TED2017
Manu Prakash: Lifesaving scientific tools made of paper
馬努．帕拉卡施: 用紙製作救命的科學工具
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發明家馬努．帕拉卡施用日常材料製作強大的科學儀器，從折疊顯微鏡到最新的蚊子追蹤器。在 TED 舞台上，他演示了紙製離心機，一個受到玩具啟發的手動離心機。造價僅 20 美分，卻能完成 1000 美元機器的工作，並且不需要用電。
Manu Prakash - Physicist, inventor
TED Fellow Manu Prakash is on a mission to bring radical new technology to global health. Full bio
TED Fellow Manu Prakash is on a mission to bring radical new technology to global health. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
So, I love making tools
and sharing them with people.
and sharing them with people.
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我熱愛製作工具
並把它們分享給他人。
並把它們分享給他人。
00:17
I remember as a child,
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記得小時候我做的
第一個工具是顯微鏡，
第一個工具是顯微鏡，
00:18
my first tool I built
was actually a microscope
was actually a microscope
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用從哥哥那偷來的眼鏡片做的，
00:21
that I built by stealing lenses
from my brother's eyeglasses.
from my brother's eyeglasses.
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00:26
He wasn't that thrilled.
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他不是很高興。
00:28
But, you know, maybe
because of that moment,
because of that moment,
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但，你知道嗎，
或許就是因為那一刻，
或許就是因為那一刻，
30 年後，我依然在做顯微鏡。
00:30
30 years later,
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00:31
I'm still making microscopes.
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00:34
And the reason I built these tools
is for moments like this.
is for moments like this.
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而我製作它們的原因，
就是為了這樣的時刻：
就是為了這樣的時刻：
（影片）女孩：有黑色的
東西在我頭髮裡——
東西在我頭髮裡——
00:39
(Video) Girl: I have
black things in my hair --
black things in my hair --
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00:42
Manu Prakash: This is a school
in the Bay Area.
in the Bay Area.
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馬努：這是在灣區的一所學校。
00:44
(Video) MP: The living world
far supersedes our imagination
far supersedes our imagination
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（影片）馬努：真實的世界如何運行
與我們的想像大相逕庭。
與我們的想像大相逕庭。
00:49
of how things actually work.
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（影片）男孩：天啊！
00:51
(Video) Boy: Oh my God!
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馬努：沒錯——天啊！
00:55
MP: Right -- oh my God!
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00:58
I hadn't realized this would be
such a universal phrase.
such a universal phrase.
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我真的沒想到
大家的反應都是這句話。
大家的反應都是這句話。
01:03
Over the last two years,
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這兩年以來，
01:04
in my lab,
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在我的實驗室裡，
我們做了五萬個
「折疊式顯微鏡」(Foldscope)，
「折疊式顯微鏡」(Foldscope)，
01:06
we built 50,000 Foldscopes
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01:08
and shipped them
to 130 countries in the world,
to 130 countries in the world,
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並將之送到全球 130 多個國家，
01:11
at no cost to the kids we sent them to.
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免費提供給孩子們使用。
01:14
This year alone,
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單是今年，
在社群的支持下，
01:15
with the support of our community,
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我們計畫發放一百萬台顯微鏡
給世界各地的小朋友。
給世界各地的小朋友。
01:17
we are planning to ship
a million microscopes
a million microscopes
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01:20
to kids around the world.
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01:22
What does that do?
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這將有什麼作用呢？
它能營造一個有啟發性作用的社群，
01:23
It creates an inspiring community
of people around the world,
of people around the world,
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讓世界各地的人
共同學習、相互傳授。
共同學習、相互傳授。
01:27
learning and teaching each other,
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從肯尼亞到坎帕拉，
從加德滿都到堪薩斯。
從加德滿都到堪薩斯。
01:29
from Kenya to Kampala
to Kathmandu to Kansas.
to Kathmandu to Kansas.
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我特別喜歡這計畫的一個效應，
01:33
And one of the phenomenal things
that I love about this
that I love about this
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就是「社群」的感覺。
01:35
is the sense of community.
