TED2014
Hugh Herr: The new bionics that let us run, climb and dance
Hju Her (Hugh Herr): Novi bionički udovi uz pomoć kojih trčimo, penjemo se i plešemo
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Hju Her pravi novu generaciju bioničkih udova, robotičkih proteza nadahnutih dizajnom iz prirode. Her je izgubio obe noge u nesreći tokom penjanja pre 30 godina. Sada, kao vođa Biomehatroničke grupe Medijske laboratorije MIT-ja, pokazuje svoju neverovatnu tehnologiju u govoru koji je tehničkog i duboko ličnog karaktera - uz pomoć plesačice Edrijen Haslet-Dejvis koja je izgubila nogu u bostonskom bombaškom napadu na maratonu 2013. godine, i ona ponovo nastupa po prvi put na TED pozornici.
Hugh Herr - Bionics designer
At MIT, Hugh Herr builds prosthetic knees, legs and ankles that fuse biomechanics with microprocessors to restore (and perhaps enhance) normal gait, balance and speed. Full bioAdrianne Haslet-Davis - Ballroom dancer
When Adrianne Haslet-Davis lost her left foot in the Boston Marathon bombing, her left leg was amputated to the knee. Less than a year later, she's back on her feet and dancing again. Full bio
At MIT, Hugh Herr builds prosthetic knees, legs and ankles that fuse biomechanics with microprocessors to restore (and perhaps enhance) normal gait, balance and speed. Full bioAdrianne Haslet-Davis - Ballroom dancer
When Adrianne Haslet-Davis lost her left foot in the Boston Marathon bombing, her left leg was amputated to the knee. Less than a year later, she's back on her feet and dancing again. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Looking deeply inside nature
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Gledajući duboko unutar prirode
00:15
through the magnifying glass of science,
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kroz lupu nauke,
00:18
designers extract principles,
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dizajneri izvlače principe,
00:21
processes and materials
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procese i materijale
00:22
that are forming the very
basis of design methodology,
basis of design methodology,
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koji oblikuju samu osnovu
metodologije dizajna,
metodologije dizajna,
00:26
from synthetic constructs that resemble
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od sintetičkih spojeva koji podsećaju
00:29
biological materials
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na biološke materijale
00:32
to computational methods that
emulate neural processes,
emulate neural processes,
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do računarskih metoda koje
emuliraju neuralne procese,
emuliraju neuralne procese,
00:35
nature is driving design.
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priroda pokreće dizajn.
00:39
Design is also driving nature.
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Dizajn takođe pokreće prirodu.
U svetu genetike,
U svetu genetike,
00:42
In realms of genetics, regenerative medicine
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regenerativne medicine
00:44
and synthetic biology,
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i sintetičke biologije,
00:45
designers are growing novel technologies
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dizajneri pokreću nove tehnologije
00:48
not foreseen or anticipated by nature.
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koje budućnost nije predvidela.
00:52
Bionics explores the interplay
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Bionika istražuje preklapanje
00:57
between biology and design.
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biologije i dizajna.
00:59
As you can see, my legs are bionic.
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Kao što možete da vidite,
moje noge su bioničke.
moje noge su bioničke.
01:02
Today I will tell human stories
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Danas ću izneti ljudske priče
01:05
of bionic integration,
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integracije bionika,
01:08
how electromechanics attached to the body
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kako elektromehanika prikačena na telo
01:11
and implanted inside the body
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i usađena u telo
01:13
are beginning to bridge the gap
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počinje da spaja jaz
01:16
between disability and ability,
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između invaliditeta i sposobnosti,
01:18
between human limitation
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između ljudskih ograničenja
01:21
and human potential.
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i ljudskog potencijala.
01:24
Bionics has defined my physicality.
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Bionika je definisala moju telesnost.
01:27
In 1982, both of my legs were amputated
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1982. su mi amputirali obe noge
zbog oštećenja tkiva
nastalog usled promrzavanja
nastalog usled promrzavanja
01:30
due to tissue damage from frostbite
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01:32
incurred during a mountain climbing accident.
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tokom incidenta pri penjanju na planinu.
01:35
At that time, I didn't view my body
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U to vreme, na svoje telo nisam gledao
01:38
as broken.
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kao na pokvareno.
01:40
I reasoned that a human being
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Mislio sam da ljudsko biće
01:42
can never be broken.
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nikad ne može biti pokvareno.
01:45
Technology is broken.
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Tehnologija je pokvarena.
01:48
Technology is inadequate.
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Tehnologija je neadekvatna.
01:51
This simple but powerful idea
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Ova jednostavna ali moćna ideja
01:54
was a call to arms
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bila je poziv na učestvovanje
01:55
to advance technology
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da se unapredi tehnologija
01:58
for the elimination of my own disability
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za eliminaciju mog invaliditeta
02:00
and ultimately the disability of others.
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i na kraju i invaliditeta drugih.
02:04
I began by developing specialized limbs
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Počeo sam kroz razvijanje posebnih udova
02:07
that allowed me to return
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koji su mi dozvolili povratak
02:09
to the vertical world of rock and ice climbing.
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vertikalnom svetu
penjanja na stene i led.
penjanja na stene i led.
