments.
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结果现在呢？
我的妻子接管了所有投资项目。
我的妻子接管了所有投资项目。
01:10
Why was I so wrong?
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为什么我犯了这么大的错误？
01:13
To find out, I've been studying people
that I come to call "originals."
that I come to call "originals."
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为了弄明白这点，我开始研究
一些我称为“原创者”的人。
一些我称为“原创者”的人。
01:17
Originals are nonconformists,
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原创者不墨守成规，
01:19
people who not only have new ideas
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他们不仅有崭新的想法，
01:21
but take action to champion them.
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也通过实践去捍卫它们。
01:23
They are people
who stand out and speak up.
who stand out and speak up.
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他们从人群中脱颖而出、畅所欲言。
01:26
Originals drive creativity
and change in the world.
and change in the world.
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原创者驱动着全世界的创造与变革。
01:29
They're the people you want to bet on.
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你敢于在他们身上下注。
01:31
And they look nothing like I expected.
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他们看起来与我的想象完全不同。
01:34
I want to show you today
three things I've learned
three things I've learned
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我想与各位分享
我对原创者所了解的三点内容，
01:37
about recognizing originals
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01:39
and becoming a little bit more like them.
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以及自己努力成为其中之一的经历。
01:42
So the first reason
that I passed on Warby Parker
that I passed on Warby Parker
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我拒绝瓦比·帕克的第一个原因
01:45
was they were really slow
getting off the ground.
getting off the ground.
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就是他们走出第一步的速度
实在太慢了。
实在太慢了。
01:49
Now, you are all intimately familiar
with the mind of a procrastinator.
with the mind of a procrastinator.
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我相信各位非常熟悉
拖延症患者的大脑里的情景。
拖延症患者的大脑里的情景。
01:54
Well, I have a confession for you.
I'm the opposite. I'm a precrastinator.
I'm the opposite. I'm a precrastinator.
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好吧，我得向大家承认：
我与之相反，是个“提早症”患者。
我与之相反，是个“提早症”患者。
02:00
Yes, that's an actual term.
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对，那个词是存在的。
02:01
You know that panic you feel
a few hours before a big deadline
a few hours before a big deadline
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你们都知道那种恐慌的感受：
最后期限还有几个小时就到了，
最后期限还有几个小时就到了，
02:04
when you haven't done anything yet.
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然而你还什么都没做。
02:06
I just feel that
a few months ahead of time.
a few months ahead of time.
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我只是在几个月之前就有这感觉了。
02:09
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
02:11
So this started early: when I was a kid,
I took Nintendo games very seriously.
I took Nintendo games very seriously.
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这很早就开始了：我还小的时候，
我很认真地对待任天堂游戏。
我很认真地对待任天堂游戏。
02:18
I would wake up at 5am,
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我会在早上5点醒来，
02:20
start playing and not stop
until I had mastered them.
until I had mastered them.
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开始打游戏，
在打通关之前绝不休息。
在打通关之前绝不休息。
02:24
Eventually it got so out of hand
that a local newspaper came
that a local newspaper came
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最后我彻底失去了控制，
以至于当地的一家报纸找到我，
以至于当地的一家报纸找到我，
02:27
and did a story on the dark side
of Nintendo, starring me.
of Nintendo, starring me.
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然后写了篇故事，
讲述任天堂的黑暗面，主角就是我。
讲述任天堂的黑暗面，主角就是我。
02:31
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
02:34
(Applause)
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（掌声）
02:41
Since then, I have traded hair for teeth.
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我的年龄都是用掉光的头发换来的。
02:44
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
02:49
But this served me well in college,
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但是这在大学里反倒帮了我，
02:52
because I finished my senior thesis
four months before the deadline.
four months before the deadline.
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因为我在最后期限之前四个月
就完成了我的毕业论文。
就完成了我的毕业论文。
02:58
And I was proud of that,
until a few years ago.
until a few years ago.
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我对此非常自豪，直到几年之前。
03:01
I had a student named Jihae,
who came to me and said,
who came to me and said,
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我有一个名叫吉哈的学生，
她对我说，
她对我说，
03:05
"I have my most creative ideas
when I'm procrastinating."
when I'm procrastinating."
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“我在犯拖延症的时候
想到了最有创造力的点子。”
想到了最有创造力的点子。”
03:09
And I was like, "That's cute,
where are the four papers you owe me?"
where are the four papers you owe me?"
