TED2005
Luca Turin: The science of scent
Luca Turin o znanosti mirisa
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Kakva je znanost iza opojnog parfema? Biofizičar Luca Turin dražesno i precizno objašnjava molekularni sastav -- i umjetnost -- mirisa.
Luca Turin - Nose
Biophysicist Luca Turin studies the science of smell. He's the author of Perfumes: The Guide, and the subject of Chandler Burr's 2003 book The Emperor of Scent. His next project: developing an artificial nose. Full bio
Biophysicist Luca Turin studies the science of smell. He's the author of Perfumes: The Guide, and the subject of Chandler Burr's 2003 book The Emperor of Scent. His next project: developing an artificial nose. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
The fragrance that you will smell, you will never be able to smell this way again.
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Miris koji ćete osjetiti više nikada nećete moći osjetiti.
00:16
It’s a fragrance called Beyond Paradise,
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To je miris Beyond Paradise,
00:19
which you can find in any store in the nation.
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koji možete pronaći u trgovini diljem zemlje,
00:22
Except here it’s been split up in parts by Estée Lauder
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samo što su ga Estée Lauder
00:26
and by the perfumer who did it, Calice Becker,
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i tvorac parfema Calice Becker ovdje razdijelili
00:29
and I'm most grateful to them for this.
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i na tome sam im jako zahvalan.
00:30
And it’s been split up in successive bits and a chord.
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A podijeljen je na uzastopne dijelove i note.
00:34
So what you’re smelling now is the top note.
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Ovo što sada osjetite gornja je nota.
00:36
And then will come what they call the heart, the lush heart note.
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Zatim dolazi nešto što oni zovu srce, bujna srednja nota.
00:40
I will show it to you.
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Pokazat ću vam.
00:43
The Eden top note is named after the Eden Project in the U.K.
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Gornja nota Edena dobila je ime po Eden Projektu u U.K.-u
00:46
The lush heart note, Melaleuca bark note -- which does not contain any Melaleuca bark,
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Bujna je srednja nota Melaleuca bark nota -- koja ne sadrži Melaleuca bark
00:51
because it’s totally forbidden.
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jer je krajnje zabranjen.
00:54
And after that, the complete fragrance.
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I nakon toga kompletni miris.
00:57
Now what you are smelling is a combination of --
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Ovo što sada osjećate kombinacija je od --
01:00
I asked how many molecules there were in there, and nobody would tell me.
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pitao sam koliko kemikalija se nalazi unutra i nitko mi nije htio reći.
01:04
So I put it through a G.C., a Gas Chromatograph that I have in my office,
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Zato sam ga stavio u GC, uređaj za plinsku kromatografiju koji imam u uredu,
01:09
and it’s about 400.
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i ima ih oko 400.
01:12
So what you’re smelling is several hundred molecules
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Ovo što sada osjećate nekoliko je stotina molekula
01:15
floating through the air, hitting your nose.
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koje plove kroz zrak i sudaraju se s vašim nosom.
01:18
And do not get the impression that this is very subjective.
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I nemojte dobiti dojam da je to subjektivno.
01:22
You are all smelling pretty much the same thing, OK?
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Svi vi osjećate istu stvar, OK?
01:26
Smell has this reputation of being somewhat different for each person.
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Za miris se govori da ga svaka osoba drugačije osjeti.
01:30
It’s not really true.
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To zapravo nije istina.
01:31
And perfumery shows you that can’t be true,
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A parfumerije vam pokazuju da to ne može biti istina
01:33
because if it were like that it wouldn’t be an art, OK?
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jer, da je to istina, to ne bi bila umjetnost, OK?
01:39
Now, while the smell wafts over you, let me tell you the history of an idea.
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Sad dok miris lebdi preko vas, ispričat ću vam povijest jedne ideje.
01:43
Everything that you’re smelling in here
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Sve što ovdje osjetite
01:47
is made up of atoms that come from what I call
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sačinjeno je od atoma koji dolaze iz
01:49
the Upper East Side of the periodic table -- a nice, safe neighborhood.
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„gornjeg istočnog dijela“ periodnog sustava, kako ga volim nazivati -- mirno i ugodno susjedstvo.
