TEDGlobal 2013
Mark Kendall: Demo: A needle-free vaccine patch that's safer and way cheaper
Mark Kendall: Un pegat-vacuna sense agulla que és més segur i molt més barat.
Filmed:
Readability: 4.6
1,079,860 views
Cent seixanta anys després de la invenció de l'agulla i la xeringa, encara les utilitzem per administrar vacunes; és hora d'evolucionar. L'enginyer biomèdic Mark Kendall mostra el Nanopegat, una vacuna d'un centímetre quadrat que pot ser aplicada a la pell sense dolor. Mostra com aquest tros de silici diminut pot superar els quatre desavantatges principals de l'agulla i la xeringa moderna, per una fracció del cost.
Mark Kendall - Biomedical engineer
Mark Kendall aims to shake up how vaccines are delivered with the Nanopatch. Full bio
Mark Kendall aims to shake up how vaccines are delivered with the Nanopatch. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
It's a pleasure to be here
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És un plaer ser aquí
00:13
in Edinburgh, Scotland,
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a Edimburg, Escòcia,
00:15
the birthplace of the needle and syringe.
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el lloc de naixement de l'agulla i la xeringa.
00:18
Less than a mile from here in this direction,
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A menys d'1,6 km d'aquí en aquesta direcció,
00:21
in 1853 a Scotsman
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el 1853 un escocès
00:23
filed his very first patent on the needle and syringe.
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va sol·licitar la seva primera patent
de l'agulla i la xeringa.
de l'agulla i la xeringa.
00:26
His name was Alexander Wood,
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Es deia Alexander Wood,
00:28
and it was at the Royal College of Physicians.
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i va ser al Col·legi Reial de Metges.
00:31
This is the patent.
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Aquesta és la patent.
00:34
What blows my mind when I look at it even today
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El que em sorprèn quan ho miro,
fins i tot avui,
fins i tot avui,
00:37
is that it looks almost identical
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és que és quasi idèntica
00:39
to the needle in use today.
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a l'agulla d'avui en dia.
00:41
Yet, it's 160 years old.
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Tot i que té 160 anys.
00:44
So we turn to the field of vaccines.
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Tornem al camp de les vacunes.
00:47
Most vaccines are delivered with
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La majoria de vacunes se subministren
00:49
the needle and syringe,
this 160-year-old technology.
this 160-year-old technology.
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amb l'agulla i la xeringa,
una tecnologia que té 160 anys.
una tecnologia que té 160 anys.
00:53
And credit where it's due -- on many levels,
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I s'ha de reconèixer, en molts aspectes,
00:55
vaccines are a successful technology.
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que les vacunes són una tecnologia d'èxit.
00:59
After clean water and sanitation,
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Després de l'aigua potable i la higiene,
01:02
vaccines are the one technology that has increased
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les vacunes són la tecnologia
que més ha incrementat
que més ha incrementat
01:07
our life span the most.
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la nostra esperança de vida.
01:09
That's a pretty hard act to beat.
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Això és prou difícil de superar.
01:12
But just like any other technology,
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Però, com qualsevol altra tecnologia,
01:14
vaccines have their shortcomings,
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les vacunes tenen els seus inconvenients,
01:15
and the needle and syringe
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i l'agulla i la xeringa
01:18
is a key part within that narrative --
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són un punt clau en aquesta narrativa,
01:20
this old technology.
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en aquesta antiga tecnologia.
01:23
So let's start with the obvious:
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Comencem amb l'obvi:
01:25
Many of us don't like the needle and syringe.
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A molts no ens agrada
l'agulla i la xeringa.
l'agulla i la xeringa.
01:29
I share that view.
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Comparteixo aquesta opinió.
01:31
However, 20 percent of the population
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No obstant, el 20% de la població
01:34
have a thing called needle phobia.
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té fòbia a les agulles.