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然后我的反应就是，“很有意思，
你欠我的四篇论文在哪里？”
你欠我的四篇论文在哪里？”
03:12
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
03:13
No, she was one
of our most creative students,
of our most creative students,
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不，她是我最有创造力的学生之一，
03:15
and as an organizational psychologist,
this is the kind of idea that I test.
this is the kind of idea that I test.
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作为一位组织心理学家，
这是我要测试的一些想法。
这是我要测试的一些想法。
03:20
So I challenged her to get some data.
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我向她提出挑战，让她找些数据。
03:22
She goes into a bunch of companies.
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她跑过了一大堆公司。
03:23
She has people fill out surveys
about how often they procrastinate.
about how often they procrastinate.
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她让员工填了问卷，
了解他们多经常犯拖延症。
了解他们多经常犯拖延症。
03:27
Then she gets their bosses to rate
how creative and innovative they are.
how creative and innovative they are.
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之后她让他们的老板
评估每个人的创造力水平。
评估每个人的创造力水平。
03:31
And sure enough,
the precrastinators like me,
the precrastinators like me,
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不出所料，像我这样的提早症患者，
03:33
who rush in and do everything early
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他们急匆匆把所有事做完，
03:35
are rated as less creative
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他们的创造力不如
03:37
than people who procrastinate moderately.
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一些中度的拖延症患者。
03:40
So I want to know what happens
to the chronic procrastinators.
to the chronic procrastinators.
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我很想知道
重度拖延症患者是怎样的。
重度拖延症患者是怎样的。
03:43
She was like, "I don't know.
They didn't fill out my survey."
They didn't fill out my survey."
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她回答我，“我不知道啊。
他们没填我的问卷。”
他们没填我的问卷。”
03:46
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
03:49
No, here are our results.
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开个玩笑。这是我们的结论。
03:51
You actually do see that the people
who wait until the last minute
who wait until the last minute
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你的确可以看到，
不到最后一刻不做事的人
不到最后一刻不做事的人
03:55
are so busy goofing off
that they don't have any new ideas.
that they don't have any new ideas.
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大部分时间都是混过去的，
他们根本没法产生新想法。
他们根本没法产生新想法。
04:00
And on the flip side,
the people who race in
the people who race in
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在另外一侧，
那些把事情匆忙做完的人
那些把事情匆忙做完的人
04:03
are in such a frenzy of anxiety that they
don't have original thoughts either.
don't have original thoughts either.
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一直处在狂暴的焦虑状态，
他们也没法产生新想法。
他们也没法产生新想法。
04:09
There's a sweet spot
where originals seem to live.
where originals seem to live.
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在中间似乎有一个恰好的点，
这就是原创者聚集的地方。
这就是原创者聚集的地方。
04:13
Why is this?
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为什么会这样呢？
04:15
Maybe original people
just have bad work habits.
just have bad work habits.
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可能只是原创者工作习惯不好。
04:18
Maybe procrastinating
does not cause creativity.
does not cause creativity.
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可能拖延症并不直接引发创造力。
04:22
To find out, we designed some experiments.
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为了研究这点，我们设计了些实验。
04:25
We asked people
to generate new business ideas,
to generate new business ideas,
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我们要求受试者
想一些新的商业计划，
想一些新的商业计划，
04:28
and then we get independent readers
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然后我们让独立的第三方
04:30
to evaluate how creative
and useful they are.
and useful they are.
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评估受试者的创造力和实践力。
04:33
And some of them are asked
to do the task right away.
to do the task right away.
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有些人被要求立即着手做这个任务。
04:36
Others we randomly assign
to procrastinate
to procrastinate
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另外一些人被
随机地要求拖延一阵子，
随机地要求拖延一阵子，
04:39
by dangling Minesweeper in front of them
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在他们电脑上开个扫雷游戏，
04:41
for either five or 10 minutes.
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让他们玩5或10分钟。
04:43
And sure enough,
the moderate procrastinators
the moderate procrastinators
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不出所料，中度拖延者
04:47
are 16 percent more creative
than the other two groups.
than the other two groups.
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比另外两组受试者
创造力高出16%。
创造力高出16%。
04:51
Now, Minesweeper is awesome,
but it's not the driver of the effect,
but it's not the driver of the effect,
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扫雷是很棒的游戏，
但不是导致这个效应的真正原因，
但不是导致这个效应的真正原因，
04:54
because if you play the game first
before you learn about the task,
before you learn about the task,
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因为如果你在了解任务之前
就去玩游戏，
就去玩游戏，
04:58
there's no creativity boost.
