TED2005
Eva Vertes: Meet the future of cancer research
Pogled Eve Vertes na budućnost medicine
Filmed:
Readability: 4.6
1,137,786 views
Eva Vertes – imala je samo 19 godina kada je održala ovaj govor – govori o svom putovanju prema studiranju medicine i svom porivu da shvati korijene raka i Alzheimera.
Eva Vertes - Neuroscience and cancer researcher
Eva Vertes is a microbiology prodigy. Her discovery, at age 17, of a compound that stops fruit-fly brain cells from dying was regarded as a step toward curing Alzheimer's. Now she aims to find better ways to treat -- and avoid -- cancer. Full bio
Eva Vertes is a microbiology prodigy. Her discovery, at age 17, of a compound that stops fruit-fly brain cells from dying was regarded as a step toward curing Alzheimer's. Now she aims to find better ways to treat -- and avoid -- cancer. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:26
Thank you. It's really an honor and a privilege to be here
0
2000
4000
Hvala vam! Stvarno je čast i privilegija biti ovdje
00:30
spending my last day as a teenager.
1
6000
2000
i provesti zadnji dan kao teenager.
00:32
Today I want to talk to you about the future, but
2
8000
4000
Danas želim govoriti o budućnosti, ali
00:36
first I'm going to tell you a bit about the past.
3
12000
3000
prvo ću vam pričati malo o prošlosti.
00:39
My story starts way before I was born.
4
15000
4000
Moja priča počinje još prije nego što sam se rodila.
00:43
My grandmother was on a train to Auschwitz, the death camp.
5
19000
4000
Moja je baka bila na vlaku za Auschwitz, kamp smrti.
00:47
And she was going along the tracks, and the tracks split.
6
23000
5000
Putovala je tračnicama i one su se razdvajale.
00:52
And somehow -- we don't really know exactly the whole story -- but
7
28000
5000
I nekako – ne znamo zapravo cijelu priču – ali
00:57
the train took the wrong track and went to a work camp rather than the death camp.
8
33000
5000
vlak je otišao pogrešnim tračnicama i završio u radnom kampu, a ne kampu smrti.
01:02
My grandmother survived and married my grandfather.
9
38000
5000
Moja je baka preživjela i udala se za mog djeda.
01:07
They were living in Hungary, and my mother was born.
10
43000
3000
Živjeli su u Mađarskoj kada se moja majka rodila.
01:10
And when my mother was two years old,
11
46000
2000
Kada je mama imala 2 godine,
01:12
the Hungarian revolution was raging, and they decided to escape Hungary.
12
48000
5000
bjesnjela je Mađarska revolucija pa su odlučili pobjeći iz Mađarske.
01:17
They got on a boat, and yet another divergence --
13
53000
4000
Popeli su se na brod, i tu je bio još jedan rascjep –
01:21
the boat was either going to Canada or to Australia.
14
57000
3000
brod je išao ili u Kanadu ili u Australiju.
01:24
They got on and didn't know where they were going, and ended up in Canada.
15
60000
4000
Popeli su se i nisu znali gdje idu; i završili su u Kanadi.
01:28
So, to make a long story short, they came to Canada.
16
64000
3000
Da skratim dugačku priču, došli su u Kanadu.
01:31
My grandmother was a chemist. She worked at the Banting Institute in Toronto,
17
67000
4000
Moja je baka bila kemičarka. Radila je u Banting Institutu u Torontu
01:35
and at 44 she died of stomach cancer. I never met my grandmother,
18
71000
8000
i u 44. umrla od raka želuca. Nikada nisam upoznala svoju baku,
01:43
but I carry on her name -- her exact name, Eva Vertes --
19
79000
4000
ali nosim njezino ime – njezino točno ime, Eva Vertes –
01:47
and I like to think I carry on her scientific passion, too.
20
83000
4000
i volim misliti da nosim njezinu strast za znanost također.
01:51
I found this passion not far from here, actually, when I was nine years old.
21
87000
6000
Tu sam strast otkrila nedaleko odavde kada sam imala devet godina.
01:57
My family was on a road trip and we were in the Grand Canyon.
22
93000
5000
Moja je obitelj bila na putovanju i bili smo u Grand Canyonu.
02:02
And I had never been a reader when I was young --
23
98000
3000
Nisam voljela čitati kada sam bila mlada –
02:05
my dad had tried me with the Hardy Boys; I tried Nancy Drew;
24
101000
3000
moj otac je pokušao sa The Hardy Boys, i pokušala sam čitati Nancy Drew,
02:08
I tried all that -- and I just didn't like reading books.
25
104000
4000
pokušala sam sve to i nije mi se svidjelo čitati knjige.
02:12
And my mother bought this book when we were at the Grand Canyon
26
108000
4000
Moja je majka kupila knjigu kada smo bili u Grand Canyonu,
02:16
called "The Hot Zone." It was all about the outbreak of the Ebola virus.
27
112000
3000
zvala se „Vruća zona“. Radilo se o izbijanju virusa ebole.
02:19
And something about it just kind of drew me towards it.
28
115000
3000
Nešto u toj knjizi privlačilo me da ju pročitam.
