TEDxMonterey
Melissa Garren: The sea we've hardly seen
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An average teaspoon of ocean water contains five million bacteria and fifty million viruses – and yet we are just starting to discover how these "invisible engineers" control our ocean's chemistry. At TEDxMonterey, Melissa Garren sheds light on marine microbes that provide half the oxygen we breathe, maintain underwater ecosystems, and demonstrate surprising hunting skills. (Apologies for the small audio glitches in this video.)
(Filmed at TEDxMonterey.)
Melissa Garren - Marine biologist
Melissa Garren is a molecular and marine biologist with a passion for unlocking the mysteries of our ocean's ecosystems and finding new avenues for conservation. Full bio
Melissa Garren is a molecular and marine biologist with a passion for unlocking the mysteries of our ocean's ecosystems and finding new avenues for conservation. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:05
In the next ten minutes,
we will immerse ourselves
we will immerse ourselves
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U sljedećih deset minuta,
zaronit ćemo u
zaronit ćemo u
00:08
in an amazing and beautiful marine world
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čudesni i predivni morski svijet
00:11
that's very often overlooked.
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koji često ne primjećujemo.
Htjela bih vas povesti na
putovanje u unutrašnjost mora,
putovanje u unutrašnjost mora,
00:13
I'd like to take you
on a journey into the sea,
on a journey into the sea,
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00:15
looking at it from the perspective
of its smallest inhabitants:
of its smallest inhabitants:
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gledajući ga iz perspektive
njegovih najmanjih stanovnika:
njegovih najmanjih stanovnika:
00:19
the microbes.
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mikroba.
00:20
My goal is that after this short journey,
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Moj cilj je da ćete,
nakon ovog kratkog putovanja,
nakon ovog kratkog putovanja,
00:23
you'll share my amazement
at how deeply connected our lives are
at how deeply connected our lives are
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dijeliti moje oduševljenje time
koliko su naši životi duboko povezani
koliko su naši životi duboko povezani
00:27
to these microscopic creatures
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s ovim mikroskopskim bićima,
00:29
and also perhaps my concern
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a možda i moju brigu
00:31
that these relationships
are often neglected
are often neglected
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da su ove veze često zanemarene
00:34
when it comes to making decisions
and policies about our oceans.
and policies about our oceans.
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kad su u pitanju donošenje odluka
i politika o našim oceanima.
i politika o našim oceanima.
00:39
When you look out on a clear blue ocean,
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Kad gledate u bistri modri ocean,
00:42
you're actually gazing at
a microbial soup full of vibrant life.
a microbial soup full of vibrant life.
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zapravo gledate u mikrobnu
juhu punu dinamičnog života.
juhu punu dinamičnog života.
00:46
What you see here
are marine bacteria buzzing about
are marine bacteria buzzing about
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Ono što vidite ovdje su
morske bakterije koje titraju uokolo
morske bakterije koje titraju uokolo
00:50
and exploring other members
of the marine food web.
of the marine food web.
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i istražuju druge članove
morske prehrambene mreže.
morske prehrambene mreže.
00:53
To emphasize how small
this world really is,
this world really is,
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Kako bih naglasila koliko
je ovaj svijet uistinu malen,
je ovaj svijet uistinu malen,
00:57
I've added a white line
to most of my slides
to most of my slides
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dodala sam bijelu crtu
na većinu svojih slajdova,
na većinu svojih slajdova,
01:01
that shows you the thickness
of a single strand of human hair --
of a single strand of human hair --
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što vam pokazuje debljinu
jedne vlasi ljudske kose...
jedne vlasi ljudske kose...
01:04
very tiny.
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vrlo sićušno.
01:05
An average teaspoon of clean seawater
has five million bacteria
has five million bacteria
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Prosječna žličica čiste morske vode
sadrži pet milijuna bakterija
sadrži pet milijuna bakterija
01:10
and 50 million viruses in it.
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i pedeset milijuna virusa.
01:13
If I were to scoop up
two gallons of seawater,
two gallons of seawater,
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Kada bih ugrabila 7,6 l morske vode,
01:16
there would be more bacteria
in those two gallons
in those two gallons
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u tih 7,6 l bi bilo više bakterija
01:18
than there are people on this planet.
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nego što ima ljudi na ovom svijetu.
01:21
Take just a moment and think about
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Uzmimo trenutak i razmislimo
koliko litara sadrži jedan ocean.
