TED2014
Hugh Herr: The new bionics that let us run, climb and dance
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Hugh Herr is building the next generation of bionic limbs, robotic prosthetics inspired by nature's own designs. Herr lost both legs in a climbing accident 30 years ago; now, as the head of the MIT Media Lab's Biomechatronics group, he shows his incredible technology in a talk that's both technical and deeply personal — with the help of ballroom dancer Adrianne Haslet-Davis, who lost her left leg in the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing, and performs again for the first time on the TED stage.
Hugh Herr - Bionics designer
At MIT, Hugh Herr builds prosthetic knees, legs and ankles that fuse biomechanics with microprocessors to restore (and perhaps enhance) normal gait, balance and speed. Full bioAdrianne Haslet-Davis - Ballroom dancer
When Adrianne Haslet-Davis lost her left foot in the Boston Marathon bombing, her left leg was amputated to the knee. Less than a year later, she's back on her feet and dancing again. Full bio
At MIT, Hugh Herr builds prosthetic knees, legs and ankles that fuse biomechanics with microprocessors to restore (and perhaps enhance) normal gait, balance and speed. Full bioAdrianne Haslet-Davis - Ballroom dancer
When Adrianne Haslet-Davis lost her left foot in the Boston Marathon bombing, her left leg was amputated to the knee. Less than a year later, she's back on her feet and dancing again. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
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Looking deeply inside nature
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through the magnifying glass of science,
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designers extract principles,
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processes and materials
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that are forming the very
basis of design methodology,
basis of design methodology,
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from synthetic constructs that resemble
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biological materials
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to computational methods that
emulate neural processes,
emulate neural processes,
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nature is driving design.
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Design is also driving nature.
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In realms of genetics, regenerative medicine
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and synthetic biology,
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designers are growing novel technologies
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not foreseen or anticipated by nature.
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Bionics explores the interplay
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between biology and design.
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As you can see, my legs are bionic.
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Today I will tell human stories
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of bionic integration,
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how electromechanics attached to the body
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and implanted inside the body
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are beginning to bridge the gap
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between disability and ability,
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between human limitation
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and human potential.
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Bionics has defined my physicality.
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In 1982, both of my legs were amputated
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due to tissue damage from frostbite
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incurred during a mountain climbing accident.
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At that time, I didn't view my body
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as broken.
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I reasoned that a human being
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can never be broken.
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Technology is broken.
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Technology is inadequate.
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This simple but powerful idea
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was a call to arms
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to advance technology
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for the elimination of my own disability
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and ultimately the disability of others.
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I began by developing specialized limbs
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that allowed me to return
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to the vertical world of rock and ice climbing.
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I quickly realized that the artificial part of my body
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is malleable,
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able to take on any form, any function,
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a blank slate through which to create
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perhaps structures that could extend beyond
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biological capability.
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I made my height adjustable.
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I could be as short as five feet or as tall as I'd like.
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(Laughter)
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So when I was feeling badly about myself,
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insecure, I would jack my height up,
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but when I was feeling confident and suave,
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I would knock my height down a notch
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just to give the competition a chance.
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(Laughter) (Applause)
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Narrow, wedged feet allowed me to climb
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steep rock fissures
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where the human foot cannot penetrate,
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and spiked feet enabled me to climb
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vertical ice walls
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without ever experiencing muscle leg fatigue.
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Through technological innovation,
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I returned to my sport stronger and better.
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Technology had eliminated my disability
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and allowed me a new climbing prowess.
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As a young man, I imagined a future world
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where technology so advanced
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could rid the world of disability,
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a world in which neural implants would allow
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the visually impaired to see,
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a world in which the paralyzed could walk
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via body exoskeletons.
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Sadly, because of deficiencies in technology,
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disability is rampant in the world.
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This gentleman is missing three limbs.
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As a testimony to current technology,
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he is out of the wheelchair,
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but we need to do a better job in bionics
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to allow one day full rehabilitation
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for a person with this level of injury.
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At the MIT Media Lab, we've established
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the Center for Extreme Bionics.
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The mission of the center
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is to put forth fundamental science
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and technological capability that will allow
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the biomechatronic and regenerative repair of humans
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across a broad range
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of brain and body disabilities.