02:22
There was this big sort of bumpy-looking virus on the cover,
29
118000
3000
Na naslovnoj stranici bio je nekakav veliki virus s kvrgama
02:25
and I just wanted to read it. I picked up that book,
30
121000
4000
i jednostavno sam htjela to čitati. Uzela sam knjigu
02:29
and as we drove from the edge of the Grand Canyon
31
125000
3000
i kako smo odlazili iz Grand Canyona
02:32
to Big Sur, and to, actually, here where we are today, in Monterey,
32
128000
3000
prema Big Suru, i upravo ovdje gdje smo danas, u Montereyu,
02:35
I read that book, and from when I was reading that book,
33
131000
5000
čitala sam tu knjigu. I od kada sam čitala tu knjigu
02:40
I knew that I wanted to have a life in medicine.
34
136000
3000
znam da se želim baviti medicinom.
02:43
I wanted to be like the explorers I'd read about in the book,
35
139000
3000
Htjela sam biti kao istraživači o kojima sam čitala u knjizi,
02:46
who went into the jungles of Africa,
36
142000
2000
koji su putovali u afričku džunglu,
02:48
went into the research labs and just tried to figure out
37
144000
2000
u istraživačkim laboratorijima i pokušavali otkriti
02:50
what this deadly virus was. So from that moment on, I read every medical book
38
146000
6000
što je taj smrtonosni virus. Od tog trenutka čitala sam svaku knjigu o medicini
02:56
I could get my hands on, and I just loved it so much.
39
152000
4000
do koje sam mogla doći, jednostavno sam ih obožavala.
03:00
I was a passive observer of the medical world.
40
156000
4000
Pasivno sam promatrala svijet medicine.
03:04
It wasn't until I entered high school that I thought,
41
160000
4000
Sve do srednje škole nisam pomislila
03:08
"Maybe now, you know -- being a big high school kid --
42
164000
3000
„Možda sada kada sam srednjoškolka,
03:11
I can maybe become an active part of this big medical world."
43
167000
5000
možda mogu postati aktivni dio tog velikog medicinskog svijeta.
03:16
I was 14, and I emailed professors at the local university
44
172000
5000
Imala sam 14 godina i poslala sam poruke profesorima na mjesnom sveučilištu
03:21
to see if maybe I could go work in their lab. And hardly anyone responded.
45
177000
5000
da vidim mogu li raditi u njihovom laboratoriju. I gotovo nitko nije odgovorio.
03:26
But I mean, why would they respond to a 14-year-old, anyway?
46
182000
4000
Zašto bi netko odgovorio 14-godišnjakinji?
03:30
And I got to go talk to one professor, Dr. Jacobs,
47
186000
4000
Uspjela sam razgovarati s jednim profesorom, doktorom Jacobsom,
03:34
who accepted me into the lab.
48
190000
3000
koji me primio u svoj laboratorij.
03:37
At that time, I was really interested in neuroscience
49
193000
3000
Tada sam bila zainteresirana za neuroznanost
03:40
and wanted to do a research project in neurology --
50
196000
3000
i htjela sam raditi istraživački projekt iz neurologije –
03:43
specifically looking at the effects of heavy metals on the developing nervous system.
51
199000
5000
tj. istraživati učinak teških metala na razvoj živčanog sustava.
03:48
So I started that, and worked in his lab for a year,
52
204000
5000
S time sam počela, radila sam u njegovom laboratoriju godinu dana
03:53
and found the results that I guess you'd expect to find
53
209000
4000
i dobila rezultate koji se mogu očekivati
03:57
when you feed fruit flies heavy metals -- that it really, really impaired the nervous system.
54
213000
5000
kada vinsku mušicu hranite teškim metalima – poprilično oštete živčani sustav.
04:02
The spinal cord had breaks. The neurons were crossing in every which way.
55
218000
4000
Kralježnična moždina imala je lomove. Neuroni su se povezivali na razne načine.
04:06
And from then I wanted to look not at impairment, but at prevention of impairment.
56
222000
5000
Otada nisam htjela promatrati oštećenja, već prevenciju oštećenja.
04:11
So that's what led me to Alzheimer's. I started reading about Alzheimer's
57
227000
6000
To me dovelo do Alzheimera. Počela sam čitati o Alzheimeru
04:17
and tried to familiarize myself with the research,
58
233000
3000
i pokušala se upoznati sa istraživanjima,
04:20
and at the same time when I was in the --
59
236000
2000
i u isto vrijeme kada sam –
04:22
I was reading in the medical library one day, and I read this article
60
238000
3000
u medicinskoj sam knjižnici čitala jedan članak
04:25
about something called "purine derivatives."
61
241000
2000
o nečemu što se naziva derivati purina.
04:27
And they seemed to have cell growth-promoting properties.
62
243000
5000
Imaju svojstvo da potiču stvaranje novih stanica.