01:52
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:56
You really don’t want to leave it if you want to have a career in perfumery.
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Ne želite ga napustiti ako mislite imati parfumerijsku karijeru.
01:59
Some people have tried in the 1920s
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Neki ljudi u 1920-ima probali su
02:01
to add things from the bad parts, and it didn’t really work.
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dodavati stvari iz loših dijelova i baš i nisu uspjeli.
02:05
These are the five atoms from which just about everything
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Ovo je pet atoma od čega je sačinjeno apsolutno sve
02:07
that you’re going to smell in real life, from coffee to fragrance, are made of.
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što ćete osjetiti u stvarnom životu, od kave do parfema.
02:13
The top note that you smelled at the very beginning,
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Gornja nota koju ste osjetili na samom početku,
02:15
the cut-grass green, what we call in perfumery -- they’re weird terms --
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svježe pokošena trava, nju u parfumeriji zovemo -- imaju čudne uvjete --
02:19
and this would be called a green note,
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ovo zovemo zelena nota,
02:21
because it smells of something green, like cut grass.
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budući da miriše na nešto zeleno poput pokošene trave.
02:23
This is cis-3-hexene-1-ol. And I had to learn chemistry on the fly
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Ovo je cis-3-heksanol. Morao sam učiti kemiju u letu
02:30
in the last three years. A very expensive high school chemistry education.
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ove zadnje tri godine u veoma skupoj kemijskoj srednjoj školi.
02:36
This has six carbon atoms, so "hexa," hexene-1-ol.
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Spoj ima šest ugljika; zbog toga „heksa“: heksanol.
02:40
It has one double bond, it has an alcohol on the end,
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Ima jednu dvostruku vezu i alkohol na kraju;
02:44
so it’s "ol," and that’s why they call it cis-3-hexene-1-ol.
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zbog toga je „ol“ i zato ga zovu cis-3-heksanol.
02:47
Once you figure this out, you can really impress people at parties.
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Jedanput kada to razumijete, stvarno možete impresionirati ljude na zabavama.
02:50
This smells of cut grass. Now, this is the skeleton of the molecule.
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Ovo je miris pokošene trave. A ovo je kostur te molekule.
02:54
If you dress it up with atoms, hydrogen atoms --
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Ako ga uljepšate atomima, vodikovim atomima,
02:57
that’s what it looks like when you have it on your computer --
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ovako će izgledati na vašem računalu,
02:59
but actually it’s sort of more like this, in the sense that the atoms have a certain
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zapravo više izgledaju ovako, tako da postoje određene sfere
03:03
sphere that you cannot penetrate. They repel.
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koje se ne mogu prekrižiti -- odbijaju se.
03:06
OK, now. Why does this thing smell of cut grass, OK?
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Ok, sada. Zašto ovo miriše po pokošenoj travi, ok?
03:12
Why doesn’t it smell of potatoes or violets? Well, there are really two theories.
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Zašto ne miriše kao krumpir ili ljubičica? Postoje dvije teorije.
03:18
But the first theory is: it must be the shape.
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Prva teorija je: mora da je tako zbog oblika.
03:22
And that’s a perfectly reasonable theory in the sense that
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I to je savršena teorija jer
03:24
almost everything else in biology works by shape.
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skoro sve u biologiji radi pomoću oblika.
03:26
Enzymes that chew things up, antibodies, it’s all, you know,
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Enzimi razgrađuju tvari, antitijela, znate,
03:30
the fit between a protein and whatever it is grabbing, in this case a smell.
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slaganje proteina i što god njemu odgovara; u ovom slučaju: miris.
03:36
And I will try and explain to you what’s wrong with this notion.
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Probat ću objasniti što je pogrešno u toj teoriji.
03:39
And the other theory is that we smell molecular vibrations.
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A druga teorija kaže da osjetimo vibracije molekula.
03:42
Now, this is a totally insane idea.
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E, to je luda ideja.
03:44
And when I first came across it in the early '90s, I thought my predecessor,
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I kada sam prvi put čuo za nju u ranim 90-ima, pomislio sam da su moji prethodnici
03:48
Malcolm Dyson and Bob Wright, had really taken leave of their senses,
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Malcom Dyson i Bob Wright sišli s uma
03:51
and I’ll explain to you why this was the case.