01:36
That's more than disliking the needle;
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Va més enllà que no t'agradi l'agulla,
01:38
that is actively avoiding being vaccinated
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és evitar activament ser vacunat
01:41
because of needle phobia.
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per aquesta fòbia a les agulles.
01:42
And that's problematic in terms
of the rollout of vaccines.
of the rollout of vaccines.
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Això és problemàtic
per a l'ús de les vacunes.
per a l'ús de les vacunes.
01:46
Now, related to this is another key issue,
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Hi ha una altra qüestió clau,
01:49
which is needlestick injuries.
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que són les ferides de la punxada.
01:51
And the WHO has figures
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Segons l'OMS,
01:53
that suggest about 1.3 million deaths per year
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uns 1,3 milions de morts a l'any
01:57
take place due to cross-contamination
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són per contaminació creuada
01:59
with needlestick injuries.
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en la punxada.
02:00
These are early deaths that take place.
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Aquestes són morts prematures.
02:03
Now, these are two things that
you probably may have heard of,
you probably may have heard of,
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Potser ja coneixíeu aquestes dues coses,
02:06
but there are two other shortcomings
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però hi ha uns altres dos inconvenients
02:08
of the needle and syringe you
may not have heard about.
may not have heard about.
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de l'agulla i la xeringa que potser desconeixeu.
02:10
One is it could be holding back
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Un és que podria estar endarrerint
02:12
the next generation of vaccines
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la pròxima generació de vacunes
02:14
in terms of their immune responses.
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en quant a resposta immunitària.
02:16
And the second is that it could be responsible
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El segon és que podria ser responsable
02:19
for the problem of the cold chain
that I'll tell you about as well.
that I'll tell you about as well.
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del problema de la cadena de fred,
de la que us parlaré també.
de la que us parlaré també.
02:24
I'm going to tell you about some work
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Us parlaré una mica del treball
02:25
that my team and I are doing in Australia
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que el meu equip i jo estem fent a Austràlia
02:27
at the University of Queensland
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a la Universitat de Queensland
02:29
on a technology designed to
tackle those four problems.
tackle those four problems.
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en una tecnologia dissenyada per abordar
aquests quatre problemes.
aquests quatre problemes.
02:33
And that technology is called the Nanopatch.
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I aquesta tecnologia és el Nanopegat.
02:38
Now, this is a specimen of the Nanopatch.
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Això és una mostra del Nanopegat.
02:44
To the naked eye
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A primera vista
02:46
it just looks like a square
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simplement sembla un quadrat
02:48
smaller than a postage stamp,
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més petit que un segell,
02:51
but under a microscope
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però sota un microscopi
02:54
what you see are thousands of tiny projections
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es veuen milers de petites projeccions
02:56
that are invisible to the human eye.
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invisibles a l'ull humà.
02:58
And there's about 4,000 projections
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I hi ha unes 4.000 projeccions
03:00
on this particular square compared to the needle.
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en aquest quadrat comparat amb l'agulla.
03:03
And I've designed those projections
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I les he dissenyades
03:06
to serve a key role, which is to
work with the skin's immune system.
work with the skin's immune system.
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per al paper clau de treballar
amb el sistema immunitari de la pell.
amb el sistema immunitari de la pell.
03:10
So that's a very important function
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Per tant, és una funció molt important
03:12
tied in with the Nanopatch.
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del Nanopegat.
03:14
Now we make the Nanopatch
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Fabriquem el Nanopegat
03:16
with a technique
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amb una tècnica anomenada
03:19
called deep reactive ion etching.
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gravat profund amb ions reactius.
03:21
And this particular technique
is one that's been borrowed
is one that's been borrowed
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Hem pres aquesta tècnica
03:23
from the semiconductor industry,
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de la indústria dels semiconductors
03:25
and therefore is low cost
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i per tant és de baix cost
03:27
and can be rolled out in large numbers.
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i permet una elevada producció.