04:32
And being naive about the whole field, I kind of thought,
63
248000
3000
I kako sam bila naivna što se tog područja tiče pomislila sam
04:35
"Oh, you have cell death in Alzheimer's
64
251000
2000
„ Imamo odumiranje stanica kod Alzheimera
04:37
which is causing the memory deficit, and then you have this compound --
65
253000
5000
što uzrokuje gubitak memorije, i onda imamo ove spojeve –
04:42
purine derivatives -- that are promoting cell growth."
66
258000
2000
derivate purina – koji potiču nastanak novih stanica“.
04:44
And so I thought, "Maybe if it can promote cell growth,
67
260000
3000
Pomislila sam „ Možda ako mogu potaknuti nastanak stanica,
04:47
it can inhibit cell death, too."
68
263000
2000
mogu i zaustaviti odumiranje stanica također."
04:49
And so that's the project that I pursued for that year,
69
265000
3000
Na tom sam projektu radila te godine,
04:52
and it's continuing now as well,
70
268000
3000
i sada traje također,
04:55
and found that a specific purine derivative called "guanidine"
71
271000
5000
otkrila sam da je određeni derivat purina zvan gvanidin
05:00
had inhibited the cell growth by approximately 60 percent.
72
276000
3000
potaknuo rast nastanka stanica za otprilike 60%.
05:03
So I presented those results at the International Science Fair,
73
279000
4000
Prikazala sam te rezultate na Međunarodnom znanstvenom sajmu,
05:07
which was just one of the most amazing experiences of my life.
74
283000
4000
što je bilo jedno od najboljih doživljaja u mom životu.
05:11
And there I was awarded "Best in the World in Medicine,"
75
287000
3000
Tamo sam nagrađena kao „Najbolja u svijetu medicine“
05:14
which allowed me to get in, or at least get a foot in the door of the big medical world.
76
290000
7000
što mi je omogućilo da zakoračim bar jednom nogom u veliki svijet medicine.
05:21
And from then on, since I was now in this huge exciting world,
77
297000
6000
Od tog trena bila sam u tom velikom i zanimljivom svijetu,
05:27
I wanted to explore it all. I wanted it all at once, but knew I couldn't really get that.
78
303000
5000
htjela sam ga cijelog istražiti. Htjela sam sve odjednom, ali znala sam da je to nemoguće.
05:32
And I stumbled across something called "cancer stem cells."
79
308000
2000
Naišla sam na nešto nazvano tumorske matične stanice.
05:34
And this is really what I want to talk to you about today -- about cancer.
80
310000
4000
O tome vam zapravo želim govoriti danas – o raku.
05:38
At first when I heard of cancer stem cells,
81
314000
4000
Kada sam prvi put čula za tumorske matične stanice
05:42
I didn't really know how to put the two together. I'd heard of stem cells,
82
318000
4000
nisam znala kako da to dvoje spojim. Čula sam za matične stanice,
05:46
and I'd heard of them as the panacea of the future --
83
322000
3000
da su univerzalni lijek budućnosti –
05:49
the therapy of many diseases to come in the future, perhaps.
84
325000
3000
terapija za mnoge bolesti iz budućnosti.
05:52
But I'd heard of cancer as the most feared disease of our time,
85
328000
4000
A čula sam za tumore da su najstrašnija bolest našeg doba,
05:56
so how did the good and bad go together?
86
332000
4000
pa kako to dvoje spojiti?
06:00
Last summer I worked at Stanford University, doing some research on cancer stem cells.
87
336000
6000
Prošlo ljeto radila sam u Stanford sveučilištu istraživanja o tumorskim matičnim stanicama.
06:06
And while I was doing this, I was reading the cancer literature,
88
342000
3000
Dok sam to radila čitala sam literaturu vezanu za tumore,
06:09
trying to -- again -- familiarize myself with this new medical field.
89
345000
5000
ponovno sam se pokušavala bolje upoznati sa tim novim medicinskim područjem.
06:14
And it seemed that tumors actually begin from a stem cell.
90
350000
8000
Ispostavilo se da tumori zapravo počinju od matične stanice.
06:22
This fascinated me. The more I read, the more I looked at cancer differently
91
358000
7000
To me fasciniralo. Što sam više čitala, sve više sam na tumor gledala drugačije
06:29
and almost became less fearful of it.
92
365000
2000
i gotovo mi više nije bio strašan.
06:32
It seems that cancer is a direct result to injury.
93
368000
5000
Čini se da je tumor izravna posljedica ozljede.
06:37
If you smoke, you damage your lung tissue, and then lung cancer arises.
94
373000
5000
Ako pušiš, oštećuješ plućno tkivo i pojavi se tumor pluća.
06:42
If you drink, you damage your liver, and then liver cancer occurs.
95
378000
5000
Ako piješ, ošteti se jetra i pojavi se tumor jetre.
06:47
And it was really interesting -- there were articles correlating
96
383000
3000
Ovo je bilo zanimljivo – pronašla sam članke koji je povezuju
06:50
if you have a bone fracture, and then bone cancer arises.
97
386000
3000
lomljenje kostiju sa tumorom kostiju.
06:53
Because what stem cells are -- they're these
98
389000
4000
Matične stanice – one su
06:57
phenomenal cells that really have the ability to differentiate
99
393000
4000
fenomenalne stanice koje imaju mogućnost da diferenciraju
07:01
into any type of tissue.