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是没有创造力加成的。
04:59
It's only when you're told that you're
going to be working on this problem,
going to be working on this problem,
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只有在你被告知
你要完成某一项任务之后，
你要完成某一项任务之后，
05:03
and then you start procrastinating,
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然后你开始拖延，
05:04
but the task is still active
in the back of your mind,
in the back of your mind,
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任务的想法还活跃在你脑海里，
05:07
that you start to incubate.
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这时才会产生新想法。
05:09
Procrastination gives you time
to consider divergent ideas,
to consider divergent ideas,
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拖延行为让你有时间发散性思考，
05:12
to think in nonlinear ways,
to make unexpected leaps.
to make unexpected leaps.
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以非线性的模式思考，
然后获得意想不到的突破。
然后获得意想不到的突破。
05:16
So just as we were finishing
these experiments,
these experiments,
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正当我要完成这些实验时，
05:18
I was starting to write
a book about originals,
a book about originals,
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我开始写一本有关原创者的书，
05:21
and I thought, "This is the perfect time
to teach myself to procrastinate,
to teach myself to procrastinate,
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我在想，“这是最佳时机了，
现在我就在写有关拖延症的章节，
现在我就在写有关拖延症的章节，
05:26
while writing a chapter
on procrastination."
on procrastination."
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我要教教自己如何拖延。”
05:28
So I metaprocrastinated,
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结果我拖延得很古怪，
05:32
and like any self-respecting
precrastinator,
precrastinator,
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像任何一位自尊心很强的
提早症患者一样，
提早症患者一样，
05:35
I woke up early the next morning
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我第二天早早醒来，
05:37
and I made a to-do list
with steps on how to procrastinate.
with steps on how to procrastinate.
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写了一份待办清单，
里面是拖延的详细步骤。
里面是拖延的详细步骤。
05:39
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
05:43
And then I worked diligently
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然后我刻苦工作，
05:47
toward my goal of not making
progress toward my goal.
progress toward my goal.
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努力达到我“不取得任何进展”的目标。
05:52
I started writing
the procrastination chapter,
the procrastination chapter,
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我开始写有关拖延症的章节，
05:54
and one day -- I was halfway through --
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然后有一天，我已经写完一半了，
05:56
I literally put it away in mid-sentence
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我在写了半句话之后就放下笔，
05:58
for months.
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持续了几个月。
05:59
It was agony.
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这简直是煎熬。
06:02
But when I came back to it,
I had all sorts of new ideas.
I had all sorts of new ideas.
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但当我重新提起笔时，
我满脑子里都是新想法。
我满脑子里都是新想法。
06:06
As Aaron Sorkin put it,
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正如阿兰·索金所说，
06:07
"You call it procrastinating.
I call it thinking."
I call it thinking."
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“你把它叫做‘拖延’，
我把它叫做‘思考’。”
我把它叫做‘思考’。”
06:12
And along the way I discovered
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这个过程中，我发现
06:13
that a lot of great originals
in history were procrastinators.
in history were procrastinators.
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历史上很多伟大的原创者
都是拖延症患者。
都是拖延症患者。
06:17
Take Leonardo da Vinci.
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比如列奥纳多·达·芬奇。
06:19
He toiled on and off for 16 years
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他断断续续工作了16年，
06:23
on the Mona Lisa.
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画了一幅《蒙娜丽莎》。
06:24
He felt like a failure.
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他觉得很失败。
06:26
He wrote as much in his journal.
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他在日志里倾诉了很多。
06:30
But some of the diversions
he took in optics
he took in optics
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但是他在其他时间里
对光学的研究，
对光学的研究，
06:32
transformed the way that he modeled light
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大大改变了他塑造光效的方式，
06:34
and made him into a much better painter.
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让他成为了一个更出色的画家。
06:37
What about Martin Luther King, Jr.?
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马丁·路德·金又如何呢？
06:40
The night before
the biggest speech of his life,
the biggest speech of his life,
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他一生中最重要的演讲之前的晚上，
06:42
the March on Washington,
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那是三月，在华盛顿州，
06:44
he was up past 3am, rewriting it.
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他凌晨三点还醒着，完善他的讲稿。
06:46
He's sitting in the audience
waiting for his turn to go onstage,
waiting for his turn to go onstage,
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轮到自己上台前，他坐在观众席里，
06:50
and he is still scribbling notes
and crossing out lines.
and crossing out lines.
