ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Teddy Cruz - Architect and urbanist
Teddy Cruz looks for clues to the "city of the future" in the emerging urban areas of today.

Why you should listen

Teddy Cruz works at the crossroads of architecture, urbanism, policy and art. He has looked deeply, over many years, at the Tijuana-San Diego area spanning the US-Mexico border -- a thriving, high-density, high-activity zone of trade and urban relationships -- and at other southern cities. And he suggests that the modern, highly planned cities of the developed world have much to learn from these developments. The informal shops, garages and neighborhoods of a boomtown are built to maximize "social flow" -- because buildings are easy to put up and modify, they can respond exactly to the inhabitant's needs, connecting them to the community and the city.  

In collaboration with community-based nonprofits such as Casa Familiar, Cruz and his team also explore new visions for affordable housing, in relationship to an urban policy more inclusive of social and cultural programs for the city. In 1991, Cruz received the Rome Prize in Architecture; in 2005 he was the first recipient of the James Stirling Memorial Lecture On The City Prize. Born in Guatemala, he is a professor in public culture and urbanism in the Visual Arts Department at University of California, San Diego.

More profile about the speaker
Teddy Cruz | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2013

Teddy Cruz: How architectural innovations migrate across borders

Filmed:
722,912 views

As the world's cities undergo explosive growth, inequality is intensifying. Wealthy neighborhoods and impoverished slums grow side by side, the gap between them widening. In this eye-opening talk, architect Teddy Cruz asks us to rethink urban development from the bottom up. Sharing lessons from the slums of Tijuana, Cruz explores the creative intelligence of the city's residents and offers a fresh perspective on what we can learn from places of scarcity.
- Architect and urbanist
Teddy Cruz looks for clues to the "city of the future" in the emerging urban areas of today. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

