TEDGlobal 2013
Mark Kendall: Demo: A needle-free vaccine patch that's safer and way cheaper
Mark Kendall: Demonstracija: Cjepivo bez igle u obliku flastera koje je sigurnije i mnogo jeftinije
Filmed:
Readability: 4.6
1,079,860 views
160 godina nakon izuma igle i šprice, mi ih još uvijek koristimo za cijepljenje; vrijeme je da krenemo naprijed. Biomedicinski inženjer Mark Kendall nam predstavlja Nanoflaster, cjepivo u obliku flastera veličine 1cm x 1cm koji se može bezbolno nanijeti na kožu. Objašnjava nam kako ovaj mali komadić silikona može riješiti četiri glavna nedostatka suvremene igle i šprice, i to za samo djelić cijene.
Mark Kendall - Biomedical engineer
Mark Kendall aims to shake up how vaccines are delivered with the Nanopatch. Full bio
Mark Kendall aims to shake up how vaccines are delivered with the Nanopatch. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
It's a pleasure to be here
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Zadovoljstvo je biti danas ovdje
00:13
in Edinburgh, Scotland,
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u Edinburghu, Škotskoj,
00:15
the birthplace of the needle and syringe.
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mjestu gdje su nastale igla i šprica.
00:18
Less than a mile from here in this direction,
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Manje od kilometra i pol u ovom smjeru
00:21
in 1853 a Scotsman
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1853. godine jedan je Škot
00:23
filed his very first patent on the needle and syringe.
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zatražio svoj prvi patent na iglu i špricu.
00:26
His name was Alexander Wood,
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Njegovo ime je Alexander Wood,
00:28
and it was at the Royal College of Physicians.
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i to se dogodilo na
Kraljevskom koledžu liječnika.
Kraljevskom koledžu liječnika.
00:31
This is the patent.
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Ovo je patent.
00:34
What blows my mind when I look at it even today
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Ono što me zapanjuje čak
i danas kad ga pogledam
i danas kad ga pogledam
00:37
is that it looks almost identical
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jest činjenica da izgleda
skoro identično
skoro identično
00:39
to the needle in use today.
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kao igla koju koristimo danas.
00:41
Yet, it's 160 years old.
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A patent je star 160 godina.
00:44
So we turn to the field of vaccines.
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Ali osvrnimo se malo na područje cjepiva.
00:47
Most vaccines are delivered with
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Većina cjepiva se vrši ubodom
00:49
the needle and syringe,
this 160-year-old technology.
this 160-year-old technology.
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igle ili šprice, 160 godina
starom tehnologijom.
starom tehnologijom.
00:53
And credit where it's due -- on many levels,
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Ali moramo joj odati veliko priznanje --
na mnogo razina,
na mnogo razina,
00:55
vaccines are a successful technology.
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cjepiva su vrlo uspješna tehnologija.
00:59
After clean water and sanitation,
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Uz čistu vodu i sustav kanalizacije,
01:02
vaccines are the one technology that has increased
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cjepiva su tehnologija koja
je najviše pridonijela
je najviše pridonijela
01:07
our life span the most.
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produžetku životnog vijeka ljudi.
01:09
That's a pretty hard act to beat.
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Teško je to nadmašiti.
01:12
But just like any other technology,
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Ali kao i svaka druga tehnologija
01:14
vaccines have their shortcomings,
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cjepiva imaju svoje nedostatke,
01:15
and the needle and syringe
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a igla i šprica
01:18
is a key part within that narrative --
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su ključni dio ove priče --
01:20
this old technology.
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ova zastarjela tehnologija.
01:23
So let's start with the obvious:
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Pa počnimo s očitim:
01:25
Many of us don't like the needle and syringe.
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mnogi ljudi ne vole igle i šprice.
01:29
I share that view.
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I ja se u potpunosti slažem s tim stavom.
01:31
However, 20 percent of the population
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Međutim 20 posto populacije
01:34
have a thing called needle phobia.
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pati od nečega što se zove
fobija od igala.
fobija od igala.
01:36
That's more than disliking the needle;
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To je jače od osjećaja
da ne volite igle;
da ne volite igle;
01:38
that is actively avoiding being vaccinated
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to znači da aktivno izbjegavate cijepljenje
01:41
because of needle phobia.
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upravo zbog fobije od igala.
01:42
And that's problematic in terms
of the rollout of vaccines.
of the rollout of vaccines.