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01:37
There's a kid in Nicaragua
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有一位尼加拉瓜的小孩，
01:39
teaching others how to identify
mosquito species that carry dengue
mosquito species that carry dengue
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能教別人如何透過顯微鏡觀察蟲卵，
來分辨會攜帶登革熱的蚊子。
01:43
by looking at the larva
under a microscope.
under a microscope.
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01:45
There's a pharmacologist
who came up with a new way
who came up with a new way
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一名藥理學家，
找到了一個在任何地方
都能分辨假藥的新方法。
都能分辨假藥的新方法。
01:48
to detect fake drugs anywhere.
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01:51
There is a girl who wondered:
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有一個小女孩想知道：
「亮粉為什麼會發亮？」
01:53
"How does glitter actually work?"
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結果發現了亮粉的物理結晶構造。
01:55
and discovered the physics
of crystalline formation in glitter.
of crystalline formation in glitter.
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01:59
There is an Argentinian doctor
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還有一位阿根廷的醫生，
用這項工具實現了
現場實地子宮頸癌篩檢。
現場實地子宮頸癌篩檢。
02:01
who's trying to do field cervical cancer
screening with this tool.
screening with this tool.
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02:05
And yours very truly found
a species of flea
a species of flea
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甚至在我腳後跟處一公分深的地方，
02:09
that was dug inside my heel in my foot
one centimeter deep.
one centimeter deep.
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你能挖到了新品種的跳蚤。
02:15
Now, you might think
of these as anomalies.
of these as anomalies.
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你可能覺得這不過是特別情況。
不過真的有辦法
讓這件神奇的事情成真。
讓這件神奇的事情成真。
02:19
But there is a method to this madness.
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我叫它做「便宜科學」——
02:22
I call this "frugal science" --
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02:24
the idea of sharing
the experience of science,
the experience of science,
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這是一個分享科學經驗，
02:28
and not just the information.
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而非科學資訊的理念。
02:31
To remind you:
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提醒各位，
02:32
there are a billion people on this planet
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這顆星球上有十億人
生活在毫無基礎建設的環境裡：
生活在毫無基礎建設的環境裡：
02:34
who live with absolutely
no infrastructure:
no infrastructure:
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沒有公路、
02:36
no roads,
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沒有電力，
02:38
no electricity
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02:39
and thus, no health care.
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所以也沒有醫療保健。
02:42
Also, there a billion kids
on this planet that live in poverty.
on this planet that live in poverty.
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同樣的，這星球上有十億孩童
生活在貧困之中，
生活在貧困之中，
02:47
How are we supposed to inspire them
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應該怎樣啟發他們
02:49
for the next generation
of solution makers?
of solution makers?
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成為下一代的問題解決者？
02:52
There are health care workers
that we put on the line
that we put on the line
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還有要如何支援那些
靠著極有限的工具和資源保護我們，
靠著極有限的工具和資源保護我們，
02:55
to fight infectious diseases,
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在對抗傳染性疾病的最前線
奮戰的醫療工作者。
奮戰的醫療工作者。
02:56
to protect us with absolutely
bare-minimum tools and resources.
bare-minimum tools and resources.
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03:02
So as a lab at Stanford,
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作為史丹福大學的研究員，
03:04
I think of this from a context
of frugal science
of frugal science
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我在想，要如何運用
便宜科學的理念來啟發孩子們，
便宜科學的理念來啟發孩子們，
03:08
and building solutions
for these communities.
for these communities.
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並為這些社區設計出解決方案。
03:10
Often we think about being able to do
diagnosis under a tree, off-grid.
diagnosis under a tree, off-grid.
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我們通常需要考慮的是如何
在樹下、沒有電的情況下做診斷，
在樹下、沒有電的情況下做診斷，
03:15
I'll tell you two examples
today of new tools.
today of new tools.
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向各位說兩個新工具的案例。
03:18
One of them starts in Uganda.
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其中一個我要從烏干達講起，
03:20
In 2013,
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2013 年，在使用折疊顯微鏡
檢測血吸蟲病的一次野外考察中，
檢測血吸蟲病的一次野外考察中，
03:22
on a field trip to detect
schistosomiasis with Foldscopes,
schistosomiasis with Foldscopes,
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我觀察到一個小現象。
03:26
I made a minor observation.