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The urban explosion
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of the last years of economic boom
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also produced dramatic marginalization,
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resulting in the explosion of slums
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in many parts of the world.
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This polarization of enclaves of mega-wealth
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surrounded by sectors of poverty
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and the socioeconomic inequalities
they have engendered
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is really at the center of today's urban crisis.
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But I want to begin tonight
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by suggesting that this urban crisis
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is not only economic or environmental.
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It's particularly a cultural crisis,
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a crisis of the institutions
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unable to reimagine the stupid ways
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which we have been growing,
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unable to challenge the oil-hungry,
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selfish urbanization that have perpetuated
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cities based on consumption,
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from southern California to New York to Dubai.
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So I just really want to share with you a reflection
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that the future of cities today
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depends less on buildings
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and, in fact, depends more
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on the fundamental reorganization
of socioeconomic relations,
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that the best ideas in the shaping
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of the city in the future
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will not come from enclaves of economic power
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and abundance,
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but in fact from sectors of conflict and scarcity
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from which an urgent imagination
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can really inspire us to rethink urban growth today.
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And let me illustrate what I mean
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by understanding or engaging sites of conflict
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as harboring creativity, as I briefly introduce you
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to the Tijuana-San Diego border region,
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which has been the laboratory to
rethink my practice as an architect.
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This is the wall, the border wall,
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that separates San Diego and Tijuana,
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Latin America and the United States,
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a physical emblem
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of exclusionary planning policies
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that have perpetuated the division
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of communities, jurisdictions
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and resources across the world.
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In this border region, we find
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some of the wealthiest real estate,
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as I once found in the edges of San Diego,
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barely 20 minutes away
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from some of the poorest
settlements in Latin America.
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And while these two cities have the same population,
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San Diego has grown six times larger than Tijuana
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in the last decades,
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immediately thrusting us to confront
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the tensions and conflicts
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between sprawl and density,
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which are at the center of today's discussion
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about environmental sustainability.
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So I've been arguing in the last years
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that, in fact, the slums of Tijuana can teach a lot
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to the sprawls of San Diego
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when it comes to socioeconomic sustainability,
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that we should pay attention and learn
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from the many migrant communities
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on both sides of this border wall
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so that we can translate their informal processes
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of urbanization.
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What do I mean by the informal in this case?
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I'm really just talking about
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the compendium of social practices of adaptation
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that enable many of these migrant communities
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to transgress imposed political and economic recipes
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of urbanization.
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I'm talking simply about the creative intelligence
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of the bottom-up,
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whether manifested in the slums of Tijuana
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that build themselves, in fact,
with the waste of San Diego,
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or the many migrant neighborhoods
in Southern California
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that have begun to be retrofitted with difference
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in the last decades.
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So I've been interested as an artist
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in the measuring, the observation,
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of many of the trans-border informal flows
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across this border:
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in one direction, from south to north,
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the flow of immigrants into the United States,
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and from north to south the flow of waste
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from southern California into Tijuana.
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I'm referring to the recycling
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of these old post-war bungalows
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that Mexican contractors bring to the border
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as American developers are disposing of them
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in the process of building a more inflated version
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of suburbia in the last decades.
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So these are houses waiting to cross the border.
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Not only people cross the border here,
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but entire chunks of one city move to the next,
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and when these houses are placed
on top of these steel frames,
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they leave the first floor to become the second
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to be in-filled with more house,
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with a small business.
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This layering of spaces and economies
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is very interesting to notice.
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But not only houses, also small debris
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from one city, from San Diego, to Tijuana.
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Probably a lot of you have seen the rubber tires
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that are used in the slums to build retaining walls.
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But look at what people have done here in conditions
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of socioeconomic emergency.
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They have figured out how to peel off the tire,
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how to thread it and interlock it
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to construct a more efficient retaining wall.
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Or the garage doors that are brought
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from San Diego in trucks
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to become the new skin of emergency housing
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in many of these slums
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surrounding the edges of Tijuana.
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So while, as an architect,
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this is a very compelling thing to witness,
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this creative intelligence,
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I also want to keep myself in check.
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I don't want to romanticize poverty.
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I just want to suggest
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that this informal urbanization
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is not just the image of precariousness,
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that informality here, the informal,
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is really a set of socioeconomic
and political procedures
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that we could translate as artists,
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that this is about a bottom-up urbanization
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that performs.
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See here, buildings are not important
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just for their looks,
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but, in fact, they are important for what they can do.
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They truly perform as they transform through time
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and as communities negotiate
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the spaces and boundaries and resources.
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So while waste flows southbound,
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people go north in search of dollars,
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and most of my research has had to do
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with the impact of immigration
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in the alteration of the homogeneity
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of many neighborhoods in the United States,
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particularly in San Diego.
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And I'm talking about how this begins to suggest
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that the future of Southern California
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depends on the retrofitting
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of the large urbanization -- I mean, on steroids --
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with the small programs,
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social and economic.
