TED2005
Eva Vertes: Meet the future of cancer research
Eva Vertesa veras medicīnas nākotnē
Filmed:
Readability: 4.6
1,137,786 views
Eva Vertesa -- kura sniedzot šo runu bija tikai 19 gadus veca -- stāsta par to, kā viņa sāka studēt medicīnu un par viņas centieniem izprast vēža cēloņus un Alcheimera slimību.
Eva Vertes - Neuroscience and cancer researcher
Eva Vertes is a microbiology prodigy. Her discovery, at age 17, of a compound that stops fruit-fly brain cells from dying was regarded as a step toward curing Alzheimer's. Now she aims to find better ways to treat -- and avoid -- cancer. Full bio
Eva Vertes is a microbiology prodigy. Her discovery, at age 17, of a compound that stops fruit-fly brain cells from dying was regarded as a step toward curing Alzheimer's. Now she aims to find better ways to treat -- and avoid -- cancer. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:26
Thank you. It's really an honor and a privilege to be here
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Paldies! Esmu ļoti pagodināta šeit atrasties, pavadot
00:30
spending my last day as a teenager.
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manas pēdējās dienas kā pusaudzei.
00:32
Today I want to talk to you about the future, but
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Šodien gribu runāt par nākotni, bet
00:36
first I'm going to tell you a bit about the past.
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vispirms es jums šo to pastāstīšu par pagātni.
00:39
My story starts way before I was born.
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Mans stāsts sākas ilgi pirms manas dzimšanas.
00:43
My grandmother was on a train to Auschwitz, the death camp.
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Mana vecmāmiņa bija vilcienā uz Aušvici, uz nāves nometni.
00:47
And she was going along the tracks, and the tracks split.
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Vilciens brauca pa sliedēm, un sliedes atdalījās.
00:52
And somehow -- we don't really know exactly the whole story -- but
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Un kaut kādā veidā -- mēs īsti nezinām visu stāstu -- bet
00:57
the train took the wrong track and went to a work camp rather than the death camp.
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vilciens aizbrauca pa nepareizajām sliedēm uz darba nometni, nevis nāves nometni.
01:02
My grandmother survived and married my grandfather.
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Mana vecmāmiņa izdzīvoja un apprecēja manu vectētiņu
01:07
They were living in Hungary, and my mother was born.
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Viņi dzīvoja Ungārijā, un tur piedzima mana māte.
01:10
And when my mother was two years old,
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Kad mana māte bija divus gadus veca,
01:12
the Hungarian revolution was raging, and they decided to escape Hungary.
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ungāru revolūcija sita augstu vilni, un viņi nolēma aizbēgt no Ungārijas.
01:17
They got on a boat, and yet another divergence --
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Viņi sameklēja laivu, un notika vēl viena sagadīšanās --
01:21
the boat was either going to Canada or to Australia.
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laiva dotos vai nu uz Kanādu, vai Austrāliju.
01:24
They got on and didn't know where they were going, and ended up in Canada.
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Kad viņi tika laivā, viņi nezināja, uz kurieni tā brauks, un beigu beigās nokļuva Kanādā.
01:28
So, to make a long story short, they came to Canada.
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Īsumā, mani vecāki ieradās Kanādā.
01:31
My grandmother was a chemist. She worked at the Banting Institute in Toronto,
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Mana vecmāmiņa bija ķīmiķe. Viņa strādāja Bentinga institūtā, Toronto,
01:35
and at 44 she died of stomach cancer. I never met my grandmother,
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un 44 gadu vecumā nomira ar kuņģa vēzi. Es nekad neesmu satikusi savu vecmāmiņu,
01:43
but I carry on her name -- her exact name, Eva Vertes --
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bet es nesu viņas vārdu -- Eva Vertesa ---
01:47
and I like to think I carry on her scientific passion, too.
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un man patīk domāt, ka sevī nesu arī viņas mīlestību pret zinātni.
01:51
I found this passion not far from here, actually, when I was nine years old.
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Es atklāju šo mīlestību netālu no šejienes, būdama 9 gadus veca,
01:57
My family was on a road trip and we were in the Grand Canyon.
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mana ģimene bija devusies ceļojumā ar mašīnu, un mēs bijām Lielajā kanjonā, Arizonas štatā.
02:02
And I had never been a reader when I was young --
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Un es bērnībā nekad nebiju bijusi liela grāmatu lasītāja --
02:05
my dad had tried me with the Hardy Boys; I tried Nancy Drew;
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mans tēvs bija izmēģinājis ar mani Hārdiju brāļus, es biju mēģinājusi Nensiju Drjū,
02:08
I tried all that -- and I just didn't like reading books.
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Es to visu biju mēģinājusi -- bet man vienkārši nepatika lasīt grāmatas.
02:12
And my mother bought this book when we were at the Grand Canyon
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Un mana māte nopirka šo grāmatu, kad bijām Lielajā kanjonā,
02:16
called "The Hot Zone." It was all about the outbreak of the Ebola virus.
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ar nosaukumu “Karstā zona”. Tā bija par Ebolas vīrusa uzliesmojumu.