03:29
Now we dry-coat vaccines to
the projections of the Nanopatch
the projections of the Nanopatch
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Recobrim de vacuna
les projeccionsdel Nanopegat
les projeccionsdel Nanopegat
03:34
and apply it to the skin.
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i l'apliquem a la pell.
03:36
Now, the simplest form of application
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La manera més senzilla d'aplicar-lo
03:40
is using our finger,
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és utilitzar el dit,
03:42
but our finger has some limitations,
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però el dit té algunes limitacions
03:45
so we've devised an applicator.
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i hem dissenyat un aplicador.
03:47
And it's a very simple device --
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És un dispositiu molt simple;
03:48
you could call it a sophisticated finger.
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li podríem dir dit sofisticat.
03:51
It's a spring-operated device.
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És un dispositiu operat per un motlle.
03:54
What we do is when we apply
the Nanopatch to the skin as so --
the Nanopatch to the skin as so --
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Quan apliquem el Nanopegat a la pell així,
03:57
(Click) --
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(clic)
03:59
immediately a few things happen.
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immediatament passen algunes coses.
04:02
So firstly, the projections on the Nanopatch
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Primer, les projeccions del nanopegat
04:06
breach through the tough outer layer
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travessen la capa exterior
04:08
and the vaccine is very quickly released --
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i la vacuna s'allibera molt ràpidament,
04:10
within less than a minute, in fact.
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en menys d'un minut, de fet.
04:12
Then we can take the Nanopatch off
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Llavors podem treure el Nanopegat
04:15
and discard it.
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i desfer-nos-en.
04:17
And indeed we can make
a reuse of the applicator itself.
a reuse of the applicator itself.
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I, en efecte, podem reutilitzar l'aplicador.
04:23
So that gives you an idea of the Nanopatch,
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Això us dóna una idea del Nanopegat
04:25
and immediately you can see some key advantages.
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i de cop hi podeu veure alguns avantatges.
04:28
We've talked about it being needle-free --
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Hem dit que no utilitza agulles
04:30
these are projections that you can't even see --
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—té projeccions que ni es poden veure—
04:32
and, of course, we get around
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i, és clar, evitem també
04:34
the needle phobia issue as well.
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el tema de la fòbia a les agulles.
04:37
Now, if we take a step back and think about
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Tornem endarrere i pensem
04:39
these other two really important advantages:
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en els dos avantatges realment importants:
04:42
One is improved immune
responses through delivery,
responses through delivery,
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Un, la resposta immunitària millorada
en el subministrament,
en el subministrament,
04:46
and the second is getting rid of the cold chain.
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i, el segon, desfer-nos
de la cadena de fred.
de la cadena de fred.
04:50
So let's start with the first one,
this immunogenicity idea.
this immunogenicity idea.
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Comencem per la primera,
la idea d'immunogenicitat.
la idea d'immunogenicitat.
04:52
It takes a little while to get our heads around,
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Costa una mica d'entendre,
04:54
but I'll try to explain it in simple terms.
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però intentaré explicar-ho
amb paraules simples,
amb paraules simples,
04:58
So I'll take a step back and explain to you
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Retrocediré una mica i us explicaré
05:00
how vaccines work in a simple way.
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com funcionen les vacunes
d'una manera senzilla.
d'una manera senzilla.
05:03
So vaccines work by introducing into our body
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Les vacunes funcionen introduint al cos
05:06
a thing called an antigen
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una cosa anomenada antigen
05:08
which is a safe form of a germ.
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que és una forma segura d'un germen.
05:11
Now that safe germ, that antigen,
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Aquest germen segur, aquest antigen,
05:13
tricks our body into mounting an immune response,
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enganya al cos perquè generi
una resposta immunitària,
una resposta immunitària,
05:17
learning and remembering
how to deal with intruders.
how to deal with intruders.
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per tal que aprengui i recordi
com tractar els intrusos.
com tractar els intrusos.