02:11
I quickly realized that the artificial part of my body
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Brzo sam shvatio da je veštački deo
02:14
is malleable,
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mog tela savitljiv,
02:16
able to take on any form, any function,
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da može da uzme bilo koji oblik, funkciju,
02:20
a blank slate through which to create
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da je prazna ploča kroz koju se stvaraju
02:23
perhaps structures that could extend beyond
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možda strukture koje bi mogle
da se razviju iznad
da se razviju iznad
02:26
biological capability.
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bioloških mogućnosti.
02:28
I made my height adjustable.
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Prilagodio sam svoju visinu.
02:30
I could be as short as five feet or as tall as I'd like.
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Mogao sam da budem visok 150cm
ili koliko god želim.
ili koliko god želim.
02:33
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
02:35
So when I was feeling badly about myself,
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Kada bih se osećao loše
u vezi sa samim sobom,
u vezi sa samim sobom,
02:38
insecure, I would jack my height up,
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nesigurno, povećao bih visinu,
ali kada bih se osećao
ali kada bih se osećao
02:42
but when I was feeling confident and suave,
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samouvereno i uglađeno,
02:44
I would knock my height down a notch
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spustio bih visinu malo
02:46
just to give the competition a chance.
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samo da konkurenciji pružim priliku.
02:49
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(Smeh)
(Aplauz)
(Aplauz)
02:52
Narrow, wedged feet allowed me to climb
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Uska, klinasta stopala dopuštala su mi
da se penjem
da se penjem
02:55
steep rock fissures
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preko uskih procepa
02:56
where the human foot cannot penetrate,
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u stenama, gde ljudsko stopalo
ne može da prođe,
ne može da prođe,
02:59
and spiked feet enabled me to climb
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a stopala sa bodljama su mi omogućila
da se penjem
da se penjem
03:01
vertical ice walls
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uz vertikalne ledene zidove
03:03
without ever experiencing muscle leg fatigue.
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a da nikada ne iskusim
umor u mišićima nogu.
umor u mišićima nogu.
03:07
Through technological innovation,
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Kroz tehnološku inovaciju,
03:09
I returned to my sport stronger and better.
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vratio sam se u svoj sport jači i bolji.
03:12
Technology had eliminated my disability
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Tehnologija je uklonila moj invaliditet
03:14
and allowed me a new climbing prowess.
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i dozvolila mi novu hrabrost u penjanju.
03:17
As a young man, I imagined a future world
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Kao mladić, zamišljao sam budućnost
03:19
where technology so advanced
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gde bi tako razvijena tehnologija
03:20
could rid the world of disability,
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mogla da iskoreni invaliditet u svetu,
03:22
a world in which neural implants would allow
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svet gde bi nervni implanti dozvolili
03:24
the visually impaired to see,
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slabovidima da vide,
03:26
a world in which the paralyzed could walk
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svet gde bi paralizovani hodali
03:29
via body exoskeletons.
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putem telesnih egzoskeleta.
03:32
Sadly, because of deficiencies in technology,
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Nažalost, zbog nedostataka u tehnologiji,
03:35
disability is rampant in the world.
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invaliditet je proširen u svetu.
03:36
This gentleman is missing three limbs.
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Ovaj gospodin nema tri uda.
03:39
As a testimony to current technology,
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Kao svedok trenutne tehnologije,
03:42
he is out of the wheelchair,
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nije u kolicima,
03:43
but we need to do a better job in bionics
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ali moramo se više potruditi u bionici
da bismo jednog dana mogli
pružiti potpunu rehabilitaciju
pružiti potpunu rehabilitaciju
03:47
to allow one day full rehabilitation
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03:49
for a person with this level of injury.
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osobi sa ovim nivoom povreda.
03:53
At the MIT Media Lab, we've established
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U Medijskoj laboratoriji MIT-a,
osnovali smo
osnovali smo
03:55
the Center for Extreme Bionics.
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Centar za ekstremnu bioniku.
03:57
The mission of the center
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Misija ovog centra je
03:59
is to put forth fundamental science
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da pruži naučne osnove
04:01
and technological capability that will allow
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i tehnološke mogućnosti koje bi dozvolile
04:04
the biomechatronic and regenerative repair of humans
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biomehatroničku i regenerativnu
popravku ljudi
popravku ljudi
04:07
across a broad range
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sa širokim spektrom
04:09
of brain and body disabilities.
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invaliditeta mozga i tela.
04:13
Today, I'm going to tell you how my legs function,
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Danas ću vam reći
kako funkcionišu moje noge,
kako funkcionišu moje noge,
04:15
how they work,
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kako rade,
04:17
as a case in point for this center.
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kao primer na delu za ovaj centar.
04:20
Now, I made sure to shave my legs last night,
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Potrudio sam se da sinoć obrijem noge
04:22
because I knew I'd be showing them off.
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jer sam znao da ću ih pokazivati.
04:26
Bionics entails the engineering
of extreme interfaces.
of extreme interfaces.
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Bionika podrazumeva inženjering
na ekstremnim interfejsima.
na ekstremnim interfejsima.