02:19
And something about it just kind of drew me towards it.
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Un kaut kas tajā grāmatā mani it kā pievilka.
02:22
There was this big sort of bumpy-looking virus on the cover,
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Uz grāmatas vāka bija liels, grumbuļaina izskata vīruss,
02:25
and I just wanted to read it. I picked up that book,
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un man vienkārši gribējās to lasīt. Es paņēmu šo grāmatu,
02:29
and as we drove from the edge of the Grand Canyon
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un, kamēr mēs braucām no Lielā kanjona
02:32
to Big Sur, and to, actually, here where we are today, in Monterey,
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uz Bigsjuru uz -- faktiski šejieni -- Montereju, kur pašlaik atrodamies.
02:35
I read that book, and from when I was reading that book,
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Es izlasīju šo grāmatu, un kopš tā brīža
02:40
I knew that I wanted to have a life in medicine.
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Es zināju, ka gribēju veltīt savu dzīvi medicīnai.
02:43
I wanted to be like the explorers I'd read about in the book,
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Es gribēju būt kā tie pētnieki, par kuriem lasīju tajā grāmatā,
02:46
who went into the jungles of Africa,
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kuri devās uz Āfrikas džungļiem,
02:48
went into the research labs and just tried to figure out
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devās uz pētnieciskām laboratorijām un mēģināja saprast,
02:50
what this deadly virus was. So from that moment on, I read every medical book
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kas bija šis nāvīgais vīruss. Sākot no tā brīža, es izlasīju ikvienu medicīnas grāmatu,
02:56
I could get my hands on, and I just loved it so much.
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kurai varēju piekļūt, tas man sagādāja lielu baudu.
03:00
I was a passive observer of the medical world.
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Es biju medicīnas pasaules pasīva novēotāja.
03:04
It wasn't until I entered high school that I thought,
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Kad sasniedzu 14 gadu vecumu, es sāku domāt:
03:08
"Maybe now, you know -- being a big high school kid --
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“Varbūt tagad, ziniet -- esot jau lielai vidusskolas meitenei --
03:11
I can maybe become an active part of this big medical world."
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es varētu kļūt par šīs medicīnas pasaules aktīvu dalībnieci.”
03:16
I was 14, and I emailed professors at the local university
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14 gadu vecumå es uzrakstīju e-vēstules vietējās universitātes profesoriem,
03:21
to see if maybe I could go work in their lab. And hardly anyone responded.
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lai redzētu, vai es varbūt varētu strādāt viņu laboratorijās. Un gandrīz neviens neatbildēja.
03:26
But I mean, why would they respond to a 14-year-old, anyway?
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Bet protams. Kāpēc gan lai viņi atbildētu 14 gadīgai meitenei?
03:30
And I got to go talk to one professor, Dr. Jacobs,
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Bet es sarunāju tikšanos ar vienu profesoru, doktoru Džeikobu,
03:34
who accepted me into the lab.
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kurš mani pieņēma savā laboratorijā.
03:37
At that time, I was really interested in neuroscience
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Tajā laikā mani patiesi interesēja neirozinātne
03:40
and wanted to do a research project in neurology --
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un es gribēju uzsākt pētniecības projektu neiroloģijā --
03:43
specifically looking at the effects of heavy metals on the developing nervous system.
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precīzāk, pētīt, kā smagie metāli ietekmē augošu nervu sistēmu,
03:48
So I started that, and worked in his lab for a year,
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Es to uzsāku, un nostrādāju viņa laboratorijā vienu gadu
03:53
and found the results that I guess you'd expect to find
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un ieguvu rezultātus, kurus jūs jau sagaidītu,
03:57
when you feed fruit flies heavy metals -- that it really, really impaired the nervous system.
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kad barojat drozofilas mušām smagos metālus -- citādi sakot, nervu sistēma tika ļoti, ļoti bojāta
04:02
The spinal cord had breaks. The neurons were crossing in every which way.
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Muguras smadzenēs bija pārrāvumi, neironi šķērsojās visos virzienos.
04:06
And from then I wanted to look not at impairment, but at prevention of impairment.
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Un no tā brīža es gribēju pētīt, nevis bojājumus, bet gan bojājumu novēršanu.
04:11
So that's what led me to Alzheimer's. I started reading about Alzheimer's
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Tas mani noveda pie Alcheimera slimības. Es sāku lasīt par Alcheimera slimību
04:17
and tried to familiarize myself with the research,
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un centos apgūt zinātniskos darbus šajā jomā
04:20
and at the same time when I was in the --
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un tad
04:22
I was reading in the medical library one day, and I read this article
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vienu dienu es lasīju vienu rakstu medicīnas bibiotēkā
04:25
about something called "purine derivatives."
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par kaut ko, ko sauc par purīna atvasinājumiem.
04:27
And they seemed to have cell growth-promoting properties.
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Un šķita, ka tiem piemīt šūnu augšanas veicinošas īpašības.