05:21
When the real intruder comes along
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Quan l'intrús real arriba,
05:23
the body quickly mounts an immune response
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el cos crea una resposta immune ràpida
05:25
to deal with that vaccine
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d'acord amb la vacuna
05:27
and neutralizes the infection.
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i neutralitza la infecció.
05:28
So it does that well.
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Per tant, funciona.
05:30
Now, the way it's done today
with the needle and syringe,
with the needle and syringe,
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Avui en dia s'utilitzen les xeringues
05:32
most vaccines are delivered that way --
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per administrar la majoria de vacunes,
05:35
with this old technology and the needle.
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aquesta antiga tecnologia de l'agulla.
05:37
But it could be argued that the needle
is holding back our immune responses;
is holding back our immune responses;
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Però l'agulla podria dificultar
la resposta immunitària;
la resposta immunitària;
05:42
it's missing our immune sweet spot in the skin.
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no aprofita el punt òptim de
la immunitat que és a la pell.
la immunitat que és a la pell.
05:45
To describe this idea,
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Per descriure aquesta idea,
05:48
we need to take a journey through the skin,
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hem de fer un viatge a través de la pell,
05:51
starting with one of those projections
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començant amb una de les projeccions
05:53
and applying the Nanopatch to the skin.
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i aplicant el Nanopegat a la pell.
05:56
And we see this kind of data.
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I això és el que veiem.
05:58
Now, this is real data --
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És realment així;
06:00
that thing that we can see there is one projection
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això és una de les projeccions
06:02
from the Nanopatch that's been applied to the skin
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del Nanopegat aplicat a la pell
06:05
and those colors are different layers.
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i els colors són capes diferents.
06:07
Now, to give you an idea of scale,
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Per donar-vos una idea de l'escala,
06:08
if the needle was shown here, it would be too big.
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si l'agulla es veges aquí, seria massa gran.
06:10
It would be 10 times bigger
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Seria 10 vegades més gran
06:11
than the size of that screen,
going 10 times deeper as well.
going 10 times deeper as well.
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que la pantalla i estaria
10 vegades més profunda.
10 vegades més profunda.
06:14
It's off the grid entirely.
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Desproporcionat.
06:17
You can see immediately that we
have those projections in the skin.
have those projections in the skin.
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Com veieu, tenim les projeccions
dins de la pell,
dins de la pell,
06:20
That red layer is a tough outer layer of dead skin,
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La part vermella és
una capa exterior de pell morta,
una capa exterior de pell morta,
06:23
but the brown layer and the magenta layer
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però la capa marró i la capa lila
06:25
are jammed full of immune cells.
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estan pleníssimes de cèl·lules immunitàries.
06:29
As one example, in the brown layer
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Per exemple, en la capa marró
06:30
there's a certain type of cell
called a Langerhans cell --
called a Langerhans cell --
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hi ha un tipus de cèl·lula anomenada
cèl·lula de Langerhans.
cèl·lula de Langerhans.
06:33
every square millimeter of our body
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Cada mil·límetre quadrat del nostre cos
06:35
is jammed full of those Langerhans cells,
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està ple d'aquestes cèl·lules,
06:38
those immune cells, and
there's others shown as well
there's others shown as well
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aquestes cèl·lules immunitàries,
i n'hi ha d'altres
i n'hi ha d'altres
06:40
that we haven't stained in this image.
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que no hem representat.
06:42
But you can immediately see that the Nanopatch
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Però és obvi que el Nanopegat
06:44
achieves that penetration indeed.
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aconsegueix penetrar-hi.
06:46
We target thousands upon thousands
of these particular cells
of these particular cells
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Arribem a milers i milers d'aquestes cèl·lules
06:49
just residing within a hair's width
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que estan a l'amplada d'un cabell
06:52
of the surface of the skin.
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per sota de la superfície de la pell.