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I'm referring to how immigrants,
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when they come to these neighborhoods,
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they begin to alter the one-dimensionality
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of parcels and properties
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into more socially and
economically complex systems,
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as they begin to plug an
informal economy into a garage,
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or as they build an illegal granny flat
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to support an extended family.
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This socioeconomic entrepreneurship
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on the ground within these neighborhoods
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really begins to suggest ways of translating that
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into new, inclusive and more equitable
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land use policies.
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So many stories emerge from these dynamics
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of alteration of space,
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such as "the informal Buddha,"
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which tells the story of a small house
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that saved itself, it did not travel to Mexico,
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but it was retrofitted in the end
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into a Buddhist temple,
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and in so doing,
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this small house transforms or mutates
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from a singular dwelling
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into a small, or a micro, socioeconomic
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and cultural infrastructure inside a neighborhood.
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So these action neighborhoods, as I call them,
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really become the inspiration
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to imagine other interpretations of citizenship
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that have less to do, in fact,
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with belonging to the nation-state,
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and more with upholding the notion of citizenship
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as a creative act
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that reorganizes institutional protocols
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in the spaces of the city.
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As an artist, I've been interested, in fact,
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in the visualization of citizenship,
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the gathering of many anecdotes, urban stories,
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in order to narrativize the relationship
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between social processes and spaces.
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This is a story of a group of teenagers
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that one night, a few months ago,
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decided to invade this space under the freeway
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to begin constructing their own skateboard park.
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With shovels in hand, they started to dig.
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09:15
Two weeks later, the police stopped them.
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They barricaded the place,
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and the teenagers were evicted,
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and the teenagers decided to fight back,
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not with bank cards or slogans
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but with constructing a critical process.
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The first thing they did was to recognize
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the specificity of political jurisdiction
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inscribed in that empty space.
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They found out that they had been lucky
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because they had not begun to dig
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under Caltrans territoy.
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Caltrans is a state agency that governs the freeway,
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so it would have been very
difficult to negotiate with them.
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They were lucky, they said, because they began
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to dig under an arm of the freeway
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that belongs to the local municipality.
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They were also lucky, they said,
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because they began to dig in a sort of
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Bermuda Triangle of jurisdiction,
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between port authority, airport authority,
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two city districts, and a review board.
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All these red lines are the invisible
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political institutions that were inscribed
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in that leftover empty space.
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With this knowledge, these teenagers
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as skaters confronted the city.
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They came to the city attorney's office.
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The city attorney told them
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that in order to continue the negotiation
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they had to become an NGO,
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and of course they didn't know what an NGO was.
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They had to talk to their friends in Seattle
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who had gone through the same experience.
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And they began to realize the necessity
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to organize themselves even deeper
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and began to fundraise, to organize budgets,
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to really be aware of all the knowledge
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embedded in the urban code in San Diego
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so that they could begin to redefine
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the very meaning of public space in the city,
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expanding it to other categories.
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At the end, the teenagers won the case
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with that evidence, and they were able
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to construct their skateboard park
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under that freeway.
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Now for many of you, this story
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might seem trivial or naive.
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For me as an architect, it has become
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a fundamental narrative,
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because it begins to teach me
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that this micro-community
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not only designed another category of public space
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but they also designed the socioeconomic protocols
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that were necessary to be inscribed in that space
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for its long-term sustainability.
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They also taught me
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11:38
that similar to the migrant communities
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11:40
on both sides of the border,
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they engaged conflict itself as a creative tool,
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11:45
because they had to produce a process
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11:47
that enabled them to reorganize resources
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11:50
and the politics of the city.
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11:52
In that act, that informal,
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bottom-up act of transgression,
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really began to trickle up
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11:59
to transform top-down policy.
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Now this journey from the bottom-up
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to the transformation of the top-down
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is where I find hope today.
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And I'm thinking of how these modest alterations
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with space and with policy
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in many cities in the world,
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12:21
in primarily the urgency
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of a collective imagination
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as these communities
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reimagine their own forms of governance,
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social organization, and infrastructure,
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really is at the center
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of the new formation
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of democratic politics of the urban.
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It is, in fact, this that could become the framework
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for producing new social
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and economic justice in the city.
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I want to say this and emphasize it,
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because this is the only way I see
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that can enable us to move
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from urbanizations of consumption
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to neighborhoods of production today.
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Thank you.
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(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Teddy Cruz - Architect and urbanist
Teddy Cruz looks for clues to the "city of the future" in the emerging urban areas of today.

Why you should listen

Teddy Cruz works at the crossroads of architecture, urbanism, policy and art. He has looked deeply, over many years, at the Tijuana-San Diego area spanning the US-Mexico border -- a thriving, high-density, high-activity zone of trade and urban relationships -- and at other southern cities. And he suggests that the modern, highly planned cities of the developed world have much to learn from these developments. The informal shops, garages and neighborhoods of a boomtown are built to maximize "social flow" -- because buildings are easy to put up and modify, they can respond exactly to the inhabitant's needs, connecting them to the community and the city.  

In collaboration with community-based nonprofits such as Casa Familiar, Cruz and his team also explore new visions for affordable housing, in relationship to an urban policy more inclusive of social and cultural programs for the city. In 1991, Cruz received the Rome Prize in Architecture; in 2005 he was the first recipient of the James Stirling Memorial Lecture On The City Prize. Born in Guatemala, he is a professor in public culture and urbanism in the Visual Arts Department at University of California, San Diego.

More profile about the speaker
Teddy Cruz | Speaker | TED.com