04:32
And being naive about the whole field, I kind of thought,
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Savā naivumā nodomāju:
04:35
"Oh, you have cell death in Alzheimer's
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“Redz, no vienas puses, ir Alcheimera slimība, kas ir šūnu miršana,
04:37
which is causing the memory deficit, and then you have this compound --
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kas izraisa atmiņas deficītu, no otras puses, ir šie savienojumi --
04:42
purine derivatives -- that are promoting cell growth."
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-- purīna atvasinājumi -- kas veicina šūnu augšanu.”
04:44
And so I thought, "Maybe if it can promote cell growth,
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Tā nu es domāju: “Varbūt, ja tie var veicināt šūnu augšanu,
04:47
it can inhibit cell death, too."
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tie var arī kavēt šūnu bojāeju.”
04:49
And so that's the project that I pursued for that year,
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Tas kļuva par projektu, pie kura strādāju tajā gadā,
04:52
and it's continuing now as well,
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un tas tiek vēl joprojām turpināts,
04:55
and found that a specific purine derivative called "guanidine"
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Es atklāju, ka īpašs purīna atvasinājums, ko sauc par guanidīnu,
05:00
had inhibited the cell growth by approximately 60 percent.
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kas var aizkavēt šūnu miršanu par aptuveni 60 procentiem.
05:03
So I presented those results at the International Science Fair,
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Ar šo atklājumu es piedalījos Starptautiskajā zinātnes konferencē,
05:07
which was just one of the most amazing experiences of my life.
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kas bija viens no visiespaidīgākajiem piedzīvojumiem manā dzīvē.
05:11
And there I was awarded "Best in the World in Medicine,"
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Man piešķīra balvu “Labākais medicīnas pasaulē”,
05:14
which allowed me to get in, or at least get a foot in the door of the big medical world.
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kas ļāva iekļūt, kaut ar vienu kāju, lielajā medicīnas pasaulē.
05:21
And from then on, since I was now in this huge exciting world,
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Un kopš tā laika, kopš es nu biju šajā milzīgi aizraujošajā pasaulē,
05:27
I wanted to explore it all. I wanted it all at once, but knew I couldn't really get that.
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es gribēju izpētīt visu. Visu uzreiz -- bet es zināju, ka tas nav iespējams.
05:32
And I stumbled across something called "cancer stem cells."
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Un es pievērsu uzmanību kaut kam, ko sauc par vēža cilmes šūnām.
05:34
And this is really what I want to talk to you about today -- about cancer.
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Tas ir tieši tas, par ko vēlos jums šodien stāstīt -- par vēzi.
05:38
At first when I heard of cancer stem cells,
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Kad pirmo reizi dzirdēju par vēza cilmes šūnām,
05:42
I didn't really know how to put the two together. I'd heard of stem cells,
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nezināju, kā abus jēdzienus savietot. Biju dzirdējusi par cilmes šūnām,
05:46
and I'd heard of them as the panacea of the future --
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un biju dzirdējusi par tām kā par nākotnes panaceju --
05:49
the therapy of many diseases to come in the future, perhaps.
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iespējams, nākotnes terapiju daudzām slimībām.
05:52
But I'd heard of cancer as the most feared disease of our time,
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Bet par vēzi biju dzirdējusi kā par slimību, no kuras baidās visvairāk,
05:56
so how did the good and bad go together?
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tad kā šis labais un sliktais bija savienojams?
06:00
Last summer I worked at Stanford University, doing some research on cancer stem cells.
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Pagājušovasar strādāju Stenfordas universitātē, veicot pētījumu par vēža cilmes šūnām.
06:06
And while I was doing this, I was reading the cancer literature,
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Šī pētījuma laikā lasīju literatūru par vēzi,
06:09
trying to -- again -- familiarize myself with this new medical field.
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mēģinot -- atkal -- sevi iepazīstināt ar jauno medicīnas jomā.
06:14
And it seemed that tumors actually begin from a stem cell.
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Un šķita, ka audzējs faktiski sākas no cilmes šūnām.
06:22
This fascinated me. The more I read, the more I looked at cancer differently
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Tas mani fascinēja. Jo vairāk es lasīju, jo vairāk es skatījos citādi uz vēzi,
06:29
and almost became less fearful of it.
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un gandrīz sāku mazāk no tā baidīties.
06:32
It seems that cancer is a direct result to injury.
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Šķiet, ka vēzis ir tiešs bojājumu rezultāts.
06:37
If you smoke, you damage your lung tissue, and then lung cancer arises.
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Ja tu smēķē, tu bojā savus plaušu audus, un tad rodas plaušu vēzis.
06:42
If you drink, you damage your liver, and then liver cancer occurs.
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Ja tu dzer, tu bojā savas aknas, un tad rodas aknu vēzis.
06:47
And it was really interesting -- there were articles correlating
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Un tas bija patiešām interesanti -- bija raksti, kas pētīja saistības
06:50
if you have a bone fracture, and then bone cancer arises.
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-- ja tev ir kaulu lūzums, tad rodas kaulu vēzis.