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03:28
In a clinic,
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在這個地處偏僻遙遠的診所裡，
03:30
in a far, remote area,
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03:31
I saw a centrifuge
being used as a doorstop.
being used as a doorstop.
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我看到一個離心機被用來做門擋，
03:36
I mean -- quite literally, the doorstop.
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他們真的是直接拿離心機來擋門。
03:38
And I asked them and they said,
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我對此表示疑惑，他們回答說：
03:40
"Oh, we don't actually have electricity,
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「哦，我們並沒有電啊，
03:42
so this piece of junk
is good as a doorstop."
is good as a doorstop."
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所以這塊垃圾最好的用處
就是用來擋門。」
就是用來擋門。」
03:46
Centrifuges, for some of you
who don't know,
who don't know,
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離心機這個機器，
如果有人不了解的話，
如果有人不了解的話，
03:49
are the pinnacle tool to be able
to do sample processing.
to do sample processing.
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它是非常重要的樣本分析工具，
它可以幫你分離出
血液或體液中的成分，
血液或體液中的成分，
03:52
You separate components
of blood or body fluids
of blood or body fluids
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03:55
to be able to detect
and identify pathogens.
and identify pathogens.
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以供檢測和鑒別病原體用。
03:58
But centrifuges are bulky, expensive --
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但離心機既笨重又昂貴——
大概 1000 美元一台——
04:01
cost around 1,000 dollars --
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並且非常難以搬運到野外工作。
04:03
and really hard to carry out in the field.
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當然了，沒有電它們也無法運作。
04:05
And of course,
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04:06
they don't work without power.
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04:08
Sound familiar?
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這聽起來是不是有點耳熟？
04:09
So we started thinking
about solving this problem,
about solving this problem,
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所以我們開始思考
怎麼解決這個問題，
怎麼解決這個問題，
04:12
and I came back --
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我回到實驗室，一直想到玩具。
04:13
kept thinking about toys.
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04:15
Now ...
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現在......
04:18
I have a few with me here.
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我帶了幾個來。
04:19
I first started with yo-yos ...
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我最開始是從溜溜球下手的，
04:21
and I'm a terrible yo-yo thrower.
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我很不擅長玩溜溜球。
04:24
Because these objects spin,
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但這個東西會旋轉，
04:26
we wondered,
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我們就在想......
能不能利用這個原理
來做離心機呢？
來做離心機呢？
04:27
could we actually use
the physics of these objects
the physics of these objects
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04:30
to be able to build centrifuges?
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04:33
This was possibly the worst
throw I could make.
throw I could make.
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這大概是我扔得最爛的一次。
所以你就會開始想
04:36
But you might start realizing,
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04:37
if you start exploring
the safe space of toys --
the safe space of toys --
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還有哪些工具與玩具一樣安全——
04:40
we tried these spinning tops,
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我們試過陀螺......
然後在實驗室裡，
04:43
and then in the lab,
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04:45
we stumbled upon this wonder.
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我們偶然發現了這個神奇的小玩意，
04:47
It's the whirligig,
or a buzzer, or a rundle.
or a buzzer, or a rundle.
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這也是陀螺的一種，又叫拉線飛輪。
它由幾根繩子和一個圓盤構成。
04:51
A couple of strings and a little disk,
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04:53
and if I push, it spins.
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如果我拉一下繩子，它就會旋轉。
04:56
How many of you have played
with this as a kid?
with this as a kid?
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有多少人小時候玩過這個？
04:58
This is called a button-on-a-string.
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這就是所謂的「鈕扣飛輪」。
05:00
OK, maybe 50 percent of you.
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好吧，大概有一半的人。
05:02
What you didn't realize --
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但你可能不知道——
05:03
that this little object
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這個小東西，
它是人類歷史上最古老的玩具。
05:06
is the oldest toy
in the history of mankind ...
in the history of mankind ...
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05:11
5,000 years ago.