04:29
There's three extreme interfaces in my bionic limbs:
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Postoje tri ekstremna interfejsa
u mojim bioničkim udovima:
u mojim bioničkim udovima:
04:32
mechanical, how my limbs are attached
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mehanički, kako su moji udovi prikačeni
04:34
to my biological body;
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za moje biološko telo;
04:36
dynamic, how they move like flesh and bone;
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dinamički, kako se kreću kao meso i kosti;
04:39
and electrical, how they communicate
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i električni, kako komuniciraju
04:41
with my nervous system.
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sa mojim nervnim sistemom.
04:42
I'll begin with mechanical interface.
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Počeću sa mehaničkim interfejsom.
04:45
In the area of design, we still do not understand
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U oblasti dizajna, još ne razumemo
04:48
how to attach devices to the body mechanically.
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kako da mehanički prikačimo
uređaje na telo.
uređaje na telo.
04:52
It's extraordinary to me that in this day and age,
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Za mene je zapanjujuće
da u današnje doba,
da u današnje doba,
04:56
one of the most mature, oldest technologies
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jedna od najzrelijih
i najstarijih tehnologija
i najstarijih tehnologija
04:58
in the human timeline, the shoe,
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u ljudskoj istoriji, cipela,
05:00
still gives us blisters.
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nama još uvek stvara žuljeve.
05:03
How can this be?
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Kako je ovo moguće?
05:04
We have no idea how to attach things to our bodies.
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Nemamo pojma
kako da prikačimo stvari na svoje telo.
kako da prikačimo stvari na svoje telo.
05:08
This is the beautifully lyrical design work
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Ovo je predivno liričko dizajnersko delo
05:10
of Professor Neri Oxman at the MIT Media Lab,
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profesorke Neri Oksman
iz Medijske laboratorije MIT-a,
iz Medijske laboratorije MIT-a,
05:13
showing spatially varying exoskeletal impedances,
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koje pokazuje prostorno
varijabilni otpor egzoskeleta,
varijabilni otpor egzoskeleta,
05:16
shown here by color variation
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koji je ovde prikazan različitim bojama
05:18
in this 3D-printed model.
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na ovom 3D odštampanom modelu.
05:21
Imagine a future where clothing
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Zamislite budućnost u kojoj je odeća
05:23
is stiff and soft where you need it,
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čvrsta i meka gde vam je to potrebno
05:26
when you need it, for optimal support and flexibility,
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kada vam je to potrebno,
za najbolju podršku i fleksibilnost,
za najbolju podršku i fleksibilnost,
05:29
without ever causing discomfort.
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da se nikada ne prouzrokuje neudobnost.
05:31
My bionic limbs are attached to my biological body
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Moji bionički udovi su prikačeni
za moje biološko telo
za moje biološko telo
05:35
via synthetic skins
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putem sintetičke kože
05:37
with stiffness variations
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sa varijacijama u tvrdoći
05:39
that mirror my underlying tissue biomechanics.
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koje oslikavaju biomehaniku
mog tkiva koje se nalazi ispod.
mog tkiva koje se nalazi ispod.
05:43
To achieve that mirroring,
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Da se postigne oslikavanje,
05:45
we first developed a mathematical model
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prvo smo razvili matematički model
05:47
of my biological limb.
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mog biološkog uda.
05:49
To that end, we used imaging tools such as MRI
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Za ovo smo koristili alate
poput magnetne rezonance
poput magnetne rezonance
05:52
to look inside my body
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da pogledamo unutar mog tela
05:53
to figure out the geometries and locations
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i otkrijemo geometriju i lokacije
05:55
of various tissues.
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raznih tkiva.
05:57
We also took robotic tools.
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Koristili smo i robotičke alate.
05:59
Here's a 14-actuator circle
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Evo kruga od 14 pokretača
06:01
that goes around the biological limb.
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koji ide oko biološkog uda.
06:04
The actuators come in, find the surface of the limb,
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Pokretači dolaze, pronalaze površinu uda,
06:07
measure its unloaded shape,
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mere njegov neopterećen oblik
06:09
and then they push on the tissues
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i onda guraju tkiva
06:11
to measure tissue compliances
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da izmere saglasnost tkiva
06:13
at each anatomical point.
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na svakoj anatomskoj tački.
06:15
We combine these imaging and robotic data
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Ove podatke sa slika
i robotičke podatke kombinujemo
i robotičke podatke kombinujemo
06:17
to build a mathematical description
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da sastavimo matematički opis
06:19
of my biological limb, shown on the left.
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mog biološkog uda, prikazanog sleva.
06:21
You see a bunch of points, or nodes.
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Vidite dosta tačaka, ili čvorova.
06:23
At each node, there's a color that
represents tissue compliance.
represents tissue compliance.
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Na svakom čvoru stoji boja
koja predstavlja saglasnost tkiva.
koja predstavlja saglasnost tkiva.
06:26
We then do a mathematical transformation
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Onda radimo matematičku transformaciju
06:28
to the design of the synthetic skin
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do dizajna sintetičke kože
06:30
shown on the right,
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na desnoj strani,
06:31
and we've discovered optimality is
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i otkrili smo da je optimalno to da,
06:33
where the body is stiff, the
synthetic skin should be soft,
synthetic skin should be soft,
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tamo gde je telo čvrsto,
sintetička koža treba da bude meka,
sintetička koža treba da bude meka,
06:37
where the body is soft,
the synthetic skin is stiff,
the synthetic skin is stiff,
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gde je telo meko,
sintetička koža je čvrsta
sintetička koža je čvrsta
06:40
and this mirroring occurs
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i ovo preslikavanje
06:41
across all tissue compliances.