06:53
Because what stem cells are -- they're these
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Jo tas, kas ir cilmes šūnas -- tās ir šīs
06:57
phenomenal cells that really have the ability to differentiate
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fenomenālās šūnas, kurām ir spēja kļūt
07:01
into any type of tissue.
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par jebkura auda šūnām.
07:03
So, if the body is sensing that you have damage to an organ
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Tātad, ja organisms jūt, ka tev ir bojāts orgāns
07:08
and then it's initiating cancer, it's almost as if this is a repair response.
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un tas uzsāk vēzi, tas ir gandrīz kā audu atjaunošanas mēģinājums.
07:13
And the cancer, the body is saying the lung tissue is damaged,
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Un organisms saka, ka plaušu audi ir bojāti,
07:18
we need to repair the lung. And cancer is originating in the lung
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mums nepieciešams tos atjaunot. Un plaušās rodas vēzis,
07:22
trying to repair -- because you have this excessive proliferation
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mēģinot sākt atjaunošanu -- jo tevī sāk pārmērīgā daudzumā augt
07:26
of these remarkable cells that really have the potential to become lung tissue.
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šīs apbrīnojamās šūnas, kurām tiešām ir iespēja kļūt par plaušu audiem.
07:31
But it's almost as if the body has originated this ingenious response,
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Bet ir gandrīz tā, it kā organisms ir iesācis šo atjautīgo atbildi,
07:35
but can't quite control it.
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bet nevar īsti to kontrolēt.
07:37
It hasn't yet become fine-tuned enough to finish what has been initiated.
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It kā šis process vēl nav pietiekoši labi izstrādāts, lai varētu pabeigt to, kas iecerēts.
07:42
So this really, really fascinated me.
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Tas mani patiesi, patiesi fascinēja.
07:45
And I really think that we can't think about cancer --
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Un es tiešām domāju, ka mēs nevaram domāt par vēzi --
07:50
let alone any disease -- in such black-and-white terms.
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nemaz nerunājot par jebkāda veida slimību -- tikai melnā un baltā krāsā.
07:53
If we eliminate cancer the way we're trying to do now, with chemotherapy and radiation,
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Ja mēs likvidējam vēzi tā, kā mēs to tagad darām, ar ķīmijterapiju un radiāciju,
07:59
we're bombarding the body or the cancer with toxins, or with radiation, trying to kill it.
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mēs bombardējam organismu vai vēzi ar toksīniem, vai ar radiāciju, mēģinot to nogalināt.
08:04
It's almost as if we're getting back to this starting point.
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Tas ir gandrīz tā, it kā mēs atgieztos sākuma punktā.
08:07
We're removing the cancer cells, but we're revealing the previous damage
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Mēs izņemam vēža šūnas, bet mēs atklājam iepriekšējo bojājumu,
08:12
that the body has tried to fix.
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ko organisms mēģināja salabot.
08:14
Shouldn't we think about manipulation, rather than elimination?
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Vai mums nevajadzētu domāt par šūnu manipulāciju, nevis likvidēšanu?
08:19
If somehow we can cause these cells to differentiate --
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Ja mums kaut kā izdotos panākt, ka šīs šūnas kļūst
08:23
to become bone tissue, lung tissue, liver tissue,
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par kaulu audiem, par plaušu audiem, par aknu audiem,
08:26
whatever that cancer has been put there to do --
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par jebkuriem audiem, kuru dēļ tika iesākts vēzis --
08:29
it would be a repair process. We'd end up better than we were before cancer.
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tad tas tiešām būtu uzlabošanas process. Tad beigās mums būtu vēl labāk, nekā pirms vēža.
08:38
So, this really changed my view of looking at cancer.
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Tas tiešām mainīja manu priekšstatu par vēzi.
08:42
And while I was reading all these articles about cancer,
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Un, kamēr es lasīju visus šos rakstus par vēzi,
08:47
it seemed that the articles -- a lot of them -- focused on, you know,
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šķita, ka raksti -- daudzi no tiem -- koncentrējās
08:49
the genetics of breast cancer, and the genesis
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uz krūts vēža ģenētiku. Un uz krūts vēža
08:51
and the progression of breast cancer --
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ģenēzi un progresiju --
08:53
tracking the cancer through the body, tracing where it is, where it goes.
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sekojot vēža attīstībai organismā, kur tas ir, kur tas iet.
08:59
But it struck me that I'd never heard of cancer of the heart,
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Bet mani satrieca tas, ka es nekad nebiju dzirdējusi par sirds vēzi,
09:04
or cancer of any skeletal muscle for that matter.
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vai par jebkura skeleta muskuļa vēzi.
09:07
And skeletal muscle constitutes 50 percent of our body,
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Un skeleta muskuļi veido 50 procentus no mūsu ķermeņa,
09:11
or over 50 percent of our body. And so at first I kind of thought,
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vai pat vairāk par 50 procentiem. Vispirms es domāju:
09:16
"Well, maybe there's some obvious explanation
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“Nu, varbūt pastāv kāds acīmredzams izskaidrojums,
09:18
why skeletal muscle doesn't get cancer -- at least not that I know of."
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kādēļ skeleta muskuļos vēzis nerodas -- vismaz es nezinu kāpēc.”