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I to je problematično u smislu
primjene cjepiva.
primjene cjepiva.
01:46
Now, related to this is another key issue,
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Drugi ključan problem vezan uz ovo jesu
01:49
which is needlestick injuries.
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ozljede prouzročene iglom.
01:51
And the WHO has figures
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Statistika Svjetske zdrastvene organizacije
01:53
that suggest about 1.3 million deaths per year
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ukazuje da negdje oko 1,3 milijuna ljudi
umre godišnje
umre godišnje
01:57
take place due to cross-contamination
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zbog kontaminacije koja se dogodi
01:59
with needlestick injuries.
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preko ozljeda prouzrokovanih iglom.
02:00
These are early deaths that take place.
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Sve su ovo preuranjene smrti.
02:03
Now, these are two things that
you probably may have heard of,
you probably may have heard of,
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Ovo su dvije stvari za koje ste zasigurno čuli,
02:06
but there are two other shortcomings
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ali postoje dva nedostatka
02:08
of the needle and syringe you
may not have heard about.
may not have heard about.
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igle i šprice za koje možda niste čuli.
02:10
One is it could be holding back
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Jedan od njih je taj što bi igla i šprica
mogle usporiti razvoj
mogle usporiti razvoj
02:12
the next generation of vaccines
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sljedeće generacije cjepiva
02:14
in terms of their immune responses.
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po pitanju njihovog imunosnog odgovora.
02:16
And the second is that it could be responsible
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A drugi nedostatak je taj što bi takva
tehnologija mogla biti odgovorna
tehnologija mogla biti odgovorna
02:19
for the problem of the cold chain
that I'll tell you about as well.
that I'll tell you about as well.
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za problem hladnog lanca
o kojem ću vam također govoriti.
o kojem ću vam također govoriti.
02:24
I'm going to tell you about some work
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Govorit ću vam o radu na kojem radim
02:25
that my team and I are doing in Australia
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zajedno sa svojim timom u Australiji
02:27
at the University of Queensland
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na Sveučilištu Queensland
02:29
on a technology designed to
tackle those four problems.
tackle those four problems.
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i to na tehnologiji koja bi se upravo
trebala baviti s ova četiri problema.
trebala baviti s ova četiri problema.
02:33
And that technology is called the Nanopatch.
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I ta se tehnologija zove Nanoflaster.
02:38
Now, this is a specimen of the Nanopatch.
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Ovo je primjerak Nanoflastera.
02:44
To the naked eye
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Kada ga pogledamo golim okom,
02:46
it just looks like a square
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izgleda nam poput kvadrata
02:48
smaller than a postage stamp,
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manjeg od poštanske marke,
02:51
but under a microscope
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ali ako ga pogledate ispod mikroskopa
02:54
what you see are thousands of tiny projections
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vidjeti ćete tisuću sićušnih ispupčenja
02:56
that are invisible to the human eye.
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koje su nevidljive ljudskom oku.
02:58
And there's about 4,000 projections
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Oko 4.000 ispupčenja se nalazi
03:00
on this particular square compared to the needle.
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na ovom kvadratu kad ga usporedimo s iglom.
03:03
And I've designed those projections
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I dizajnirao sam ta ispupčenja
03:06
to serve a key role, which is to
work with the skin's immune system.
work with the skin's immune system.
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kako bi poslužili ključnoj svrsi, a to je
da rade zajedno s imunosnim sustavom kože.
da rade zajedno s imunosnim sustavom kože.
03:10
So that's a very important function
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I to je vrlo važna funkcija
03:12
tied in with the Nanopatch.
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povezana s Nanoflasterom.
03:14
Now we make the Nanopatch
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Danas proizvodimo Nanoflaster
03:16
with a technique
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tehnikom
03:19
called deep reactive ion etching.
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koja se zove duboko reaktivno ionsko graviranje
03:21
And this particular technique
is one that's been borrowed
is one that's been borrowed
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I ta specifična tehnika je preuzeta
03:23
from the semiconductor industry,
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iz područja industrije poluvodiča,
03:25
and therefore is low cost
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i zbog toga je jeftina
03:27
and can be rolled out in large numbers.
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te može imati široku primjenu.
03:29
Now we dry-coat vaccines to
the projections of the Nanopatch
the projections of the Nanopatch
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Sad nanosimo sloj cjepiva u
suhom stanju na ispupčenja Nanoflastera
suhom stanju na ispupčenja Nanoflastera
03:34
and apply it to the skin.