06:55
Now, as the guy that's invented
this thing and designed it to do that,
this thing and designed it to do that,
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Jo, que ho he inventat i ho he dissenyat,
06:59
I found that exciting. But so what?
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ho trobo excitant. Però... i què?
07:02
So what if you've targeted cells?
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I què si arribes a les cèl·lules?
07:04
In the world of vaccines, what does that mean?
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En el món de les vacunes, què significa?
07:07
The world of vaccines is getting better.
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El món de les vacunes està millorant.
07:09
It's getting more systematic.
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Està esdevenint més sistemàtic.
07:11
However, you still don't really know
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No obstant, encara no saps realment
07:13
if a vaccine is going to work
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si una vacuna funcionarà
07:15
until you roll your sleeves up
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fins que no t'arromangues
07:16
and vaccinate and wait.
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et vacunes i esperes.
07:18
It's a gambler's game even today.
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És un joc d'atzar fins i tot avui en dia.
07:21
So, we had to do that gamble.
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I hi vam haver de jugar.
07:24
We obtained an influenza vaccine,
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Vam obtenir una vacuna de la grip,
07:26
we applied it to our Nanopatches
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la vam aplicar als Nanopegats
07:28
and we applied the Nanopatches to the skin,
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i els vam aplicar la pell,
07:30
and we waited --
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i vam esperar;
07:32
and this is in the live animal.
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amb un animal viu.
07:34
We waited a month,
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Vam esperar un mes
07:36
and this is what we found out.
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i vam descobrir això.
07:37
This is a data slide showing the immune responses
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Aquí es mostra la resposta immunitària
07:40
that we've generated with a Nanopatch
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que hem generat amb el Nanopegat
07:42
compared to the needle and syringe into muscle.
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comparada a la de la xeringa en múscul.
07:46
So on the horizontal axis we have
the dose shown in nanograms.
the dose shown in nanograms.
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En l'eix horitzontal tenim
la dosi en nanograms,
la dosi en nanograms,
07:49
On the vertical axis we have
the immune response generated,
the immune response generated,
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en l'eix vertical tenim la resposta generada,
07:52
and that dashed line indicates
the protection threshold.
the protection threshold.
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i la línia discontínua indica
el llindar de protecció.
el llindar de protecció.
07:58
If we're above that line it's considered protective;
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Per sobre del llindar hi ha protecció,
08:00
if we're below that line it's not.
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per sota no n'hi ha.
08:03
So the red line is mostly below that curve
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Quasi tota la línia vermella va per sota
08:06
and indeed there's only one point that
is achieved with the needle that's protective,
is achieved with the needle that's protective,
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i, certament, només a un nivell
de la xeringa és protector,
de la xeringa és protector,
08:09
and that's with a high dose of 6,000 nanograms.
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que és amb una dosi alta de 6.000 nanograms.
08:12
But notice immediately the distinctly different curve
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Però mireu la corba clarament diferent
08:15
that we achieve with the blue line.
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que tenim en la línia blava.
08:18
That's what's achieved with the Nanopatch;
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Això és el que aconseguim amb el Nanopegat.
08:20
the delivered dose of the Nanopatch is
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La dosi subministrada pel Nanopegat
08:22
a completely different immunogenicity curve.
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ens dóna una corba d'immunitat
completament diferent.
completament diferent.
08:25
That's a real fresh opportunity.
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És una gran oportunitat.
08:27
Suddenly we have a brand new lever
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De sobte tenim una nova palanca
08:29
in the world of vaccines.
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en el món de les vacunes.
08:31
We can push it one way,
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La podem accionar d'un costat,
08:32
where we can take a vaccine
that works but is too expensive
that works but is too expensive
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on hi ha una vacuna que funciona,
però que és molt cara,
però que és molt cara,
08:35
and can get protection
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i passar a una protecció
08:36
with a hundredth of the dose
compared to the needle.
compared to the needle.
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amb una centèsima de la dosi de l'agulla.