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Today, I'm going to tell you how my legs function,
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how they work,
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as a case in point for this center.
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Now, I made sure to shave my legs last night,
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because I knew I'd be showing them off.
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Bionics entails the engineering
of extreme interfaces.
of extreme interfaces.
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There's three extreme interfaces in my bionic limbs:
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mechanical, how my limbs are attached
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to my biological body;
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dynamic, how they move like flesh and bone;
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and electrical, how they communicate
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with my nervous system.
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I'll begin with mechanical interface.
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In the area of design, we still do not understand
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how to attach devices to the body mechanically.
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It's extraordinary to me that in this day and age,
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one of the most mature, oldest technologies
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in the human timeline, the shoe,
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still gives us blisters.
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How can this be?
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We have no idea how to attach things to our bodies.
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This is the beautifully lyrical design work
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of Professor Neri Oxman at the MIT Media Lab,
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showing spatially varying exoskeletal impedances,
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shown here by color variation
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in this 3D-printed model.
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Imagine a future where clothing
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is stiff and soft where you need it,
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when you need it, for optimal support and flexibility,
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without ever causing discomfort.
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My bionic limbs are attached to my biological body
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via synthetic skins
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with stiffness variations
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that mirror my underlying tissue biomechanics.
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To achieve that mirroring,
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we first developed a mathematical model
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of my biological limb.
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To that end, we used imaging tools such as MRI
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to look inside my body
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to figure out the geometries and locations
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of various tissues.
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We also took robotic tools.
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Here's a 14-actuator circle
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that goes around the biological limb.
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The actuators come in, find the surface of the limb,
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measure its unloaded shape,
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and then they push on the tissues
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to measure tissue compliances
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at each anatomical point.
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We combine these imaging and robotic data
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to build a mathematical description
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of my biological limb, shown on the left.
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You see a bunch of points, or nodes.
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At each node, there's a color that
represents tissue compliance.
represents tissue compliance.
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We then do a mathematical transformation
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to the design of the synthetic skin
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shown on the right,
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and we've discovered optimality is
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where the body is stiff, the
synthetic skin should be soft,
synthetic skin should be soft,
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where the body is soft,
the synthetic skin is stiff,
the synthetic skin is stiff,
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and this mirroring occurs
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across all tissue compliances.
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With this framework,
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we produced bionic limbs
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that are the most comfortable limbs I've ever worn.
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Clearly in the future,
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our clothing, our shoes, our braces,
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our prostheses, will no longer be designed
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and manufactured using artisan strategies,
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but rather data-driven quantitative frameworks.
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In that future, our shoes
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will no longer give us blisters.
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We're also embedding sensing and smart materials
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into the synthetic skins.
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This is a material
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developed by SRI International, California.
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Under electrostatic effect, it changes stiffness.
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So under zero voltage, the material is compliant.
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It's floppy like paper.
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Then the button's pushed, a voltage is applied,
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and it becomes stiff as a board.
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We embed this material into the synthetic skin
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that attaches my bionic limb to my biological body.
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When I walk here,
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it's no voltage.
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My interface is soft and compliant.
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The button's pushed, voltage is applied,
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and it stiffens,
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offering me a greater maneuverability
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of the bionic limb.
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We're also building exoskeletons.
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This exoskeleton becomes stiff and soft
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in just the right areas of the running cycle
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to protect the biological joints
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from high impacts and degradation.
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In the future, we'll all be wearing exoskeletons
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in common activities such as running.
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Next, dynamic interface.
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How do my bionic limbs move like flesh and bone?
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At my MIT lab, we study how humans
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with normal physiologies stand, walk and run.
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What are the muscles doing,
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and how are they controlled by the spinal cord?
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This basic science motivates what we build.
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We're building bionic ankles, knees and hips.
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We're building body parts from the ground up.
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The bionic limbs that I'm wearing are called BiOMs.
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They've been fitted to nearly 1,000 patients,
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400 of which have been U.S. wounded soldiers.
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How does it work? At heel
strike, under computer control,
strike, under computer control,
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the system controls stiffness
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to attenuate the shock of the limb hitting the ground.
