TEDGlobal 2013
Mark Kendall: Demo: A needle-free vaccine patch that's safer and way cheaper
馬克．肯德爾 (Mark Kendall): 演示：更安全實惠的無針頭疫苗注射貼片
Filmed:
Readability: 4.6
1,079,860 views
針頭和注射器已經發明 160 年之久，人們在仍然使用它們注射疫苗。是改進注射方式的時候了。生物醫學工程師 馬克．肯德爾 (Mark Kendall) 演示了納米貼片，它是一種一平方公釐的正方形貼片，可以無痛地貼在皮膚上注射疫苗。他展示了這個微小的硅片，如何以低成本克服現代針頭和注射器的四個主要缺陷。
Mark Kendall - Biomedical engineer
Mark Kendall aims to shake up how vaccines are delivered with the Nanopatch. Full bio
Mark Kendall aims to shake up how vaccines are delivered with the Nanopatch. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
It's a pleasure to be here
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很高興來到
00:13
in Edinburgh, Scotland,
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蘇格蘭的愛丁堡
00:15
the birthplace of the needle and syringe.
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注射器和針頭的發源地
00:18
Less than a mile from here in this direction,
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沿這個方向不到一英里處
00:21
in 1853 a Scotsman
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一個蘇格蘭人於 1853 年
00:23
filed his very first patent on the needle and syringe.
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申請了他的第一項
關於針頭和注射器的專利
關於針頭和注射器的專利
00:26
His name was Alexander Wood,
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這個人就是
亜歷山大．伍德
亜歷山大．伍德
00:28
and it was at the Royal College of Physicians.
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他申請專利的地點
是皇家內科醫學院
是皇家內科醫學院
00:31
This is the patent.
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這是他當時的專利
00:34
What blows my mind when I look at it even today
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令我驚訝的是
專利上的針頭
專利上的針頭
00:37
is that it looks almost identical
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與我們現在所使用的
00:39
to the needle in use today.
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一模一樣
00:41
Yet, it's 160 years old.
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沒錯，它有 160 年的歷史了
00:44
So we turn to the field of vaccines.
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現在我們來說一下疫苗的歷史
00:47
Most vaccines are delivered with
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有大半疫苗都是
依靠這項 160 年的技術
依靠這項 160 年的技術
00:49
the needle and syringe,
this 160-year-old technology.
this 160-year-old technology.
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利用注射器和針頭注入人體
00:53
And credit where it's due -- on many levels,
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鑒於它在於多層面上的功績
00:55
vaccines are a successful technology.
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疫苗注射是一項很成功的技術
00:59
After clean water and sanitation,
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繼淨水處理系統和
衛生系統出現之後
衛生系統出現之後
01:02
vaccines are the one technology that has increased
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注射疫苗是最能
01:07
our life span the most.
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延長人類壽命的的發明
01:09
That's a pretty hard act to beat.
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這個成就難以超越
01:12
But just like any other technology,
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然而，和其他科技一樣
01:14
vaccines have their shortcomings,
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疫苗注射也有不足之處
01:15
and the needle and syringe
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而針頭和注射器
01:18
is a key part within that narrative --
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就成了其中的關鍵部份
01:20
this old technology.
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我們要改進這項古老的技術
01:23
So let's start with the obvious:
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讓我們先從明顯的地方入手
01:25
Many of us don't like the needle and syringe.
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許多人都不喜歡針頭和注射器
01:29
I share that view.
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我也一樣
01:31
However, 20 percent of the population
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不過，有 20% 的人
01:34
have a thing called needle phobia.
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患有針頭恐懼症
01:36
That's more than disliking the needle;
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這是更加嚴重的厭惡針頭注射
01:38
that is actively avoiding being vaccinated
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這些人會因為針頭恐懼症
01:41
because of needle phobia.
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而主動避免注射疫苗
01:42
And that's problematic in terms
of the rollout of vaccines.
of the rollout of vaccines.
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這個問題自
疫苗推行以來就難以解決
疫苗推行以來就難以解決
01:46
Now, related to this is another key issue,
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與其相關的是另一個關鍵問題
01:49
which is needlestick injuries.