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i tada stavljamo Nanoflaster na kožu.
03:36
Now, the simplest form of application
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Najednostavniji način primjene
03:40
is using our finger,
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jest nanošenje prstima
03:42
but our finger has some limitations,
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ali i naši prsti imaju ograničenja,
03:45
so we've devised an applicator.
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pa smo osmislili aplikator.
03:47
And it's a very simple device --
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I to je vrlo jednostavan mehanizam --
03:48
you could call it a sophisticated finger.
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mogli bismo ga nazvati sofisticiranim prstom.
03:51
It's a spring-operated device.
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To je mehanizam koji radi na principu opruge.
03:54
What we do is when we apply
the Nanopatch to the skin as so --
the Nanopatch to the skin as so --
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Što se događa kada nanesemo
Nanoflaster na kožu --
Nanoflaster na kožu --
03:57
(Click) --
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(Klik) --
03:59
immediately a few things happen.
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odmah se dogodi nekoliko stvari.
04:02
So firstly, the projections on the Nanopatch
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Prvo, ispupčenja na Nanoflasteru
04:06
breach through the tough outer layer
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probijaju čvrsti vanjski sloj kože
04:08
and the vaccine is very quickly released --
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i cjepivo se brzo otpušta --
04:10
within less than a minute, in fact.
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i sve to zapravo traje
manje od jedne minute.
manje od jedne minute.
04:12
Then we can take the Nanopatch off
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Tada možemo skinuti Nanoflaster
04:15
and discard it.
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i baciti ga.
04:17
And indeed we can make
a reuse of the applicator itself.
a reuse of the applicator itself.
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Ali sami aplikator možemo
ponovno koristiti.
ponovno koristiti.
04:23
So that gives you an idea of the Nanopatch,
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Ovo bi vam trebalo otprilike dati ideju
o tome kako radi Nanoflaster,
o tome kako radi Nanoflaster,
04:25
and immediately you can see some key advantages.
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i odmah možete uočiti neke ključne prednosti.
04:28
We've talked about it being needle-free --
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Rekli smo već kako smo iz primjene
izbacili iglu --
izbacili iglu --
04:30
these are projections that you can't even see --
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ovdje se radi o ispupčenjima koje
ne možete vidjeti --
ne možete vidjeti --
04:32
and, of course, we get around
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a tako, naravno, uspješno rješavamo
04:34
the needle phobia issue as well.
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problem fobije od igle.
04:37
Now, if we take a step back and think about
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Sad malo stanimo i promislimo
04:39
these other two really important advantages:
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o druge dvije, vrlo važne, prednosti:
04:42
One is improved immune
responses through delivery,
responses through delivery,
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jedna je poboljšani imunosni odgovor
zahvaljujući provedbi,
zahvaljujući provedbi,
04:46
and the second is getting rid of the cold chain.
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a druga je ta što se rješavamo hladnog lanca.
04:50
So let's start with the first one,
this immunogenicity idea.
this immunogenicity idea.
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Počnimo s prvom prednošću,
s idejom imunogenosti.
s idejom imunogenosti.
04:52
It takes a little while to get our heads around,
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Trebat će vam malo vremena da
shvatite ovaj pojam
shvatite ovaj pojam
04:54
but I'll try to explain it in simple terms.
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ali pokušat ću pojednostavniti.
04:58
So I'll take a step back and explain to you
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Vratit ću se korak unazad i objasniti vam
05:00
how vaccines work in a simple way.
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na jednostavan način
kako cjepiva funkcioniraju.
kako cjepiva funkcioniraju.
05:03
So vaccines work by introducing into our body
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Dakle cjepiva funkcioniraju tako da
u tijelo unosimo
u tijelo unosimo
05:06
a thing called an antigen
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tvar koje se zove antigen
05:08
which is a safe form of a germ.
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koja je zapravo sigurni oblik bakterije.
05:11
Now that safe germ, that antigen,
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Tada ta sigurna bakterija, taj antigen
05:13
tricks our body into mounting an immune response,
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na prevaru izaziva imunosnu reakciju našeg tijela
05:17
learning and remembering
how to deal with intruders.
how to deal with intruders.
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koji tako uči i pamti kako postupati s uljezima.
05:21
When the real intruder comes along
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Kada pravi uljez dođe
05:23
the body quickly mounts an immune response
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tijelo brzo stvori imunosnu reakciju
05:25
to deal with that vaccine
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kako bi se suočilo s cjepivom
05:27
and neutralizes the infection.
