TED2005
Luca Turin: The science of scent
Luca Turin lõhnade teadusest
Filmed:
Readability: 3.7
621,001 views
Milline teadus on ülevate parfüümide taga? Biofüüsik Luca Turin seletab võluvalt ja üksikasjalikult lõhnade kunsti ning molekulaarset struktuuri.
Luca Turin - Nose
Biophysicist Luca Turin studies the science of smell. He's the author of Perfumes: The Guide, and the subject of Chandler Burr's 2003 book The Emperor of Scent. His next project: developing an artificial nose. Full bio
Biophysicist Luca Turin studies the science of smell. He's the author of Perfumes: The Guide, and the subject of Chandler Burr's 2003 book The Emperor of Scent. His next project: developing an artificial nose. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
The fragrance that you will smell, you will never be able to smell this way again.
0
0
4000
Lõhna, mide te kohe tunnete, ei tunneta teie nina enam kunagi samamoodi.
00:16
It’s a fragrance called Beyond Paradise,
1
4000
3000
See on parfüüm nimega Beyond Paradise,
00:19
which you can find in any store in the nation.
2
7000
3000
mida võib leida igast poest üle riigi.
00:22
Except here it’s been split up in parts by Estée Lauder
3
10000
4000
Siin on see aga Estée Lauder'i poolt jagatud osadeks
00:26
and by the perfumer who did it, Calice Becker,
4
14000
3000
ja parfümeer, kes seda tegi, on Calice Becker,
00:29
and I'm most grateful to them for this.
5
17000
1000
ning ma olen neile väga tänulik.
00:30
And it’s been split up in successive bits and a chord.
6
18000
4000
See on jaotatud üksteisele järgnevateks osadeks ja lõhnaakordiks.
00:34
So what you’re smelling now is the top note.
7
22000
2000
Seega praegu tunnete lõhna ülemist nooti.
00:36
And then will come what they call the heart, the lush heart note.
8
24000
4000
Järgnevalt tuleb nõndanimetatud süda, mahlakas "südamenoot".
00:40
I will show it to you.
9
28000
3000
Ma näitan teile seda.
00:43
The Eden top note is named after the Eden Project in the U.K.
10
31000
3000
Edeni ülemine noot on nimetatud Edeni Projekti järgi UK-s.
00:46
The lush heart note, Melaleuca bark note -- which does not contain any Melaleuca bark,
11
34000
5000
Mahlakas "südamenoot", Melaleuca koore noot, mis ei sisalda üldse Melaleuca koort,
00:51
because it’s totally forbidden.
12
39000
3000
kuna see täiesti keelatud.
00:54
And after that, the complete fragrance.
13
42000
3000
Peale seda tunnete kogu parfüümi.
00:57
Now what you are smelling is a combination of --
14
45000
3000
See, mida nüüd tunnete on kombinatsioon...
01:00
I asked how many molecules there were in there, and nobody would tell me.
15
48000
4000
Ma küsisin, kui palju molekule selles on ning keegi ei vastanud mulle.
01:04
So I put it through a G.C., a Gas Chromatograph that I have in my office,
16
52000
5000
Seega, ma lasin selle läbi oma GC ehk gaas-kromatograafi, mis on mu töö juures,
01:09
and it’s about 400.
17
57000
3000
ja neid on umbes 400.
01:12
So what you’re smelling is several hundred molecules
18
60000
3000
Seega see, mida te tunnete, on mõnisada molekuli,
01:15
floating through the air, hitting your nose.
19
63000
3000
mis hõljuvad läbi õhu teie ninna.
01:18
And do not get the impression that this is very subjective.
20
66000
4000
Ärge arvake, et see on väga subjektiivne.
01:22
You are all smelling pretty much the same thing, OK?
21
70000
4000
Te haistate praktiliselt sama asja.
01:26
Smell has this reputation of being somewhat different for each person.
22
74000
4000
On tekkinud arusaam, et lõhn on igaühe jaoks erinev.
01:30
It’s not really true.
23
78000
1000
Tegelikult pole see tõsi.
01:31
And perfumery shows you that can’t be true,
24
79000
2000
Parfümeeria näitab, et see ei saa olla nii,
01:33
because if it were like that it wouldn’t be an art, OK?
25
81000
6000
kuna vastasel juhul poleks see ju kunst.
01:39
Now, while the smell wafts over you, let me tell you the history of an idea.
26
87000
4000
Senikaua, kuni lõhn heljub üle teie, räägin ma teile ühe idee ajaloost.
01:43
Everything that you’re smelling in here
27
91000
4000
Kõik, mida te siin haistate
01:47
is made up of atoms that come from what I call
28
95000
2000
on tehtud aatomitest, mis tulevad, nii nagu mina seda nimetan
01:49
the Upper East Side of the periodic table -- a nice, safe neighborhood.
29
97000
3000
perioodilisuse tabeli "Upper East Side"- kena ja turvaline naabruskond.
01:52
(Laughter)
30
100000
4000
(Naer)
01:56
You really don’t want to leave it if you want to have a career in perfumery.