09:22
So, I looked further into it, found as many articles as I could,
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Es sāku pētīt šo jautājumu dziļāk, es atradu visus iespējamos zinātniskos rakstus,
09:27
and it was amazing -- because it turned out that it was very rare.
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un tas bija pārsteidzoši -- jo izrādījās, ka tas bija tik rets.
09:31
Some articles even went as far as to say that skeletal muscle tissue
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Daži raksti pat gāja tiktāl, ka teica, ka skeleta muskuļu audi
09:35
is resistant to cancer, and furthermore, not only to cancer,
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ir izturīgi pret vēzi, pat vairāk, ne tikai pret vēzi,
09:40
but of metastases going to skeletal muscle.
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bet pret metastāzēm, kas dodas uz skeleta muskuļiem.
09:44
And what metastases are is when the tumor --
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Un metastāzes ir, kad audzējs --
09:47
when a piece -- breaks off and travels through the blood stream
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gabals audzēja -- nolūzt un ceļo caur asinsriti
09:50
and goes to a different organ. That's what a metastasis is.
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un dodas uz citu orgānu. Tās ir metastāzes.
09:54
It's the part of cancer that is the most dangerous.
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Tā ir vēža visbīstamākā daļa.
09:57
If cancer was localized, we could likely remove it,
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Ja vēzis būtu lokalizēts, mēs iespējams to varētu izņemt,
10:00
or somehow -- you know, it's contained. It's very contained.
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vai izdarīt kaut ko citu -- tā būtu ierobežota problēma. Ļoti ierobežota.
10:04
But once it starts moving throughout the body, that's when it becomes deadly.
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Bet, kad tas sāk ceļot pa visu ķermeni, tas ir tad, kad tas kļūst nāvīgs.
10:07
So the fact that not only did cancer not seem to originate in skeletal muscles,
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Tātad fakts, ka ne tikai vēzis nerodas skeleta muskuļos,
10:12
but cancer didn't seem to go to skeletal muscle --
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bet vēzis nekad neceļo uz skeleta muskuļiem --
10:15
there seemed to be something here.
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tur kaut kas bija.
10:17
So these articles were saying, you know, "Skeletal --
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Šie raksti faktiski teica, ziniet: “Skeleta --
10:19
metastasis to skeletal muscle -- is very rare."
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skeleta muskuļu metastāzes -- ir ļoti retas”.
10:22
But it was left at that. No one seemed to be asking why.
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Bet tālāk negāja. Un izskatījās, ka neviens nejautā, kāpēc.
10:26
So I decided to ask why. At first -- the first thing I did
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Es nolēmu jautāt, kāpēc. Vispirms -- pirmā lieta, ko izdarīju,
10:33
was I emailed some professors who
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es uzrakstīju pa e-pastu dažiem profesoriem, kuri
10:35
specialized in skeletal muscle physiology, and pretty much said,
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specializējas skeleta muskuļu fizioloģijā, un teicu apmēram:
10:38
"Hey, it seems like cancer doesn't really go to skeletal muscle.
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“Hei, šķiet, ka vēzis īsti neiet uz skeleta muskuļiem,
10:44
Is there a reason for this?" And a lot of the replies I got were that
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vai tam ir iemesls?” Un daudzas atbildes bija,
10:48
muscle is terminally differentiated tissue.
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ka muskuļi nespēj tālāk dalīties.
10:52
Meaning that you have muscle cells, but they're not dividing,
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Tas nozīmē, ka tev ir muskuļu šūnas, bet tās nedalās,
10:55
so it doesn't seem like a good target for cancer to hijack.
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tāpēc tas neizskatās kā labs mērķis, ko vēzis varētu ļaunprātīgi pārņemt.
10:59
But then again, this fact that the metastases
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Bet tad atkal, fakts, ka metastāzes
11:02
didn't go to skeletal muscle made that seem unlikely.
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neceļoja uz skeleta muskuļiem to padarīja maz ticamu.
11:06
And furthermore, that nervous tissue -- brain -- gets cancer,
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Un turklāt, nervu audiem -- smadzenēm -- var būt vēzis,
11:11
and brain cells are also terminally differentiated.
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un nervu audi arī nespēj tālāk dalīties.
11:14
So I decided to ask why. And here's some of, I guess, my hypotheses
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Es nolēmu jautāt, kāpēc. Un te ir dažas, es domāju, manas hipotēzes
11:20
that I'll be starting to investigate this May at the Sylvester Cancer Institute in Miami.
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ko sākšu izmeklēt maijā Silvestra vēža institūtā Maiami.
11:29
And I guess I'll keep investigating until I get the answers.
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Un domāju, ka turpināšu izmeklēt, līdz man būs atbildes.
11:34
But I know that in science, once you get the answers,
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Bet es zinu, ka zinātnē, kad tev ir atbildes,
11:37
inevitably you're going to have more questions.
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neizbēgami tev rodas jauni jautājumi.
11:39
So I guess you could say that I'll probably be doing this for the rest of my life.