01:23
how many gallons might make up an ocean.
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01:26
Or maybe I've already made
your stomach turn,
your stomach turn,
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Možda vam se želudac već okreće,
kad se sjetite koliko morske
vode smo svi slučajno progutali
vode smo svi slučajno progutali
01:28
as you think of all of the seawater
we've each accidentally swallowed
we've each accidentally swallowed
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tijekom godina.
01:32
over the years.
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Nasreću, rijetko nam
pozli od te morske vode,
pozli od te morske vode,
01:33
But luckily, we rarely get sick
from that seawater,
from that seawater,
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01:36
because most marine microbes
are working for us,
are working for us,
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jer većina morskih mikroba
radi u našu korist,
radi u našu korist,
01:39
not against us.
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a ne protiv nas.
01:40
One of my favorite examples
is that they provide
is that they provide
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Jedan od mojih omiljenih
primjera je da oni pružaju
primjera je da oni pružaju
01:43
half of the oxygen we breathe.
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polovinu kisika koji udišemo.
01:46
In middle school, we all learn
to thank the trees.
to thank the trees.
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U osnovnoj školi,
svi naučimo zahvaliti drveću.
svi naučimo zahvaliti drveću.
01:48
And admittedly, they may be
more huggable than the microbes.
more huggable than the microbes.
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I moram priznati, njih je
lakše zagrliti nego mikrobe.
lakše zagrliti nego mikrobe.
01:52
But it turns out
that land plants only create
that land plants only create
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Međutim ispada da biljke
na zemlji stvaraju samo
na zemlji stvaraju samo
01:55
a quarter of the oxygen we breathe.
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četvrtinu kisika koji udišemo.
01:57
Another quarter comes
from macroalgae like kelp
from macroalgae like kelp
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Još jedna četvrtina dolazi
od makroalgi, poput morske trave
od makroalgi, poput morske trave
02:00
and a full 50% from the microbes.
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i punih 50% dolazi od mikroba.
02:03
Take a deep breath in.
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Udahnite duboko.
02:05
Thank the trees.
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Zahvalite drveću.
02:07
Take another deep breath in.
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Udahnite duboko još jednom.
02:10
Thank the macroalgae.
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Zahvalite makroalgama.
02:12
Your next two breaths --
tip your hats to the microbes.
tip your hats to the microbes.
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Za vaša sljedeća dva udaha,
skidajte kapu mikrobima.
skidajte kapu mikrobima.
02:15
This picture is of a bacterium
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Ovo je slika bakterije
02:17
that happens to be the single most
abundant photosynthesizer
abundant photosynthesizer
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koja po svojoj brojnosti čini
najvećeg vršitelja fotosinteze
najvećeg vršitelja fotosinteze
02:21
on our planet.
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na našem planetu.
02:23
It's called, "Prochlorococcus,"
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Zove se "Prochlorococcus"
02:25
and this is oceans' oxygen-producing
powerhouse and, I might argue,
powerhouse and, I might argue,
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i ona je središnja sila u proizvodnji
kisika u oceanima te, mogla bih reći,
kisika u oceanima te, mogla bih reći,
02:30
one of the most amazing discoveries
of recent marine microbiology.
of recent marine microbiology.
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jedna od najčudesnijih otkrića
u novijoj morskoj mikrobiologiji.
u novijoj morskoj mikrobiologiji.
02:35
We didn't know it existed until 1988.
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Nismo znali da postoji do 1988.
02:37
All of human history has depended
on this little microbe
on this little microbe
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Cijela ljudska povijest ovisila
je o ovom malenom mikrobu
je o ovom malenom mikrobu
02:41
for the oxygen they breathe every day,
no matter where or when they lived.
no matter where or when they lived.
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za kisik koji je udisala svaki dan,
bez obzira na to gdje i kada je živjela.
bez obzira na to gdje i kada je živjela.
02:46
And we've only been aware
of that relationship for a mere 24 years.
of that relationship for a mere 24 years.
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A svjesni smo te veze tek 24 godine.
02:50
I find that astounding.
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Meni je to zapanjujuće.
02:52
How many more critical
relationships are out there
relationships are out there
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Koliko još ključnih veza postoji,
02:54
that we have yet to discover?
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a da ćemo ih tek otkriti?