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即針刺傷口
01:51
And the WHO has figures
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世界衛生組織的數據顯示
01:53
that suggest about 1.3 million deaths per year
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每年有約 130 萬人
01:57
take place due to cross-contamination
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死於針刺傷口
01:59
with needlestick injuries.
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的交叉污染
02:00
These are early deaths that take place.
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這縮短了人們的壽命
02:03
Now, these are two things that
you probably may have heard of,
you probably may have heard of,
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你很可能聽說過上述兩個缺陷
02:06
but there are two other shortcomings
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但另外兩種由針頭和注射器產生的影響
02:08
of the needle and syringe you
may not have heard about.
may not have heard about.
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你可能沒有聽說過
02:10
One is it could be holding back
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一個是它會限制
02:12
the next generation of vaccines
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次世代疫苗
02:14
in terms of their immune responses.
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引起免疫反應的能力
02:16
And the second is that it could be responsible
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第二點我等下會提到
02:19
for the problem of the cold chain
that I'll tell you about as well.
that I'll tell you about as well.
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是其所仰賴的
冷藏運輸出現的問題
冷藏運輸出現的問題
02:24
I'm going to tell you about some work
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接著我要為大家介紹
02:25
that my team and I are doing in Australia
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我和我的團隊
02:27
at the University of Queensland
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在澳大利亞昆士蘭大學
的研究成果
的研究成果
02:29
on a technology designed to
tackle those four problems.
tackle those four problems.
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關於一項為解決
以上四個問題而研發的技術
以上四個問題而研發的技術
02:33
And that technology is called the Nanopatch.
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這項技術叫做納米貼片
02:38
Now, this is a specimen of the Nanopatch.
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這是一個納米貼片的樣本
02:44
To the naked eye
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用肉眼看
02:46
it just looks like a square
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它看起來是個正方形
02:48
smaller than a postage stamp,
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比郵票小一些
02:51
but under a microscope
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但還在顯微鏡下觀察
02:54
what you see are thousands of tiny projections
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可以看到成千上萬
02:56
that are invisible to the human eye.
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肉眼不可見的突起
02:58
And there's about 4,000 projections
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就在這個正方形上
大概有 4 千個凸起
大概有 4 千個凸起
03:00
on this particular square compared to the needle.
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與這支針頭相比
03:03
And I've designed those projections
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我所設計的這些凸起
03:06
to serve a key role, which is to
work with the skin's immune system.
work with the skin's immune system.
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作用於皮膚的免疫系統
03:10
So that's a very important function
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這是納米貼片的
03:12
tied in with the Nanopatch.
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一項非常重要的功能
03:14
Now we make the Nanopatch
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我們製作納米貼片
03:16
with a technique
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應用到一項技術
03:19
called deep reactive ion etching.
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叫做深反應離子刻蝕
03:21
And this particular technique
is one that's been borrowed
is one that's been borrowed
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這項特殊的技術
03:23
from the semiconductor industry,
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源自半導體產業
03:25
and therefore is low cost
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所以成本低廉
03:27
and can be rolled out in large numbers.
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可以大量製造
03:29
Now we dry-coat vaccines to
the projections of the Nanopatch
the projections of the Nanopatch
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我們將乾燥疫苗
附著在納米貼片的凸起上
附著在納米貼片的凸起上
03:34
and apply it to the skin.
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並將它貼在皮膚上
03:36
Now, the simplest form of application
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最簡單的方式
03:40
is using our finger,
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是用手指
03:42
but our finger has some limitations,
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但用手指有侷限性
03:45
so we've devised an applicator.
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所以我們設計了一款塗抹器
03:47
And it's a very simple device --
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很簡單的裝置
03:48
you could call it a sophisticated finger.
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你可以稱它為更靈巧的手指
03:51
It's a spring-operated device.
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這款裝置內嵌彈簧
03:54
What we do is when we apply
the Nanopatch to the skin as so --
the Nanopatch to the skin as so --
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我們要做的是將納米貼片貼在皮膚上
03:57
(Click) --
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（嗒）
03:59
immediately a few things happen.
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緊接著出現一些變化
04:02
So firstly, the projections on the Nanopatch
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首先，納米貼片上的這些凸起
04:06
breach through the tough outer layer
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會頂破堅硬的外殼
04:08
and the vaccine is very quickly released --
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隨後疫苗被迅速釋放
04:10
within less than a minute, in fact.