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五千年前就和遺跡一起
深埋在我們的地球上。
深埋在我們的地球上。
05:12
We have found relics of this object
hidden around on our planet.
hidden around on our planet.
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05:17
Now the irony is,
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但諷刺的是，
05:19
we actually don't understand
how this little thing works.
how this little thing works.
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實際上我們並不知道
這個小東西的原理是什麼，
這個小東西的原理是什麼，
05:22
That's when I get excited.
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這樣的情況讓我相當興奮。
05:24
So we got back to work,
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我們回到工作正軌上，
05:26
wrote down a couple of equations.
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寫下了幾條方程式。
05:29
If you take the input torque
that you put in,
that you put in,
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如果你知道你的輸入扭矩，
05:32
you take the drag on this disc,
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輪盤的阻力，及線的扭組力，
05:34
and the twist drag on these strings,
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如此就能直接導出數學公式
來解決這個問題。
來解決這個問題。
05:36
you should be able
to mathematically solve this.
to mathematically solve this.
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05:38
This is not the only equation in my talk.
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這可不是唯一的方程式，
05:41
Ten pages of math later,
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經過十幾頁的數學計算之後，
05:43
we could actually write down
the complete analytical solution
the complete analytical solution
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我們終於寫出了這個
動力系統的完整解析方案。
動力系統的完整解析方案。
05:46
for this dynamic system.
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最後得到的就是我們稱之為
「紙離心機」的東西。
「紙離心機」的東西。
05:48
And out comes what we call "Paperfuge."
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05:52
That's my postdoc Saad Bhamla,
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這是我帶的博士後，薩德．巴姆拉，
05:54
who's the co-inventor of Paperfuge.
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也是紙離心機的共同發明者，
05:56
And to the left, you see
all the centrifuges
all the centrifuges
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左邊你看到的那些離心機
是我們想要替換掉的。
是我們想要替換掉的。
05:58
that we're trying to replace.
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06:00
This little object that you see right here
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你們現在看到的這個小東西，
06:04
is a disc, a couple
of strings and a handle.
of strings and a handle.
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是一個圓盤，幾條線和一個把手。
06:08
And when I spin
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當我想要它旋轉時，
06:09
and I push,
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我這樣拉，
06:11
it starts to spin.
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它就轉起來了。
06:12
Now, when you realize,
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你會發現，
06:14
when you do the math,
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如果你用數學來計算這東西的轉速，
06:17
when we calculate the rpm for this object,
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06:20
mathematically, we should be able
to go all the way to a million rpm.
to go all the way to a million rpm.
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理論上，我們可以
做到一分鐘一百萬轉。
做到一分鐘一百萬轉。
06:24
Now, there is a little twist
in human anatomy,
in human anatomy,
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接下來跟人體解剖構造有關，
06:27
because the resonant frequency
of this object is about 10 hertz,
of this object is about 10 hertz,
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因為這個小東西的
共振頻率大概有 10 赫茲，
共振頻率大概有 10 赫茲，
如果你彈過鋼琴的話，
06:30
and if you've ever played the piano,
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06:31
you can't go higher
than two or three hertz.
than two or three hertz.
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你就知道，不會高過 2-3 赫茲。
06:34
The maximum speed we've been able
to achieve with this object
to achieve with this object
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我們這個小東西能達到的最大速度，
06:37
is not 10,000 rpm,
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不是每分鐘一萬轉，
06:39
not 50,000 rpm --
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也不是每分鐘五萬轉，
06:40
120,000 rpm.
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而是每分鐘十二萬轉，
06:42
That's equal to 30,000 g-forces.
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相當等於三萬個重力加速度。
06:45
If I was to stick you right here
and have it spin,
and have it spin,
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如果我把你黏在這裡，
然後讓它旋轉，
然後讓它旋轉，
06:48
you would think about the types
of forces you would experience.
of forces you would experience.
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想想看你會感受到什麼樣的力量。
06:52
One of the factors of a tool like this
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這樣的工具需要考慮一個關鍵，
06:54
is to be able to do diagnosis with this.