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se dešava preko svih saglasnosti tkiva.
06:44
With this framework,
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Sa ovim okvirom, napravili smo
06:46
we produced bionic limbs
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bioničke udove
06:47
that are the most comfortable limbs I've ever worn.
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koji su najudobniji udovi
koje sam ikada nosio.
koje sam ikada nosio.
06:50
Clearly in the future,
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Jasno je da se u budućnosti
06:52
our clothing, our shoes, our braces,
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naša odeća, obuća i proteze,
06:55
our prostheses, will no longer be designed
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veštački udovi, više neće dizajnirati
06:58
and manufactured using artisan strategies,
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i proizvoditi uz pomoć zanatske tehnike,
07:00
but rather data-driven quantitative frameworks.
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već u kvantitativnim okvirima
koje pokreću podaci.
koje pokreću podaci.
07:03
In that future, our shoes
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U toj budućnosti, naša obuća
07:05
will no longer give us blisters.
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nam više neće prouzrokovati žuljeve.
07:08
We're also embedding sensing and smart materials
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Takođe ugrađujemo materijale
za osećanje i mišljenje
za osećanje i mišljenje
07:11
into the synthetic skins.
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u sintetičku kožu.
07:13
This is a material
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Ovo je materijal
07:14
developed by SRI International, California.
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koji je razvio SRI Internešnal
iz Kalifornije.
iz Kalifornije.
07:17
Under electrostatic effect, it changes stiffness.
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Pod efektom elektrostatike,
on menja tvrdoću.
on menja tvrdoću.
07:21
So under zero voltage, the material is compliant.
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Pod nultom voltažom,
materijal je fleksibilan.
materijal je fleksibilan.
07:24
It's floppy like paper.
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Savitljiv je poput papira.
07:26
Then the button's pushed, a voltage is applied,
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Onda se pritisne dugme i primeni voltaža
07:28
and it becomes stiff as a board.
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i on postaje čvrst kao daska.
07:33
We embed this material into the synthetic skin
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Ovaj materijal ugrađujemo
u sintetičku kožu
u sintetičku kožu
07:36
that attaches my bionic limb to my biological body.
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koja povezuje moj bionički ud
sa mojim biološkim telom.
sa mojim biološkim telom.
07:39
When I walk here,
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Kada hodam ovde,
07:40
it's no voltage.
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nema voltaže.
07:42
My interface is soft and compliant.
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Moj interfejs je mek i saglasan.
07:44
The button's pushed, voltage is applied,
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Pritisne se dugme
i primeni se voltaža,
i primeni se voltaža,
07:45
and it stiffens,
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i on očvrsne,
07:47
offering me a greater maneuverability
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pružajući mi veću
07:48
of the bionic limb.
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pokretljivost bioničkog uda.
07:50
We're also building exoskeletons.
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Takođe pravimo egzoskelete.
07:52
This exoskeleton becomes stiff and soft
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Ovaj egzoskelet postaje čvrst i mekan
07:55
in just the right areas of the running cycle
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u tačno određenim područjima
ciklusa trčanja
ciklusa trčanja
07:57
to protect the biological joints
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da bi zaštitio biološke zglobove
07:59
from high impacts and degradation.
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od udaraca i propadanja.
08:02
In the future, we'll all be wearing exoskeletons
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U budućnosti, svi ćemo nositi egzoskelete
08:05
in common activities such as running.
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u čestim aktivnostima poput trčanja.
08:08
Next, dynamic interface.
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Dalje, dinamički interfejs.
08:10
How do my bionic limbs move like flesh and bone?
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Kako se moji bionički udovi pomeraju
poput mesa i kosti?
poput mesa i kosti?
08:13
At my MIT lab, we study how humans
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U mojoj laboratoriji na MIT-u
proučavamo kako ljudi
proučavamo kako ljudi
08:16
with normal physiologies stand, walk and run.
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sa normalnom fiziologijom stoje,
hodaju i trče.
hodaju i trče.
08:18
What are the muscles doing,
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Šta rade mišići,
08:20
and how are they controlled by the spinal cord?
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i kako ih kontroliše kičmena moždina?
08:23
This basic science motivates what we build.
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Osnovna nauka motiviše ono što pravimo.
08:25
We're building bionic ankles, knees and hips.
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Pravimo bioničke članke, kolena i kukove.
08:28
We're building body parts from the ground up.
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Pravimo delove tela ni iz čega.
08:31
The bionic limbs that I'm wearing are called BiOMs.
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Bionički udovi koje ja nosim
zovu se BiOM.
zovu se BiOM.
08:35
They've been fitted to nearly 1,000 patients,
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Ugrađeni su na skoro 1000 pacijenata,
08:38
400 of which have been U.S. wounded soldiers.
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od čega je 400
ranjenih američkih vojnika.
ranjenih američkih vojnika.