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事實上，不到一分鐘
04:12
Then we can take the Nanopatch off
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然後就可以摘下納米貼片
04:15
and discard it.
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丟掉
04:17
And indeed we can make
a reuse of the applicator itself.
a reuse of the applicator itself.
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而塗抹器可以再次使用
04:23
So that gives you an idea of the Nanopatch,
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這就是納米貼片的使用方法
04:25
and immediately you can see some key advantages.
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你能夠立即見識到
它的一些主要優勢
它的一些主要優勢
04:28
We've talked about it being needle-free --
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我們談到了它無需使用針頭
04:30
these are projections that you can't even see --
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你甚至看不見上面的凸起
04:32
and, of course, we get around
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當然，我們也避免了
04:34
the needle phobia issue as well.
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針頭恐懼症的問題
04:37
Now, if we take a step back and think about
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現在讓我們退一步思考
04:39
these other two really important advantages:
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另外兩個重大優勢
04:42
One is improved immune
responses through delivery,
responses through delivery,
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其一個通過注射方式提高免疫反應
04:46
and the second is getting rid of the cold chain.
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另一個是不再需要冷藏運輸
04:50
So let's start with the first one,
this immunogenicity idea.
this immunogenicity idea.
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先說第一個
引起免疫反應的觀點
引起免疫反應的觀點
04:52
It takes a little while to get our heads around,
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這需要花一點時間弄清楚
04:54
but I'll try to explain it in simple terms.
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我將用簡單的術語進行講解
04:58
So I'll take a step back and explain to you
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回到上一步
我要簡單的解釋一下
我要簡單的解釋一下
05:00
how vaccines work in a simple way.
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疫苗是怎樣作用的
05:03
So vaccines work by introducing into our body
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疫苗是通過向人體內注入抗原
05:06
a thing called an antigen
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而起作用
05:08
which is a safe form of a germ.
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抗原是一種
不具傷害力的病原體
不具傷害力的病原體
05:11
Now that safe germ, that antigen,
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安全的抗原
(譯註：抗原指能引起免疫反應的物質)
(譯註：抗原指能引起免疫反應的物質)
05:13
tricks our body into mounting an immune response,
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誘使人體進行免疫反應
05:17
learning and remembering
how to deal with intruders.
how to deal with intruders.
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學習和記憶如何對抗病原體
05:21
When the real intruder comes along
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真正的入侵者出現時
05:23
the body quickly mounts an immune response
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人體就能迅速做出免疫反應
05:25
to deal with that vaccine
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對抗病原體
05:27
and neutralizes the infection.
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并消除感染
05:28
So it does that well.
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效果很好
05:30
Now, the way it's done today
with the needle and syringe,
with the needle and syringe,
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如今人們用
針頭和注射器進行這項工作
針頭和注射器進行這項工作
05:32
most vaccines are delivered that way --
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多數疫苗都是
以用這種古老的技術
以用這種古老的技術
05:35
with this old technology and the needle.
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用針頭注射
05:37
But it could be argued that the needle
is holding back our immune responses;
is holding back our immune responses;
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但是有人指出
針頭限制了人體的免疫反應
針頭限制了人體的免疫反應
05:42
it's missing our immune sweet spot in the skin.
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因為它錯過了
位於皮膚上的有效免疫區
位於皮膚上的有效免疫區
05:45
To describe this idea,
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為了描述這個觀點
05:48
we need to take a journey through the skin,
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讓我們仔細看看皮膚
05:51
starting with one of those projections
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從貼到皮膚上奈米貼片的
05:53
and applying the Nanopatch to the skin.
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一個凸起開始
05:56
And we see this kind of data.
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可以看到這些數據
05:58
Now, this is real data --
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真實的數據
06:00
that thing that we can see there is one projection
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圖片上的是一個凸起
06:02
from the Nanopatch that's been applied to the skin
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位於貼在皮膚上的納米貼片上
06:05
and those colors are different layers.
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這些顏色代表不同的皮膚表層
06:07
Now, to give you an idea of scale,
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這讓你們有大小的概念
06:08
if the needle was shown here, it would be too big.