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就是能否用於診斷。
06:57
So, I'm going to do
a quick demo here, where --
a quick demo here, where --
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所以我準備在這
做一個簡短的演示，
做一個簡短的演示，
07:02
this is a moment where I'm going
to make a little finger prick,
to make a little finger prick,
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現在我要戳一下手指頭，
07:06
and a tiny drop of blood
is going to come out.
is going to come out.
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這會流出一小滴血。
07:08
If you don't like blood,
you don't have to look at it.
you don't have to look at it.
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如果你不喜歡血，可以不看。
07:11
Here is a little lancet.
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這有一個小採血針，
07:12
These lancets are available everywhere,
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這樣的小針在哪都很常見，
07:14
completely passive.
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完全沒有攻擊性。
07:15
And if I've had breakfast today ...
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但願我今天早上吃了早餐......
07:22
That didn't hurt at all.
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一點也不痛。
07:23
OK, I take a little capillary
with a drop of blood --
with a drop of blood --
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好，我要拿採血管取一滴血——
07:27
now this drop of blood has answers,
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現在這滴血就是答案，
07:29
that's why I'm interested in it.
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這就是我為何對此感興趣的原因，
07:31
It might actually tell me whether
I have malaria right now or not.
I have malaria right now or not.
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它能顯示我現在有沒有得瘧疾。
07:35
I take a little capillary,
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我拿了個採血管，
07:37
and you see it starts wicking in.
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你們能看到開始出血了。
07:39
I'm going to draw a little more blood.
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我要再多擠一點血出來，
07:44
And that's good enough for right now.
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這樣就夠了。
07:47
Now, I just seal this capillary
by putting it in clay.
by putting it in clay.
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現在要把採血管放進黏土裡密封，
07:55
And now that's sealed the sample.
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然後現在它是一個密封好的樣本了，
07:57
We're going to take the sample,
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我現在要把它固定在紙離心機上。
07:59
mount it on Paperfuge.
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08:09
A little piece of tape
to make a sealed cavity.
to make a sealed cavity.
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用一片小膠帶把它黏上去，
08:12
So now the sample is completely enclosed.
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現在樣本已經完全附著好了，
08:19
And we are ready for a spin.
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我們準備好開始轉了。
08:23
I'm pushing and pulling with this object.
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我要拉扯一下這個東西，
08:25
I'm going to load this up ...
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先把它轉幾下……
08:28
And you see the object starts spinning.
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你能看到它已經開始旋轉了。
08:30
Unlike a regular centrifuge,
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這和一般的離心機不同，
08:32
this is a counter-rotating centrifuge.
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這是一個會來回旋轉的離心機，
08:36
It goes back and forth, back and forth ...
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它會往前轉然後往後轉，
往前轉然後往後轉...
往前轉然後往後轉...
08:39
And now I'm charging it up,
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我正在給它更多的動力，
08:41
and you see it builds momentum.
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你能看到它越來越快了。
現在——我不知道你們
能不能聽到這個聲音——
能不能聽到這個聲音——
08:44
And now -- I don't know
if you can hear this --
if you can hear this --
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08:46
30 seconds of this,
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保持這樣 30 秒，
08:48
and I should be able to separate
all the blood cells with the plasma.
all the blood cells with the plasma.
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我應該就能把血細胞和
血漿分離開，
血漿分離開，
08:53
And the ratio of those blood
cells to plasma --
cells to plasma --
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並且知道血細胞和血漿的比例——
08:56
(Applause)
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（觀眾鼓掌）
09:00
Already, if you see right here,
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已經好了，如果你看這裡，
09:04
if you focus on this,
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注意看這個地方，
09:05
you should be able to see
a separated volume
a separated volume
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你可以看到
血細胞和血漿各別的容量，
血細胞和血漿各別的容量，
09:09
of blood and plasma.
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09:11
And the ratio of that actually tells me
whether I might be anemic.
whether I might be anemic.
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這個比例能讓我知道我是否貧血。
09:15
One the of aspects of this is,
we build many types of Paperfuges.
we build many types of Paperfuges.