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Tāpēc es laikam ar to nodarbošos visu manu atlikušo dzīvi.
11:44
Some of my hypotheses are that
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Dažas no manām hipotēzēm ir --
11:47
when you first think about skeletal muscle,
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kad jūs iedomājaties skeleta muskuļus,
11:50
there's a lot of blood vessels going to skeletal muscle.
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tur ir daudz asinsvadu, kas iet uz skeleta muskuļiem.
11:53
And the first thing that makes me think is that
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Un mana pirmā doma ir,
11:57
blood vessels are like highways for the tumor cells.
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ka asinsvadi ir kā automaģistrāles audzēja šūnām.
12:00
Tumor cells can travel through the blood vessels.
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Audzēja šūnas var ceļot pa asinsvadiem.
12:02
And you think, the more highways there are in a tissue,
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Un jūs domātu, ka, jo vairāk automaģistrāļu ir audos,
12:06
the more likely it is to get cancer or to get metastases.
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jo lielāka iespēja ir iegūt vēzi vai metastāzes.
12:10
So first of all I thought, you know, "Wouldn't it be favorable
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Un mana pirmā doma bija: “Vai tad tas nav labi vēzim,
12:13
to cancer getting to skeletal muscle?" And as well,
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lai tiktu uz skeleta muskuļiem?” Un vēl
12:16
cancer tumors require a process called angiogenesis,
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vēža audzējam ir nepieciešams process, ko sauc par angioģenēzi,
12:21
which is really, the tumor recruits the blood vessels to itself
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kas būtībā ir -- audzējs izveido savā virzienā jaunus asinsvadus,
12:25
to supply itself with nutrients so it can grow.
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lai dabūtu sev barības vielas un varētu augt.
12:28
Without angiogenesis, the tumor remains the size of a pinpoint and it's not harmful.
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Bez angioģenēzes, audzējs paliek ļoti mazs un nav kaitīgs.
12:35
So angiogenesis is really a central process to the pathogenesis of cancer.
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Tātad angioģenēze ir galvenais process vēža patoģenēzē.
12:41
And one article that really stood out to me
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Un viens raksts, kas patiešām izcēlās,
12:44
when I was just reading about this, trying to figure out why cancer doesn't go to skeletal
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kad par šo visu lasīju un mēģināju saprast, kāpēc vēzis neiet uz skeleta muskuļiem,
12:48
muscle, was that it had reported 16 percent of micro-metastases
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bija par gadījumu, kad pēc autopsijas 16 procenti no mikro-metastāzēm
12:55
to skeletal muscle upon autopsy.
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bija skeleta muskuļos.
12:57
16 percent! Meaning that there were these pinpoint tumors in skeletal muscle,
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16 procenti! Tas nozīmē, ka skeleta muskuļos bija tie maziņie audzēji,
13:02
but only .16 percent of actual metastases --
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bet tikai sestdaļa no procenta faktisku metastāžu --
13:07
suggesting that maybe skeletal muscle is able to control the angiogenesis,
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kas liek domāt, ka varbūt skeleta muskuļi spēj kontrolēt angioģenēzi,
13:13
is able to control the tumors recruiting these blood vessels.
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spēj kontrolēt to procesu, kad audzējs izveido jaunus asinsvadus.
13:18
We use skeletal muscles so much. It's the one portion of our body --
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Mēs tik ļoti daudz izmantojam skeleta muskuļus. Tā ir viena daļa no mūsu organisma --
13:23
our heart's always beating. We're always moving our muscles.
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mūsu sirds vienmēr pukst. Mūsu muskuļi vienmēr kustas.
13:26
Is it possible that muscle somehow intuitively knows
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Vai ir iespējams, ka muskuļi intuitīvi zin,
13:30
that it needs this blood supply? It needs to be constantly contracting,
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ka tiem pašiem vajadzīga asins apgāde? Tiem visu laiku ir jāsaraujas,
13:34
so therefore it's almost selfish. It's grabbing its blood vessels for itself.
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tāpēc tie ir gandrīz savtīgi. Tie sagrābj savus asinsvadus sev.
13:37
Therefore, when a tumor comes into skeletal muscle tissue,
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Tāpēc, kad audzējs ierodas skeleta muskuļos,
13:41
it can't get a blood supply, and can't grow.
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tas nevar dabūt asins apgādi, un nevar augt.
13:44
So this suggests that maybe if there is an anti-angiogenic factor
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Tātad tas nozīmē, ka skeleta muskuļos ir pretangiogēniskais
13:49
in skeletal muscle -- or perhaps even more,
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faktors -- vai varbūt pat vairāk,
13:51
an angiogenic routing factor, so it can actually direct where the blood vessels grow --
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angiogēniskais maršrutēšanas faktors, lai tas tiešām varētu regulēt, kur asinsvadi var augt.
13:56
this could be a potential future therapy for cancer.
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Tā varētu būt iespējamā nākotnes vēža terapija.
14:00
And another thing that's really interesting is that
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Vēl viena ļoti interesanta lieta
14:05
there's this whole -- the way tumors move throughout the body,
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ir visa šī -- sistēma, pēc kuras audzēji pārvietojas organismā,
14:09
it's a very complex system -- and there's something called the chemokine network.