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如果用的是針頭
就會巨大無比
就會巨大無比
06:10
It would be 10 times bigger
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會比屏幕的尺寸大十倍
06:11
than the size of that screen,
going 10 times deeper as well.
going 10 times deeper as well.
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也比它深十倍
06:14
It's off the grid entirely.
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完全超出了屏幕範圍
06:17
You can see immediately that we
have those projections in the skin.
have those projections in the skin.
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你可以看到凸起深入到皮膚裡
06:20
That red layer is a tough outer layer of dead skin,
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紅色表示硬的角質層
06:23
but the brown layer and the magenta layer
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而棕色和洋紅色兩層
06:25
are jammed full of immune cells.
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滿滿的全是免疫細胞
06:29
As one example, in the brown layer
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例如：棕色那層
06:30
there's a certain type of cell
called a Langerhans cell --
called a Langerhans cell --
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有一種細胞叫朗格漢斯細胞
06:33
every square millimeter of our body
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人體的每平方公釐
06:35
is jammed full of those Langerhans cells,
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都佈滿了朗格漢斯細胞
06:38
those immune cells, and
there's others shown as well
there's others shown as well
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這是一種免疫細胞
而圖片中也有其他免疫細胞
而圖片中也有其他免疫細胞
06:40
that we haven't stained in this image.
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只是沒有特別標記顏色
06:42
But you can immediately see that the Nanopatch
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但你可以看到納米貼片
06:44
achieves that penetration indeed.
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確切到達了免疫細胞層
06:46
We target thousands upon thousands
of these particular cells
of these particular cells
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我們把成千上萬的
免疫細胞作為目標群
免疫細胞作為目標群
06:49
just residing within a hair's width
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細胞群只以一根頭髮的寬度
06:52
of the surface of the skin.
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存在于皮膚表面
06:55
Now, as the guy that's invented
this thing and designed it to do that,
this thing and designed it to do that,
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這項發明可以達到如此效果
06:59
I found that exciting. But so what?
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我覺得這很激動人心
但那又怎樣呢？
但那又怎樣呢？
07:02
So what if you've targeted cells?
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即便鎖定了這些細胞又怎樣呢？
07:04
In the world of vaccines, what does that mean?
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在疫苗注射到
這個區域有什麼意義？
這個區域有什麼意義？
07:07
The world of vaccines is getting better.
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現在疫苗的使用越來越進步
07:09
It's getting more systematic.
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越來越系統化
07:11
However, you still don't really know
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然而，除非捲起袖子施打
07:13
if a vaccine is going to work
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你就仍無法確定
07:15
until you roll your sleeves up
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疫苗是否有效
07:16
and vaccinate and wait.
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注射疫苗，
然後等待它發揮作用
然後等待它發揮作用
07:18
It's a gambler's game even today.
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即便在今天看來
這仍是一場豪賭
這仍是一場豪賭
07:21
So, we had to do that gamble.
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我們不得不進行這場賭博
07:24
We obtained an influenza vaccine,
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我們得到了一種流感疫苗
07:26
we applied it to our Nanopatches
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將它用在納米貼片上
07:28
and we applied the Nanopatches to the skin,
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然後將納米貼片貼在皮膚上
07:30
and we waited --
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等待它發揮作用
07:32
and this is in the live animal.
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我們用的是活體動物
07:34
We waited a month,
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在等了一個月之後
07:36
and this is what we found out.
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這就是我們的發現
07:37
This is a data slide showing the immune responses
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而幻燈片展示的是實驗數據
07:40
that we've generated with a Nanopatch
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分別使用納米貼片和肌肉注射時
07:42
compared to the needle and syringe into muscle.
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所發生的免疫反應
07:46
So on the horizontal axis we have
the dose shown in nanograms.
the dose shown in nanograms.
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水平座標以豪微克
為單位表示疫苗的劑量
為單位表示疫苗的劑量
07:49
On the vertical axis we have
the immune response generated,
the immune response generated,
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垂直座標表示
發生免疫反應的強度
發生免疫反應的強度
07:52
and that dashed line indicates
the protection threshold.
the protection threshold.
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虛線表示
達到產生保護作用的閾值
達到產生保護作用的閾值
07:58
If we're above that line it's considered protective;
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虛線以上具有保護作用
08:00
if we're below that line it's not.