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还在演讲稿上奋笔疾书。
06:54
When he gets onstage, 11 minutes in,
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当他走上台，过了11分钟，
06:56
he leaves his prepared remarks
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他没按照准备的内容来讲，
06:58
to utter four words
that changed the course of history:
that changed the course of history:
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却念出了改变历史进程的几个字：
07:01
"I have a dream."
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“我有一个梦想。”
07:04
That was not in the script.
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这不是写在稿子里的。
07:07
By delaying the task of finalizing
the speech until the very last minute,
the speech until the very last minute,
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通过尽可能推迟
演讲稿最终确定的那一刻，
演讲稿最终确定的那一刻，
07:11
he left himself open
to the widest range of possible ideas.
to the widest range of possible ideas.
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他可以随时向其中添加任何的想法。
07:15
And because the text wasn't set in stone,
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而正因为讲稿不是固定不变的，
07:17
he had freedom to improvise.
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他就有了即兴发挥的自由。
07:20
Procrastinating is a vice
when it comes to productivity,
when it comes to productivity,
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拖延症会导致生产力的下降，
07:23
but it can be a virtue for creativity.
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但也可能会是新创造的摇篮。
07:27
What you see with a lot of great originals
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各位在原创者身上看到的特质，
07:29
is that they are quick to start
but they're slow to finish.
but they're slow to finish.
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就是他们开头做得很快，
最终完成却要很久。
最终完成却要很久。
07:33
And this is what I missed
with Warby Parker.
with Warby Parker.
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这就是我错过瓦比·帕克的一点原因。
07:35
When they were dragging
their heels for six months,
their heels for six months,
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当他们拖拖拉拉六个月之后，
07:38
I looked at them and said,
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我对他们说：
07:40
"You know, a lot of other companies
are starting to sell glasses online."
are starting to sell glasses online."
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“你们知道，很多其他公司
已经开始在线销售眼镜了。”
已经开始在线销售眼镜了。”
07:43
They missed the first-mover advantage.
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他们失去了先动者优势。
07:46
But what I didn't realize was
they were spending all that time
they were spending all that time
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但是我没有意识到，
他们在那一大段时间里
他们在那一大段时间里
07:49
trying to figure out how to get people
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都在研究如何提高
顾客在线购买眼镜的舒适度。
顾客在线购买眼镜的舒适度。
07:51
to be comfortable ordering glasses online.
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07:53
And it turns out the first-mover
advantage is mostly a myth.
advantage is mostly a myth.
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后来我才发现，
先动者优势其实只是个流言。
先动者优势其实只是个流言。
07:56
Look at a classic study
of over 50 product categories,
of over 50 product categories,
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有一个很经典的研究项目，
调查了超过50个类别的商品，
调查了超过50个类别的商品，
07:59
comparing the first movers
who created the market
who created the market
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将开辟市场的先动者，
08:02
with the improvers who introduced
something different and better.
something different and better.
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与改进市场的改变者相比较。
08:06
What you see is that the first movers
had a failure rate of 47 percent,
had a failure rate of 47 percent,
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你可以看到，
先动者的失败率是47%，
先动者的失败率是47%，
08:10
compared with only 8 percent
for the improvers.
for the improvers.
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与之相比，改变者失败率只有8%。
08:15
Look at Facebook,
waiting to build a social network
waiting to build a social network
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让我们看看Facebook，
它想在Myspace和Friendster之后
它想在Myspace和Friendster之后
08:17
until after Myspace and Friendster.
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打造一个新的社交网络。
08:21
Look at Google, waiting for years
after Altavista and Yahoo.
after Altavista and Yahoo.
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再看看谷歌，等待了很多年，
才在AltaVista和雅虎之后面世。
才在AltaVista和雅虎之后面世。
08:24
It's much easier to improve
on somebody else's idea
on somebody else's idea
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改进其他人的想法
08:27
than it is to create
something new from scratch.
something new from scratch.
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比从零开始创造想法要更简单。
08:30
So the lesson I learned is that
to be original you don't have to be first.
to be original you don't have to be first.
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我从中学到的就是：
想做原创者，你不必最先行动。
想做原创者，你不必最先行动。
08:35
You just have to be different and better.
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你只需要做得不同、做得更好。
08:38
But that wasn't the only reason
I passed on Warby Parker.
I passed on Warby Parker.
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但这不是我
拒绝瓦比·帕克的唯一理由。
拒绝瓦比·帕克的唯一理由。
08:41
They were also full of doubts.