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tā ir ļoti sarežģīta -- un ir kaut kas, ko sauc par kemokīnu tīklu.
14:13
And chemokines are essentially chemical attractants,
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Un kemokīni būtībā ir ķīmiski pievilinātāji,
14:17
and they're the stop and go signals for cancer.
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un viņi ir satiskmes regulētāji vēzim.
14:20
So a tumor expresses chemokine receptors,
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Un audzējam ir kemokīnu receptori,
14:25
and another organ -- a distant organ somewhere in the body --
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un citam orgānam -- tālu kaut kur organismā --
14:28
will have the corresponding chemokines,
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būs attiecīgi kemokīni,
14:30
and the tumor will see these chemokines and migrate towards it.
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un tad audzējs ievēros tos kemokīnus un pārvietosies tajā virzienā.
14:34
Is it possible that skeletal muscle doesn't express this type of molecules?
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Vai ir iespējams, ka skeleta muskuļiiem nav šāda veida molekulu?
14:39
And the other really interesting thing is that
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Un vēl viena patiesi interesanta lieta --
14:42
when skeletal muscle -- there's been several reports that when skeletal
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ir bijuši vairāki ziņojumi par to, ka, kad skeleta muskuļi
14:46
muscle is injured, that's what correlates with metastases going to skeletal muscle.
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ir ievainoti -- tas ir tas, kas ir saistīts (korelē) ar metastāžu migrēšanu uz skeleta muskuļiem.
14:53
And, furthermore, when skeletal muscle is injured,
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Un turklāt, kad skeleta muskulis ir ievainots,
14:56
that's what causes chemokines -- these signals saying,
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tas ir tas, kas liek kemokīniem -- šiem signāliem teikt:
15:00
"Cancer, you can come to me," the "go signs" for the tumors --
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“Vēzi, tu vari nākt pie manis”, dot zaļo signālu audzējiem --
15:04
it causes them to highly express these chemokines.
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un ievainotajam muskulim šie kemokīni ir stipri izteikti.
15:08
So, there's so much interplay here.
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Tātad, šeit ir tik daudz mijiedarbības.
15:15
I mean, there are so many possibilities
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Es domāju, ka ir tik daudz iespēju,
15:17
for why tumors don't go to skeletal muscle.
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kāpēc audzējs neiet uz skeleta muskuļiem.
15:20
But it seems like by investigating, by attacking cancer,
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Šķiet, ka izmeklējot vēzi, uzbrūkot vēzim,
15:24
by searching where cancer is not, there has got to be something --
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skatoties, kur tā nav, tur kaut ko varētu atrast,
15:28
there's got to be something -- that's making this tissue resistant to tumors.
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tur jābūt kaut kam -- kas padara šos audus izturīgus pret audzējiem.
15:34
And can we utilize -- can we take this property,
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Un vai mēs varam izmantot -- vai mēs varam izmantot šo īpašību,
15:37
this compound, this receptor, whatever it is that's controlling these
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šo savienojumu, šo receptoru, lai kas tas nebūtu, kas kontrolē
15:41
anti-tumor properties and apply it to cancer therapy in general?
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pretaudzēju īpašības, un piemērot to vēža terapijai kopumā?
15:48
Now, one thing that kind of ties the resistance of skeletal muscle to cancer --
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Viena lieta, kas it kā saista skeleta muskuļa pretestību vēzim --
15:56
to the cancer as a repair response gone out of control in the body --
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vēzim kā atjaunošanās atbildei, kas kļuvusi nekontrolējama organismā --
16:01
is that skeletal muscle has a factor in it called "MyoD."
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ir faktors skeleta muskuļos, ko sauc par MyoD.
16:09
And what MyoD essentially does is, it causes cells to differentiate
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Un ko MyoD būtībā dara, tas izraisa šūnu pārveidošanos
16:14
into muscle cells. So this compound, MyoD,
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par muskuļa šūnām. Tātad šis savienojums, MyoD
16:19
has been tested on a lot of different cell types and been shown to
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ir pārbaudīts ar daudz dažādiem šūnu veidiem, un ir pierādīts,
16:23
actually convert this variety of cell types into skeletal muscle cells.
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ka tas faktiski pārvērš šīs dažādās šūnas par skeleta muskuļu šūnām.
16:27
So, is it possible that the tumor cells are going to the skeletal muscle tissue,
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Tātad, vai ir iespējams, ka audzēja šūnas ceļo uz skeleta muskuļu audiem,
16:33
but once in contact inside the skeletal muscle tissue,
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bet, kad tur nokļūst,
16:37
MyoD acts upon these tumor cells and causes them
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MyoD iedarbojas uz audzēja šūnām un liek tām
16:42
to become skeletal muscle cells?
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kļūt par skeleta muskuļu šūnām?
16:45
Maybe tumor cells are being disguised as skeletal muscle cells,
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Varbūt audzēja šūnas tiek slēptas kā skeleta muskuļu šūnas,
16:48
and this is why it seems as if it is so rare.