100
397000
2000
u bilo koju vrstu tkiva.
07:03
So, if the body is sensing that you have damage to an organ
101
399000
5000
Ako tijelo osjeti da ste oštetili neki organ
07:08
and then it's initiating cancer, it's almost as if this is a repair response.
102
404000
5000
ono započinje stvarati tumor kao popravak.
07:13
And the cancer, the body is saying the lung tissue is damaged,
103
409000
5000
I tako tumor, tijelo, kaže da je plućno tkivo oštećeno
07:18
we need to repair the lung. And cancer is originating in the lung
104
414000
4000
i da trebamo popraviti pluća. I tumor se pojavljuje u plućima
07:22
trying to repair -- because you have this excessive proliferation
105
418000
4000
pokušavajući ih popraviti – postoji to neumjereno umnožavanje
07:26
of these remarkable cells that really have the potential to become lung tissue.
106
422000
5000
tih neobičnih stanica koje imaju potencijal da postanu plućno tkivo.
07:31
But it's almost as if the body has originated this ingenious response,
107
427000
4000
Tijelo je započelo jedan genijalan odgovor,
07:35
but can't quite control it.
108
431000
2000
ali ga baš ne može kontrolirati.
07:37
It hasn't yet become fine-tuned enough to finish what has been initiated.
109
433000
5000
Nije još dovoljno usklađeno da završi ono što je započelo.
07:42
So this really, really fascinated me.
110
438000
3000
To me jako jako fascinira.
07:45
And I really think that we can't think about cancer --
111
441000
5000
Mislim da ne možemo razmišljati o tumoru –
07:50
let alone any disease -- in such black-and-white terms.
112
446000
3000
a kamoli o bilo kojoj bolesti - ne možemo ga sagledavati u krajnostima.
07:53
If we eliminate cancer the way we're trying to do now, with chemotherapy and radiation,
113
449000
6000
Ako uklanjamo rak na način na koji sada to radimo, s kemoterapijom i radijacijom,
07:59
we're bombarding the body or the cancer with toxins, or with radiation, trying to kill it.
114
455000
5000
bombardiramo tijelo i tumor toksinima, ili radijacijom, i pokušavamo ga ubiti.
08:04
It's almost as if we're getting back to this starting point.
115
460000
3000
Zapravo se skoro vraćamo na početak.
08:07
We're removing the cancer cells, but we're revealing the previous damage
116
463000
5000
Uklonimo tumorske stanice ali otkrivamo prijašnju štetu
08:12
that the body has tried to fix.
117
468000
2000
koju je tijelo pokušalo popraviti.
08:14
Shouldn't we think about manipulation, rather than elimination?
118
470000
5000
Zar ne bismo trebalo razmišljati o manipulaciji, a ne uklanjanju?
08:19
If somehow we can cause these cells to differentiate --
119
475000
4000
Ako nekako možemo natjerati te stanice da diferenciraju –
08:23
to become bone tissue, lung tissue, liver tissue,
120
479000
3000
da postanu koštano, plućno ili tkivo jetre,
08:26
whatever that cancer has been put there to do --
121
482000
3000
u što god se taj tumor trebao razviti –
08:29
it would be a repair process. We'd end up better than we were before cancer.
122
485000
9000
to bi zapravo bio proces popravka. Završili bismo bolje nego što smo bili prije tumora.
08:38
So, this really changed my view of looking at cancer.
123
494000
4000
To je promijenilo moj pogled na tumor.
08:42
And while I was reading all these articles about cancer,
124
498000
5000
Dok sam čitala sve te članke o tumoru,
08:47
it seemed that the articles -- a lot of them -- focused on, you know,
125
503000
2000
ispalo je da se mnogo njih fokusira
08:49
the genetics of breast cancer, and the genesis
126
505000
2000
na genetiku tumora dojke. Početak tumora,
08:51
and the progression of breast cancer --
127
507000
2000
njegov napredak –
08:53
tracking the cancer through the body, tracing where it is, where it goes.
128
509000
6000
praćenje tumora kroz tijelo, gdje se nalazi, gdje ide.
08:59
But it struck me that I'd never heard of cancer of the heart,
129
515000
5000
Začudilo me to što nikad nisam čula o tumoru srca
09:04
or cancer of any skeletal muscle for that matter.
130
520000
3000
ili tumoru skeletnih mišića.
09:07
And skeletal muscle constitutes 50 percent of our body,
131
523000
4000
A skeletni mišići su 50% ili čak
09:11
or over 50 percent of our body. And so at first I kind of thought,
132
527000
5000
i više od 50% našeg tijela. Pomislila sam
09:16
"Well, maybe there's some obvious explanation
133
532000
2000
„Možda postoji neko očigledno rješenje
09:18
why skeletal muscle doesn't get cancer -- at least not that I know of."
134
534000
4000
zašto skeletni mišići ne obolijevaju od raka – bar ja ne znam za njega.“
09:22
So, I looked further into it, found as many articles as I could,
135
538000
5000
Tražila sam dalje, pronašla sam što sam više članaka mogla
09:27
and it was amazing -- because it turned out that it was very rare.