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他们自己充满困惑。
08:43
They had backup plans lined up,
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他们准备了一系列后备方案，
08:45
and that made me doubt
that they had the courage to be original,
that they had the courage to be original,
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这让我十分怀疑
他们是否具有原创的勇气，
他们是否具有原创的勇气，
08:49
because I expected that originals
would look something like this.
would look something like this.
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因为我对原创者的想象
大概是这样的。
大概是这样的。
（笑声）
[我不知道怎么说…反正我觉得我挺牛的]
[我不知道怎么说…反正我觉得我挺牛的]
08:55
(Laughter)
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08:58
Now, on the surface,
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从表面上看，
09:00
a lot of original people look confident,
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1976
很多的原创者看上去很自信，
09:02
but behind the scenes,
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但是在背后，
09:03
they feel the same fear and doubt
that the rest of us do.
that the rest of us do.
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他们也像所有人一样，
感受恐惧和疑虑。
感受恐惧和疑虑。
09:06
They just manage it differently.
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他们只是以不同方式来面对。
09:08
Let me show you: this is a depiction
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让我展示一下：这是个流程图，
09:10
of how the creative process
works for most of us.
works for most of us.
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讲述了大部分人的创造过程
是如何进行的。
是如何进行的。
[1.这超给力！2.这有点难。3.这超烂。
4.我超烂。5.这或许能行。6.这超给力！]
4.我超烂。5.这或许能行。6.这超给力！]
09:16
(Laughter)
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09:20
Now, in my research, I discovered
there are two different kinds of doubt.
there are two different kinds of doubt.
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在我的研究中，
我发现两种不同的疑虑。
我发现两种不同的疑虑。
自我疑虑，以及想法疑虑。
09:23
There's self-doubt and idea doubt.
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09:25
Self-doubt is paralyzing.
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自我疑虑会使人麻痹。
09:26
It leads you to freeze.
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它让你思维冻结。
09:28
But idea doubt is energizing.
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但是想法疑虑是激励性的。
09:30
It motivates you to test,
to experiment, to refine,
to experiment, to refine,
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它促使你去测试、实验、改进，
09:33
just like MLK did.
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就像马丁·路德·金一样。
09:35
And so the key to being original
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所以说做原创者的关键，
09:38
is just a simple thing
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1736
其实非常简单，
09:40
of avoiding the leap
from step three to step four.
from step three to step four.
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3376
就是避免从第三步走到第四步。
09:43
Instead of saying, "I'm crap,"
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你不去说“我超烂”，
09:45
you say, "The first few drafts
are always crap,
are always crap,
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而是说“最初的想法都是超烂的，
09:48
and I'm just not there yet."
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1400
我只是还没做完而已。”
09:50
So how do you get there?
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所以你怎样继续做呢？
09:52
Well, there's a clue, it turns out,
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其实我发现有一个小事，
09:54
in the Internet browser that you use.
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有关你用的网页浏览器。
09:57
We can predict your job performance
and your commitment
and your commitment
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我们可以预测你的
工作表现或是责任承担情况，
工作表现或是责任承担情况，
09:59
just by knowing what web browser you use.
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只需要了解你用哪款浏览器。
10:03
Now, some of you are not
going to like the results of this study --
going to like the results of this study --
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你们中有些人肯定不会喜欢
这个研究的结果——
这个研究的结果——
10:06
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
10:08
But there is good evidence
that Firefox and Chrome users
that Firefox and Chrome users
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但是我们找到了确凿证据，
说明火狐和谷歌Chrome用户
说明火狐和谷歌Chrome用户
10:11
significantly outperform
Internet Explorer and Safari users.
Internet Explorer and Safari users.
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表现显著好于
IE浏览器和Safari用户。
IE浏览器和Safari用户。
10:15
Yes.
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好耶！
10:17
(Applause)
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（掌声）
10:19
They also stay in their jobs
15 percent longer, by the way.
15 percent longer, by the way.
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顺便提一句，
他们的在职时间也要长15%。
他们的在职时间也要长15%。
10:23
Why? It's not a technical advantage.
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为什么？这不是一个技术性的优势。
10:25
The four browser groups
on average have similar typing speed
on average have similar typing speed
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用这四种浏览器的人
平均打字速度差不多，
平均打字速度差不多，
10:28
and they also have similar levels
of computer knowledge.
of computer knowledge.
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而且他们都对电脑
有相同程度的了解。
有相同程度的了解。
10:31
It's about how you got the browser.