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Then at mid-stance, the bionic limb outputs
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high torques and powers to lift the person
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into the walking stride,
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comparable to how muscles work in the calf region.
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This bionic propulsion is very important
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clinically to patients.
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So, on the left you see the bionic device
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worn by a lady --
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on the right a passive device worn by the same lady
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that fails to emulate normal muscle function --
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enabling her to do something
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everyone should be able to do,
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go up and down their steps at home.
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Bionics also allows for extraordinary athletic feats.
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Here's a gentleman running up a rocky pathway.
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This is Steve Martin, not the comedian,
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who lost his legs in a bomb blast in Afghanistan.
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We're also building exoskeletal structures
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using these same principles
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that wrap around a biological limb.
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This gentleman does not have
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any leg condition, any disability.
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He has a normal physiology,
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so these exoskeletons are applying
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muscle-like torques and powers
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so that his own muscles need not apply
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those torques and powers.
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This is the first exoskeleton in history
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that actually augments human walking.
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It significantly reduces metabolic cost.
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It's so profound in its augmentation
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that when a normal, healthy person
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wears the device for 40 minutes
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and then takes it off,
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their own biological legs
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feel ridiculously heavy and awkward.
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We're beginning the age in which
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machines attached to our bodies
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will make us stronger and faster
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and more efficient.
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Moving on to electrical interface,
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how do my bionic limbs communicate
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with my nervous system?
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Across my residual limb are electrodes
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that measure the electrical pulse of my muscles.
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That's communicated to the bionic limb,
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so when I think about moving my phantom limb,
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the robot tracks those movement desires.
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This diagram shows fundamentally
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how the bionic limb is controlled,
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so we model the missing biological limb,
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and we've discovered what reflexes occurred,
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how the reflexes of the spinal cord
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are controlling the muscles,
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and that capability is embedded
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in the chips of the bionic limb.
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What we've done, then, is we modulate
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the sensitivity of the reflex,
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the modeled spinal reflex,
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with the neural signal,
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so when I relax my muscles in my residual limb,
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I get very little torque and power,
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but the more I fire my muscles,
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the more torque I get,
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and I can even run.
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And that was the first demonstration
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of a running gait under neural command.
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Feels great.
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(Applause)
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We want to go a step further.
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We want to actually close the loop
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between the human and the bionic external limb.
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We're doing experiments where we're growing
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nerves, transected nerves,
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through channels, or micro-channel rays.
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On the other side of the channel,
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the nerve then attaches to cells,
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skin cells and muscle cells.
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In the motor channels we can sense
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how the person wishes to move.
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That can be sent out wirelessly to the bionic limb,
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then sensors on the bionic limb
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can be converted to stimulations
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in adjacent channels, sensory channels.
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So, when this is fully developed
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and for human use,
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persons like myself will not only have
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synthetic limbs that move like flesh and bone,
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but actually feel like flesh and bone.
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This video shows Lisa Mallette
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shortly after being fitted with two bionic limbs.
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Indeed, bionics is making
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a profound difference in people's lives.
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(Video) Lisa Mallette: Oh my God.
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Oh my God, I can't believe it.
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It's just like I've got a real leg.
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Now, don't start running.
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Man: Now turn around,
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and do the same thing walking up.
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Walk up, get on your heel to toe,
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like you would normally just walk on level ground.
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Try to walk right up the hill.
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LM: Oh my God.
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Man: Is it pushing you up?
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LM: Yes! I'm not even -- I can't even describe it.
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Man: It's pushing you right up.
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Hugh Herr: Next week, I'm visiting the center's —
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(Applause) Thank you, thank you.
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Thank you. Next week I'm visiting
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the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services,
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and I'm going to try to convince CMS
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to grant appropriate code language and pricing
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so this technology can be made available
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to the patients that need it.
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Thank you. (Applause)
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It's not well appreciated, but over half
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of the world's population
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suffers from some form of cognitive,
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emotional, sensory or motor condition,
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and because of poor technology,
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too often, conditions result in disability
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and a poorer quality of life.
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Basic levels of physiological function
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should be a part of our human rights.