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虛線以下則沒有
08:03
So the red line is mostly below that curve
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而紅色線幾乎都位於虛線以下
08:06
and indeed there's only one point that
is achieved with the needle that's protective,
is achieved with the needle that's protective,
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用針頭注射只有一點達到虛線以上
08:09
and that's with a high dose of 6,000 nanograms.
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要高達 6000 豪微克的劑量
才能起到保護作用
才能起到保護作用
08:12
But notice immediately the distinctly different curve
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但是可以明顯看到
08:15
that we achieve with the blue line.
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藍色線條完全不同
08:18
That's what's achieved with the Nanopatch;
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納米貼片的作用結果
08:20
the delivered dose of the Nanopatch is
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用納米貼片輸送的劑量
08:22
a completely different immunogenicity curve.
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是一個完全不同的免疫原性曲線
08:25
That's a real fresh opportunity.
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這實在是一個嶄新的機會
08:27
Suddenly we have a brand new lever
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突然間我們在疫苗應用領域
08:29
in the world of vaccines.
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有了一個全新的方式
08:31
We can push it one way,
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我們可以這麼說
08:32
where we can take a vaccine
that works but is too expensive
that works but is too expensive
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過往有效卻昂貴的疫苗
08:35
and can get protection
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可以借此應用推行
08:36
with a hundredth of the dose
compared to the needle.
compared to the needle.
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比起針管注射
它只需要百分之一的劑量
它只需要百分之一的劑量
08:39
That can take a vaccine that's suddenly
10 dollars down to 10 cents,
10 dollars down to 10 cents,
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如此，疫苗的價錢
就從十美元降至十美分
就從十美元降至十美分
08:43
and that's particularly important
within the developing world.
within the developing world.
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在發展中國家這一點特別重要
08:47
But there's another angle to this as well --
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也可以從另一個視角來看
08:48
you can take vaccines that currently don't work
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你可以使用
目前因計量無法作用的疫苗
目前因計量無法作用的疫苗
08:51
and get them over that line
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用這個方法
使其超過閾值的虛線
使其超過閾值的虛線
08:53
and get them protective.
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而達到保護作用
08:55
And certainly in the world of vaccines
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這在疫苗應用領域
08:57
that can be important.
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十分重要
08:58
Let's consider the big three:
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看看這三大疾病吧
09:00
HIV, malaria, tuberculosis.
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愛滋病、瘧疾、肺結核
09:02
They're responsible for about
7 million deaths per year,
7 million deaths per year,
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它們導致了每年 7 百萬的死亡人數
09:05
and there is no adequate vaccination
method for any of those.
method for any of those.
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每種疾病都缺少足夠的接種疫苗
09:08
So potentially, with this new lever
that we have with the Nanopatch,
that we have with the Nanopatch,
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所以通過使用
納米貼片的新方式
納米貼片的新方式
09:11
we can help make that happen.
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很可能會解決上述問題
09:12
We can push that lever to help get those
candidate vaccines over the line.
candidate vaccines over the line.
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我們可以通過這種方式
使那些珍貴的疫苗達到保護標準
使那些珍貴的疫苗達到保護標準
09:17
Now, of course, we've worked within my lab
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當然，在我的實驗室
09:19
with many other vaccines that have attained
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許多疫苗都得到了
09:21
similar responses and similar curves to this,
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像流感病毒一樣
09:24
what we've achieved with influenza.
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類似的反應曲線
09:27
I'd like to now switch to talk about
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現在我要將話題轉向
09:30
another key shortcoming of today's vaccines,
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傳統疫苗的
另一個主要缺陷
另一個主要缺陷
09:33
and that is the need to maintain the cold chain.
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即是冷藏運輸的必要性
09:36
As the name suggests -- the cold chain --
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就如同「冷鏈」這個名字
09:39
it's the requirements of keeping
a vaccine right from production
a vaccine right from production
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從生產出一種疫苗開始
09:42
all the way through to when the vaccine is applied,
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一直保存到使用
09:45
to keep it refrigerated.
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都必須確保疫苗冷藏
09:48
Now, that presents some logistical challenges
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這就給物流方面帶來了許多挑戰
09:51
but we have ways to do it.