08:39
That can take a vaccine that's suddenly
10 dollars down to 10 cents,
10 dollars down to 10 cents,
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Podem reduir el cost d'una vacuna
de 10 € a 10 cèntims,
de 10 € a 10 cèntims,
08:43
and that's particularly important
within the developing world.
within the developing world.
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i això és molt important en països
en desenvolupament.
en desenvolupament.
08:47
But there's another angle to this as well --
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Però hi ha un altre punt positiu;
08:48
you can take vaccines that currently don't work
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pots agafar vacunes que actualment no funcionen,
08:51
and get them over that line
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passar-les a sobre de la línia
08:53
and get them protective.
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i fer-les eficaces.
08:55
And certainly in the world of vaccines
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Evidentment, en el món de les vacunes
08:57
that can be important.
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això pot ser important.
08:58
Let's consider the big three:
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Fixem-nos en tres de grans:
09:00
HIV, malaria, tuberculosis.
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el VIH, la malària i la tuberculosi.
09:02
They're responsible for about
7 million deaths per year,
7 million deaths per year,
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Causen uns 7 milions de morts a l'any
09:05
and there is no adequate vaccination
method for any of those.
method for any of those.
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i no hi ha vacuna eficaç per a cap d'elles.
09:08
So potentially, with this new lever
that we have with the Nanopatch,
that we have with the Nanopatch,
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Potencialment, amb aquesta
palanca nova del Nanopegat
palanca nova del Nanopegat
09:11
we can help make that happen.
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podem fer-ho possible.
09:12
We can push that lever to help get those
candidate vaccines over the line.
candidate vaccines over the line.
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Podem ajudar les vacunes candidates
a estar sobre la línia.
a estar sobre la línia.
09:17
Now, of course, we've worked within my lab
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Evidentment, al laboratori hem treballat
09:19
with many other vaccines that have attained
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amb moltes altres vacunes que han aconseguit
09:21
similar responses and similar curves to this,
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respostes i corbes similars a aquesta
09:24
what we've achieved with influenza.
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del Nanopegat de la grip.
09:27
I'd like to now switch to talk about
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M'agradaria parlar sobre
09:30
another key shortcoming of today's vaccines,
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un altre inconvenient de
les vacunes d'avui en dia,
les vacunes d'avui en dia,
09:33
and that is the need to maintain the cold chain.
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que és la necessitat de
conservar la cadena de fred.
conservar la cadena de fred.
09:36
As the name suggests -- the cold chain --
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Com el nom suggereix, la cadena de fred,
09:39
it's the requirements of keeping
a vaccine right from production
a vaccine right from production
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és la necessitat que una vacuna,
des que es produeix
des que es produeix
09:42
all the way through to when the vaccine is applied,
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fins que s'aplica,
09:45
to keep it refrigerated.
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ha d'estar refrigerada.
09:48
Now, that presents some logistical challenges
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Això presenta alguns reptes logístics
09:51
but we have ways to do it.
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però podem fer-ho.
09:54
This is a slightly extreme case in point
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Aquest és un cas una mica extrem
09:59
but it helps illustrate the logistical challenges,
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però ajuda a il·lustrar els reptes logístics
10:01
in particular in resource-poor settings,
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—en particular en llocs amb pocs recursos—
10:03
of what's required to get vaccines
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del que cal per tenir les vacunes
10:07
refrigerated and maintain the cold chain.
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refrigerades i mantenir la cadena de fred.
10:08
If the vaccine is too warm the vaccine breaks down,
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Si la vacuna s'escalfa massa, es fa malbé,
10:12
but interestingly it can be too cold
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però, curiosament, si està massa freda
10:14
and the vaccine can break down as well.
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també pot fer-se malbé.
10:17
Now, the stakes are very high.
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Ens hi juguem molt.