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这有关你如何获取这些浏览器。
10:34
Because if you use
Internet Explorer or Safari,
Internet Explorer or Safari,
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2456
因为如果你用IE或者Safari，
10:36
those came preinstalled on your computer,
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2536
那些已经预装在电脑上了，
10:39
and you accepted the default option
that was handed to you.
that was handed to you.
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2800
你自然接受了厂商提供的默认选择。
10:42
If you wanted Firefox or Chrome,
you had to doubt the default
you had to doubt the default
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3016
如果你想换火狐或Chrome，
你得要质疑默认选择，
你得要质疑默认选择，
10:45
and ask, is there
a different option out there,
a different option out there,
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问问自己，是否有其他选择，
10:47
and then be a little resourceful
and download a new browser.
and download a new browser.
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2960
然后就稍稍随机应变一下，
去下载个新的浏览器。
去下载个新的浏览器。
10:51
So people hear about this study
and they're like,
and they're like,
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所以听说这个研究的人反应就是，
10:54
"Great, if I want to get better at my job,
I just need to upgrade my browser?"
I just need to upgrade my browser?"
216
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3696
“棒极了，如果我想工作得更好，
我只需要升级下浏览器就行了？”
我只需要升级下浏览器就行了？”
10:57
(Laughter)
217
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1016
（笑声）
10:58
No, it's about being the kind of person
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不对，这与你是什么样的人有关，
11:01
who takes the initiative
to doubt the default
to doubt the default
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你是否主动地去质疑默认选项，
11:03
and look for a better option.
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2136
然后寻找一个更好的选择。
11:05
And if you do that well,
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而且如果你找得不错，
11:07
you will open yourself up
to the opposite of déjà vu.
to the opposite of déjà vu.
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你就将自己置于
“似曾相识”感的对立面。
“似曾相识”感的对立面。
11:10
There's a name for it.
It's called vuja de.
It's called vuja de.
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它其实有个名字，
叫做“识相曾似”感。
叫做“识相曾似”感。
11:13
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
11:16
Vuja de is when you look at something
you've seen many times before
you've seen many times before
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“识相曾似”感的意思是，
你再次面对一个无比熟悉的事物，
你再次面对一个无比熟悉的事物，
11:20
and all of a sudden
see it with fresh eyes.
see it with fresh eyes.
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但是突然用一种新的眼光去看待。
11:23
It's a screenwriter
who looks at a movie script
who looks at a movie script
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有个电影剧本作家，
她看着一份电影剧本，
她看着一份电影剧本，
11:26
that can't get the green light
for more than half a century.
for more than half a century.
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它超过半个世纪都没被获准拍摄。
11:29
In every past version,
the main character has been an evil queen.
the main character has been an evil queen.
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在之前的每一个版本里，
故事主角都是个邪恶的女王。
故事主角都是个邪恶的女王。
11:34
But Jennifer Lee starts to question
whether that makes sense.
whether that makes sense.
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但是这位詹妮弗·李开始思考
这个想法是否合理。
这个想法是否合理。
11:37
She rewrites the first act,
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1456
她重写了第一幕，
11:38
reinvents the villain as a tortured hero
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2616
把那个恶棍重新塑造成
一位受尽苦难的英雄，
一位受尽苦难的英雄，
11:41
and Frozen becomes
the most successful animated movie ever.
the most successful animated movie ever.
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于是《冰雪奇缘》成为了
历史上最卖座的动画电影之一。
历史上最卖座的动画电影之一。
11:45
So there's a simple message
from this story.
from this story.
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这个故事传递了一个简单的信息。
11:47
When you feel doubt, don't let it go.
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当你感到困惑，切勿“随它去吧”。
（"Let it go"是电影主题曲名）
（"Let it go"是电影主题曲名）
11:50
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
11:53
What about fear?
237
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恐惧又如何呢？
11:55
Originals feel fear, too.
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1920
原创者也会感到恐惧。
11:57
They're afraid of failing,
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他们害怕失败，
11:59
but what sets them apart
from the rest of us
from the rest of us
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但是他们与我们其他人所不同的是，
12:01
is that they're even more
afraid of failing to try.
afraid of failing to try.
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他们更害怕不去尝试。
12:04
They know you can fail
by starting a business that goes bankrupt
by starting a business that goes bankrupt
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他们知道可以因
创业公司倒闭而失败，
创业公司倒闭而失败，
12:07
or by failing to start a business at all.