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但我們有方法應對
09:54
This is a slightly extreme case in point
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這是一個稍微極端的典型例子
09:59
but it helps illustrate the logistical challenges,
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但它有助於說明
在資源貧乏的環境裡
在資源貧乏的環境裡
10:01
in particular in resource-poor settings,
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物流方面的難度
10:03
of what's required to get vaccines
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需要冷藏疫苗
10:07
refrigerated and maintain the cold chain.
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并維持冷藏運輸
10:08
If the vaccine is too warm the vaccine breaks down,
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如果疫苗處在
太過溫暖的環境就會損壞
太過溫暖的環境就會損壞
10:12
but interestingly it can be too cold
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有意思的是：溫度過低
10:14
and the vaccine can break down as well.
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也可能損壞疫苗
10:17
Now, the stakes are very high.
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損壞風險非常高
10:20
The WHO estimates that within Africa,
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世界衛生組織
評估非洲的情況後
評估非洲的情況後
10:23
up to half the vaccines used there
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認為超過半數疫苗
10:26
are considered to not be working properly
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都沒有起到應有的作用效果
10:27
because at some point the
cold chain has fallen over.
cold chain has fallen over.
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是因為不健全的冷藏供應系統
10:30
So it's a big problem, and it's tied
in with the needle and syringe
in with the needle and syringe
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這是個嚴重的問題
與使用注射器和針頭相關
與使用注射器和針頭相關
10:33
because it's a liquid form vaccine, and
when it's liquid it needs the refrigeration.
when it's liquid it needs the refrigeration.
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液體狀態的疫苗需要冷藏
10:38
A key attribute of our Nanopatch
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納米貼片的一個關鍵屬性是
10:41
is that the vaccine is dry,
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疫苗是乾燥儲存
10:43
and when it's dry it doesn't need refrigeration.
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這種疫苗不需要冷藏
10:45
Within my lab we've shown that we can keep
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我的實驗室發現
10:48
the vaccine stored at 23 degrees Celsius
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我們能將疫苗貯存在 23 攝氏度
10:51
for more than a year without
any loss in activity at all.
any loss in activity at all.
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並長達一年以上
而完全不失其活性
而完全不失其活性
10:54
That's an important improvement.
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這是一項重大改進
10:57
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
11:03
We're delighted about it as well.
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對此，我們也很高興
11:06
And the thing about it is that
we have well and truly proven
we have well and truly proven
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事實上我們已經
11:10
the Nanopatch within the laboratory setting.
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在實驗室內證明
納米貼片的作用
納米貼片的作用
11:13
And as a scientist, I love that and I love science.
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作為一名科學家，
我喜歡做出成果，我熱愛科學
我喜歡做出成果，我熱愛科學
11:17
However, as an engineer,
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然而，作為一個工程師
11:19
as a biomedical engineer
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作為一名生物醫學工程師
11:21
and also as a human being,
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作為一個人
11:23
I'm not going to be satisfied
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除非我們已經推行該產品
11:24
until we've rolled this thing
out, taken it out of the lab
out, taken it out of the lab
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走出實驗室
我就對結果仍不滿意
我就對結果仍不滿意
11:27
and got it to people in large numbers
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讓更多人能使用
11:29
and particularly the people that need it the most.
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特別是最需要它的人
11:33
So we've commenced this particular journey,
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我們已經開始了這段測試
11:36
and we've commenced this
journey in an unusual way.
journey in an unusual way.
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我們有個特別的起點
11:38
We've started with Papua New Guinea.
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我們從
巴布亞新幾內亞開始
巴布亞新幾內亞開始
11:41
Now, Papua New Guinea is an example
of a developing world country.
of a developing world country.
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巴布亞新幾內亞是一個發展中國家
11:47
It's about the same size as France,
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與法國的大小相同
11:50
but it suffers from many of the key barriers
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但該國受許多關鍵性障礙困擾
11:53
existing within the world of today's vaccines.
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存在於今天的疫苗世界的關鍵障礙
11:57
There's the logistics:
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在物流方面
11:59
Within this country there are only 800
refrigerators to keep vaccines chilled.
refrigerators to keep vaccines chilled.