136
543000
4000
i bilo je nevjerojatno jer je ispalo da je jako rijedak.
09:31
Some articles even went as far as to say that skeletal muscle tissue
137
547000
4000
Neki članci su išli toliko daleko da su rekli da su skeletni mišići
09:35
is resistant to cancer, and furthermore, not only to cancer,
138
551000
5000
otporni na tumor. Nadalje, ne samo na tumor nego
09:40
but of metastases going to skeletal muscle.
139
556000
4000
i na metastaze koje putuju u skeletne mišiće.
09:44
And what metastases are is when the tumor --
140
560000
3000
Metastaze su kada se tumor,
09:47
when a piece -- breaks off and travels through the blood stream
141
563000
3000
dio tumora, odvoji, putuje kroz krvne žile
09:50
and goes to a different organ. That's what a metastasis is.
142
566000
4000
i ode u drugi organ. To je metastaza.
09:54
It's the part of cancer that is the most dangerous.
143
570000
3000
Najopasniji dio tumora.
09:57
If cancer was localized, we could likely remove it,
144
573000
3000
Ako je tumor lokaliziran, može se lagano izvaditi ili
10:00
or somehow -- you know, it's contained. It's very contained.
145
576000
4000
izolirati. Poprilično je odvojen.
10:04
But once it starts moving throughout the body, that's when it becomes deadly.
146
580000
3000
Ali kada se jednom počne kretati po tijelu, onda postaje smrtonosan.
10:07
So the fact that not only did cancer not seem to originate in skeletal muscles,
147
583000
5000
Činjenica je da tumor ne samo da ne započinje u skeletnim mišićima
10:12
but cancer didn't seem to go to skeletal muscle --
148
588000
3000
nego ni ne odlazi u njih –
10:15
there seemed to be something here.
149
591000
2000
izgleda da postoji nešto u tome.
10:17
So these articles were saying, you know, "Skeletal --
150
593000
2000
Članak je rekao „Skeletni –
10:19
metastasis to skeletal muscle -- is very rare."
151
595000
3000
metastaze u skeletnim mišićima su – jako rijetke.“
10:22
But it was left at that. No one seemed to be asking why.
152
598000
4000
I na tome je ostalo. Nitko se nije pitao zašto.
10:26
So I decided to ask why. At first -- the first thing I did
153
602000
7000
Odlučila sam pitati zašto. Prva stvar koju sam učinila,
10:33
was I emailed some professors who
154
609000
2000
poslala sam poruke nekim profesorima koji
10:35
specialized in skeletal muscle physiology, and pretty much said,
155
611000
3000
su specijalizirani u fiziologiji skeletnih mišića, a zvučalo je ovako
10:38
"Hey, it seems like cancer doesn't really go to skeletal muscle.
156
614000
6000
„ Hej, izgleda da tumor ne odlazi u skeletne mišiće,
10:44
Is there a reason for this?" And a lot of the replies I got were that
157
620000
4000
postoji li razlog za to?“ I mnogo odgovora je govorilo da su
10:48
muscle is terminally differentiated tissue.
158
624000
4000
mišići krajnje diferencirano tkivo.
10:52
Meaning that you have muscle cells, but they're not dividing,
159
628000
3000
To znači da se mišićne stanice ne dijele,
10:55
so it doesn't seem like a good target for cancer to hijack.
160
631000
4000
pa one ne izgledaju kao dobra meta za tumore.
10:59
But then again, this fact that the metastases
161
635000
3000
Ali činjenicu da metastaze
11:02
didn't go to skeletal muscle made that seem unlikely.
162
638000
4000
ne odlaze u skeletne mišiće nije objašnjavala ta teorija.
11:06
And furthermore, that nervous tissue -- brain -- gets cancer,
163
642000
5000
Nadalje, živčano tkivo – mozak – dobije tumor,
11:11
and brain cells are also terminally differentiated.
164
647000
3000
a stanice mozga su krajnje diferencirane.
11:14
So I decided to ask why. And here's some of, I guess, my hypotheses
165
650000
6000
Pa sam odlučila pitati zašto. I ovo je moja hipoteza
11:20
that I'll be starting to investigate this May at the Sylvester Cancer Institute in Miami.
166
656000
9000
koju ću početi istraživati ovog svibnja na Sylvester institutu za tumor u Miamiju
11:29
And I guess I'll keep investigating until I get the answers.
167
665000
5000
I pretpostavljam da ću istraživati dok ne dobijem odgovor.
11:34
But I know that in science, once you get the answers,
168
670000
3000
Ali znam da u znanosti jednom kada se dobije odgovor
11:37
inevitably you're going to have more questions.
169
673000
2000
neizbježno se dobije još pitanja.
11:39
So I guess you could say that I'll probably be doing this for the rest of my life.
170
675000
5000
Pa se može reći da ću to raditi cijelog svog života.
11:44
Some of my hypotheses are that
171
680000
3000
Dio je moje hipoteze taj da
11:47
when you first think about skeletal muscle,
172
683000
3000
kada se razmisli o skeletnom mišiću,
11:50
there's a lot of blood vessels going to skeletal muscle.