10:20
The WHO estimates that within Africa,
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L'OMS estima que a l'Àfrica
10:23
up to half the vaccines used there
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fins al 50 % de les vacunes
10:26
are considered to not be working properly
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no funcionen correctament
10:27
because at some point the
cold chain has fallen over.
cold chain has fallen over.
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perquè en algun punt la cadena
de fred s'ha trencat.
de fred s'ha trencat.
10:30
So it's a big problem, and it's tied
in with the needle and syringe
in with the needle and syringe
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És un gran problema lligat a la xeringa
10:33
because it's a liquid form vaccine, and
when it's liquid it needs the refrigeration.
when it's liquid it needs the refrigeration.
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perquè la vacuna és líquida i
el líquid necessita refrigeració.
el líquid necessita refrigeració.
10:38
A key attribute of our Nanopatch
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Un atribut clau del Nanopegat
10:41
is that the vaccine is dry,
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és que la vacuna és seca,
10:43
and when it's dry it doesn't need refrigeration.
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i quan és seca no necessita refrigeració.
10:45
Within my lab we've shown that we can keep
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Al laboratori hem demostrat que podem
10:48
the vaccine stored at 23 degrees Celsius
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emmagatzemar la vacuna a 23 ºC
10:51
for more than a year without
any loss in activity at all.
any loss in activity at all.
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durant més d'un any sense
cap pèrdua d'activitat.
cap pèrdua d'activitat.
10:54
That's an important improvement.
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Això és una millora important.
10:57
(Applause)
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(Aplaudiment)
11:03
We're delighted about it as well.
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Nosaltres també n'estem encantats.
11:06
And the thing about it is that
we have well and truly proven
we have well and truly proven
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El cas és que hem posat a prova
11:10
the Nanopatch within the laboratory setting.
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el Nanopegat dins del laboratori.
11:13
And as a scientist, I love that and I love science.
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I com a científic, m'encanta
i m'encanta la ciència.
i m'encanta la ciència.
11:17
However, as an engineer,
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Tot i que, com a enginyer,
11:19
as a biomedical engineer
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com a enginyer biomèdic
11:21
and also as a human being,
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i també com a ésser humà,
11:23
I'm not going to be satisfied
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no estaré satisfet
11:24
until we've rolled this thing
out, taken it out of the lab
out, taken it out of the lab
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fins que no el posem en circulació
fora del laboratori
fora del laboratori
11:27
and got it to people in large numbers
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i el fem accessible en grans quantitats,
11:29
and particularly the people that need it the most.
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especialment a qui més ho necessita.
11:33
So we've commenced this particular journey,
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Així que hem començat aquest viatge particular
11:36
and we've commenced this
journey in an unusual way.
journey in an unusual way.
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i l'hem començat d'una manera poc habitual.
11:38
We've started with Papua New Guinea.
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Hem començat amb Papua Nova Guinea.
11:41
Now, Papua New Guinea is an example
of a developing world country.
of a developing world country.
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Papua Nova Guinea és un exemple
de país en desenvolupament.
de país en desenvolupament.
11:47
It's about the same size as France,
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Té la mida aproximada de França,
11:50
but it suffers from many of the key barriers
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però pateix moltes de les barreres bàsiques
11:53
existing within the world of today's vaccines.
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del món de les vacunes d'avui.
11:57
There's the logistics:
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Hi ha la logística.
11:59
Within this country there are only 800
refrigerators to keep vaccines chilled.
refrigerators to keep vaccines chilled.
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En tot el país hi ha només 800 neveres
per guardar-hi les vacunes.
per guardar-hi les vacunes.
12:03
Many of them are old, like this one in Port Moresby,
many of them are breaking down
many of them are breaking down
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Moltes són velles, com aquesta,
moltes s'estan espatllant
moltes s'estan espatllant
12:07
and many are not in the Highlands
where they are required.
where they are required.
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i moltes no són al lloc on es necessiten.
12:10
That's a challenge.
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Això és un repte.