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i objasnit ću vam zašto.
03:54
However, I came to realize gradually that they may be right --
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Međutim, kasnije sam polagano shvatio da su možda bili u pravu --
03:57
and I have to convince all my colleagues that this is so, but I’m working on it.
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i moram uvjeriti sve svoje kolege u to pa radim na tome.
04:00
Here’s how shape works in normal receptors.
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Evo kako oblik djeluje na normalne receptore:
04:06
You have a molecule coming in, it gets into the protein, which is schematic here,
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imate molekule koje ulaze, dospiju u protein, čija je shema ovdje,
04:11
and it causes this thing to switch, to turn, to move in some way
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i to uzrokuje mijenjanje stvari, okretanje i pokretanje na neki način
04:16
by binding in certain parts.
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vežući određene dijelove.
04:20
And the attraction, the forces, between the molecule and the protein
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A ta privlačnost, sila između molekula i proteina,
04:22
cause the motion. This is a shape-based idea.
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uzrokuje pokretanje. Ovo je ideja utemeljena na obliku.
04:27
Now, what’s wrong with shape is summarized in this slide.
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Ono što je pogrešno kod oblika skraćeno je na ovom slajdu.
04:31
The way --I expect everybody to memorize these compounds.
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Način -- očekujem od svih da zapamte ove sastojke.
04:36
This is one page of work from a chemist’s workbook, OK?
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Ovo je jedna stranica iz bilježnice nekog kemičara, ok?
04:41
Working for a fragrance company.
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On radi za parfemsku tvrtku.
04:43
He’s making 45 molecules, and he’s looking for a sandalwood,
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Napravio je 45 molekula i traži sandalovinu,
04:46
something that smells of sandalwood.
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tj. nešto s mirisom sandalovine
04:47
Because there’s a lot of money in sandalwoods.
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zato što je iza sandalovine mnogo novca.
04:49
And of these 45 molecules, only 4629 actually smells of sandalwood.
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I od ovih 45 molekula, samo 4629 zapravo miriše poput sandalovine.
04:56
And he puts an exclamation mark, OK? This is an awful lot of work.
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I na ovo stavlja uskličnik, OK? To je mnogo posla.
04:59
This actually is roughly, in man-years of work, 200,000 dollars roughly,
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To je mnogo posla. To je zapravo, okvirno u godinama posla, 200.000 dolara okvirno,
05:04
if you keep them on the low salaries with no benefits.
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ako ih držite na niskim plaćama bez povlastica.
05:08
So this is a profoundly inefficient process.
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To je zapravo poprilično neučinkovit proces.
05:10
And my definition of a theory is, it’s not just something
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A moja definicija teorije je ne samo nešto što naučiš ljude,
05:13
that you teach people; it’s labor saving.
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već spas od rada.
05:15
A theory is something that enables you to do less work.
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Teorija je nešto što omogućuje da manje radite.
05:18
I love the idea of doing less work. So let me explain to you why -- a very simple fact
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Volim ideju o manje posla. Dopustite da vam objasnim zašto -- veoma jednostavna činjenica
05:24
that tells you why this shape theory really does not work very well.
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koja nam govori da teorija o oblicima ne radi baš najbolje.
05:29
This is cis-3-hexene-1-ol. It smells of cut grass.
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Ovo je cis-3-heksanol. Ima miris po pokošenoj travi.
05:34
This is cis-3-hexene-1-thiol, and this smells of rotten eggs, OK?
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Ovo je cis-3-heksantiol i ima miris po pokvarenim jajima, OK?
05:41
Now, you will have noticed that vodka never smells of rotten eggs.
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Sad, primijetili ste da votka nikada ne miriše po trulim jajima.
05:46
If it does, you put the glass down, you go to a different bar.
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Ako miriše, spustite čaše i odite u drugi bar.
05:50
This is -- in other words, we never get the O-H --
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Ovo -- drugim riječima, nikada ne pomiješamo -O-H --
05:55
we never mistake it for an S-H, OK?
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za –S-H, OK?
05:58
Like, at no concentration, even pure, you know,
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Čak i pri jako maloj koncentraciji, znate,
06:01
if you smelt pure ethanol, it doesn’t smell of rotten eggs.