08:41
How does it work? At heel
strike, under computer control,
strike, under computer control,
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Kako to radi? Na udar pete,
pod kontrolom kompjutera,
pod kontrolom kompjutera,
08:44
the system controls stiffness
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sistem kontroliše tvrdoću
08:46
to attenuate the shock of the limb hitting the ground.
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kako bi umanjio udar kada ud pogodi tlo.
08:50
Then at mid-stance, the bionic limb outputs
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Onda u sredini stava, bionički ud ispušta
08:52
high torques and powers to lift the person
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visoke obrtaje i snagu da uzdigne osobu
08:55
into the walking stride,
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do pozicije za hod,
08:56
comparable to how muscles work in the calf region.
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što je slično tome kako rade mišići
u predelu lista na nozi.
u predelu lista na nozi.
09:00
This bionic propulsion is very important
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Bionički pogon je klinički
09:03
clinically to patients.
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veoma bitan za pacijente.
09:04
So, on the left you see the bionic device
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Levo možete videti bionički uređaj
09:06
worn by a lady --
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kojeg nosi jedna dama -
09:07
on the right a passive device worn by the same lady
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desno je pasivni uređaj
kojeg nosi ista ta dama
kojeg nosi ista ta dama
09:10
that fails to emulate normal muscle function --
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koji ne može da emulira
normalnu funkciju mišića -
normalnu funkciju mišića -
09:13
enabling her to do something
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i da joj dozvoli da uradi nešto
što bi trebalo
što bi trebalo
09:15
everyone should be able to do,
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da može svako da uradi,
09:17
go up and down their steps at home.
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da se penje i silazi niz stepenice.
09:19
Bionics also allows for extraordinary athletic feats.
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Bionika takođe dozvoljava
neke izvanredne atletske podvige.
neke izvanredne atletske podvige.
09:22
Here's a gentleman running up a rocky pathway.
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Evo gospodina koji trči
uz šljunkovitu stazu.
uz šljunkovitu stazu.
09:27
This is Steve Martin, not the comedian,
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2587
Ovo je Stiv Martin, ali ne komičar,
09:30
who lost his legs in a bomb blast in Afghanistan.
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koji je izgubio noge
u udaru bombe u Avganistanu.
u udaru bombe u Avganistanu.
09:34
We're also building exoskeletal structures
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Takođe pravimo egzoskeletonske strukture
09:37
using these same principles
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koristeći iste ove principe,
09:38
that wrap around a biological limb.
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koji se obmotaju oko bioloških udova.
09:41
This gentleman does not have
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Ovaj gospodin nema
09:44
any leg condition, any disability.
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nikakav problem s nogama,
nikakav invaliditet.
nikakav invaliditet.
09:47
He has a normal physiology,
225
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Ima normalnu fiziologiju,
09:49
so these exoskeletons are applying
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2055
tako da ovi egzoskeleti primenjuju
09:51
muscle-like torques and powers
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sile i torzione momente poput mišića
09:54
so that his own muscles need not apply
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kako njegovi mišići ne bi morali
09:56
those torques and powers.
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da rade isto to.
09:58
This is the first exoskeleton in history
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Ovo je prvi egzoskelet u istoriji
10:01
that actually augments human walking.
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koji zapravo poboljšava ljudski hod.
10:04
It significantly reduces metabolic cost.
232
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3193
Znatno umanjuje metabolički trošak.
10:07
It's so profound in its augmentation
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Toliko je temeljit u poboljšavanju
10:09
that when a normal, healthy person
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da kada normalna, zdrava osoba
10:11
wears the device for 40 minutes
235
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nosi uređaj 40 minuta
10:13
and then takes it off,
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i onda ga skine,
10:15
their own biological legs
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biološke noge te osobe
10:16
feel ridiculously heavy and awkward.
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daju osećaj
neverovatne težine i čudnovatosti.
neverovatne težine i čudnovatosti.
10:19
We're beginning the age in which
239
607682
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Počinjemo sa dobom u kom će
10:21
machines attached to our bodies
240
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1851
mašine prikačene na naša tela
10:23
will make us stronger and faster
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činiti ljude jačim, bržim
10:25
and more efficient.
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i efikasnijim.
10:27
Moving on to electrical interface,
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Prelazimo na električni interfejs,
10:29
how do my bionic limbs communicate
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kako moji bionički udovi
10:30
with my nervous system?
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komuniciraju sa mojim nervnim sistemom?
10:32
Across my residual limb are electrodes
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Na ostacima mojih udova
nalaze se elektrode
nalaze se elektrode
10:34
that measure the electrical pulse of my muscles.
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2608
koje mere električni puls mojih mišića.
10:37
That's communicated to the bionic limb,
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2104
To se prenosi do bioničkog uda,
10:39
so when I think about moving my phantom limb,
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2745
tako da kada pomislim na pomeranje
mog uda kojeg nema,
mog uda kojeg nema,
10:41
the robot tracks those movement desires.
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robot prati želju za tim pokretom.