31
104000
3000
Kui sa tahad teha karjääri parfümeerias, siis sa tõesti ei taha sealt lahkuda.
01:59
Some people have tried in the 1920s
32
107000
2000
Mõned inimesed proovisid 1920-ndatel
02:01
to add things from the bad parts, and it didn’t really work.
33
109000
4000
lisada elemente tabeli halbadest osadest ning see tõesti ei toiminud.
02:05
These are the five atoms from which just about everything
34
113000
2000
Need on viis aatomit, millest praktiliselt kõik,
02:07
that you’re going to smell in real life, from coffee to fragrance, are made of.
35
115000
6000
mida te elus haistate - kohvist parfüümini - on tehtud.
02:13
The top note that you smelled at the very beginning,
36
121000
2000
Ülemine noot, mida te kõige alguses tundsite,
02:15
the cut-grass green, what we call in perfumery -- they’re weird terms --
37
123000
4000
mida me parfümeerias kutsume "värske muru roheliseks" - need on veidrad mõisted -
02:19
and this would be called a green note,
38
127000
2000
ning seda nimetatakse roheliseks noodiks,
02:21
because it smells of something green, like cut grass.
39
129000
2000
sest see lõhnab millegi rohelise, nagu muru, järele.
02:23
This is cis-3-hexene-1-ol. And I had to learn chemistry on the fly
40
131000
7000
See on cis-3-hekseen-1-ool. Ma pidin õppima lennult keemiat
02:30
in the last three years. A very expensive high school chemistry education.
41
138000
6000
viimase kolme aasta jooksul. Väga kallis gümnaasiumi keemiaharidus.
02:36
This has six carbon atoms, so "hexa," hexene-1-ol.
42
144000
4000
Sellel on kuus süsiniku aatomit, seega "heksa", hekseen-1-ool.
02:40
It has one double bond, it has an alcohol on the end,
43
148000
4000
Sellel on üks kaksikside ning alkohol lõpus,
02:44
so it’s "ol," and that’s why they call it cis-3-hexene-1-ol.
44
152000
3000
seega, see on -ool ning seetõttu nimetatakse seda cis-3-hekseen-1-ooliks.
02:47
Once you figure this out, you can really impress people at parties.
45
155000
3000
Kui sa lõpuks sellest aru saad, siis saad pidudel inimestele muljet avaldada.
02:50
This smells of cut grass. Now, this is the skeleton of the molecule.
46
158000
4000
See lõhnab nagu muru. Nüüd, see on molekuli skelett.
02:54
If you dress it up with atoms, hydrogen atoms --
47
162000
3000
Kui sa katad selle aatomitega, vesiniku aatomitega,
02:57
that’s what it looks like when you have it on your computer --
48
165000
2000
siis selline näeb see välja arvutis,
02:59
but actually it’s sort of more like this, in the sense that the atoms have a certain
49
167000
4000
kuid tegelikult näeb see välja rohkem nagu selline, arvestades sellega, et aatomitel on kindel
03:03
sphere that you cannot penetrate. They repel.
50
171000
3000
sfäär, mida ei saa läbistada - nad tõukuvad.
03:06
OK, now. Why does this thing smell of cut grass, OK?
51
174000
6000
Olgu, nüüd. Miks see asi lõhnab nagu muru?
03:12
Why doesn’t it smell of potatoes or violets? Well, there are really two theories.
52
180000
6000
Miks see ei lõhna nagu kartulid või kannikesed? Selle seletamiseks on tegelikult kaks teooriat.
03:18
But the first theory is: it must be the shape.
53
186000
4000
Esimene teooria on, et asi peab olema kujus.
03:22
And that’s a perfectly reasonable theory in the sense that
54
190000
2000
See on täiuslik teooria, kui arvestada, et
03:24
almost everything else in biology works by shape.
55
192000
2000
praktiliselt kõik ülejäänud bioloogias töötab kuju alusel.
03:26
Enzymes that chew things up, antibodies, it’s all, you know,
56
194000
4000
Ensüümid, mis lõhustavad asju, antikehad, asi seisneb
03:30
the fit between a protein and whatever it is grabbing, in this case a smell.
57
198000
6000
ühilduvuses valgu ja selle vahel, mida ta haarab, praegusel juhul lõhnaga.
03:36
And I will try and explain to you what’s wrong with this notion.
58
204000
3000
Mina üritan teile selgitada, mis on valesti selle arusaamaga.
03:39
And the other theory is that we smell molecular vibrations.
59
207000
3000
Teine teooria on, et me haistame molekulide võnkumisi.
03:42
Now, this is a totally insane idea.
60
210000
2000
Nüüd see on täiesti pöörane idee.
03:44
And when I first came across it in the early '90s, I thought my predecessor,
61
212000
4000
Kui mina sellega esimest korda varajastel 90-ndatel kokku puutusin, arvasin, et mu eelkäija
03:48
Malcolm Dyson and Bob Wright, had really taken leave of their senses,
62
216000
3000
Malcolm Dyson ja Bob Wright on aru kaotanud,
03:51
and I’ll explain to you why this was the case.