02:56
I see our relationship with marine
microbes as parallel in many ways
microbes as parallel in many ways
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Gledam na našu vezu s morskim mikrobima
na mnogo načina kao paralelu
na mnogo načina kao paralelu
03:00
to the relationship we have
with microbes in our gut.
with microbes in our gut.
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s vezom koju imamo
s mikrobima u našim crijevima.
s mikrobima u našim crijevima.
03:04
We've all experienced the wrath
of unhappy gut microbes
of unhappy gut microbes
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Svi smo iskusili srdžbu
nesretnih crijevnih mikroba
nesretnih crijevnih mikroba
03:07
at one point or another,
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kad tad,
03:08
perhaps food poisoning or tainted water.
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možda zbog trovanja hranom
ili zagađene vode.
ili zagađene vode.
03:11
But we may be less aware of the connection
we have with marine microbes
we have with marine microbes
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No, možda smo manje svjesni veze
koju imamo s morskim mikrobima
koju imamo s morskim mikrobima
03:15
and the physical discomforts we can feel
when those communities change.
when those communities change.
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i tjelesnih neugodnosti koje možemo
osjećati kada se te zajednice promijene.
osjećati kada se te zajednice promijene.
03:20
As an extreme example: the disease
cholera is caused by a bacterium
cholera is caused by a bacterium
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Kao ekstremni primjer:
kolera je uzrokovana bakterijom
kolera je uzrokovana bakterijom
03:24
that thrives in the ocean.
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koja buja u oceanu.
03:26
So while most marine microbes
are indeed helping us,
are indeed helping us,
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Dakle, dok nam većina
morskih mikroba uistinu pomaže,
morskih mikroba uistinu pomaže,
03:30
there do remain plenty that are not.
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ostali, uglavnom, to ne čine.
03:32
Our relationship with the ocean,
much like our gut,
much like our gut,
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Naša veza s oceanom, kao i naša crijeva,
03:35
is dependent on the right
balance of microbes.
balance of microbes.
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ovisi o pravilnoj ravnoteži mikroba.
03:38
The old phrase, "You are what you eat"
applies to our ocean microbes as well.
applies to our ocean microbes as well.
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Stara izreka: "Ono si što jedeš"
vrijedi i za oceanske mikrobe.
vrijedi i za oceanske mikrobe.
03:43
To give you a sense of what
an overfed ocean may look like,
an overfed ocean may look like,
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Da bih vam dala ideju
kako preuhranjeni ocean izgleda,
kako preuhranjeni ocean izgleda,
03:47
here are two examples
of me sampling seawater.
of me sampling seawater.
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evo dva primjera mog
uzimanja uzoraka morske vode.
uzimanja uzoraka morske vode.
03:49
On your left, it's a clean coral reef,
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Lijevo je čisti koraljni greben,
03:52
and on your right is
a nearly dead coral reef
a nearly dead coral reef
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a desno je gotovo mrtav koraljni greben,
03:55
that has a very intense fish farming
operation in the waters there.
operation in the waters there.
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u čijim vodama se provodi
intenzivan uzgoj riba.
intenzivan uzgoj riba.
03:59
You'll notice I'm only smiling
in one of these two pictures,
in one of these two pictures,
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Primjetit ćete da se smiješim
na samo jednoj od tih fotografija
na samo jednoj od tih fotografija
04:03
and in the other one my dive buddy
had to be a whole lot closer
had to be a whole lot closer
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i da se na drugoj moj partner
ronilac morao dosta približiti
ronilac morao dosta približiti
04:07
to capture that image.
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kako bi je uslikao.
04:09
So if we were to take a drop of seawater
from each of these samples
from each of these samples
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Dakle, kada bismo uzeli kap
morske vode iz oba uzorka
morske vode iz oba uzorka
04:14
and put it under the microscope,
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i stavili ih pod mikroskop,
04:15
this is what the bacteria and viral
communities would look like.
communities would look like.
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ovako bi bakterijske i
virusne zajednice izgledale.
virusne zajednice izgledale.
04:19
So again, clean reef on your left,
fish farm reef on your right.
fish farm reef on your right.
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Još jednom, čisti greben lijevo,
greben za uzgoj ribe desno.
greben za uzgoj ribe desno.