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ako pomirišite čisti etanol, ne miriše po pokvarenim jajima.
06:04
Conversely, there is no concentration at which the sulfur compound will smell like vodka.
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Obrnuto, ne postoji sastojak od sumpora koji miriše poput votke.
06:11
It’s very hard to explain this by molecular recognition.
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Jako je teško ovo objasniti preko prepoznavanja molekula.
06:15
Now, I showed this to a physicist friend of mine who has a profound distaste
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Ovo sam pokazao kolegi fizičaru koji poprilično ne voli
06:17
for biology, and he says, "That’s easy! The things are a different color!"
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biologiju; rekao je: „To je lako! Ove stvari su različitih boja!“
06:21
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
06:26
We have to go a little beyond that. Now let me explain why vibrational theory has
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Sad ćemo malo zaći u ovo. Objasnit ću vam zašto sam se počeo
06:31
some sort of interest in it. These molecules, as you saw in the beginning,
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zanimati za teoriju o vibracijama. One molekule, kako ste vidjeli na početku,
06:35
the building blocks had springs connecting them to each other.
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imaju građevne materijale koji imaju opruge koje ih spajaju međusobno.
06:37
In fact, molecules are able to vibrate at a set of frequencies
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Zapravo, molekule mogu vibrirati frekvencijama
06:40
which are very specific for each molecule and for the bonds connecting them.
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koje su jako određene za svaku molekulu i za vezu među njima.
06:44
So this is the sound of the O-H stretch, translated into the audible range.
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Znači, ovo je zvuk O-H rastezanja preveden u zvučni raspon.
06:53
S-H, quite a different frequency.
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S-H -- ima podosta drugačiju frekvenciju.
06:55
Now, this is kind of interesting, because it tells you
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To je poprilično zanimljivo jer nam govori
06:59
that you should be looking for a particular fact, which is this:
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da trebamo tražiti određenu činjenicu, a to je ova:
07:02
nothing in the world smells like rotten eggs except S-H, OK?
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ništa na svijetu ne miriše kao pokvarena jaja osim S-H, OK?
07:06
Now, Fact B: nothing in the world has that frequency except S-H.
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Zatim činjenica B: ništa na svijetu nema takvu frekvenciju osim S-H.
07:13
If you look on this, imagine a piano keyboard.
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Ako gledate na to, zamislite tipkovnicu klavira.
07:15
The S-H stretch is in the middle of a part of the keyboard
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S-H rastezanje u sredini je tipkovnice
07:19
that has been, so to speak, damaged,
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i recimo da je oštećena
07:21
and there are no neighboring notes, nothing is close to it.
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i ne postoji nijedna susjedna nota, nijedna koja joj je bliska.
07:24
You have a unique smell, a unique vibration.
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Imate jedinstven miris, jedinstvenu vibraciju.
07:26
So I went searching when I started in this game
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Krenuo sam istraživati kada sam počeo igru
07:28
to convince myself that there was any degree of plausibility
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sebe da postoji mogućnost
07:31
to this whole crazy story.
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za ovu ludu priču.
07:33
I went searching for a type of molecule, any molecule,
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Tražio sam vrstu molekule, bilo koju molekulu
07:36
that would have that vibration and that -- the obvious prediction
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vibraciju koja -- očigledna pretpostavka je
07:41
was that it should absolutely smell of sulfur.
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da sam tražio molekulu koja miriše na sumpor.
07:43
If it didn’t, the whole idea was toast, and I might as well move on to other things.
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Da ne miriše, cijela bi ideja propala i bilo bi bolje da se uhvatim nečeg drugog.
07:49
Now, after searching high and low for several months,
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Nakon što sam naveliko istraživao nekoliko mjeseci,
07:53
I discovered that there was a type of molecule called a Borane
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otkrio sam da postoji vrsta molekule koju zovemo boran
07:58
which has exactly the same vibration.
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koja ima istu vibraciju.
08:00
Now the good news is, Boranes you can get hold of.
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Dobra vijest je da možete doći do borana.
08:03
The bad news is they’re rocket fuels.
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Loša vijest je da je to raketno gorivo.