173
686000
3000
u skeletne mišiće dolazi puno krvnih žila.
11:53
And the first thing that makes me think is that
174
689000
4000
Prvo na što sam pomislila je to da su
11:57
blood vessels are like highways for the tumor cells.
175
693000
3000
krvne žile putovi za tumorske stanice.
12:00
Tumor cells can travel through the blood vessels.
176
696000
2000
Tumorske stanice mogu putovati kroz krvne žile.
12:02
And you think, the more highways there are in a tissue,
177
698000
4000
I pomisliš, ako postoji puno putova u tkivu,
12:06
the more likely it is to get cancer or to get metastases.
178
702000
4000
veća je šansa da se dobije tumor ili metastaza.
12:10
So first of all I thought, you know, "Wouldn't it be favorable
179
706000
3000
Prvo sam pomislila „ Ne bi li tumor želio
12:13
to cancer getting to skeletal muscle?" And as well,
180
709000
3000
dospjeti u skeletni mišić?“ Također,
12:16
cancer tumors require a process called angiogenesis,
181
712000
5000
tumori zahtijevaju proces koji se zove angiogeneza,
12:21
which is really, the tumor recruits the blood vessels to itself
182
717000
4000
što je zapravo kada tumor preuzima krvne žile za sebe,
12:25
to supply itself with nutrients so it can grow.
183
721000
3000
kako bi se snabdijevao tvarima za rast.
12:28
Without angiogenesis, the tumor remains the size of a pinpoint and it's not harmful.
184
724000
7000
Bez angiogeneze tumor ostaje veličine točkice i nije štetan.
12:35
So angiogenesis is really a central process to the pathogenesis of cancer.
185
731000
6000
Znači angiogeneza je zapravo glavni proces koji vodi ka patološkom nastanku tumora.
12:41
And one article that really stood out to me
186
737000
3000
Jedan od članaka koji se isticao
12:44
when I was just reading about this, trying to figure out why cancer doesn't go to skeletal
187
740000
4000
kada sam čitala o tome, pokušavajući otkriti zašto tumor ne ide u skeletne
12:48
muscle, was that it had reported 16 percent of micro-metastases
188
744000
7000
mišiće, govorio je da se 16% mikrometastaza
12:55
to skeletal muscle upon autopsy.
189
751000
2000
otkrije u skeletnim mišićima tijekom obdukcije.
12:57
16 percent! Meaning that there were these pinpoint tumors in skeletal muscle,
190
753000
5000
16%! To znači da postoje te točkice tumora u skeletnim mišićima,
13:02
but only .16 percent of actual metastases --
191
758000
5000
ali samo 16% veličine prave metastaze –
13:07
suggesting that maybe skeletal muscle is able to control the angiogenesis,
192
763000
6000
to sugerira da možda skeletni mišići mogu kontrolirati angiogenezu,
13:13
is able to control the tumors recruiting these blood vessels.
193
769000
5000
mogu kontrolirati tumor koji preuzima te krvne žile.
13:18
We use skeletal muscles so much. It's the one portion of our body --
194
774000
5000
Puno koristimo skeletne mišiće. To je jedan udio našeg tijela –
13:23
our heart's always beating. We're always moving our muscles.
195
779000
3000
naše srce uvijek kuca, naši su mišići uvijek u pokretu.
13:26
Is it possible that muscle somehow intuitively knows
196
782000
4000
Je li moguće da mišić intuitivno zna
13:30
that it needs this blood supply? It needs to be constantly contracting,
197
786000
4000
da treba te dotoke krvi? Treba se stalno kontrahirati
13:34
so therefore it's almost selfish. It's grabbing its blood vessels for itself.
198
790000
3000
pa je zato škrt. Uzima krvne žile za sebe.
13:37
Therefore, when a tumor comes into skeletal muscle tissue,
199
793000
4000
Zato kada tumor dođe u skeletni mišić
13:41
it can't get a blood supply, and can't grow.
200
797000
3000
ne može dobiti dotok krvi i ne može rasti.
13:44
So this suggests that maybe if there is an anti-angiogenic factor
201
800000
5000
To sugerira da možda postoji anti-angiogenski faktor
13:49
in skeletal muscle -- or perhaps even more,
202
805000
2000
u skeletnim mišićima – ili čak faktor
13:51
an angiogenic routing factor, so it can actually direct where the blood vessels grow --
203
807000
5000
koji usmjerava angiogenezu, tako da može usmjeriti gdje krvne žile trebaju rasti.
13:56
this could be a potential future therapy for cancer.
204
812000
4000
Ovo bi mogla biti potencijalna terapija za rak u budućnosti.
14:00
And another thing that's really interesting is that
205
816000
5000
Još jedna zanimljiva stvar je ta da
14:05
there's this whole -- the way tumors move throughout the body,
206
821000
4000
postoje svi ti putovi kojima tumor putuje,
14:09
it's a very complex system -- and there's something called the chemokine network.
207
825000
4000
i to je jako složen sustav – i postoji nešto što se zove mreža kemokina.