04:22
As we all have had a feeling of discomfort
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Kao što smo svi imali osjećaj nelagode
04:26
from imbalanced gut microbes,
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od neuravnoteženih crijevnih mikroba,
04:29
a fish swimming through
a part of the ocean
a part of the ocean
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riba koja pliva u dijelu oceana
04:31
that has been overfed in this way --
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koji je ovako preuhranjen;
u ovom slučaju, intenzivnom akvakulturom,
a može biti i kanalizacijskim izljevom,
a može biti i kanalizacijskim izljevom,
04:33
in this case, by intense aquaculture,
but it could be a sewage spill
but it could be a sewage spill
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04:36
or fertilizer runoff or any number
of other sources --
of other sources --
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otjecanjem gnojiva ili
bilo kojim od drugih izvora,
bilo kojim od drugih izvora,
04:39
that fish will feel
the physical discomforts
the physical discomforts
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ta riba će osjećati tjelesnu nelagodu
04:41
of the ocean microbes being out of whack.
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zbog neuravnoteženih oceanskih mikroba.
04:44
There may be less oxygen present,
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Možda ima manje prisutnog kisika,
04:46
there may be more pathogens there,
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možda tamo ima više patogena
04:48
and there may be toxins
produced by some of these microbes.
produced by some of these microbes.
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i možda neki mikrobi proizvode toksine.
04:52
The bottom line is that
from their tiny-scale existence,
from their tiny-scale existence,
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Činjenica je da iz njihove
sićušne egzistencije,
sićušne egzistencije,
04:55
these tiny microbes have
a very large-scale power
a very large-scale power
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ovi majušni mikrobi imaju
moć ogromnih dimenzija
moć ogromnih dimenzija
04:58
to control how our ocean smells,
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da kontroliraju kako naš ocean miriše,
05:01
how it tastes,
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kakav okus ima,
05:02
how it feels
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kakav je na dodir
05:03
and how it looks.
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i kako izgleda.
05:06
If you take one idea away
from my talk today, let it be this:
from my talk today, let it be this:
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Ako išta zapamtite od ovog
govora danas, neka to bude ovo:
govora danas, neka to bude ovo:
05:10
we have an incredibly important
relationship with these marine microbes
relationship with these marine microbes
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mi imamo nevjerojatno važnu vezu
s ovim morskim mikrobima
s ovim morskim mikrobima
05:14
that have very large-scale consequences,
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koja ima posljedice velikih razmjera,
05:17
and we're just barely
beginning to understand
beginning to understand
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a jedva smo tek počeli shvaćati
05:19
what that relationship looks like
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kako ta veza izgleda
05:21
and how it may be changing.
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i kako bi se mogla mijenjati.
05:23
Just as a physician will have trouble
curing a disease of unknown cause,
curing a disease of unknown cause,
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Baš kao što će liječnik imati problema
u liječenju bolesti nepoznatog uzroka,
u liječenju bolesti nepoznatog uzroka,
i mi ćemo imati sličnih problema
s vraćanjem zdravlja oceanu
s vraćanjem zdravlja oceanu
05:27
we will have similar trouble
restoring ocean health
restoring ocean health
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05:30
without understanding the microbes better.
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bez boljeg razumijevanja mikroba.
05:32
They are the invisible engineers
that control the chemistry of the ocean
that control the chemistry of the ocean
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Oni su nevidljivi inženjeri
koji kontroliraju kemiju oceana,
koji kontroliraju kemiju oceana,
05:35
and therefore, what creatures
can live there,
can live there,
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nadalje, koja stvorenja
mogu živjeti u njemu,
mogu živjeti u njemu,
bez obzira na to je li sigurno
za nas da plivamo u njemu ili ne,
za nas da plivamo u njemu ili ne,
05:38
whether or not it's safe
for us to swim there
for us to swim there
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05:40
and all of the other
characteristics we sense
characteristics we sense
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i sve druge osobine koje osjećamo
05:43
with our eyes, noses and taste buds.
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našim očima, nosevima
i okusnim pupoljcima.
i okusnim pupoljcima.
05:45
And the more we pay attention
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Što više obraćamo pozornost
05:46
to these small but very numerous
members of the ocean,
members of the ocean,
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na ove male, ali mnogobrojne
članove oceana,
članove oceana,
05:49
the more we're learning
they do indeed respond to human actions,
they do indeed respond to human actions,
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više učimo da oni uistinu
reagiraju na ljudsko djelovanje,
reagiraju na ljudsko djelovanje,
05:53
such as in this fish farm example.