10:45
This diagram shows fundamentally
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1717
Ovaj dijagram pokazuje u osnovi
10:47
how the bionic limb is controlled,
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kako se kontroliše bioničkim udom,
10:50
so we model the missing biological limb,
253
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tako da modeliramo biološki ud
koji nedostaje,
koji nedostaje,
10:52
and we've discovered what reflexes occurred,
254
640964
2764
i otkrili smo
koji refleksi su se dešavali,
koji refleksi su se dešavali,
10:55
how the reflexes of the spinal cord
255
643728
1500
kako refleksi kičmene moždine
10:57
are controlling the muscles,
256
645228
1808
kontrolišu mišiće
10:59
and that capability is embedded
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i ta sposobnost je ugrađena
11:01
in the chips of the bionic limb.
258
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3006
u čipove u bioničkom udu.
11:04
What we've done, then, is we modulate
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1969
Onda smo modulirali
11:06
the sensitivity of the reflex,
260
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2086
osetljivost refleksa,
11:08
the modeled spinal reflex,
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1712
modelovanog refleksa kičme,
11:10
with the neural signal,
262
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1511
sa nervnim signalom,
11:12
so when I relax my muscles in my residual limb,
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3546
tako da kada opustim mišiće
u ostatku mog uda,
u ostatku mog uda,
11:15
I get very little torque and power,
264
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2668
dobijam veoma malo
torzionog momenta i snage,
torzionog momenta i snage,
11:18
but the more I fire my muscles,
265
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1552
ali što više koristim mišiće,
11:19
the more torque I get,
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dobijam više sile,
11:21
and I can even run.
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2543
i čak mogu i da trčim.
11:23
And that was the first demonstration
268
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1638
To je bila prva demonstracija
11:25
of a running gait under neural command.
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3545
trčećeg hoda pod nervnom komandom.
11:28
Feels great.
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1513
Sjajan osećaj.
11:30
(Applause)
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3976
(Aplauz)
11:35
We want to go a step further.
272
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2003
Želimo da odemo korak dalje.
11:37
We want to actually close the loop
273
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2860
Želimo da zapravo zatvorimo prazninu
11:40
between the human and the bionic external limb.
274
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3723
između ljudskog
i bioničkog eksternog uda.
i bioničkog eksternog uda.
11:44
We're doing experiments where we're growing
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1723
Radimo eksperimente gde uzgajamo
11:45
nerves, transected nerves,
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2045
nerve, presečene nerve,
11:47
through channels, or micro-channel rays.
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kroz kanale ili snopove mikrokanala.
11:50
On the other side of the channel,
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1816
Sa druge strane kanala,
11:51
the nerve then attaches to cells,
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2353
nerv se prikači za ćelije,
11:54
skin cells and muscle cells.
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2506
ćelije kože i mišića.
11:56
In the motor channels we can sense
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U motornim kanalima možemo osetiti
11:59
how the person wishes to move.
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1767
kako osoba želi da se kreće.
12:01
That can be sent out wirelessly to the bionic limb,
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To se može bežično poslati
do bioničkog uda,
do bioničkog uda,
12:04
then sensors on the bionic limb
284
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2449
a onda senzori na tom udu
12:06
can be converted to stimulations
285
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2646
mogu da se prebace u stimulaciju
12:09
in adjacent channels, sensory channels.
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2550
u susednim, senzornim kanalima.
12:11
So, when this is fully developed
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1881
Kada se ovo potpuno razvije
12:13
and for human use,
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za ljudsku upotrebu,
12:15
persons like myself will not only have
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2660
osobe poput mene će imati ne samo
12:18
synthetic limbs that move like flesh and bone,
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3184
sintetičke udove koji se kreću
poput mesa i kosti,
poput mesa i kosti,
12:21
but actually feel like flesh and bone.
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4116
već će imati osećaj mesa i kostiju.
12:25
This video shows Lisa Mallette
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Na ovom snimku je Lisa Malet
12:28
shortly after being fitted with two bionic limbs.
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2872
ubrzo nakon što je dobila
dva bionička uda.
dva bionička uda.
12:31
Indeed, bionics is making
294
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1972
Bionika zaista čini
12:33
a profound difference in people's lives.
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suštinsku razliku u životima ljudi.
12:35
(Video) Lisa Mallette: Oh my God.
296
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4061
(Video) Lisa Malet: O moj bože.
12:39
Oh my God, I can't believe it.
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O moj bože, ne mogu da verujem.
12:44
It's just like I've got a real leg.
298
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4193
To je kao da imam pravu nogu.
12:48
Now, don't start running.
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Nemoj sada da kreneš da trčiš.
12:50
Man: Now turn around,
300
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1512
Čovek: Sada se okreni,
12:51
and do the same thing walking up.
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1668
i uradi isto hodajući nagore.
12:53
Walk up, get on your heel to toe,
302
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1936
Hodaj, stani na petu i prste,
12:55
like you would normally just walk on level ground.
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1540
kao što bi normalno
12:56
Try to walk right up the hill.
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2703
hodala na ravnom tlu.
Pokušaj da hodaš uzbrdo.
Pokušaj da hodaš uzbrdo.
13:01
LM: Oh my God.
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2616
LM: O moj bože.
13:03
Man: Is it pushing you up?
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1389
Čovek: Da li te gura nagore?
13:05
LM: Yes! I'm not even -- I can't even describe it.
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5197
LM: Da! Ja čak i ne -
ne mogu ni da opišem.
ne mogu ni da opišem.
13:10
Man: It's pushing you right up.