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i neutralizirao infekciju.
05:28
So it does that well.
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I to radi dobro.
05:30
Now, the way it's done today
with the needle and syringe,
with the needle and syringe,
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Danas se to radi iglom i špricom,
05:32
most vaccines are delivered that way --
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većina cjepiva djeluje na taj način --
05:35
with this old technology and the needle.
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koristeći ovu staru tehnologiju i iglu.
05:37
But it could be argued that the needle
is holding back our immune responses;
is holding back our immune responses;
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Ali moglo bi se argumentirano tvrditi da igla
zapravo sputava našu imunosnu reakciju;
zapravo sputava našu imunosnu reakciju;
05:42
it's missing our immune sweet spot in the skin.
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ona promašuje imunosno
najučinkovitiji dio na našoj koži.
najučinkovitiji dio na našoj koži.
05:45
To describe this idea,
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Kako bih vam predočio ovu ideju,
05:48
we need to take a journey through the skin,
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moramo krenuti na putovanje kroz kožu,
05:51
starting with one of those projections
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krenut ćemo od jednog ispupčenja
05:53
and applying the Nanopatch to the skin.
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i nanošenja Nanoflastera na kožu.
05:56
And we see this kind of data.
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I vidimo ovu vrstu podataka.
05:58
Now, this is real data --
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Sada, ovo su stvarni podatci --
06:00
that thing that we can see there is one projection
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ovo što možemo vidjeti tamo jest ispupčenje
06:02
from the Nanopatch that's been applied to the skin
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s Nanoflastera koji je nanesen na kožu
06:05
and those colors are different layers.
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a ove boje predstavljaju različite slojeve.
06:07
Now, to give you an idea of scale,
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Kako bih vam dao nekakvu
predodžbu o proporcijama,
predodžbu o proporcijama,
06:08
if the needle was shown here, it would be too big.
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kad bismo ovdje prikazali iglu,
ona bi bila prevelika.
ona bi bila prevelika.
06:10
It would be 10 times bigger
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Ona bi bila 10 puta veća
06:11
than the size of that screen,
going 10 times deeper as well.
going 10 times deeper as well.
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od veličine ovog ekrana, a također
bi i prodirala 10 puta dublje.
bi i prodirala 10 puta dublje.
06:14
It's off the grid entirely.
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Usporedba nije čak ni moguća.
06:17
You can see immediately that we
have those projections in the skin.
have those projections in the skin.
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Možete odmah primijetiti da su
ispupčenja u koži.
ispupčenja u koži.
06:20
That red layer is a tough outer layer of dead skin,
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Ovaj crveni sloj je čvrsti
vanjski sloj mrtve kože,
vanjski sloj mrtve kože,
06:23
but the brown layer and the magenta layer
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ali smeđi sloj i magenta sloj
06:25
are jammed full of immune cells.
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su pretrpani imunosnim stanicama.
06:29
As one example, in the brown layer
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Naprimjer, u smeđem sloju
06:30
there's a certain type of cell
called a Langerhans cell --
called a Langerhans cell --
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se nalazi određena vrsta stanice
koju nazivamo Langerhans stanica --
koju nazivamo Langerhans stanica --
06:33
every square millimeter of our body
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svaki četvorni milimetar našeg tijela
06:35
is jammed full of those Langerhans cells,
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je pretrpan ovim Langerhans stanicama,
06:38
those immune cells, and
there's others shown as well
there's others shown as well
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imunosnim stanica, a prikazane su
i druge stanice
i druge stanice
06:40
that we haven't stained in this image.
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koje nismo zabilježili na ovoj slici.
06:42
But you can immediately see that the Nanopatch
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Ali možete odmah vidjeti da Nanoflaster
06:44
achieves that penetration indeed.
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uspijeva zaista prodrijeti.
06:46
We target thousands upon thousands
of these particular cells
of these particular cells
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Mi ciljamo na tisuće i tisuće ovih stanica
06:49
just residing within a hair's width
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koje se nalaze unutar
površinskog sloja kože
površinskog sloja kože
06:52
of the surface of the skin.
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tankog poput dlake.
06:55
Now, as the guy that's invented
this thing and designed it to do that,
this thing and designed it to do that,
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Kao čovjek koji je smislio ovu napravu i
dizajnirao je da čini sve ovo,
dizajnirao je da čini sve ovo,
06:59
I found that exciting. But so what?
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za mene je to uzbudljivo. Pa što?