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kao, na primjer, u ovom ribogojilištu.
Dakle, kao što posljednih par slajdova
o koraljnim grebenima mogu sugerirati,
o koraljnim grebenima mogu sugerirati,
05:55
Now, as the past few slides
about coral reefs may have suggested,
about coral reefs may have suggested,
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05:58
I do indeed spend much
of my time as a researcher
of my time as a researcher
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ja provodim stvarno dosta
svog vremena kao istraživač,
svog vremena kao istraživač,
06:01
thinking about human-microbe interactions,
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razmišljajući o ljudskim
interakcijama s mikrobima,
interakcijama s mikrobima,
06:04
specifically on coral reefs.
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posebice na koraljnim grebenima.
06:06
It turns out,
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Ispalo je
da nismo jedini koji imaju
vlastitu zaštitnu zajednicu mikroba.
vlastitu zaštitnu zajednicu mikroba.
06:07
we're not alone in having
our own protective community of microbes.
our own protective community of microbes.
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06:10
Corals, along with most other
organisms on this planet,
organisms on this planet,
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Koralji, zajedno s većinom
drugih organizama na planetu,
drugih organizama na planetu,
06:14
have their own protective
communities as well.
communities as well.
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također imaju svoje zaštitne zajednice.
06:17
However, rather than keeping theirs
on the inside as we do in our gut,
on the inside as we do in our gut,
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Međutim, umjesto da oni zadržavaju
svoju iznutra kao mi u crijevima,
svoju iznutra kao mi u crijevima,
06:21
they keep theirs on the outside,
to protect them from their surroundings
to protect them from their surroundings
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oni drže svoju izvana,
da ih zaštite od njihove okoline.
da ih zaštite od njihove okoline.
06:25
So what you're seeing here
is a three-dimensional image
is a three-dimensional image
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Dakle, ono što vidite ovdje
je trodimenzionalna slika
je trodimenzionalna slika
06:28
of a live spot on a living coral
with all of its living bacteria,
with all of its living bacteria,
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stvarnog mjesta na živućem koralju
sa svim njegovim živim bakterijama,
sa svim njegovim živim bakterijama,
koju sam snimila pomoću
vrlo uzbudljive tehnologije;
vrlo uzbudljive tehnologije;
06:33
that I took with some
exciting technology --
exciting technology --
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06:35
a high-speed laser-scanning
confocal microscope.
confocal microscope.
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konfokalni laserski pretražni
mikroskop visoke brzine.
mikroskop visoke brzine.
06:38
All of the red circles
are the symbiotic algae
are the symbiotic algae
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Svi crveni krugovi su simbiotske alge
06:42
that live inside the coral tissue,
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koje žive u tkivu koralja,
06:44
turning sunlight and into sugars
they both can use,
they both can use,
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pretvarajući sunčevu svjetlost
u šećere koje oboje mogu koristiti.
u šećere koje oboje mogu koristiti.
06:47
and all of the little blue dots
are the protective bacteria.
are the protective bacteria.
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Male plave točke su zaštitne bakterije.
06:53
So when I use image analysis software
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Dakle, kad upotrijebim
softver za analizu slika
softver za analizu slika
06:56
to highlight the outer layer
of the coral in white,
of the coral in white,
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kako bih istaknula bijeli
vanjski sloj koralja,
vanjski sloj koralja,
06:59
you can see that there are still
some tiny little blue dots
some tiny little blue dots
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možete vidjeti još uvijek
par sitnih plavih točkica
par sitnih plavih točkica
07:02
above that layer.
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iznad tog sloja.
07:04
And those bacteria are sitting
in a mucus layer,
in a mucus layer,
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Te bakterije sjede u sloju sekreta,
07:07
which is also part
of the coral's protective layer.
of the coral's protective layer.
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koji je također dio
zaštitnog sloja koralja.
zaštitnog sloja koralja.
07:11
From the bigger perspective,
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Promatrajući šire,
07:12
I spend my time thinking
about these relationships,
about these relationships,
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svoje vrijeme provodim
razmišljajući o tim vezama,
razmišljajući o tim vezama,
07:14
because too many reefs are going
from looking like the picture on your left
from looking like the picture on your left
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jer previše grebena će se
pretvoriti iz fotografije lijevo
pretvoriti iz fotografije lijevo
u fotografiju desno.
