ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Pete Alcorn - Media exec
Pete Alcorn is the head of podcasting for Apple, and a veteran of the paper-publishing industry.

Why you should listen

Pete Alcorn has been in the forefront of several head-snapping changes in media over the past two decades. Starting as a computer-textbook writer in the late '80s, Alcorn became fascinated with the new electronic side of print. He founded NetRead in the early '90s to help book publishers work with metadata and understand the next world of e-publishing.

Since 2005, he has led the podcasting operation at iTunes, bulking up the iTunes Music Store's podcast library with thousands of free (and very findable) titles. Before Apple, he led the sale of ebooks and electronic documents at Amazon.com. In his spare time, he thinks big thoughts.

More profile about the speaker
Pete Alcorn | Speaker | TED.com
TED2009

Pete Alcorn: The world in 2200

Pete Alcorn : Le monde en 2200

Filmed:
561,452 views

Dans cette brève allocution optimiste donnée dans le cadre de TED2009, Pete Alcorn partage sa vision du monde dans deux siècles, époque où le déclin démographique et les occasions prometteuses donneront tort à Malthus.
- Media exec
Pete Alcorn is the head of podcasting for Apple, and a veteran of the paper-publishing industry. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
I used to be a Malthusian.
0
0
3000
Avant, j’étais malthusien.
00:15
This was my mental model of the world:
1
3000
3000
Ceci était mon modèle mental du monde :
00:18
exploding population, small planet;
2
6000
3000
une démographie galopante, une petite planète;
00:21
it's going to lead to ugly things.
3
9000
2000
ça va mal tourner.
00:23
But I'm moving past Malthus,
4
11000
2000
Mais je me distancie de Malthus,
00:25
because I think that we just might be about 150 years
5
13000
3000
parce que peut-être sommes-nous à environ 150 ans
00:28
from a kind of new enlightenment.
6
16000
2000
d’une sorte de nouveau Siècle des lumières.
00:30
Here's why.
7
18000
2000
Voici pourquoi.
00:32
This is the U.N.'s population data,
8
20000
2000
Ce sont les données démographiques mondiales des Nations Unies,
00:34
you may have seen, for the world.
9
22000
3000
vous les connaissez peut-être.
00:37
And the world's population expected to top out
10
25000
2000
Et on s’attend à ce que la population mondiale culmine
00:39
at something hopefully a bit less than 10 billion, late this century.
11
27000
4000
à un peu moins de 10 milliards, on l’espère, à la fin de ce siècle.
00:43
And after that, most likely it's going to begin to decline.
12
31000
4000
Et après, elle va très probablement décliner.
00:47
So what then?
13
35000
3000
Et alors?
00:50
Most of the economic models are built around scarcity and growth.
14
38000
3000
La plupart des modèles économiques
sont construits autour de la rareté et de la croissance.
00:53
So a lot of economists
15
41000
2000
Donc beaucoup d’économistes
00:55
look at declining population
16
43000
2000
envisagent le déclin de la population
00:57
and expect to see stagnation, maybe depression.
17
45000
3000
et s’attendent à une stagnation, peut-être à une dépression.
01:00
But a declining population is going to have
18
48000
3000
Mais un déclin de la population aura
01:03
at least two very beneficial economic effects.
19
51000
4000
au moins deux effets économiques bénéfiques.
01:07
One: fewer people on a fixed amount of land
20
55000
5000
Un : moins de gens sur une superficie donnée de terre
01:12
make investing in property a bad bet.
21
60000
4000
rend l’investissement immobilier inintéressant.
01:16
In the cities, a lot of the cost of property
22
64000
4000
Dans les villes, le coût des propriétés
01:20
is actually wrapped up in its speculative value.
23
68000
4000
est surtout attribuable à leur valeur spéculative.
01:24
Take away land speculation,
24
72000
2000
Supprimez la spéculation foncière
01:26
price of land drops.
25
74000
2000
et le prix des terrains chute.
01:28
And that begins to lift a heavy burden
26
76000
2000
Et cela commence à soulager le lourd fardeau
01:30
off the world's poor.
27
78000
3000
qui pèse sur les pauvres du monde.
01:33
Number two: a declining population
28
81000
4000
Numéro deux : une population qui décline
01:37
means scarce labor.
29
85000
2000
signifie une main-d’œuvre rare.
01:39
Scarce labor drives wages.
30
87000
2000
Une main-d’œuvre rare fait augmenter les salaires.
01:41
As wages increase
31
89000
2000
Les salaires qui augmentent
01:43
that also lifts the burden on the poor and the working class.
32
91000
5000
soulage aussi le fardeau qui pèse sur les pauvres et la classe ouvrière.
01:48
Now I'm not talking about a radical drop in population like we saw in the Black Death.
33
96000
4000
Et je ne parle pas d’une chute brutale de la population
comme ce fut le cas avec la peste noire.
01:52
But look what happened in Europe
34
100000
2000
Mais regardons ce qui s’est passé en Europe
01:54
after the plague:
35
102000
2000
après la peste :
01:56
rising wages,
36
104000
2000
des salaires qui augmentent,
01:58
land reform,
37
106000
2000
des réformes agraires,
02:00
technological innovation,