63
219000
3000
ja ma selgitan teile, miks see oli nii.
03:54
However, I came to realize gradually that they may be right --
64
222000
3000
Siiski jõudsin ma lõpuks järeldusele, et neil võib isegi õigus olla
03:57
and I have to convince all my colleagues that this is so, but I’m working on it.
65
225000
3000
ja ma pean oma kolleege selles veenma, et see nii on - ma töötan selle kallal.
04:00
Here’s how shape works in normal receptors.
66
228000
6000
Siin on näha, kuidas kuju töötab tavalistes retseptorites.
04:06
You have a molecule coming in, it gets into the protein, which is schematic here,
67
234000
5000
Molekul tuleb sisse, see jõuab valku, mis on siin skemaatiline,
04:11
and it causes this thing to switch, to turn, to move in some way
68
239000
5000
see põhjustab retseptori muutumise, pöördumise, liikumise mingis suunas
04:16
by binding in certain parts.
69
244000
4000
seostudes kindlate osadega.
04:20
And the attraction, the forces, between the molecule and the protein
70
248000
2000
Külgetõmme, jõud, mis on molekuli ja valgu vahel
04:22
cause the motion. This is a shape-based idea.
71
250000
5000
põhjustab liikumise. See on kujupõhine idee.
04:27
Now, what’s wrong with shape is summarized in this slide.
72
255000
4000
Nüüd, mis on valesti kujuga, on kokku võetud sellel slaidil.
04:31
The way --I expect everybody to memorize these compounds.
73
259000
5000
See viis... ma eeldan, et kõik jätavad need koostisosad meelde.
04:36
This is one page of work from a chemist’s workbook, OK?
74
264000
5000
See on üks lehekülg keemiku töölehest.
04:41
Working for a fragrance company.
75
269000
2000
Töötamas parfümeeriatööstuses.
04:43
He’s making 45 molecules, and he’s looking for a sandalwood,
76
271000
3000
Ta teeb 45 molekuli ning ta otsib sandlipuud,
04:46
something that smells of sandalwood.
77
274000
1000
midagi, mis lõhnaks nagu sandlipuu.
04:47
Because there’s a lot of money in sandalwoods.
78
275000
2000
Kuna sandlipuudes on palju raha.
04:49
And of these 45 molecules, only 4629 actually smells of sandalwood.
79
277000
7000
Ning nendest 45 molekulist, ainult molekul numbriga 4629 lõhnab nagu sandlipuu.
04:56
And he puts an exclamation mark, OK? This is an awful lot of work.
80
284000
3000
Ja ta paneb hüüumärgi. See on tohutult suur töö.
04:59
This actually is roughly, in man-years of work, 200,000 dollars roughly,
81
287000
5000
Laias laastus on see, inimese töö-aastates, umbes 200 000 dollarit,
05:04
if you keep them on the low salaries with no benefits.
82
292000
4000
kui sa hoiad neid madalal palgal ning ilma hüvitisteta.
05:08
So this is a profoundly inefficient process.
83
296000
2000
Seega see on tohutult ebaefektiivne protsess.
05:10
And my definition of a theory is, it’s not just something
84
298000
3000
Ja minu definitsioon teooriast on, et see pole ainult
05:13
that you teach people; it’s labor saving.
85
301000
2000
õpetamiseks, vaid see aitab kokku hoida tööjõudu.
05:15
A theory is something that enables you to do less work.
86
303000
3000
Teooria on miski, mis aitab sul teha vähem tööd.
05:18
I love the idea of doing less work. So let me explain to you why -- a very simple fact
87
306000
6000
Ma armastan mõtet vähesemast tööst. Laske ma seletan teile miks.. lihtne fakt,
05:24
that tells you why this shape theory really does not work very well.
88
312000
5000
mis ütleb teile, miks see kuju teooria tegelikult väga hästi ei tööta.
05:29
This is cis-3-hexene-1-ol. It smells of cut grass.
89
317000
5000
See on cis-3-hekseen-1-ool. See lõhnab nagu muru.
05:34
This is cis-3-hexene-1-thiol, and this smells of rotten eggs, OK?
90
322000
7000
See on cis-3-hekseen-1-tiool ja see lõhnab nagu mädamuna.
05:41
Now, you will have noticed that vodka never smells of rotten eggs.
91
329000
5000
Te olete kindlasti märganud, et viin ei lõhna kunagi nagu mädamuna.
05:46
If it does, you put the glass down, you go to a different bar.
92
334000
4000
Kui see nii oleks, siis te paneksite klaasi maha ja läheksite teise baari.
05:50
This is -- in other words, we never get the O-H --
93
338000
5000
See on... teisisõnu, kui meil on O-H, siis
05:55
we never mistake it for an S-H, OK?
94
343000
3000
me ei aja seda kunagi segamini S-H-ga.