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Čovek: Gura te pravo nagore.
13:12
Hugh Herr: Next week, I'm visiting the center's —
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2571
Hju Her: Sledeće nedelje posetiću -
13:15
(Applause) Thank you, thank you.
310
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(Aplauz)
Hvala vam, hvala.
Hvala vam, hvala.
13:19
Thank you. Next week I'm visiting
311
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2357
Hvala. Sledeće nedelje posetiću
13:21
the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services,
312
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2812
Centar za usluge medicinske nege i pomoći
13:24
and I'm going to try to convince CMS
313
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2657
i pokušaću da ih ubedim
13:27
to grant appropriate code language and pricing
314
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2589
da pruže odgovarajući
jezik za kodiranje i cene
jezik za kodiranje i cene
13:29
so this technology can be made available
315
797900
1952
kako bi ova tehnologija bila dostupna
13:31
to the patients that need it.
316
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2633
pacijentima kojima je potrebna.
13:34
Thank you. (Applause)
317
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5222
Hvala vam.
(Aplauz)
(Aplauz)
13:39
It's not well appreciated, but over half
318
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1897
To se ne ceni dovoljno, ali preko pola
13:41
of the world's population
319
809604
1979
svetske populacije
13:43
suffers from some form of cognitive,
320
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2091
pati od nekog vida kognitivnog,
13:45
emotional, sensory or motor condition,
321
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2585
emocionalnog, senzornog
ili motoričkog problema,
ili motoričkog problema,
13:48
and because of poor technology,
322
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1662
i zbog loše tehnologije,
13:49
too often, conditions result in disability
323
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2592
prečesto posledica bude invaliditet
13:52
and a poorer quality of life.
324
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2298
i lošiji kvalitet života.
13:54
Basic levels of physiological function
325
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2393
Osnovni nivo fiziološke funkcije
13:57
should be a part of our human rights.
326
825204
2642
treba da bude deo naših ljudskih prava.
13:59
Every person should have the right
327
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1970
Svaka osoba treba da ima pravo
14:01
to live life without disability
328
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1888
da živi bez invaliditeta
14:03
if they so choose --
329
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2015
ako tako odabere -
14:05
the right to live life without severe depression;
330
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2803
pravo da žive bez teške depresije -
14:08
the right to see a loved one
331
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1373
da vide voljenu osobu
14:09
in the case of seeing impaired;
332
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2234
u slučaju da su slabovidi;
14:12
or the right to walk or to dance,
333
840129
1913
ili pravo da hodaju ili plešu,
14:14
in the case of limb paralysis
334
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1488
u slučaju paralize udova
14:15
or limb amputation.
335
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1747
ili amputacije.
14:17
As a society, we can achieve these human rights
336
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3807
Kao društvo, možemo postići
ova ljudska prava
ova ljudska prava
14:21
if we accept the proposition
337
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2328
ako prihvatimo ideju
14:23
that humans are not disabled.
338
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3977
da ljudi nisu invalidi.
14:27
A person can never be broken.
339
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2803
Osoba nikada ne može biti pokvarena.
14:30
Our built environment, our technologies,
340
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3007
Naše okruženje i tehnologije
14:33
are broken and disabled.
341
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1899
su pokvareni i imaju invaliditet.
14:35
We the people need not accept our limitations,
342
863098
3024
Mi ljudi ne moramo
prihvatiti svoja ograničenja,
prihvatiti svoja ograničenja,
14:38
but can transcend disability
343
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2231
već možemo prevazići invaliditet
14:40
through technological innovation.
344
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1868
kroz tehnološke inovacije.
14:42
Indeed, through fundamental advances
345
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1867
Zaista, kroz ključne napretke
14:44
in bionics in this century,
346
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1870
u bionici u ovom veku,
14:45
we will set the technological foundation
347
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2523
postavićemo tehnološku osnovu
14:48
for an enhanced human experience,
348
876481
1972
za poboljšano ljudsko iskustvo
14:50
and we will end disability.
349
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2702
i iskorenićemo invaliditet.
14:53
I'd like to finish up with one more story,
350
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Želeo bih da završim sa još jednom,
14:55
a beautiful story,
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predivnom pričom,
14:57
the story of Adrianne Haslet-Davis.
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pričom Edrijen Haslet-Dejvis.
14:59
Adrianne lost her left leg
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Ona je izgubila svoju levu nogu
15:01
in the Boston terrorist attack.
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u terorističkom napadu u Bostonu.
Upoznao sam je
Upoznao sam je
15:04
I met Adrianne when this photo was taken
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kada je nastala ova slika
15:06
at Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital.
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u Rehabilitacionoj bolnici Spolding.
15:08
Adrianne is a dancer, a ballroom dancer.
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Edrijen je balska plesačica.
15:11
Adrianne breathes and lives dance.
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Ona diše i živi za ples.
15:13
It is her expression. It is her art form.
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To je njen izraz, njen umetnički oblik.
15:16
Naturally, when she lost her limb
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Naravno, kada je izgubila nogu
15:18
in the Boston terrorist attack,
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u terorističkom napadu u Bostonu,
15:20
she wanted to return to the dance floor.
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želela je da se vrati na plesni podijum.