08:06
Most of them explode spontaneously in contact with air,
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Većina njih spontano eksplodira u dodiru sa zrakom,
08:09
and when you call up the companies, they only give you minimum ten tons, OK?
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a kada zovete poduzeća, ona vam mogu jedino dati minimalno deset tona, OK?
08:13
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
08:16
So this was not what they call a laboratory-scale experiment,
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Ovo ne bismo nazvali eksperimentom na razini laboratorija,
08:19
and they wouldn’t have liked it at my college.
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a i ne bi se svidjelo mom fakultetu.
08:21
However, I managed to get a hold of a Borane eventually, and here is the beast.
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Ipak sam uspio nabaviti boran i zaključio sam ovo:
08:29
And it really does have the same -- if you calculate,
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on stvarno ima -- ako izračunate,
08:31
if you measure the vibrational frequencies, they are the same as S-H.
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izmjerite frekvencije vibracija, iste su kao kod S-H .
08:35
Now, does it smell of sulfur? Well, if you go back in the literature,
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A miriše li kao sumpor? Ako se vratite na literaturu,
08:40
there’s a man who knew more about Boranes than anyone
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postoji čovjek koji je znao više o boranima od svih
08:43
alive then or since, Alfred Stock, he synthesized all of them.
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živih tada, a i sada. Alfred Stock, on ih je sve sintetizirao.
08:48
And in an enormous 40-page paper in German he says, at one point --
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I na velikim papirima od 40 stranica na njemačkom kaže u jednoj točki --
08:54
my wife is German and she translated it for me --
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moja je žena Njemica pa mi je to prevela --
08:57
and at one point he says, "ganz widerlich Geruch,"
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u jednom dijelu kaže „ganz widerlich Geruch“,
08:59
an "absolutely repulsive smell," which is good. Reminiscent of hydrogen sulfide.
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jedan „jako odbojan miris“, što je dobro. Podsjeća na vodikov sulfid.
09:05
So this fact that Boranes smell of sulfur
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Ta činjenica da boran miriše poput sumpora
09:08
had been known since 1910, and utterly forgotten until 1997, 1998.
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zna se od 1910. i krajnje je zaboravljena do 1997.,1998.
09:15
Now, the slight fly in the ointment is this: that
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Sad, trn u oku je ovo:
09:19
if we smell molecular vibrations, we must have a spectroscope in our nose.
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mi mirišemo vibracije molekula, onda imamo spektroskop u našem nosu.
09:24
Now, this is a spectroscope, OK, on my laboratory bench.
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Ovo je spektroskop, OK, na mom radnom stolu.
09:29
And it’s fair to say that if you look up somebody’s nose,
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I mislim da mogu slobodno reći da, ako pogledate u nečiji nos,
09:31
you’re unlikely to see anything resembling this.
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nećete vidjeti ništa što podsjeća na to.
09:34
And this is the main objection to the theory.
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I to je glavni prigovor toj teoriji.
09:36
OK, great, we smell vibrations. How? All right?
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OK, super, mirišemo vibracije. Kako? Dobro?
09:41
Now when people ask this kind of question, they neglect something,
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Kada ljudi pitaju ovakva pitanja, izostave jednu stvar,
09:43
which is that physicists are really clever, unlike biologists.
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a to je da su fizičari zapravo pametni, za razliku od biologa.
09:47
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
09:50
This is a joke. I’m a biologist, OK?
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To je šala. Ja sam biolog. OK?
09:52
So it’s a joke against myself.
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To je šala na moj račun.
09:53
Bob Jacklovich and John Lamb at Ford Motor Company,
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Bob Jacklovich i John Lamb iz Ford Motor Company,
09:56
in the days when Ford Motor was spending vast amounts of money
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još u danima kada je Ford trošio velike količine novca
09:58
on fundamental research, discovered a way
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na fundamentalna istraživanja, otkrili su način
10:02
to build a spectroscope that was intrinsically nano-scale.
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kako napraviti spektroskop koji je stvarno na nano razini.
10:06
In other words, no mirrors, no lasers, no prisms, no nonsense,
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Drugim riječima, bez ogledala, lasera, prizmi, besmislica,
10:09
just a tiny device, and he built this device. And this device uses electron tunneling.