07:02
So what if you've targeted cells?
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Pa što ako smo naciljali stanice?
07:04
In the world of vaccines, what does that mean?
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U svijetu cjepiva, što to zapravo znači?
07:07
The world of vaccines is getting better.
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Svijet cjepiva postaje bolji.
07:09
It's getting more systematic.
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Postaje sustavniji.
07:11
However, you still don't really know
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Međutim, još uvijek
ne možete zaista znati
ne možete zaista znati
07:13
if a vaccine is going to work
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hoće li cjepivo raditi,
07:15
until you roll your sleeves up
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sve dok ne zavrnete rukave,
07:16
and vaccinate and wait.
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cijepite se i čekate.
07:18
It's a gambler's game even today.
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To je kocka čak i danas.
07:21
So, we had to do that gamble.
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Ali morali smo se kockati.
07:24
We obtained an influenza vaccine,
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Uzeli smo cjepivo za gripu
07:26
we applied it to our Nanopatches
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i nanijeli ga na naš Nanoflaster
07:28
and we applied the Nanopatches to the skin,
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a Nanoflaster smo nanijeli na kožu
07:30
and we waited --
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i onda smo čekali --
07:32
and this is in the live animal.
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i sve smo to napravili na živoj životinji.
07:34
We waited a month,
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Čekali smo mjesec dana
07:36
and this is what we found out.
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i ovo smo otkrili.
07:37
This is a data slide showing the immune responses
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Ovo je prikaz podataka koji pokazuju
imunosnu reakciju
imunosnu reakciju
07:40
that we've generated with a Nanopatch
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koju smo dobili Nanoflasterom
07:42
compared to the needle and syringe into muscle.
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u usporedbi s onom koju smo dobili
ubodom igle i šprice u mišić.
ubodom igle i šprice u mišić.
07:46
So on the horizontal axis we have
the dose shown in nanograms.
the dose shown in nanograms.
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Na horizontalnoj osi je naznačena
doza u nanogramima.
doza u nanogramima.
07:49
On the vertical axis we have
the immune response generated,
the immune response generated,
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Na vertikalnoj osi je prikazana
dobivena imunosna reakcija,
dobivena imunosna reakcija,
07:52
and that dashed line indicates
the protection threshold.
the protection threshold.
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a isprekidana linija pokazuje prag
zaštitnosti cjepiva.
zaštitnosti cjepiva.
07:58
If we're above that line it's considered protective;
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Ako smo iznad tog praga,
cjepivo se smatra zaštitnim;
cjepivo se smatra zaštitnim;
08:00
if we're below that line it's not.
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a ako smo ispod te linije,
onda nije.
onda nije.
08:03
So the red line is mostly below that curve
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Crvena linija se većim dijelom
nalazi ispod te krivulje
nalazi ispod te krivulje
08:06
and indeed there's only one point that
is achieved with the needle that's protective,
is achieved with the needle that's protective,
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i zapravo samo je jedna točka
dobivena metodom igle zaštitna
dobivena metodom igle zaštitna
08:09
and that's with a high dose of 6,000 nanograms.
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i to s visokom dozom od 6.000 nanograma,
08:12
But notice immediately the distinctly different curve
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ali primjetit ćete odmah bitno drugačiju krivulju
08:15
that we achieve with the blue line.
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koji smo postigli plavom linijom.
08:18
That's what's achieved with the Nanopatch;
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To smo postigli Nanoflasterom;
08:20
the delivered dose of the Nanopatch is
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korištena doza kod Nanoflastera je
08:22
a completely different immunogenicity curve.
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prikazana posve drugačijom krivuljom imunogenosti.
08:25
That's a real fresh opportunity.
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To je prava, sviježa prilika.
08:27
Suddenly we have a brand new lever
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Odjednom imamo potpuno novu polugu
08:29
in the world of vaccines.
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u svijetu cjepiva.
08:31
We can push it one way,
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Možemo je gurnuti u tom smjeru
08:32
where we can take a vaccine
that works but is too expensive
that works but is too expensive
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da uzmemo cjepivo koje
je djelotvorno ali preskupo
je djelotvorno ali preskupo
08:35
and can get protection
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i možemo dobiti zaštitu
08:36
with a hundredth of the dose
compared to the needle.
compared to the needle.
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uzimajući samo stoti dio doze koji bismo
trebali uzeti kad bismo koristili iglu.
trebali uzeti kad bismo koristili iglu.