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我們造了很多類型的紙離心機，
09:19
This one allows us to identify
malaria parasites
malaria parasites
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這一種讓我們能夠識別瘧疾寄生蟲，
09:23
by running them for a little longer,
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讓它轉得更久一點，
09:25
and we can identify malaria parasites
that are in the blood
that are in the blood
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我們就能看到血液裡的
瘧疾寄生蟲了，
瘧疾寄生蟲了，
09:29
that we can separate out and detect
with something like a centrifuge.
with something like a centrifuge.
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這樣的分離和檢測就是
一般的離心機能做的。
一般的離心機能做的。
09:32
Another version of this allows me
to separate nucleic acids
to separate nucleic acids
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另一個版本的紙離心機
能讓我們分離出核酸，
能讓我們分離出核酸，
09:37
to be able to do nucleic acid tests
out in the field itself.
out in the field itself.
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能在野外做核酸測試。
09:41
Here is another version that allows me
to separate bulk samples,
to separate bulk samples,
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這個版本可以批量分離大量樣本。
09:45
and then, finally,
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然後呢，最後，
09:47
something new that we've been working on
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我們在研究的新產品，
09:49
to be able to implement the entire
multiplex test on an object like this.
multiplex test on an object like this.
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4795
能在這樣的東西上施行多種測試，
09:54
So where you do the sample preparation
and the chemistry in the same object.
and the chemistry in the same object.
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能在同一個物體上準備樣品，
並進行化學反應。
並進行化學反應。
09:59
Now ...
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那麼……
10:00
this is all good,
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這些聽起來都很好，
10:02
but when you start thinking about this,
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1907
但如果你認真地想想，
10:04
you have to share these tools with people.
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當你想把這些工具分享給別人......
10:06
And one of the things we did is --
we just got back from Madagascar;
we just got back from Madagascar;
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我們的行動之一是——
我們剛從馬達加斯加回來；
我們剛從馬達加斯加回來；
10:09
this is what clinical trials
for malaria look like --
for malaria look like --
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2578
瘧疾的臨床診斷看起來是這樣的——
（觀眾笑）
10:12
(Laughter)
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1003
你可以邊喝咖啡邊做這個。
10:13
You can do this while having coffee.
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2357
10:15
But most importantly,
216
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1873
但最重要的是，
10:17
this is a village six hours from any road.
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這個村子離最近的公路要六小時。
10:22
We are in a room with one of the senior
members of the community
members of the community
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4563
我們和一名當地的長者，
10:26
and a health care worker.
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614623
1513
還有一名醫療工作者在房間裡。
10:28
It really is this portion of the work
that excites me the most --
that excites me the most --
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3497
這是工作中最讓我興奮的時刻——
就是使用者的微笑，
10:31
that smile,
221
619681
1158
10:32
to be able to share simple but powerful
tools with people around the world.
tools with people around the world.
222
620863
3874
能和世界上所有的人
分享簡單而強大的工具。
分享簡單而強大的工具。
10:37
Now, I forgot to tell you this,
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625479
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現在，我忘了告訴各位，
10:39
that all of that cost me 20 cents to make.
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2403
做這個東西只花了我 20 美分。
10:43
OK, in the negative time I have left,
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2882
好，在剩下不多的時間裡，
10:46
I'll tell you about the most recent --
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2066
我來給各位談談
10:48
(Laughter)
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（觀眾笑）
10:49
invention from our lab.
228
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1870
我們實驗室裡最新的發明。
10:51
It's called Abuzz --
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1353
它叫「嗡嗡」(Abuzz) ──
10:53
the idea that all of you
could help us fight mosquitoes;
could help us fight mosquitoes;
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641618
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我們的想法是，
讓所有人都能幫忙對抗蚊子，
讓所有人都能幫忙對抗蚊子，
10:57
you could all help us track our enemies.
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645776
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你們都能幫忙追蹤我們的敵人。
11:00
These are enemies because they cause
malaria, Zika, chikungunya, dengue.
malaria, Zika, chikungunya, dengue.
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648067
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蚊子之所以是敵人，是因為牠們傳播
瘧疾、茲卡病、屈公病和登革熱。
瘧疾、茲卡病、屈公病和登革熱。
11:04
But the challenge is that we actually
don't know where our enemies are.
don't know where our enemies are.