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samo mali uređaj, i napravili su taj uređaj. Uređaj radi kanaliziranjem elektrona.
10:14
Now, I could do the dance of electron tunneling,
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Sad, mogao bih otplesati ples kanaliziranja elektrona,
10:17
but I’ve done a video instead, which is much more interesting. Here’s how it works.
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ali napravio sam video umjesto toga koji je puno zanimljiviji. Ovako to radi.
10:22
Electrons are fuzzy creatures, and they can jump across gaps,
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Elektroni su nejasna stvorenja i mogu preskakati preko rupa,
10:26
but only at equal energy. If the energy differs, they can’t jump.
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ali samo uz određenu količinu energije. Ako se količina energije razlikuje, ne mogu skakati.
10:31
Unlike us, they won’t fall off the cliff.
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Za razliku od nas, neće pasti s litice.
10:33
OK. Now. If something absorbs the energy, the electron can travel.
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OK. Sad. Ako nešto apsorbira energiju, elektroni mogu putovati.
10:40
So here you have a system, you have something --
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I tako dobijete sustav, imate nešto --
10:43
and there’s plenty of that stuff in biology --
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toga ima dosta u biologiji --
10:44
some substance giving an electron, and the electron tries to jump,
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neka tvar koja daje elektron i elektron koji pokušava skočiti
10:49
and only when a molecule comes along that has the right vibration
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i jedino kada dođe molekula koja ima točnu vibraciju,
10:53
does the reaction happen, OK?
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dogodi se reakcija. OK?
10:55
This is the basis for the device that these two guys at Ford built.
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To je osnova za uređaj koji su dva momka u Fordu napravili.
10:59
And every single part of this mechanism is actually plausible in biology.
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Pojedini dio ovog mehanizma vjerojatan je u biologiji.
11:06
In other words, I’ve taken off-the-shelf components,
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Drugim riječima, uzeo sam dijelove s police
11:07
and I’ve made a spectroscope.
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i napravio spektroskop.
11:09
What’s nice about this idea, if you have a philosophical bent of mind,
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Ono što je zanimljivo kod ove ideje je da, ako imate filozofski nastrojen um,
11:13
is that then it tells you that the nose,
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ideja govori da su nos,
11:15
the ear and the eye are all vibrational senses.
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uši i oči senzori za vibracije.
11:18
Of course, it doesn’t matter, because it could also be that they’re not.
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Naravno, to je nebitno jer je isto tako moguće da nisu.
11:22
But it has a certain --
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Ali dobro zvuči --
11:23
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
11:25
-- it has a certain ring to it which is attractive to people
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-- dobro zvuči ljudima koji čitaju
11:29
who read too much 19th-century German literature.
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previše njemačke literature 19. stoljeća.
11:33
And then a magnificent thing happened:
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A zatim se dogodilo nešto veličanstveno:
11:34
I left academia and joined the real world of business,
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napustio sam studiranje i pridružio se stvarnom poslovnom svijetu
11:40
and a company was created around my ideas
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i stvorena je udruga oko moje ideje
11:43
to make new molecules using my method,
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da se stvore nove molekule koristeći moje metode
11:46
along the lines of, let’s put someone else’s money where your mouth is.
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uz krilaticu „nahranite svoja usta tuđim novcem“.
11:50
And one of the first things that happened was
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I jedna od prvih stvari koje smo radili jest
11:54
we started going around to fragrance companies
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odlazak uokolo po parfumerijskim tvrtkama
11:56
asking for what they needed, because, of course,
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i ispitivali što trebaju jer, naravno,
12:00
if you could calculate smell, you don’t need chemists.
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ako možete izračunati miris, za to vam ne treba kemičar.
12:02
You need a computer, a Mac will do it, if you know how to program the thing right,
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Trebate računalo; Mac je dovoljan ako se znate koristiti njime,
12:06
OK? So you can try a thousand molecules,
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OK? I tako možete isprobati tisuće,
12:10
you can try ten thousand molecules in a weekend,
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deset tisuća molekula tjedno
12:13
and then you only tell the chemists to make the right one.
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i onda samo kažete kemičaru da napravi pravu.
12:16
And so that’s a direct path to making new odorants.