08:39
That can take a vaccine that's suddenly
10 dollars down to 10 cents,
10 dollars down to 10 cents,
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To bi moglo dovesti do toga da cjepivo
koje košta 10$ padne na samo10 centi,
koje košta 10$ padne na samo10 centi,
08:43
and that's particularly important
within the developing world.
within the developing world.
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a to je pogotovo važno za zemlje
u razvoju.
u razvoju.
08:47
But there's another angle to this as well --
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Ali postoji i druga strana svega ovoga --
08:48
you can take vaccines that currently don't work
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možete uzeti cjepiva koja nisu djelotvorna
08:51
and get them over that line
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i dovesti ih iznad te linije
08:53
and get them protective.
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i učiniti ih zaštitnima.
08:55
And certainly in the world of vaccines
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A naravno u svijetu cjepiva
08:57
that can be important.
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ovo može biti vrlo važno.
08:58
Let's consider the big three:
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Pogledajmo veliku trojku:
09:00
HIV, malaria, tuberculosis.
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HIV, malariju i tuberkulozu.
09:02
They're responsible for about
7 million deaths per year,
7 million deaths per year,
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Ove bolesti su odgovorne za otprilike
7 milijuna smrti godišnje,
7 milijuna smrti godišnje,
09:05
and there is no adequate vaccination
method for any of those.
method for any of those.
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i ne postoji primjerena metoda cijepljenja
za bilo koju od njih.
za bilo koju od njih.
09:08
So potentially, with this new lever
that we have with the Nanopatch,
that we have with the Nanopatch,
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Ovom novom polugom
koju imamo zahvaljujući Nanoflasteru
koju imamo zahvaljujući Nanoflasteru
09:11
we can help make that happen.
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možemo potencijalno postići i to.
09:12
We can push that lever to help get those
candidate vaccines over the line.
candidate vaccines over the line.
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Možemo gurnuti tu polugu kako bismo pomogli
potencijalnim cjepivima prijeći tu liniju.
potencijalnim cjepivima prijeći tu liniju.
09:17
Now, of course, we've worked within my lab
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Radili smo, naravno, u mom laboratoriju
09:19
with many other vaccines that have attained
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s mnogo drugih cjepiva koja su postigla
09:21
similar responses and similar curves to this,
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reakcije i krivulje slične ovoj koju
09:24
what we've achieved with influenza.
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smo dobili koristeći
cjepivo protiv gripe.
cjepivo protiv gripe.
09:27
I'd like to now switch to talk about
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Sada bih želio malo govoriti o
09:30
another key shortcoming of today's vaccines,
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drugom ključnom nedostatku suvremenih cjepiva,
09:33
and that is the need to maintain the cold chain.
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a to je potreba da se održava hladni lanac.
09:36
As the name suggests -- the cold chain --
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Kao što i samo ime kaže -- hladni lanac --
09:39
it's the requirements of keeping
a vaccine right from production
a vaccine right from production
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to je zapravo potreba da se cjepivo
od proizvodnje
od proizvodnje
09:42
all the way through to when the vaccine is applied,
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pa sve do trenutka kad se primjenjuje,
09:45
to keep it refrigerated.
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čuva zamrznuto.
09:48
Now, that presents some logistical challenges
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i tu se javljaju neki logistički izazovi
09:51
but we have ways to do it.
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ali imamo načine kako i to uspješno riješiti.
09:54
This is a slightly extreme case in point
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Ovo je malo ekstremniji primjer
09:59
but it helps illustrate the logistical challenges,
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ali može prikazati logističke izazove,
10:01
in particular in resource-poor settings,
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posebno u okolini koja je siromašna resursima,
10:03
of what's required to get vaccines
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što je sve potrebno kako bi se cjepiva
10:07
refrigerated and maintain the cold chain.
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zamrznula i kako bi se održao
hladni lanac.
hladni lanac.
10:08
If the vaccine is too warm the vaccine breaks down,
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Cjepivo se kvari ako je izloženo
previsokim temperaturama
previsokim temperaturama
10:12
but interestingly it can be too cold
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ali zanimljivo je da cjepivo može biti
izloženo i preniskim temperaturama
izloženo i preniskim temperaturama
10:14
and the vaccine can break down as well.
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i da se opet može pokvariti.
10:17
Now, the stakes are very high.
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Sada, ulozi su vrlo visoki.