05:58
Like, at no concentration, even pure, you know,
95
346000
3000
Mitte ühelgi kontsentratsioonil, isegi mitte puhtal, teate küll,
06:01
if you smelt pure ethanol, it doesn’t smell of rotten eggs.
96
349000
3000
kui te olete tundnud puhta etanooli lõhna, siis see ei lõhna nagu mädamuna.
06:04
Conversely, there is no concentration at which the sulfur compound will smell like vodka.
97
352000
7000
Ning vastupidi, ühelgi kontsentratsioonil ei lõhna väävliühend nagu viin.
06:11
It’s very hard to explain this by molecular recognition.
98
359000
4000
Seda on väga raske selgitada molekulide äratundmise abil.
06:15
Now, I showed this to a physicist friend of mine who has a profound distaste
99
363000
2000
Nii, ma näitasin seda oma füüsikust sõbrale, kellel on väljakujunenud vastumeelsus
06:17
for biology, and he says, "That’s easy! The things are a different color!"
100
365000
4000
bioloogia suhtes ning ta ütles "See on lihtne! Need asjad on erinevat värvi!"
06:21
(Laughter)
101
369000
5000
(Naer)
06:26
We have to go a little beyond that. Now let me explain why vibrational theory has
102
374000
5000
Me peame sellesse rohkem süvenema. Laske ma selgitan, miks võnketeooria
06:31
some sort of interest in it. These molecules, as you saw in the beginning,
103
379000
4000
pakub huvi. Molekulidel, nagu te alguses nägite,
06:35
the building blocks had springs connecting them to each other.
104
383000
2000
on "ehitusblokkide" vahel vedrud, mis neid ühendavad.
06:37
In fact, molecules are able to vibrate at a set of frequencies
105
385000
3000
Molekulid võnguvad kindlatel sagedustel,
06:40
which are very specific for each molecule and for the bonds connecting them.
106
388000
4000
mis on väga spetsiifilised iga molekuli ja neid ühendavate sidemete puhul.
06:44
So this is the sound of the O-H stretch, translated into the audible range.
107
392000
8000
See on heli, mida teeb O-H side, mis on muudetud meile kuuldavaks.
06:53
S-H, quite a different frequency.
108
401000
2000
S-H... üsna erinev sagedus.
06:55
Now, this is kind of interesting, because it tells you
109
403000
4000
See on huvitav, sest see ütleb sulle,
06:59
that you should be looking for a particular fact, which is this:
110
407000
3000
et sa peaksid keskenduma faktile, et
07:02
nothing in the world smells like rotten eggs except S-H, OK?
111
410000
4000
mitte miski maailma ei lõhna nagu mädamuna, peale S-H.
07:06
Now, Fact B: nothing in the world has that frequency except S-H.
112
414000
7000
Fakt B: mitte millelgi pole samasugust sagedust nagu S-H-l.
07:13
If you look on this, imagine a piano keyboard.
113
421000
2000
Kui sa vaatad seda, kujutle klaveri klahvistikku.
07:15
The S-H stretch is in the middle of a part of the keyboard
114
423000
4000
S-H side on klahvistiku keskmises osas,
07:19
that has been, so to speak, damaged,
115
427000
2000
mis on niiöelda kahjustatud
07:21
and there are no neighboring notes, nothing is close to it.
116
429000
3000
ja seal pole ühtegi naabernooti, miski pole sellele lähedane.
07:24
You have a unique smell, a unique vibration.
117
432000
2000
Sul on unikaalne lõhn, unikaalne võnkumine.
07:26
So I went searching when I started in this game
118
434000
2000
Seda mängu alustades, hakkasin ma uurima
07:28
to convince myself that there was any degree of plausibility
119
436000
3000
kas loos, mis on hullumeelne,
07:31
to this whole crazy story.
120
439000
2000
on vähegi usaldusväärsust.
07:33
I went searching for a type of molecule, any molecule,
121
441000
3000
Ma hakkasin otsima sellist tüüpi molekuli, ükskõik millist molekuli,
07:36
that would have that vibration and that -- the obvious prediction
122
444000
5000
millel oleks samasugune võnkumine ja ilmselge ennustusena
07:41
was that it should absolutely smell of sulfur.
123
449000
2000
oleks samasuguse lõhnaga nagu väävel.
07:43
If it didn’t, the whole idea was toast, and I might as well move on to other things.
124
451000
6000
Kui ei lõhnaks, siis oleks kogu idee mõttetu ja samahästi võiks teiste asjade kallale asuda.
07:49
Now, after searching high and low for several months,
125
457000
4000
Peale mitmekuist otsingut
07:53
I discovered that there was a type of molecule called a Borane
126
461000
5000
avastasin, et on olemas molekul nimega boraan,
07:58
which has exactly the same vibration.
127
466000
2000
millel on täpselt sama võnkumine.
08:00
Now the good news is, Boranes you can get hold of.
128
468000
3000
Hea uudis on, et boraanid on kättesaadavad.
08:03
The bad news is they’re rocket fuels.
129
471000
3000
Halb uudis on, et nad on raketikütused.