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I to je izravan način pravljenja novih dezodoransa.
12:20
And one of the first things that happened was
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I jedna od prvih stvari koju smo napravili jest
12:21
we went to see some perfumers in France --
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i posjet proizvođačima parfema u Francuskoj --
12:23
and here’s where I do my Charles Fleischer impression --
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a ovdje pravim impresiju Charlesa Fleischera --
12:25
and one of them says, "You cannot make a coumarin."
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a jedan je od njih rekao: „Ne možeš napraviti kumarin“,
12:29
He says to me, "I bet you cannot make a coumarin."
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rekao mi je. „ Kladim se da ne možeš napraviti kumarin“.
12:32
Now, coumarin is a very common thing, a material,
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Kumarin je veoma rasprostranjena stvar, materijal
12:36
in fragrance which is derived from a bean that comes from South America.
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u mirisu koji se dobiva iz zrna koja dolazi iz Južne Amerike.
12:39
And it is the classic synthetic aroma chemical, OK?
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I to je klasično sintetizirana kemikalija arome, OK?
12:43
It’s the molecule that has made men’s fragrances
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To je molekula po kojoj parfemi mirišu
12:47
smell the way they do since 1881, to be exact.
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onako kako mirišu još od 1881., da budemo točni.
12:50
And the problem is it’s a carcinogen.
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A problem je u tome što je kancerogena.
12:53
So nobody likes particularly to -- you know, aftershave with carcinogens.
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A nitko ne voli previše -- znate, koristiti kolonjsku vodu s kancerogenima.
12:59
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
13:01
There are some reckless people, but it’s not worth it, OK?
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Postoje neki nemarni ljudi, ali to nije vrijedno toga, OK?
13:04
So they asked us to make a new coumarin. And so we started doing calculations.
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Uglavnom, pitali su nas da napravimo novi kumarin. I počeli smo računati.
13:09
And the first thing you do is you calculate the vibrational spectrum
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A prvo što trebate napraviti jest izračunati vibracijski spektar
13:12
of coumarin, and you smooth it out,
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kumarina i obraditi ga
13:13
so that you have a nice picture of what the sort of chord, so to speak, of coumarin is.
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tako da dobijete dobru sliku te vrste note; da kažemo note kumarina.
13:19
And then you start cranking the computer to find other molecules,
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I onda počnete raditi na računalu da pronađete molekule,
13:25
related or unrelated, that have the same vibrations.
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povezane ili nepovezane, koje imaju istu vibraciju.
13:28
And we actually, in this case, I’m sorry to say,
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I zapravo smo u tom slučaju, žao mi je što vam moram reći,
13:32
it happened -- it was serendipitous.
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dogodilo se -- bilo je ugodno iznenađenje.
13:34
Because I got a phone call from our chief chemist
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I to zato što sam dobio poziv od našeg glavnog kemičara
13:37
and he said, look, I’ve just found this such a beautiful reaction,
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koji je rekao: Čuj, upravo sam pronašao tako prekrasnu reakciju
13:42
that even if this compound doesn’t smell of coumarin,
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pa iako taj spoj ne miriši poput kumarina,
13:43
I want to do it, it’s just such a nifty,
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želim to učiniti, jer je jednostavno tako divan,
13:46
one step -- I mean, chemists have weird minds --
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korak od -- mislim, kemičari imaju čudne umove --
13:49
one step, 90 percent yield, you know, and you get this lovely
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korak od 90 postotne količina, znaš, i dobiješ ovaj divan
13:53
crystalline compound. Let us try it.
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kristalni spoj. Da pokušamo.
13:55
And I said, first of all, let me do the calculation on that compound, bottom right,
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I rekao sam da napravim prije svega račun o toj tvari,
13:59
which is related to coumarin, but has an extra pentagon inserted into the molecule.
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koja je povezana s kumarinom, ali ima dodatni pentagon stavljen u molekulu.
14:05
Calculate the vibrations, the purple spectrum is that new fellow,
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Izračunao sam vibracije; nova tvar ljubičastog je spektra,
14:10
the white one is the old one.
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a stara je bijelog.
14:11
And the prediction is it should smell of coumarin.
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Pretpostavka je da miriše poput kumarina.