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4784
困難在於，我們
其實不知道敵人到底在哪，
其實不知道敵人到底在哪，
11:08
The world map for where
mosquitoes are is missing.
mosquitoes are is missing.
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2979
蚊子的世界分佈圖還沒有人做出來。
11:12
So we started thinking about this.
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1743
所以我們開始思考這件事，
11:14
There are 3,500 species of mosquitoes,
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2035
世界上有 3500 種蚊子，
11:16
and they're all very similar.
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664129
1403
牠們都非常相似。
11:17
Some of them are so identical
238
665556
1439
有得甚至相似到連昆蟲學家
在顯微鏡下也區分不出來。
在顯微鏡下也區分不出來。
11:19
that even an entomologist cannot
identify them under a microscope.
identify them under a microscope.
239
667019
3388
11:23
But they have an Achilles' heel.
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1785
但牠們有一個致命弱點。
11:24
This is what mosquitoes flirting
with each other looks like.
with each other looks like.
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3200
這是蚊子相互調情的場面，
11:28
That's a male chasing a female.
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2229
那隻雄蚊正在追求雌蚊。
11:30
They're actually talking to each other
with their wingbeat frequencies.
with their wingbeat frequencies.
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3821
牠們利用翅膀震動的頻率對話，
11:34
(Buzzing sound)
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1040
（嗡嗡聲）
11:35
And thus, they have a signature.
245
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2357
也就是說，牠們使用一種特定信號。
11:38
We realized that using a regular phone,
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3364
我們發現透過一隻普通的手機，
11:42
a $5-10 flip phone --
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690040
2541
一隻價值 5-10 美金的
翻蓋式手機——
翻蓋式手機——
11:44
how many remember what this object is?
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有多少人還記得這是什麼？
11:46
(Laughter)
249
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（觀眾笑）
11:47
We can record these acoustic
signatures from mosquitoes.
signatures from mosquitoes.
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695815
4161
我們可以把蚊子的
音頻信號錄製下來，
音頻信號錄製下來，
11:52
I'll tell you exactly how to do this.
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700000
1936
我來告訴各位確切要怎麼做。
11:53
I caught some mosquitoes outside.
252
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我在室外抓到一些蚊子，
11:55
Unlike Bill [Gates], I'm not
going to release them.
going to release them.
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2388
不像比爾蓋茨，我沒打算放生牠們。
11:58
(Laughter)
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1040
（觀眾笑）
11:59
But I will tell you how
to record from this.
to record from this.
255
707151
2575
但我會告訴你們怎麼樣錄音，
12:01
All you do is tap them and they fly.
256
709750
2442
你只需要敲幾下，
牠們就會飛起來，
牠們就會飛起來，
12:04
You can first test --
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1341
先測試一下，看能不能用耳朵聽到，
12:05
I can actually hear that.
258
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1752
12:07
And you bring your phone,
which has microphones --
which has microphones --
259
715357
2454
然後你拿起手機，上面有麥克風，
12:09
it turns out the mics
are so damn good already,
are so damn good already,
260
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2366
普通手機的麥克風就相當好用，
12:12
even on regular phones,
261
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1240
12:13
that you can pick up
this near-field signature.
this near-field signature.
262
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2433
你可以捕捉到近音場的音頻。
12:15
And since I'm out of time,
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2138
因為時間不夠用了，
12:18
let me just play the recording
that I made a day ago.
that I made a day ago.
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3692
允許我直接播放前一天做的錄音。
12:21
(Mosquitoes buzz)
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2540
（蚊子嗡嗡聲）
12:24
This is all the charming sound
that you heard before
that you heard before
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2928
這就是大家都聽過的迷人聲音，
12:27
that you all love.
267
735340
1184
人人都喜歡。
能用一隻普通的手機
這麼做的意義在於，
這麼做的意義在於，
12:30
One of the contexts of this
268
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1421
12:32
is that being able to do this
with a regular cell phone
with a regular cell phone
269
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3214
12:35
allows us to map mosquito species.