08:06
Most of them explode spontaneously in contact with air,
130
474000
3000
Enamus neist plahvatavad spontaanselt kokkupuutel õhuga
08:09
and when you call up the companies, they only give you minimum ten tons, OK?
131
477000
4000
ja kui sa helistad ettevõtetele, siis nad müüvad minimaalselt kümme tonni.
08:13
(Laughter)
132
481000
3000
(Naer)
08:16
So this was not what they call a laboratory-scale experiment,
133
484000
3000
Seega see ei olnud laboris läbiviidav eksperiment
08:19
and they wouldn’t have liked it at my college.
134
487000
2000
ja minu kolledžile ei oleks see meeldinud.
08:21
However, I managed to get a hold of a Borane eventually, and here is the beast.
135
489000
8000
Lõpuks suutsin ma siiski boraani hankida ja siin see elukas on.
08:29
And it really does have the same -- if you calculate,
136
497000
2000
Sellel on tõesti sama... kui arvutad,
08:31
if you measure the vibrational frequencies, they are the same as S-H.
137
499000
4000
kui sa mõõdad võnkesagedusi, siis need on tõesti S-H-ga samad.
08:35
Now, does it smell of sulfur? Well, if you go back in the literature,
138
503000
5000
Nüüd, kas see lõhnab samamoodi nagu väävel? Kui otsida kirjandusest,
08:40
there’s a man who knew more about Boranes than anyone
139
508000
3000
siis oli mees, kes teadis boraanidest rohkem, kui ükski teine,
08:43
alive then or since, Alfred Stock, he synthesized all of them.
140
511000
5000
kes on kunagi elanud või elab, Alfred Stock, ta sünteesis kõik boraanid.
08:48
And in an enormous 40-page paper in German he says, at one point --
141
516000
6000
Ja tohutus 40-lehelises saksakeelses töös, toob ta ühes kohas välja...
08:54
my wife is German and she translated it for me --
142
522000
3000
mu naine on sakslane ja ta tõlkis selle minu jaoks...
08:57
and at one point he says, "ganz widerlich Geruch,"
143
525000
2000
ja ühes kohas ta kirjutab "ganz widerlich Geruch,"
08:59
an "absolutely repulsive smell," which is good. Reminiscent of hydrogen sulfide.
144
527000
6000
"täiesti eemaletõukav lõhn," mis on hea. Meenutab vesiniksulfiidi.
09:05
So this fact that Boranes smell of sulfur
145
533000
3000
Seega fakt, et boraanid lõhnavad nagu väävel,
09:08
had been known since 1910, and utterly forgotten until 1997, 1998.
146
536000
7000
oli teada juba 1910. aastal ja täiesti unustatud aastani 1997, 1998.
09:15
Now, the slight fly in the ointment is this: that
147
543000
4000
Tilk tõrva meepotis on, et
09:19
if we smell molecular vibrations, we must have a spectroscope in our nose.
148
547000
5000
kui me haistame molekulide võnkumisi, siis järelikult peab meil olema spektroskoop ninas.
09:24
Now, this is a spectroscope, OK, on my laboratory bench.
149
552000
5000
Nüüd see on spektroskoop, minu labori töölaual.
09:29
And it’s fair to say that if you look up somebody’s nose,
150
557000
2000
Ning võib julgelt väita, et kui sa vaatad kellegi ninna,
09:31
you’re unlikely to see anything resembling this.
151
559000
3000
siis on ebatõenäoline, et sa leiad midagi sarnast.
09:34
And this is the main objection to the theory.
152
562000
2000
See on põhiline vastuväide sellele teooriale.
09:36
OK, great, we smell vibrations. How? All right?
153
564000
5000
Hea küll, me haistame võnkumisi. Kuidas?
09:41
Now when people ask this kind of question, they neglect something,
154
569000
2000
Kui inimesed küsivad selliseid küsimusi, siis nad eiravad, et
09:43
which is that physicists are really clever, unlike biologists.
155
571000
4000
füüsikud on väga kavalad, erinevalt bioloogidest.
09:47
(Laughter)
156
575000
3000
(Naer)
09:50
This is a joke. I’m a biologist, OK?
157
578000
2000
See on nali. Ma olen bioloog.
09:52
So it’s a joke against myself.
158
580000
1000
Seega see on nali minu enda suunas.
09:53
Bob Jacklovich and John Lamb at Ford Motor Company,
159
581000
3000
Bob Jacklovich ja John Lamb Ford Motor Company-st
09:56
in the days when Ford Motor was spending vast amounts of money
160
584000
2000
aegadel, mil Ford kulutas suurel hulgal raha
09:58
on fundamental research, discovered a way
161
586000
4000
alusuuringutele, leidsid viisi
10:02
to build a spectroscope that was intrinsically nano-scale.
162
590000
4000
kuidas ehitada spektroskoopi, mis on nanotasandiline.
10:06
In other words, no mirrors, no lasers, no prisms, no nonsense,
163
594000
3000
Teisisõnu, ei mingeid peegleid, lasereid, prismasid, ei mingit mõttetust,
10:09
just a tiny device, and he built this device. And this device uses electron tunneling.