38
108000
3000
des innovations technologiques,
02:03
birth of the middle class;
39
111000
2000
la naissance de la classe moyenne;
02:05
and after that, forward-looking social movements
40
113000
4000
et ensuite, des mouvements sociaux tournés vers l’avenir
02:09
like the Renaissance,
41
117000
2000
comme la Renaissance,
02:11
and later the Enlightenment.
42
119000
3000
et ensuite le Siècle des lumières.
02:14
Most of our cultural heritage has tended to look backward,
43
122000
3000
Notre héritage culturel a surtout eu tendance à se tourner vers le passé,
02:17
romanticizing the past.
44
125000
3000
à conférer au passé un air romantique.
02:20
All of the Western religions begin with the notion of Eden,
45
128000
3000
Toutes les religions occidentales commencent avec la notion de l’Éden,
02:23
and descend through a kind of profligate present
46
131000
3000
et tombent dans une sorte de présent immoral
02:26
to a very ugly future.
47
134000
3000
vers un avenir très sombre.
02:29
So human history is viewed
48
137000
2000
L’histoire de l’humanité est donc perçue
02:31
as sort of this downhill slide
49
139000
2000
comme une sorte de chute continue
02:33
from the good old days.
50
141000
2000
depuis le bon vieux temps.
02:35
But I think we're in for another change,
51
143000
3000
Mais j’anticipe un autre changement,
02:38
about two generations after the top of that curve,
52
146000
3000
environ deux générations après le sommet de la courbe,
02:41
once the effects of a declining population
53
149000
3000
une fois que les effets d’une population en déclin
02:44
start to settle in.
54
152000
2000
commencent à s’installer.
02:46
At that point, we'll start romanticizing the future again,
55
154000
4000
À ce stade, nous recommencerons à trouver l’avenir romantique
02:50
instead of the nasty, brutish past.
56
158000
3000
plutôt que le passé, affreux et sauvage.
02:53
So why does this matter?
57
161000
2000
Alors pourquoi est-ce important?
02:55
Why talk about social-economic movements
58
163000
2000
Pourquoi parler de mouvements sociaux-économiques
02:57
that may be more than a century away?
59
165000
2000
qui auront lieu dans peut-être plus d’un siècle?
02:59
Because transitions are dangerous times.
60
167000
4000
Parce que les transitions sont des périodes dangereuses.
03:03
When land owners start to lose money,
61
171000
3000
Quand les propriétaires fonciers se mettent à perdre de l’argent,
03:06
and labor demands more pay,
62
174000
2000
et que la main-d’œuvre exige des hausses de salaires,
03:08
there are some powerful interests that are going to fear for the future.
63
176000
4000
de puissants participants vont s’inquiéter pour l’avenir.
03:12
Fear for the future leads to some rash decisions.
64
180000
4000
Les craintes vis-à-vis de l’avenir entraînent des décisions imprudentes.
03:16
If we have a positive view about the future
65
184000
3000
Si nous percevons l’avenir de façon positive,
03:19
then we may be able to accelerate through that turn,
66
187000
3000
nous pourrons peut-être accélérer ce virage,
03:22
instead of careening off a cliff.
67
190000
3000
plutôt que de tomber d’une falaise.
03:25
If we can make it through the next 150 years,
68
193000
3000
Si nous pouvons traverser les 150 prochaines années,
03:28
I think that your great great grandchildren
69
196000
2000
je pense que vos arrières-arrières-petits-enfants
03:30
will forget all about Malthus.
70
198000
2000
oublieront tout de Malthus.
03:32
And instead, they'll be planning for the future
71
200000
4000
Ils feront plutôt des projets pour l’avenir
03:36
and starting to build the 22nd Century Enlightenment.
72
204000
3000
et se mettront à façonner les Lumières du 22e siècle.
03:39
Thank you.
73
207000
2000
Merci.
03:41
(Applause)
74
209000
2000
(Applaudissements)
Translated by Elisabeth Buffard
Reviewed by Caroline Gagné

▲Back to top

ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Pete Alcorn - Media exec
Pete Alcorn is the head of podcasting for Apple, and a veteran of the paper-publishing industry.

Why you should listen

Pete Alcorn has been in the forefront of several head-snapping changes in media over the past two decades. Starting as a computer-textbook writer in the late '80s, Alcorn became fascinated with the new electronic side of print. He founded NetRead in the early '90s to help book publishers work with metadata and understand the next world of e-publishing.

Since 2005, he has led the podcasting operation at iTunes, bulking up the iTunes Music Store's podcast library with thousands of free (and very findable) titles. Before Apple, he led the sale of ebooks and electronic documents at Amazon.com. In his spare time, he thinks big thoughts.

More profile about the speaker
Pete Alcorn | Speaker | TED.com

Data provided by TED.

This site was created in May 2015 and the last update was on January 12, 2020. It will no longer be updated.

We are currently creating a new site called "eng.lish.video" and would be grateful if you could access it.

If you have any questions or suggestions, please feel free to write comments in your language on the contact form.

Privacy Policy

Developer's Blog

Buy Me A Coffee