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他们更知道可以因
不尝试创业而失败。
不尝试创业而失败。
12:10
They know that in the long run,
our biggest regrets are not our actions
our biggest regrets are not our actions
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他们知道，从长远来看，
我们最大的悔恨不是自己做了什么，
我们最大的悔恨不是自己做了什么，
12:14
but our inactions.
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而是自己没做什么。
12:15
The things we wish we could redo,
if you look at the science,
if you look at the science,
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就科学这个领域，
有些事我们希望能重做一遍，
有些事我们希望能重做一遍，
12:18
are the chances not taken.
247
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2200
就是把握溜走的机会。
12:21
Elon Musk told me recently,
he didn't expect Tesla to succeed.
he didn't expect Tesla to succeed.
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3656
埃隆·马斯克最近告诉我，
他并不指望特斯拉会成功。
他并不指望特斯拉会成功。
12:25
He was sure the first few SpaceX launches
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他非常确信，
SpaceX公司的前几次发射
SpaceX公司的前几次发射
12:28
would fail to make it to orbit,
let alone get back,
let alone get back,
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一定不会进入预定轨道，
更不会重新回收，
更不会重新回收，
12:31
but it was too important not to try.
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2200
但是不去尝试才是最失败的。
12:34
And for so many of us,
when we have an important idea,
when we have an important idea,
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对于我们中的大多数人，
当我们有一个重大的想法，
当我们有一个重大的想法，
12:36
we don't bother to try.
253
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我们往往懒得尝试。
12:38
But I have some good news for you.
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但是我有些好消息。
12:41
You are not going to get judged
on your bad ideas.
on your bad ideas.
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他人衡量你的标准不是你的坏主意。
12:43
A lot of people think they will.
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很多人都以为是这样的。
12:45
If you look across industries
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当你走访各大行业，
12:46
and ask people about their biggest idea,
their most important suggestion,
their most important suggestion,
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然后问问其中的人，
他们最重大的想法、建议是什么，
他们最重大的想法、建议是什么，
12:50
85 percent of them stayed silent
instead of speaking up.
instead of speaking up.
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85%的人保持沉默，不敢发声。
12:55
They were afraid of embarrassing
themselves, of looking stupid.
themselves, of looking stupid.
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他们害怕自己难为情、看上去很蠢。
12:58
But guess what? Originals
have lots and lots of bad ideas,
have lots and lots of bad ideas,
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但是你猜怎么着？
原创者有很多的糟糕想法，
原创者有很多的糟糕想法，
13:02
tons of them, in fact.
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事实上是一大堆。
13:04
Take the guy who invented this.
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举个例子，发明这个的人。
13:07
Do you care that he came up
with a talking doll so creepy
with a talking doll so creepy
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你会在意他发明了这个
超恐怖的会讲话的洋娃娃吗？
超恐怖的会讲话的洋娃娃吗？
13:10
that it scared not only kids
but adults, too?
but adults, too?
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这个玩意儿不止吓到小孩，
还吓坏了成年人啊。
还吓坏了成年人啊。
13:13
No. You celebrate Thomas Edison
for pioneering the light bulb.
for pioneering the light bulb.
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不会！你歌颂托马斯·爱迪生，
因为他发明了灯泡。
因为他发明了灯泡。
13:18
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
13:20
If you look across fields,
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如果你研究各个领域，
13:23
the greatest originals
are the ones who fail the most,
are the ones who fail the most,
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伟大的原创者是那些失败最多的人，
13:26
because they're the ones who try the most.
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因为他们是尝试得最多的人。
13:28
Take classical composers,
the best of the best.
the best of the best.
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以一些最好的古典作曲家为例。
13:31
Why do some of them get more pages
in encyclopedias than others
in encyclopedias than others
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为什么有些人在百科全书里
内容比其他人多，
内容比其他人多，
13:34
and also have their compositions
rerecorded more times?
rerecorded more times?
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而且他们的作品被重新录制更多遍？
13:38
One of the best predictors
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其中一个最好的预测，
13:39
is the sheer volume
of compositions that they generate.
of compositions that they generate.
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就是他们产出的作品的量有多大。
13:43
The more output you churn out,
the more variety you get
the more variety you get
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你产生的输出越大，
你的作品种类越多，
你的作品种类越多，
13:46
and the better your chances
of stumbling on something truly original.
of stumbling on something truly original.