164
597000
5000
ainult väike seadeldis ja ta ehitas selle. Ja see seadeldis kasutab elektronide tunneldamist.
10:14
Now, I could do the dance of electron tunneling,
165
602000
3000
Ma võiksin teile esitada elektronide tunneldamise tantsu,
10:17
but I’ve done a video instead, which is much more interesting. Here’s how it works.
166
605000
5000
kuid mul on selle asemel video, mis on palju huvitavam. See töötab järgmiselt.
10:22
Electrons are fuzzy creatures, and they can jump across gaps,
167
610000
4000
Elektronid on hägused tegelased ja nad suudavad hüpata üle lõhede,
10:26
but only at equal energy. If the energy differs, they can’t jump.
168
614000
5000
kuid ainult võrdse energiatasemega. Kui energiatase on teine, siis nad ei suuda hüpata.
10:31
Unlike us, they won’t fall off the cliff.
169
619000
2000
Erinevalt meist, nad ei kuku servalt alla.
10:33
OK. Now. If something absorbs the energy, the electron can travel.
170
621000
7000
Kui miski neelab energiat, suudab elektron edasi liikuda.
10:40
So here you have a system, you have something --
171
628000
3000
Siin on süsteem, sul on midagi...
10:43
and there’s plenty of that stuff in biology --
172
631000
1000
bioloogias on palju selliseid asju...
10:44
some substance giving an electron, and the electron tries to jump,
173
632000
5000
mingi aine annab elektroni ja elektron proovib hüpata
10:49
and only when a molecule comes along that has the right vibration
174
637000
4000
ja ainult siis, kui tuleb molekul, millel on õige võnkumine
10:53
does the reaction happen, OK?
175
641000
2000
toimub reaktsioon.
10:55
This is the basis for the device that these two guys at Ford built.
176
643000
4000
See on Fordi meeste ehitatud seadeldise põhimõte.
10:59
And every single part of this mechanism is actually plausible in biology.
177
647000
7000
Iga üksik osa sellest mehhanismist on tegelikult bioloogias usutav.
11:06
In other words, I’ve taken off-the-shelf components,
178
654000
1000
Teiste sõnadega, olen ma võtnud riiulilt koostisosad
11:07
and I’ve made a spectroscope.
179
655000
2000
ja teinud spektroskoobi.
11:09
What’s nice about this idea, if you have a philosophical bent of mind,
180
657000
4000
Mis on ilus selle idee juures, kui sul on filosoofilist laadi mõtlemist,
11:13
is that then it tells you that the nose,
181
661000
2000
on see, et nina,
11:15
the ear and the eye are all vibrational senses.
182
663000
3000
kõrv ja silm on kõik võnkelised meeled.
11:18
Of course, it doesn’t matter, because it could also be that they’re not.
183
666000
4000
Muidugi see ei loe, sest võib juhtuda, et nad ei ole.
11:22
But it has a certain --
184
670000
1000
Kuid sellel on teatud...
11:23
(Laughter)
185
671000
2000
(Naer)
11:25
-- it has a certain ring to it which is attractive to people
186
673000
4000
... sellel on teatud ahvatlev kõla inimeste jaoks,
11:29
who read too much 19th-century German literature.
187
677000
4000
kes loevad liiga palju Saksamaa 19. sajandi kirjandust.
11:33
And then a magnificent thing happened:
188
681000
1000
Ja siis juhtus midagi ilmelist:
11:34
I left academia and joined the real world of business,
189
682000
6000
ma lahkusin akadeemiast ja liitusin ärimaailmaga
11:40
and a company was created around my ideas
190
688000
3000
ja minu ideede ümber loodi firma,
11:43
to make new molecules using my method,
191
691000
3000
et teha uusi molekule kasutades minu meetodit,
11:46
along the lines of, let’s put someone else’s money where your mouth is.
192
694000
4000
järgides eeskuju: paneme kellegi teise raha sinna, kus on meie endi suu.
11:50
And one of the first things that happened was
193
698000
4000
Üks esimesi asju, mis juhtus, oli,
11:54
we started going around to fragrance companies
194
702000
2000
et käisime parfüümiettevõtetes,
11:56
asking for what they needed, because, of course,
195
704000
4000
küsides, mida neil vaja on, kuna otse loomulikult
12:00
if you could calculate smell, you don’t need chemists.
196
708000
2000
kui on võimalik välja arvutada lõhna, siis pole keemikut vaja.
12:02
You need a computer, a Mac will do it, if you know how to program the thing right,
197
710000
4000
Sa vajad arvutit, Macist piisab, kui sa tead, kuidas seda õigesti programmeerida.
12:06
OK? So you can try a thousand molecules,
198
714000
4000
Sa saad läbi proovida tuhat molekuli,
12:10
you can try ten thousand molecules in a weekend,
199
718000
3000
sa saad läbi proovida kümme tuhat molekuli nädalavahetusega
12:13
and then you only tell the chemists to make the right one.