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Every person should have the right
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to live life without disability
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if they so choose --
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the right to live life without severe depression;
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the right to see a loved one
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in the case of seeing impaired;
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or the right to walk or to dance,
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in the case of limb paralysis
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or limb amputation.
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As a society, we can achieve these human rights
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if we accept the proposition
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that humans are not disabled.
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A person can never be broken.
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Our built environment, our technologies,
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are broken and disabled.
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We the people need not accept our limitations,
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but can transcend disability
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through technological innovation.
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Indeed, through fundamental advances
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in bionics in this century,
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we will set the technological foundation
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for an enhanced human experience,
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and we will end disability.
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I'd like to finish up with one more story,
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a beautiful story,
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the story of Adrianne Haslet-Davis.
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Adrianne lost her left leg
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in the Boston terrorist attack.
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I met Adrianne when this photo was taken
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at Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital.
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Adrianne is a dancer, a ballroom dancer.
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Adrianne breathes and lives dance.
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It is her expression. It is her art form.
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Naturally, when she lost her limb
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in the Boston terrorist attack,
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she wanted to return to the dance floor.
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After meeting her and driving home in my car,
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I thought, I'm an MIT professor.
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I have resources. Let's build her a bionic limb
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to enable her to go back to her life of dance.
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I brought in MIT scientists with expertise
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in prosthetics, robotics, machine learning
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and biomechanics,
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and over a 200-day research period,
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we studied dance.
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We brought in dancers with biological limbs,
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and we studied how do they move,
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what forces do they apply on the dance floor,
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and we took those data
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and we put forth fundamental principles of dance,
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reflexive dance capability,
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and we embedded that intelligence
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into the bionic limb.
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Bionics is not only about making people
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stronger and faster.
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Our expression, our humanity
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can be embedded into electromechanics.
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It was 3.5 seconds
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between the bomb blasts
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in the Boston terrorist attack.
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In 3.5 seconds, the criminals and cowards
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took Adrianne off the dance floor.
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In 200 days, we put her back.
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We will not be intimidated, brought down,
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diminished, conquered or stopped
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by acts of violence.
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(Applause)
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Ladies and gentlemen, please allow me to introduce
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Adrianne Haslet-Davis,
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her first performance since the attack.
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She's dancing with Christian Lightner.
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(Applause)
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(Music: "Ring My Bell" performed by Enrique Iglesias)
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(Applause)
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Ladies and gentlemen,
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members of the research team,
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Elliott Rouse and Nathan Villagaray-Carski.
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Elliott and Nathan.
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(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Hugh Herr - Bionics designerAt MIT, Hugh Herr builds prosthetic knees, legs and ankles that fuse biomechanics with microprocessors to restore (and perhaps enhance) normal gait, balance and speed.
Why you should listen
Hugh Herr co-directs the Center for Extreme Bionics at the MIT Media Lab, where he is pioneering a new class of biohybrid smart prostheses and orthoses to improve the quality of life for thousands of people with physical challenges. A powered ankle-foot prosthesis called the Empower by Ottobock, for instance, emulates the action of a biological leg to create a natural gait, allowing persons with amputation to walk with normal levels of speed and metabolism as if their legs were biological.
Herr also advances powerful body exoskeletons that augment human physicality beyond innate physiological levels, enabling humans to walk and run faster with less metabolic energy. He is the co-founder and Chief Scientific Officer of Dephy Inc., which creates products that augment physiological function through electromechanical enhancement.
Hugh Herr | Speaker | TED.com
Adrianne Haslet-Davis - Ballroom dancer
When Adrianne Haslet-Davis lost her left foot in the Boston Marathon bombing, her left leg was amputated to the knee. Less than a year later, she's back on her feet and dancing again.
Why you should listen
To ballroom dancer Adrianne Haslet-Davis, dancing was everything. So when she lost her left foot in the April 2013 Boston Marathon bombing, she vowed — from her hospital bed — that she would dance again. Two hundred days later, standing on the TED2014 stage, she did just that. With the help of MIT prostheticist Hugh Herr, Haslet-Davis performed in Vancouver for the first time since the bombing.
Adrianne Haslet-Davis | Speaker | TED.com