10:20
The WHO estimates that within Africa,
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Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija
procjenjuje da u Africi
procjenjuje da u Africi
10:23
up to half the vaccines used there
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čak polovica cjepiva koja se tamo koristi
10:26
are considered to not be working properly
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najvjerojatnije nije djelotvorna
10:27
because at some point the
cold chain has fallen over.
cold chain has fallen over.
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jer se upravo u jednom trenutku
prekinuo hladni lanac .
prekinuo hladni lanac .
10:30
So it's a big problem, and it's tied
in with the needle and syringe
in with the needle and syringe
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Tako da je to veliki problem
a usko je povezan s korištenjem igle i šprice
a usko je povezan s korištenjem igle i šprice
10:33
because it's a liquid form vaccine, and
when it's liquid it needs the refrigeration.
when it's liquid it needs the refrigeration.
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zato što se tu radi o tekućem obliku cjepiva,
a u tom slučaju cjepivo treba zamrzavati.
a u tom slučaju cjepivo treba zamrzavati.
10:38
A key attribute of our Nanopatch
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Ključna osobina našeg Nanoflastera
10:41
is that the vaccine is dry,
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jest ta da se cjepivo nalazi u suhom stanju
10:43
and when it's dry it doesn't need refrigeration.
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a kad je suho, ne treba zamrzavanje.
10:45
Within my lab we've shown that we can keep
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U laboratoriju smo pokazali da možemo
10:48
the vaccine stored at 23 degrees Celsius
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skladištiti cjepivo na temperaturi od 23°C
10:51
for more than a year without
any loss in activity at all.
any loss in activity at all.
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i to u razdoblju dužem od godinu dana
bez gubitka razine aktivnosti.
bez gubitka razine aktivnosti.
10:54
That's an important improvement.
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To je vrlo važan napredak.
10:57
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
11:03
We're delighted about it as well.
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I mi smo oduševljeni time.
11:06
And the thing about it is that
we have well and truly proven
we have well and truly proven
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A što je najbitnije u svemu ovome
jest da smo zaista dokazali
jest da smo zaista dokazali
11:10
the Nanopatch within the laboratory setting.
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učinkovitost Nanoflastera u
laboratorijskom okruženju.
laboratorijskom okruženju.
11:13
And as a scientist, I love that and I love science.
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I kao znanstvenik volim to i volim znanost.
11:17
However, as an engineer,
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Međutim, kao inžinjer,
11:19
as a biomedical engineer
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kao biomedicinski inžinjer
11:21
and also as a human being,
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i kao ljudsko biće
11:23
I'm not going to be satisfied
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neću biti zadovoljan
11:24
until we've rolled this thing
out, taken it out of the lab
out, taken it out of the lab
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dok ne zakotrljamo ovaj projekt i
ne izađemo iz laboratorija
ne izađemo iz laboratorija
11:27
and got it to people in large numbers
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te učinimo ovo dostupno ljudima
11:29
and particularly the people that need it the most.
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i to pogotovo ljudima kojima je to najpotrebnije.
11:33
So we've commenced this particular journey,
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Tako da smo započeli ovo putovanje
11:36
and we've commenced this
journey in an unusual way.
journey in an unusual way.
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a započeli smo ga na vrlo neobičan način.
11:38
We've started with Papua New Guinea.
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Počeli smo u Papui Novoj Gvineji.
11:41
Now, Papua New Guinea is an example
of a developing world country.
of a developing world country.
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Papua Nova Gvineja je primjer zemlje u razvoju.
11:47
It's about the same size as France,
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Otprilike je iste veličine kao i Francuska
11:50
but it suffers from many of the key barriers
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ali tu smo naišli na mnoge ključne prepreke
11:53
existing within the world of today's vaccines.
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koje postoje u svijetu suvremenih cjepiva.
11:57
There's the logistics:
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Tu je logistika:
11:59
Within this country there are only 800
refrigerators to keep vaccines chilled.
refrigerators to keep vaccines chilled.
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u ovoj zemlji postoji samo 800
hladnjaka u kojima se čuvaju cjepiva.
hladnjaka u kojima se čuvaju cjepiva.
12:03
Many of them are old, like this one in Port Moresby,
many of them are breaking down
many of them are breaking down
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Mnogi su stari, poput onoga u Port Moresbyju,
mnogi se kvare,
mnogi se kvare,
12:07
and many are not in the Highlands
where they are required.
where they are required.
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a mnogi nisu dostupni u Gorju
gdje su prijeko potrebni.
gdje su prijeko potrebni.