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un tāpēc audzējs šķiet tik reti sastopams.
16:53
It's not harmful; it has just repaired the muscle.
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Tas nav kaitīgs, tas ir tikko salabojis muskuli.
16:56
Muscle is constantly being used -- constantly being damaged.
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Muskulis tiek pastāvīgi izmantots -- pastāvīgi tiek bojāts.
16:59
If every time we tore a muscle
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Ja katru reizi, kad mēs savainojam muskuli
17:02
or every time we stretched a muscle or moved in a wrong way,
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vai izstiepjam vai nepareizi savelkam muskuli,
17:05
cancer occurred -- I mean, everybody would have cancer almost.
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rastos vēzis -- tad gandrīz katram tagad būtu vēzis.
17:12
And I hate to say that. But it seems as though muscle cell,
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Man ļoti nepatīk to teikt. Bet šķiet, ka muskuļa šūnas,
17:16
possibly because of all its use, has adapted
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iespējams tieši pastāvīgās lietošanas dēļ, ir pielāgojušās
17:19
faster than other body tissues to respond to injury,
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ātrāk nekā citi ķermeņa audi reaģēt uz ievainojumiem,
17:22
to fine-tune this repair response and actually be able to finish the process
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ir uzlabojušas savu atjaunošanās reakciju, un var pabeigt procesu,
17:28
which the body wants to finish. I really believe that the human body is very,
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ko ķermenis grib pabeigt. Es patiešām ticu, ka cilvēka ķermenis ir ļoti,
17:33
very smart, and we can't counteract something the body is saying to do.
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ļoti gudrs, un mēs nevaram kavēt to, ko ķermenis grib darīt.
17:39
It's different when a bacteria comes into the body --
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Tas ir citādi, kad baktērijas ienāk organismā;
17:42
that's a foreign object -- we want that out.
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tās ir svešķermeņi -- mēs gribētu no tām tikt vaļā.
17:46
But when the body is actually initiating a process
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Bet, kad organisms faktiski uzsāk procesu
17:48
and we're calling it a disease, it doesn't seem as though elimination is
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un mēs to saucam par slimību, nešķiet, ka iznīcināšana
17:52
the right solution. So even to go from there, it's possible, although far-fetched,
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ir pareizais risinājums. Varētu pat no tā sākt -- lai cik mazticami tas šodien neizklausītos --
18:00
that in the future we could almost think of cancer being used as a therapy.
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iespējams, nākotnē mēs varētu domāt par vēža izmantošanu terapijai.
18:07
If those diseases where tissues are deteriorating --
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Ja tās slimības, kur audi pasliktinās --
18:10
for example Alzheimer's, where the brain, the brain cells, die
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piemētam, Alcheimera slimība, kur smadzenes, smadzeņu šūnas, mirst
18:15
and we need to restore new brain cells, new functional brain cells --
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un mums jārada jaunas smadzeņu šūnas, jaunas funkcionālas smadzeņu šūnas --
18:19
what if we could, in the future, use cancer? A tumor --
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un ja nu mēs varētu nākotnē izmantot vēzi? Audzēju --
18:23
put it in the brain and cause it to differentiate into brain cells?
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ievietot to smadzenēs un izraisīt tā pārtapšanu par smadzeņu šūnām?
18:28
That's a very far-fetched idea, but I really believe that it may be possible.
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Varbūt tagad mana ideja izklausā.s mazticama, bet es tiešām uzskatu, ka tas varētu būt iespējams
18:34
These cells are so versatile, these cancer cells are so versatile --
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Šīs šūnas ir tik daudzpusīgas, šīs vēža šūnas ir tik daudzpusīgas --
18:38
we just have to manipulate them in the right way.
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mums vienkārši vajag tās pareizi manipulēt.
18:41
And again, some of these may be far-fetched, but
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Kā jau teicu, dažas no šīm idejām izklausās trakas, bet
18:45
I figured if there's anywhere to present far-fetched ideas, it's here at TED, so
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es sev teicu, ja kaut kur ir vieta, kur var stāstīt trakas idejas, tas ir TED, tāpēc
18:50
thank you very much.
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liels paldies.
18:52
(Applause)
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(Aplausi)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Eva Vertes - Neuroscience and cancer researcherEva Vertes is a microbiology prodigy. Her discovery, at age 17, of a compound that stops fruit-fly brain cells from dying was regarded as a step toward curing Alzheimer's. Now she aims to find better ways to treat -- and avoid -- cancer.
Why you should listen
Eva Vertes may not yet have the answers she needs to cure cancer, but she's asking some important -- and radical questions: If smoking can cause lung cancer, and drinking can cause liver cancer, is it possible that cancer is a direct result of injury? If so, could cancer be caused by the body's own repair system going awry?
She asks this and other breathtaking questions in her conference-closing 2005 talk. Her approach marks an important shift in scientific thinking, looking in brand-new places for cancer's cause -- and its cure. Her ultimate goal, which even she calls far-fetched, is to fight cancer with cancer.
Eva Vertes | Speaker | TED.com