14:15
They made it ... and it smelled exactly like coumarin.
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Napravili su je …i mirisala je potpuno isto kao kumarin.
14:23
And this is our new baby, called tonkene.
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I ovo je naša nova stvar, nazvana tonkin.
14:28
You see, when you’re a scientist, you’re always selling ideas.
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Vidite, kada ste znanstvenik, uvijek prodajete ideje.
14:30
And people are very resistant to ideas, and rightly so.
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A ljudi su jako otporni na ideje, i to s pravom:
14:34
Why should new ideas be accepted?
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Zašto bi nove ideje bile prihvaćene?
14:36
But when you put a little 10-gram vial on the table in front of perfumers
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Ali, kada pred parfumera stavite malu bočicu od 10 grama
14:42
and it smells like coumarin, and it isn’t coumarin,
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koja miriše na kumarin, a nije kumarin,
14:44
and you’ve found it in three weeks,
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i našli ste to u tri tjedna,
14:46
this focuses everybody’s mind wonderfully.
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to jako lijepo privlači svačiju pažnju.
14:49
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
14:50
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
14:56
And people often ask me, is your theory accepted?
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Ljudi me često pitaju je li moja teorija prihvaćena?
15:00
And I said, well, by whom? I mean most, you know -- there’s three attitudes:
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Odgovorim: „Kako kod koga“. Mislim, tu su tri stava:
15:05
You’re right, and I don’t know why, which is the most rational one at this point.
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„U pravu si i ne znam zašto“, koji se trenutno čini najracionalnijim,
15:09
You’re right, and I don’t care how you do it, in a sense;
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„U pravu si i ne zanima me kako si to napravio“,
15:13
you bring me the molecules, you know.
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a misle zapravo „Donesi mi tu molekulu“
15:14
And: You’re completely wrong, and I’m sure you’re completely wrong.
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i „Potpuno si u krivu i siguran sam da si u potpunosti u krivu“.
15:17
OK? Now, we’re dealing with people who only want results,
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OK? Sad se bavimo ljudima koji jedino žele rezultate,
15:20
and this is the commercial world.
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a ovo je komercijalni svijet.
15:22
And they tell us that even if we do it by astrology, they’re happy.
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Kažu nam da, čak i ako dođemo do njih pomoću astrologije, oni su sretni.
15:27
But we’re not actually doing it by astrology.
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Ali ne dolazimo do njih zapravo pomoću astrologije.
15:30
But for the last three years, I’ve had what I consider to be
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Ali u zadnje tri godine imao sam
15:32
the best job in the entire universe, which is to put my hobby --
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posao koji smatram najboljim poslom u cijelom svemiru; to je zapravo moj hobi --
15:37
which is, you know, fragrance and all the magnificent things --
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a to je, znate, mirisi i sve veličanstvene stvari --
15:39
plus a little bit of biophysics, a small amount of self-taught chemistry
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plus malo biofizike, mala količina samonaučene kemije
15:44
at the service of something that actually works.
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u službi nečega što zapravo djeluje.
15:46
Thank you very much.
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Puno hvala!
15:47
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Luca Turin - NoseBiophysicist Luca Turin studies the science of smell. He's the author of Perfumes: The Guide, and the subject of Chandler Burr's 2003 book The Emperor of Scent. His next project: developing an artificial nose.
Why you should listen
Biophysicist Luca Turin studies the science of smell. He's a leading proponent of the vibrational theory of smell -- the idea that when our noses pick up a scent, we're reacting to the vibrational properties of the molecule we're smelling. (This is in opposition to the shape theory of smell, which imagines smelly molecules fitting into conveniently shaped receptors in our noses.)
His work on olfactory reception and the prediction of what a particular molecule will smell like has led to an interesting line of work: designing new fragrances and flavor molecules, as part of the firm Flexitral, where he is CTO. Coming up, he'll be part of a team in Biomedical Engineering at MIT, headed by Professor Shuguang Zhang, to develop an artificial nose made with natural receptors as part of DARPA's just-launched RealNose program.
He's the author of several books on scent, including Perfumes: The Guide and The Secret of Scent, and is the subject of Chandler Burr's 2003 book The Emperor of Scent.
Luca Turin | Speaker | TED.com