270
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3160
我們可以做出蚊子種類的分佈圖。
12:39
Using a flip phone,
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1692
通過翻蓋式手機，
12:41
we mapped one of the largest
acoustic databases
acoustic databases
272
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2978
我們可以繪製出一個
大型的音頻數據庫，
大型的音頻數據庫，
12:44
with 25 to 20 species of mosquitoes
that carry human pathogens.
that carry human pathogens.
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裡面包括了 20-25 種會攜帶
人類病原體的蚊子。
人類病原體的蚊子。
12:49
And from this and machine learning,
274
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1679
透過上傳更新的音頻數據，
12:51
anybody who uploads this data,
275
759330
1784
加上機器學習，
我們就能判斷
12:53
we can identify and tell the probability
276
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1988
你抓到的蚊子種類可能性。
12:55
of what species of mosquitoes
you're actually working with.
you're actually working with.
277
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2834
我們管這個叫「嗡嗡」，
如果有人願意參與的話，
如果有人願意參與的話，
12:58
We call this Abuzz,
and if any of you want to sign up,
and if any of you want to sign up,
278
766008
2815
13:00
just go to the website.
279
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1218
只要去看我們的網站就行。
13:02
Let me close with something
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1642
請允許我以自己內心很看重的事
來結束今天的演講，
來結束今天的演講，
13:04
that's very important
and dear to my heart.
and dear to my heart.
281
772189
2301
13:07
One of the challenges of today
is we have terrible problems.
is we have terrible problems.
282
775504
3947
當今世界我們面臨很多可怕的問題，
13:11
We have a billion people
with absolutely no health care,
with absolutely no health care,
283
779475
2898
世界上有十億人沒有任何衛生保健，
13:14
climate change, biodiversity loss,
284
782397
2125
氣候變化，生物多樣性流失，
13:16
on and on and on.
285
784546
1185
還有很多很多，
13:18
And we hope that science
is going to provide the answer.
is going to provide the answer.
286
786226
2950
而我們希望科學能提供解決方案。
13:21
But before you leave this theatre today,
287
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2148
今天，在你離開會場之前，
13:23
I want you to promise one thing.
288
791762
1754
我希望你們能答應一件事，
13:25
We're going to make science accessible --
289
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2378
我們要讓科學更便利，
13:29
not just to the people who can afford it,
290
797066
2139
不僅是只有支付得起的人可用，
13:31
but a billion others who can't.
291
799229
1882
更要讓十億沒有經濟能力的人所用。
13:33
Let's make science and scientific
literacy a human right.
literacy a human right.
292
801761
4016
讓科學的應用及知識的取得
成為一種人權，
成為一種人權，
13:39
The moment that you pass the tingling
feeling of making a discovery
feeling of making a discovery
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當你把「發現」的動人時刻
傳遞給另一個孩子的時候，
傳遞給另一個孩子的時候，
13:44
to another child,
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13:46
you're enabling them to be
the next group of people
the next group of people
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你很有可能讓他們成為
下一代真正解決這些問題的人。
下一代真正解決這些問題的人。
13:50
who will actually solve these problems.
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13:52
Thank you.
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謝謝大家。
13:53
(Applause)
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（觀眾鼓掌）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Manu Prakash - Physicist, inventorTED Fellow Manu Prakash is on a mission to bring radical new technology to global health.
Why you should listen
An assistant professor of bioengineering at Stanford University, Manu Prakash is a physicist working at the molecular scale to try and understand no less than how the world really works. As he told BusinessWeek in 2010, he is humbled and inspired by nature’s own solutions to the world's biggest problems. "I build and design tools to uncover how and why biological systems so often outsmart us. I believe one day we will be able to understand the physical design principles of life on Earth, leading to a new way to look at the world we live in."
Born in Meerut, India, Prakash earned a BTech in computer science and engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology in Kanpur before moving to the United States. He did his master’s and PhD in applied physics at MIT before founding the Prakash Lab at Stanford.
Prakash's ultra-low-cost, "print-and-fold" paper microscope won a $100,000 grant from the Gates Foundaton in 2012.
Manu Prakash | Speaker | TED.com