14:13
And chemokines are essentially chemical attractants,
208
829000
4000
Kemokini privlače tvari,
14:17
and they're the stop and go signals for cancer.
209
833000
3000
oni su stop i start signali za tumor.
14:20
So a tumor expresses chemokine receptors,
210
836000
5000
Tumor ispušta svoje receptore za kemokine,
14:25
and another organ -- a distant organ somewhere in the body --
211
841000
3000
a drugi organ, daleki organ negdje u tijelu,
14:28
will have the corresponding chemokines,
212
844000
2000
ima kemokine koji se podudaraju;
14:30
and the tumor will see these chemokines and migrate towards it.
213
846000
4000
tumor će vidjeti te kemokine i otputovati prema njima.
14:34
Is it possible that skeletal muscle doesn't express this type of molecules?
214
850000
5000
Je li moguće da skeletni mišići ne ispuštaju te vrste molekula?
14:39
And the other really interesting thing is that
215
855000
3000
Još jedna poprilično zanimljiva stvar je ta
14:42
when skeletal muscle -- there's been several reports that when skeletal
216
858000
4000
da kada skeletni mišić – postoji nekoliko izvještaja da kada je skeletni
14:46
muscle is injured, that's what correlates with metastases going to skeletal muscle.
217
862000
7000
mišić ozlijeđen, to je povezano sa odlaženjem metastaza u skeletni mišić.
14:53
And, furthermore, when skeletal muscle is injured,
218
869000
3000
Nadalje, kada je skeletni mišić ozlijeđen
14:56
that's what causes chemokines -- these signals saying,
219
872000
4000
to uzrokuje kemokine – signale koji govore
15:00
"Cancer, you can come to me," the "go signs" for the tumors --
220
876000
4000
„Tumore, dođi do mene“, znak start za tumor –
15:04
it causes them to highly express these chemokines.
221
880000
4000
uzrokuje visoko ispuštanje tih kemokina.
15:08
So, there's so much interplay here.
222
884000
7000
Postoji puno uzajamnog utjecaja.
15:15
I mean, there are so many possibilities
223
891000
2000
Mislim, postoji puno mogućnosti
15:17
for why tumors don't go to skeletal muscle.
224
893000
3000
zašto tumor ne odlazi u skeletne mišiće.
15:20
But it seems like by investigating, by attacking cancer,
225
896000
4000
Čini se da istraživanjem, napadanjem tumora,
15:24
by searching where cancer is not, there has got to be something --
226
900000
4000
traženja tumora tamo gdje ga nema može se pronaći nešto –
15:28
there's got to be something -- that's making this tissue resistant to tumors.
227
904000
6000
mora postojati nešto što čini to tkivo otpornim na tumore.
15:34
And can we utilize -- can we take this property,
228
910000
3000
Možemo li iskoristiti – možemo li uzeti to svojstvo,
15:37
this compound, this receptor, whatever it is that's controlling these
229
913000
4000
taj sastojak, receptor, što god to bilo što kontrolira
15:41
anti-tumor properties and apply it to cancer therapy in general?
230
917000
7000
antitumorska svojstva i primijeniti ga kao opću tumorsku terapiju?
15:48
Now, one thing that kind of ties the resistance of skeletal muscle to cancer --
231
924000
8000
Jedna stvar koja povezuje otpornost skeletnih mišića sa tumorom,
15:56
to the cancer as a repair response gone out of control in the body --
232
932000
5000
sa tumorom kao odgovorom za popravak koji je otišao izvan kontrole u tijelu,
16:01
is that skeletal muscle has a factor in it called "MyoD."
233
937000
8000
je ta da skeletni mišić ima faktor koji je zove MyoD.
16:09
And what MyoD essentially does is, it causes cells to differentiate
234
945000
5000
Ono što MyoD radi jest da uzrokuje diferencijaciju
16:14
into muscle cells. So this compound, MyoD,
235
950000
5000
stanica u mišićne stanice. Ta tvar, MyoD
16:19
has been tested on a lot of different cell types and been shown to
236
955000
4000
je testirana na mnogo različitih tipova stanica i pokazalo se da
16:23
actually convert this variety of cell types into skeletal muscle cells.
237
959000
4000
mijenja stanice različitih tipova u mišićne stanice.
16:27
So, is it possible that the tumor cells are going to the skeletal muscle tissue,
238
963000
6000
Je li moguće da tumorske stanice odlaze u tkivo skeletnih mišića,
16:33
but once in contact inside the skeletal muscle tissue,
239
969000
4000
ali jednom kada su unutar tkiva skeletnog mišića
16:37
MyoD acts upon these tumor cells and causes them
240
973000
5000
MyoD djeluje na tumorske stanice i uzrokuje njihovu
16:42
to become skeletal muscle cells?
241
978000
3000
promjenu u tkivo skeletnog mišića?
16:45
Maybe tumor cells are being disguised as skeletal muscle cells,
242
981000
3000
Možda su tumorske stanice prerušene u stanice skeletnog mišića
16:48
and this is why it seems as if it is so rare.
243
984000
5000
i zato nam se čine tako rijetke.