200
721000
3000
ja siis sa ainult ütled keemikule, et ta teeks just selle õige molekuli.
12:16
And so that’s a direct path to making new odorants.
201
724000
4000
See on otsetee uute lõhnade tegemiseks.
12:20
And one of the first things that happened was
202
728000
1000
Üks esimesi asju, mis juhtus, oli
12:21
we went to see some perfumers in France --
203
729000
2000
me läksime Prantsusmale parfümeeride juurde...
12:23
and here’s where I do my Charles Fleischer impression --
204
731000
2000
siinkohal ma teen järgi Charles Fleischer'it
12:25
and one of them says, "You cannot make a coumarin."
205
733000
4000
üks neist ütles: "Sa ei saa teha kumariini,"
12:29
He says to me, "I bet you cannot make a coumarin."
206
737000
3000
ta ütles mulle: "Vean kihla, et sa ei suuda teha kumariini."
12:32
Now, coumarin is a very common thing, a material,
207
740000
4000
Kumariin on väga tavaline asi, aine
12:36
in fragrance which is derived from a bean that comes from South America.
208
744000
3000
lõhnades, mida saadakse ubadest, mis tulevad Lõuna-Ameerikast.
12:39
And it is the classic synthetic aroma chemical, OK?
209
747000
4000
See on klassikaline sünteetilise lõhna kemikaal.
12:43
It’s the molecule that has made men’s fragrances
210
751000
4000
See on molekul, mis on pannud meeste parfüüme
12:47
smell the way they do since 1881, to be exact.
211
755000
3000
lõhnama nii, nagu nad lõhnavad aastast 1881, kui täpne olla.
12:50
And the problem is it’s a carcinogen.
212
758000
3000
Probleem on, et see on kantserogeen.
12:53
So nobody likes particularly to -- you know, aftershave with carcinogens.
213
761000
6000
Kellelegi ei meeldi eriti... teate küll, habemevesi kartsinogeenidega.
12:59
(Laughter)
214
767000
2000
(Naer)
13:01
There are some reckless people, but it’s not worth it, OK?
215
769000
3000
On olemas mõned hoolimatud inimesed, kuid see pole seda väärt.
13:04
So they asked us to make a new coumarin. And so we started doing calculations.
216
772000
5000
Seega nad palusid meil teha uut kumariini. Nii me hakkasimegi tegema arvutusi.
13:09
And the first thing you do is you calculate the vibrational spectrum
217
777000
3000
Esimese asjana tuleb arvutada võnkespekter,
13:12
of coumarin, and you smooth it out,
218
780000
1000
mis kumariinil on ja seda silendada,
13:13
so that you have a nice picture of what the sort of chord, so to speak, of coumarin is.
219
781000
6000
nii, et sul on ilus pilt sellest, milline akord on kumariinil.
13:19
And then you start cranking the computer to find other molecules,
220
787000
6000
Peale seda hakkad arvuti abil otsime teisi molekule,
13:25
related or unrelated, that have the same vibrations.
221
793000
3000
seotud või mitte, kuid millel on sama vibratsioon.
13:28
And we actually, in this case, I’m sorry to say,
222
796000
4000
Tegelikult antud juhtumi puhul, mul on küll kahju seda öelda,
13:32
it happened -- it was serendipitous.
223
800000
2000
...see oli juhuslik.
13:34
Because I got a phone call from our chief chemist
224
802000
3000
Ma sain kõne meie peakeemikult
13:37
and he said, look, I’ve just found this such a beautiful reaction,
225
805000
5000
ja ta ütles, et vaata, ma leidsin just ühe ilusa reaktsiooni
13:42
that even if this compound doesn’t smell of coumarin,
226
810000
1000
ja isegi, kui see ühend ei lõhna nagu kumariin,
13:43
I want to do it, it’s just such a nifty,
227
811000
3000
tahan ma seda teha, see on lihtsalt nii kihvt.
13:46
one step -- I mean, chemists have weird minds --
228
814000
3000
Ühe sammuga... keemikutel on imelik mõtlemine...
13:49
one step, 90 percent yield, you know, and you get this lovely
229
817000
4000
... ühe sammuga saame 90% saagist ja sellise imelise
13:53
crystalline compound. Let us try it.
230
821000
2000
kristallilise ühendi. Lase me proovime seda teha.
13:55
And I said, first of all, let me do the calculation on that compound, bottom right,
231
823000
4000
Ma ütlesin, et kõigepealt teen ühendi kohta arvutused, all paremal,
13:59
which is related to coumarin, but has an extra pentagon inserted into the molecule.
232
827000
6000
mis on seotud kumariiniga, kuid millel on molekuli lisatud üks viinurk lisaks
14:05
Calculate the vibrations, the purple spectrum is that new fellow,
233
833000
5000
Arvuta vibratsioonid, lilla spekter on uus ühend,
14:10
the white one is the old one.
234
838000
1000
valge on algne ühend.
14:11
And the prediction is it should smell of coumarin.