12:10
That's a challenge.
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To je izazov.
12:12
But also, Papua New Guinea has the
world's highest incidence of HPV,
world's highest incidence of HPV,
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Ali također Papua Nova Gvineja ima najveću stopu
pojave HPV-a,
pojave HPV-a,
12:17
human papillomavirus, the
cervical cancer [risk factor].
cervical cancer [risk factor].
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humanog papilloma virusa, raka grlića maternice
[činitelj rizika] u svijetu.
[činitelj rizika] u svijetu.
12:21
Yet, that vaccine is not available in large numbers
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Ipak to cjepivo nije dostupno u velikim količinama
12:24
because it's too expensive.
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jer je preskupo.
12:26
So for those two reasons, with
the attributes of the Nanopatch,
the attributes of the Nanopatch,
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Iz ta dva razloga, te zahvaljujući
karakterstikama Nanoflastera,
karakterstikama Nanoflastera,
12:29
we've got into the field and
worked with the Nanopatch,
worked with the Nanopatch,
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počeli smo se baviti ovim i
raditi s Nanoflasterom
raditi s Nanoflasterom
12:31
and taken it to Papua New Guinea
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te smo ga odnijeli u Papuu Novu Gvineju
12:34
and we'll be following that up shortly.
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a uskoro ćemo provesti i praćenje rezultata.
12:38
Now, doing this kind of work is not easy.
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Nije lako obavljati ovu vrstu posla.
12:41
It's challenging,
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Izazovno je,
12:42
but there's nothing else in
the world I'd rather be doing.
the world I'd rather be doing.
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ali nema toga na svijetu što bih radije radio.
12:46
And as we look ahead
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I dok gledamo prema budućnosti,
12:48
I'd like to share with you a thought:
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podijelio bih s vama ovu misao:
12:52
It's the thought of a future where
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To je ideja o budućnosti u kojoj je
12:56
the 17 million deaths per year
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17 milijuna smrtnih slučajeva
12:58
that we currently have due to infectious disease
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koje godišnje imamo kao posljedicu
zaraznih bolesti
zaraznih bolesti
13:00
is a historical footnote.
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samo povijesna fusnota.
13:02
And it's a historical footnote that has been achieved
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Povijesna fusnota koju smo uspjeli ostvariti
13:05
by improved, radically improved vaccines.
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poboljšanim, radikalno poboljšanim cjepivima.
13:08
Now standing here today in front of you
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I dok danas stojim pred vama
13:10
at the birthplace of the needle and syringe,
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na mjestu gdje su nastale igla i šprica,
13:12
a device that's 160 years old,
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izumi koji su 160 godina stari,
13:15
I'm presenting to you an alternative approach
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predstavljam vam novi pristup
13:17
that could really help make that happen --
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kojim bi se to moglo i ostvariti --
13:19
and it's the Nanopatch with its attributes
of being needle-free, pain-free,
of being needle-free, pain-free,
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a to je upravo Nanoflaster,
kojemu su glavne osobine
to što smo se riješili igle i boli,
kojemu su glavne osobine
to što smo se riješili igle i boli,
13:23
the ability for removing the cold chain
and improving the immunogenicity.
and improving the immunogenicity.
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te mogućnost da se izbjegne
potreba za hladnim lancem
i da se poboljša imunogenost.
potreba za hladnim lancem
i da se poboljša imunogenost.
13:28
Thank you.
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Hvala.
13:30
(Applause)
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(Pljesak.)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mark Kendall - Biomedical engineerMark Kendall aims to shake up how vaccines are delivered with the Nanopatch.
Why you should listen
Looking a bit like a fuzzy computer chip, the Nanopatch uses tiny powder-coated spikes to deliver a small dose of vaccine just under the skin, immunizing a person in about a minute. Made for less than $1, it uses only a fraction of a vaccine dose delivered by traditional syringe method (which was invented in 1853), at the same time eliminating the risk of needle injuries. What’s more, a Nanopatch infused with vaccine is designed to be heat-stable, so it can be transported without refrigeration. And the process doesn't draw blood, reducing the risk of infections.
Mark Kendall, an Australian biomedical engineer, was part of a team at the University of Queensland that advanced the Nanopatch by vaccinating animals. Now his company, Vaxxas, is on a mission to commercialize the device for human use. He plans to run an international trial using the Nanopatch, starting with the human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine to protect against cervical cancer.
Mark Kendall | Speaker | TED.com