15:23
After meeting her and driving home in my car,
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Nakon što sam je upoznao
i otišao kući kolima,
i otišao kući kolima,
15:25
I thought, I'm an MIT professor.
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pomislio sam, ja sam profesor na MIT-u.
15:28
I have resources. Let's build her a bionic limb
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Imam sredstva.
Hajde da joj napravimo bionički ud
Hajde da joj napravimo bionički ud
15:31
to enable her to go back to her life of dance.
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da joj omogućimo da se vrati u svet plesa.
15:34
I brought in MIT scientists with expertise
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Doveo sam naučnike s MIT-a sa iskustvom
15:37
in prosthetics, robotics, machine learning
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iz prostetike, robotike, mašinskog učenja
15:39
and biomechanics,
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i biomehanike,
15:41
and over a 200-day research period,
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i kroz period istraživanja od 200 dana,
15:43
we studied dance.
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proučavali smo ples.
15:45
We brought in dancers with biological limbs,
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Doveli smo plesače sa biološkim udovima
15:49
and we studied how do they move,
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i proučavali smo kako se kreću,
15:51
what forces do they apply on the dance floor,
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koje sile primenjuju na plesnom podijumu
15:55
and we took those data
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i uzeli smo te podatke
15:56
and we put forth fundamental principles of dance,
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i uložili osnovne principe plesa,
16:00
reflexive dance capability,
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mogućnost refleksivnog plesa,
16:02
and we embedded that intelligence
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i ugradili smo to znanje
16:03
into the bionic limb.
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u bionički ud.
16:05
Bionics is not only about making people
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U bionici se ne radi samo o tome da ljudi
16:07
stronger and faster.
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postanu jači i brži.
16:09
Our expression, our humanity
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Naš izraz, naša ljudskost,
16:11
can be embedded into electromechanics.
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mogu se izraziti u elektromehanici.
16:14
It was 3.5 seconds
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Između udara bombi bilo je
16:18
between the bomb blasts
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3,5 sekunde,
16:19
in the Boston terrorist attack.
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u terorističkom napadu na Boston.
16:21
In 3.5 seconds, the criminals and cowards
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Za 3,5 sekunde, kriminalci i kukavice
16:24
took Adrianne off the dance floor.
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su oteli plesni podijum od Edrijen.
16:27
In 200 days, we put her back.
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Za 200 dana, vratili smo je tamo.
16:30
We will not be intimidated, brought down,
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Neće nas uplašiti i ugnjetavati,
16:32
diminished, conquered or stopped
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umanjiti, poraziti ili zaustaviti
16:35
by acts of violence.
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nasilnim činovima.
16:37
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
16:44
Ladies and gentlemen, please allow me to introduce
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Dame i gospodo,
dozvolite da vam predstavim
dozvolite da vam predstavim
16:47
Adrianne Haslet-Davis,
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Edrijen Haslet-Dejvis,
16:49
her first performance since the attack.
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za njen prvi nastup od napada.
16:52
She's dancing with Christian Lightner.
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Ona pleše s Kristijanom Lajtnerom.
16:54
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
17:05
(Music: "Ring My Bell" performed by Enrique Iglesias)
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(Muzika: "Ring my Bell"
- Enrike Iglesijas)
- Enrike Iglesijas)
17:51
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
18:22
Ladies and gentlemen,
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Dame i gospodo,
18:23
members of the research team,
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članovi istraživačkog tima,
18:24
Elliott Rouse and Nathan Villagaray-Carski.
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Eliot Raus i Nejtan Vilagarej-Carski.
18:29
Elliott and Nathan.
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Eliot i Nejtan.
18:32
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Hugh Herr - Bionics designerAt MIT, Hugh Herr builds prosthetic knees, legs and ankles that fuse biomechanics with microprocessors to restore (and perhaps enhance) normal gait, balance and speed.
Why you should listen
Hugh Herr co-directs the Center for Extreme Bionics at the MIT Media Lab, where he is pioneering a new class of biohybrid smart prostheses and orthoses to improve the quality of life for thousands of people with physical challenges. A powered ankle-foot prosthesis called the Empower by Ottobock, for instance, emulates the action of a biological leg to create a natural gait, allowing persons with amputation to walk with normal levels of speed and metabolism as if their legs were biological.
Herr also advances powerful body exoskeletons that augment human physicality beyond innate physiological levels, enabling humans to walk and run faster with less metabolic energy. He is the co-founder and Chief Scientific Officer of Dephy Inc., which creates products that augment physiological function through electromechanical enhancement.
Hugh Herr | Speaker | TED.com
Adrianne Haslet-Davis - Ballroom dancer
When Adrianne Haslet-Davis lost her left foot in the Boston Marathon bombing, her left leg was amputated to the knee. Less than a year later, she's back on her feet and dancing again.
Why you should listen
To ballroom dancer Adrianne Haslet-Davis, dancing was everything. So when she lost her left foot in the April 2013 Boston Marathon bombing, she vowed — from her hospital bed — that she would dance again. Two hundred days later, standing on the TED2014 stage, she did just that. With the help of MIT prostheticist Hugh Herr, Haslet-Davis performed in Vancouver for the first time since the bombing.
Adrianne Haslet-Davis | Speaker | TED.com