235
839000
4000
Ennustuse järgi peaks see lõhnama nagu kumariin.
14:15
They made it ... and it smelled exactly like coumarin.
236
843000
8000
Nad tegid selle... ja see lõhnas täpselt nagu kumariin.
14:23
And this is our new baby, called tonkene.
237
851000
5000
See on meie uus lapsuke nimega tonkene.
14:28
You see, when you’re a scientist, you’re always selling ideas.
238
856000
2000
Kui sa ole teadlane, siis sa müüd alati oma ideesid.
14:30
And people are very resistant to ideas, and rightly so.
239
858000
4000
Inimesed on väga tõrjuvad uute ideede suhtes ja seda täiesti õigustatult:
14:34
Why should new ideas be accepted?
240
862000
2000
Miks peaks uusi ideid vastu võtma?
14:36
But when you put a little 10-gram vial on the table in front of perfumers
241
864000
6000
Kuid, kui sa paned väikese 10 grammise viaali parfümeeri ette lauale
14:42
and it smells like coumarin, and it isn’t coumarin,
242
870000
2000
ja see lõhnab nagu kumariin, aga ei ole seda
14:44
and you’ve found it in three weeks,
243
872000
2000
ning sa oled selle leidnud kolme nädalaga,
14:46
this focuses everybody’s mind wonderfully.
244
874000
3000
siis tunnevad kõik kohe selle vastu huvi.
14:49
(Laughter)
245
877000
1000
(Naer)
14:50
(Applause)
246
878000
6000
(Aplaus)
14:56
And people often ask me, is your theory accepted?
247
884000
4000
Inimesed küsivad minult tihti, kas sinu teooria on tunnustatud?
15:00
And I said, well, by whom? I mean most, you know -- there’s three attitudes:
248
888000
5000
Ja mina küsin, kelle poolt? Põhiliselt on kolme tüüpi suhtumist:
15:05
You’re right, and I don’t know why, which is the most rational one at this point.
249
893000
4000
Sul on õigus ja ma ei tea miks, mis on kõige ratsionaalsem antud hetkel.
15:09
You’re right, and I don’t care how you do it, in a sense;
250
897000
4000
Sul on õigus ja mind ei huvita kuidas sa seda teed, ehk siis
15:13
you bring me the molecules, you know.
251
901000
1000
too mulle molekulid.
15:14
And: You’re completely wrong, and I’m sure you’re completely wrong.
252
902000
3000
Või siis, sul ei ole õigus ja ma olen kindel, et sa oled täiesti eksinud.
15:17
OK? Now, we’re dealing with people who only want results,
253
905000
3000
Meil on tegemist inimestega, kes tahavad ainult tulemusi
15:20
and this is the commercial world.
254
908000
2000
ning see on ärimaailm.
15:22
And they tell us that even if we do it by astrology, they’re happy.
255
910000
5000
Nemad on rahul isegi siis, kui me teeme seda kasvõi toetudes astroloogiale.
15:27
But we’re not actually doing it by astrology.
256
915000
3000
Tegelikult me muidugi astroloogia põhjal ei tee.
15:30
But for the last three years, I’ve had what I consider to be
257
918000
2000
Viimase kolme aasta jooksul on mul olnud
15:32
the best job in the entire universe, which is to put my hobby --
258
920000
5000
maailma kõige parem töö, kus ma saan rakendada oma hobi...
15:37
which is, you know, fragrance and all the magnificent things --
259
925000
2000
mis on lõhnad ja kõik imelised asjad...
15:39
plus a little bit of biophysics, a small amount of self-taught chemistry
260
927000
5000
lisaks veidi biofüüsikat, väike kogus iseõpitud keemiat,
15:44
at the service of something that actually works.
261
932000
2000
millegi heaks, mis tegelikult ka töötab.
15:46
Thank you very much.
262
934000
1000
Suur aitäh!
15:47
(Applause)
263
935000
1000
(Aplaus)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Luca Turin - NoseBiophysicist Luca Turin studies the science of smell. He's the author of Perfumes: The Guide, and the subject of Chandler Burr's 2003 book The Emperor of Scent. His next project: developing an artificial nose.
Why you should listen
Biophysicist Luca Turin studies the science of smell. He's a leading proponent of the vibrational theory of smell -- the idea that when our noses pick up a scent, we're reacting to the vibrational properties of the molecule we're smelling. (This is in opposition to the shape theory of smell, which imagines smelly molecules fitting into conveniently shaped receptors in our noses.)
His work on olfactory reception and the prediction of what a particular molecule will smell like has led to an interesting line of work: designing new fragrances and flavor molecules, as part of the firm Flexitral, where he is CTO. Coming up, he'll be part of a team in Biomedical Engineering at MIT, headed by Professor Shuguang Zhang, to develop an artificial nose made with natural receptors as part of DARPA's just-launched RealNose program.
He's the author of several books on scent, including Perfumes: The Guide and The Secret of Scent, and is the subject of Chandler Burr's 2003 book The Emperor of Scent.
Luca Turin | Speaker | TED.com