12:12
But also, Papua New Guinea has the
world's highest incidence of HPV,
world's highest incidence of HPV,
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Però també, Papua Nova Guinea
té la major incidència del món de VPH,
té la major incidència del món de VPH,
12:17
human papillomavirus, the
cervical cancer [risk factor].
cervical cancer [risk factor].
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el virus del papil·loma humà, el factor
de risc del càncer cervical.
de risc del càncer cervical.
12:21
Yet, that vaccine is not available in large numbers
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La vacuna no està disponible
en grans quantitats
en grans quantitats
12:24
because it's too expensive.
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perquè és massa cara.
12:26
So for those two reasons, with
the attributes of the Nanopatch,
the attributes of the Nanopatch,
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Per aquests dos factors
i tenint el Nanopegat
i tenint el Nanopegat
12:29
we've got into the field and
worked with the Nanopatch,
worked with the Nanopatch,
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ens hi hem desplaçat per treballar-hi
12:31
and taken it to Papua New Guinea
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i l'hem portat a Papua Nova Guinea
12:34
and we'll be following that up shortly.
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i hi seguirem treballant un temps.
12:38
Now, doing this kind of work is not easy.
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Aquesta no és una feina fàcil.
12:41
It's challenging,
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És un repte,
12:42
but there's nothing else in
the world I'd rather be doing.
the world I'd rather be doing.
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però no hi ha res al món que preferiria fer.
12:46
And as we look ahead
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I, mirant endavant,
12:48
I'd like to share with you a thought:
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m'agradaria compartir una fantasia.
12:52
It's the thought of a future where
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La imatge d'un futur
12:56
the 17 million deaths per year
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en què els 17 milions de morts a l'any
12:58
that we currently have due to infectious disease
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que ara tenim a causa de malalties infeccioses
13:00
is a historical footnote.
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fos un apunt històric.
13:02
And it's a historical footnote that has been achieved
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I que fos un apunt històric aconseguit
13:05
by improved, radically improved vaccines.
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gràcies a vacunes millorades radicalment.
13:08
Now standing here today in front of you
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Avui, dempeus aquí davant vostre
13:10
at the birthplace of the needle and syringe,
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al lloc de naixement de l'agulla i la xeringa,
13:12
a device that's 160 years old,
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un dispositiu de fa 160 anys,
13:15
I'm presenting to you an alternative approach
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us presento una alternativa
13:17
that could really help make that happen --
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que ho podria fer possible:
13:19
and it's the Nanopatch with its attributes
of being needle-free, pain-free,
of being needle-free, pain-free,
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el Nanopegat amb els seus atributs,
sense agulla, sense dolor,
sense agulla, sense dolor,
13:23
the ability for removing the cold chain
and improving the immunogenicity.
and improving the immunogenicity.
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sense cadena de fred i capaç
de millorar la immunogenicitat.
de millorar la immunogenicitat.
13:28
Thank you.
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Gràcies.
13:30
(Applause)
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(Aplaudiments)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mark Kendall - Biomedical engineerMark Kendall aims to shake up how vaccines are delivered with the Nanopatch.
Why you should listen
Looking a bit like a fuzzy computer chip, the Nanopatch uses tiny powder-coated spikes to deliver a small dose of vaccine just under the skin, immunizing a person in about a minute. Made for less than $1, it uses only a fraction of a vaccine dose delivered by traditional syringe method (which was invented in 1853), at the same time eliminating the risk of needle injuries. What’s more, a Nanopatch infused with vaccine is designed to be heat-stable, so it can be transported without refrigeration. And the process doesn't draw blood, reducing the risk of infections.
Mark Kendall, an Australian biomedical engineer, was part of a team at the University of Queensland that advanced the Nanopatch by vaccinating animals. Now his company, Vaxxas, is on a mission to commercialize the device for human use. He plans to run an international trial using the Nanopatch, starting with the human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine to protect against cervical cancer.
Mark Kendall | Speaker | TED.com