16:53
It's not harmful; it has just repaired the muscle.
244
989000
3000
Nije štetno, samo je mišić popravljen.
16:56
Muscle is constantly being used -- constantly being damaged.
245
992000
3000
Mišići se stalno koriste, stalno se i oštećuju.
16:59
If every time we tore a muscle
246
995000
3000
Ako svaki put kada razderemo mišić
17:02
or every time we stretched a muscle or moved in a wrong way,
247
998000
3000
ili kada ga rastegnemo ili pokrenemo u pogrešnom smjeru
17:05
cancer occurred -- I mean, everybody would have cancer almost.
248
1001000
7000
pojavi se tumor, skoro svi bi imali tumore.
17:12
And I hate to say that. But it seems as though muscle cell,
249
1008000
4000
Ne volim ovo govoriti; izgleda da se mišićna stanica
17:16
possibly because of all its use, has adapted
250
1012000
3000
vjerojatno zbog korištenja prilagodila
17:19
faster than other body tissues to respond to injury,
251
1015000
3000
brže nego druga tkiva da odgovara na povrijedu,
17:22
to fine-tune this repair response and actually be able to finish the process
252
1018000
6000
da pravilno odradi takav odgovor popravkom i zapravo je sposobna završiti taj proces
17:28
which the body wants to finish. I really believe that the human body is very,
253
1024000
5000
koji tijelo želi završiti. Vjerujem da je ljudsko tijelo jako jako
17:33
very smart, and we can't counteract something the body is saying to do.
254
1029000
6000
pametno i da ne možemo činiti nasuprot nečemu što tijelo govori da se učini.
17:39
It's different when a bacteria comes into the body --
255
1035000
3000
Drugačije je kada bakerija uđe u tijelo,
17:42
that's a foreign object -- we want that out.
256
1038000
4000
ona je strano tijelo, to želimo izbaciti.
17:46
But when the body is actually initiating a process
257
1042000
2000
Ali kada samo tijelo započne proces,
17:48
and we're calling it a disease, it doesn't seem as though elimination is
258
1044000
4000
a mi ga na zovemo bolešću, mislim da eliminacija
17:52
the right solution. So even to go from there, it's possible, although far-fetched,
259
1048000
8000
nije pravo rješenje. Polazeći od toga moguće je, iako pomalo nategnuto,
18:00
that in the future we could almost think of cancer being used as a therapy.
260
1056000
7000
daleko u budućnosti mogli bismo koristiti tumor kao terapiju.
18:07
If those diseases where tissues are deteriorating --
261
1063000
3000
Ako bismo mogli bolesti gdje se tkiva troše-
18:10
for example Alzheimer's, where the brain, the brain cells, die
262
1066000
5000
na primjer Alzheimer, gdje mozak, stanice mozga odumiru,
18:15
and we need to restore new brain cells, new functional brain cells --
263
1071000
4000
i trebaju se zamijeniti novim stanicama mozga, novim funkcionalnim stanicama mozga -
18:19
what if we could, in the future, use cancer? A tumor --
264
1075000
4000
što ako bismo mogli u budućnosti koristiti tumore? Tumor,
18:23
put it in the brain and cause it to differentiate into brain cells?
265
1079000
5000
umetnut u mozak i natjeran da diferencira u stanice mozga?
18:28
That's a very far-fetched idea, but I really believe that it may be possible.
266
1084000
6000
To je poprilično nepojmljiva ideja, ali vjerujem da je moguća.
18:34
These cells are so versatile, these cancer cells are so versatile --
267
1090000
4000
Ove stanice su jako promjenjive, te tumorske stanice su jako promjenjive,
18:38
we just have to manipulate them in the right way.
268
1094000
3000
samo moramo na pravi način manipulirati njima.
18:41
And again, some of these may be far-fetched, but
269
1097000
4000
Ponovno, neke od ovih ideja su možda malo vjerojatne,
18:45
I figured if there's anywhere to present far-fetched ideas, it's here at TED, so
270
1101000
5000
ali pomislila sam, ako ću negdje prezentirati „nategnute“ ideje, to je ovdje na TED-u,
18:50
thank you very much.
271
1106000
2000
pa vam svima puno zahvaljujem.
18:52
(Applause)
272
1108000
3000
(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Eva Vertes - Neuroscience and cancer researcherEva Vertes is a microbiology prodigy. Her discovery, at age 17, of a compound that stops fruit-fly brain cells from dying was regarded as a step toward curing Alzheimer's. Now she aims to find better ways to treat -- and avoid -- cancer.
Why you should listen
Eva Vertes may not yet have the answers she needs to cure cancer, but she's asking some important -- and radical questions: If smoking can cause lung cancer, and drinking can cause liver cancer, is it possible that cancer is a direct result of injury? If so, could cancer be caused by the body's own repair system going awry?
She asks this and other breathtaking questions in her conference-closing 2005 talk. Her approach marks an important shift in scientific thinking, looking in brand-new places for cancer's cause -- and its cure. Her ultimate goal, which even she calls far-fetched, is to fight cancer with cancer.
Eva Vertes | Speaker | TED.com