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在這個國家僅有
800 臺冰箱可以冷藏疫苗
800 臺冰箱可以冷藏疫苗
12:03
Many of them are old, like this one in Port Moresby,
many of them are breaking down
many of them are breaking down
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很多冰箱都已經老化
像莫爾斯比港的這一台，而且都逐漸損壞
像莫爾斯比港的這一台，而且都逐漸損壞
12:07
and many are not in the Highlands
where they are required.
where they are required.
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還有很多
並沒有配備在所需的高地
並沒有配備在所需的高地
12:10
That's a challenge.
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這是一項挑戰
12:12
But also, Papua New Guinea has the
world's highest incidence of HPV,
world's highest incidence of HPV,
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並且，人類乳頭瘤病毒在
巴布亞新幾內亞有世界上最高的染病率
巴布亞新幾內亞有世界上最高的染病率
12:17
human papillomavirus, the
cervical cancer [risk factor].
cervical cancer [risk factor].
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人類乳頭瘤病毒是宮頸癌的風險隱患
12:21
Yet, that vaccine is not available in large numbers
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然而，該疫苗無法大量使用
12:24
because it's too expensive.
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因為太貴了
12:26
So for those two reasons, with
the attributes of the Nanopatch,
the attributes of the Nanopatch,
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基於這兩個理由
與納米貼片的特性
與納米貼片的特性
12:29
we've got into the field and
worked with the Nanopatch,
worked with the Nanopatch,
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我們進入這個領域
生產納米貼片
生產納米貼片
12:31
and taken it to Papua New Guinea
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並送往巴布亞新幾內亞
12:34
and we'll be following that up shortly.
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我們馬上會繼續跟進
12:38
Now, doing this kind of work is not easy.
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做這種工作並不容易
12:41
It's challenging,
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具有挑戰性
12:42
but there's nothing else in
the world I'd rather be doing.
the world I'd rather be doing.
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但是這世上我只想做這件事
12:46
And as we look ahead
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當我們展望未來
12:48
I'd like to share with you a thought:
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我想與你們分享一個想法
12:52
It's the thought of a future where
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關於未來的一個想法：
12:56
the 17 million deaths per year
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每年有 1700 萬人死亡
12:58
that we currently have due to infectious disease
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死於目前發現的傳染性疾病
13:00
is a historical footnote.
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會因為疫苗的發展
13:02
And it's a historical footnote that has been achieved
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讓這個數字逐漸成為
13:05
by improved, radically improved vaccines.
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微不足道的歷史腳註
13:08
Now standing here today in front of you
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今天大家所在的
13:10
at the birthplace of the needle and syringe,
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是針頭和注射器誕生的地方
13:12
a device that's 160 years old,
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有 160 年歷史的技術
13:15
I'm presenting to you an alternative approach
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今天，我介紹了另一種方法
13:17
that could really help make that happen --
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可以真正實現這個目標的方法
13:19
and it's the Nanopatch with its attributes
of being needle-free, pain-free,
of being needle-free, pain-free,
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無需針頭
無疼痛的納米貼片
無疼痛的納米貼片
13:23
the ability for removing the cold chain
and improving the immunogenicity.
and improving the immunogenicity.
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不再需要冷藏運輸
還可以提高免疫能力
還可以提高免疫能力
13:28
Thank you.
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謝謝
13:30
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mark Kendall - Biomedical engineerMark Kendall aims to shake up how vaccines are delivered with the Nanopatch.
Why you should listen
Looking a bit like a fuzzy computer chip, the Nanopatch uses tiny powder-coated spikes to deliver a small dose of vaccine just under the skin, immunizing a person in about a minute. Made for less than $1, it uses only a fraction of a vaccine dose delivered by traditional syringe method (which was invented in 1853), at the same time eliminating the risk of needle injuries. What’s more, a Nanopatch infused with vaccine is designed to be heat-stable, so it can be transported without refrigeration. And the process doesn't draw blood, reducing the risk of infections.
Mark Kendall, an Australian biomedical engineer, was part of a team at the University of Queensland that advanced the Nanopatch by vaccinating animals. Now his company, Vaxxas, is on a mission to commercialize the device for human use. He plans to run an international trial using the Nanopatch, starting with the human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine to protect against cervical cancer.
Mark Kendall | Speaker | TED.com