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你就越有可能做出
一些真正原创的东西。
一些真正原创的东西。
13:50
Even the three icons of classical music --
Bach, Beethoven, Mozart --
Bach, Beethoven, Mozart --
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即使是三位古典音乐伟人——
巴赫、贝多芬、莫扎特，
巴赫、贝多芬、莫扎特，
13:54
had to generate hundreds
and hundreds of compositions
and hundreds of compositions
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都必须写出数百份作品，
13:57
to come up with a much smaller
number of masterpieces.
number of masterpieces.
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才能获得相当少量的杰作。
14:01
Now, you may be wondering,
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你们可能在想，
14:03
how did this guy become great
without doing a whole lot?
without doing a whole lot?
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这个家伙没做多少事，
又是怎么获得成功的呢？
又是怎么获得成功的呢？
14:07
I don't know how Wagner pulled that off.
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我不知道瓦格纳怎么做到的。
14:10
But for most of us,
if we want to be more original,
if we want to be more original,
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但是对于大部分人，
如果我们想要变得更有原创性，
如果我们想要变得更有原创性，
14:13
we have to generate more ideas.
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我们必须大开脑洞。
14:16
The Warby Parker founders, when they
were trying to name their company,
were trying to name their company,
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瓦比·帕克的创始人，
当他们思考如何命名公司的时候，
当他们思考如何命名公司的时候，
14:20
they needed something sophisticated,
unique, with no negative associations
unique, with no negative associations
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他们想要找相对复杂、特别的词，
而且没有负面的歧义，
而且没有负面的歧义，
14:23
to build a retail brand,
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以此打造一个零售品牌，
14:25
and they tested over 2,000 possibilities
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他们尝试了超过两千种可能性，
14:27
before they finally put together
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最后才找到两个词拼在一起：
14:29
Warby and Parker.
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“瓦比”和“帕克”。
14:32
So if you put all this together,
what you see is that originals
what you see is that originals
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如果你综合来看，
你会发现原创者
你会发现原创者
14:35
are not that different
from the rest of us.
from the rest of us.
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与我们其他人差别并不是那么大。
14:37
They feel fear and doubt.
They procrastinate.
They procrastinate.
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他们也会害怕、疑虑。
他们犯拖延症。
他们犯拖延症。
14:40
They have bad ideas.
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他们有糟糕的想法。
14:42
And sometimes, it's not in spite
of those qualities but because of them
of those qualities but because of them
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有时，这些品质并不妨碍他们，
而是正因这些，他们才能成功。
14:46
that they succeed.
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14:48
So when you see those things,
don't make the same mistake I did.
don't make the same mistake I did.
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所以当你们看到这些时，
千万别犯像我这样的错误。
千万别犯像我这样的错误。
14:51
Don't write them off.
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不要无视他们。
14:52
And when that's you,
don't count yourself out either.
don't count yourself out either.
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如果这个人是你，
你也别无视了自己。
你也别无视了自己。
14:55
Know that being quick to start
but slow to finish
but slow to finish
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你要知道，
快速地开始、缓慢地结束
快速地开始、缓慢地结束
14:57
can boost your creativity,
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可以提升你的创造力，
14:59
that you can motivate yourself
by doubting your ideas
by doubting your ideas
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你可以通过质疑自己的想法
来激励自己，
来激励自己，
15:02
and embracing the fear of failing to try,
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勇敢地面对放弃尝试的恐惧感，
15:04
and that you need a lot of bad ideas
in order to get a few good ones.
in order to get a few good ones.
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并且知道自己想到很多坏主意后
才能获得几个好主意。
才能获得几个好主意。
15:08
Look, being original is not easy,
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做原创者并不容易，
15:11
but I have no doubt about this:
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但是我对此深信不疑：
15:13
it's the best way
to improve the world around us.
to improve the world around us.
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这是改变我们周围世界的最好方式。
15:16
Thank you.
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谢谢各位。
15:17
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Adam Grant - Organizational psychologistAfter years of studying the dynamics of success and productivity in the workplace, Adam Grant discovered a powerful and often overlooked motivator: helping others.
Why you should listen
In his groundbreaking book Give and Take, top-rated Wharton professor Adam Grant upended decades of conventional motivational thinking with the thesis that giving unselfishly to colleagues or clients can lead to one’s own long-term success. Grant’s research has led hundreds of advice seekers (and HR departments) to his doorstep, and it’s changing the way leaders view their workforces.
Grant's book Originals: How Non-Conformists Move the World examines how unconventional thinkers overturn the status quo and champion game-changing ideas.
Grant is the host of the TED original podcast WorkLife, taking us inside unconventional workplaces to explore the ideas we can all use to make work more meaningful and creative.
Adam Grant | Speaker | TED.com