07:18
to the picture on your right.
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Vjerovali ili ne,
07:20
Believe it or not,
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fotografija desno je još uvijek
popularno turističko mjesto za ronjenje
popularno turističko mjesto za ronjenje
07:21
the picture on your right remains
a very popular tourist snorkeling spot
a very popular tourist snorkeling spot
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na otoku Mauiju,
07:24
on the island of Maui,
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iako je izgubilo većinu svog koraljnog
pokrova tijekom posljednjeg desetljeća.
pokrova tijekom posljednjeg desetljeća.
07:26
even though it's lost most of its coral
cover over the past decade or so.
cover over the past decade or so.
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Koralji postaju bolesni širom svijeta
u zabrinjavajućim omjerima,
u zabrinjavajućim omjerima,
07:29
Corals are getting sick
all around the globe at alarming rates,
all around the globe at alarming rates,
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a mi ne znamo, zapravo, kako i zašto.
07:32
and we really don't know how or why.
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07:36
I see the microbes on the coral reefs,
both the good ones and the bad ones,
both the good ones and the bad ones,
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Vidim mikrobe na koraljnim grebenima,
i one dobre i one loše,
i one dobre i one loše,
07:41
trying to link their micro-scale
behaviors to this big picture
behaviors to this big picture
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pokušavam povezati njihova mikroponašanja
s ovim krupnim planom:
s ovim krupnim planom:
07:45
of: How do we help the reef
that looks like the right
that looks like the right
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kako možemo pomoći grebenu
koji izgleda kao ovaj desno
koji izgleda kao ovaj desno
07:49
back towards something
that looks more like the left?
that looks more like the left?
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da se vrati nečemu
što liči više na greben lijevo?
što liči više na greben lijevo?
07:52
Or: How do we stop
coral disease from spreading?
coral disease from spreading?
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Ili: Kako da spriječimo
širenje bolesti koralja?
širenje bolesti koralja?
07:54
Just over a year ago,
no one had ever seen a view like this.
no one had ever seen a view like this.
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Prije nešto više od godinu dana,
nitko nije ni vidio nešto poput ovog.
nitko nije ni vidio nešto poput ovog.
07:58
This video is a prime example
of making the invisible visible.
of making the invisible visible.
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Ovaj video je odličan primjer
pretvaranja nevidljivog u vidljivo.
pretvaranja nevidljivog u vidljivo.
08:04
We're looking at a side view
of the same coral as before,
of the same coral as before,
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Gledamo bočni prikaz
istog koralja od prije,
istog koralja od prije,
08:06
where the protective layer
meets the seawater;
meets the seawater;
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gdje se zaštitni sloj
spaja s morskom vodom;
spaja s morskom vodom;
08:09
so, seawater on your right,
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dakle, morska voda desno,
08:10
coral on your left.
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koralj lijevo.
08:12
It's incredibly exciting to me
that we can finally see these bacteria
that we can finally see these bacteria
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Meni je nevjerojatno uzbudljivo
da konačno možemo vidjeti ove bakterije
da konačno možemo vidjeti ove bakterije
08:16
in real life, in real time,
at their micro scale,
at their micro scale,
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u stvarnom životu, u stvarnom vremenu,
u njihovim mikrodimenzijama,
u njihovim mikrodimenzijama,
08:20
and learn how they interact
with the world around them.
with the world around them.
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te učiti o tome kako one
komuniciraju sa svijetom oko sebe.
komuniciraju sa svijetom oko sebe.
08:23
Ecologists all over the world
are used to being able
are used to being able
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Ekolozi diljem svijeta navikli su da mogu
08:25
to grab a pair of binoculars
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ugrabiti dalekozor,
08:27
and go out and observe
what their study creatures do each day.
what their study creatures do each day.
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izaći i promatrati što njihovi subjekti
istraživanja rade svaki dan.
istraživanja rade svaki dan.
08:30
But microbial ecologists
have desperately needed
have desperately needed
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No, mikrobni ekolozi očajnički su trebali
08:33
breakthroughs in technology,
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napretke u tehnologiji,
08:35
such as with this fast confocal,
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kao što je brzi konfokalni mikroskop,
08:37
to make similar observations.
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kako bi napravili slična promatranja.
08:40
I work to find ways that cutting-edge
technologies like this
technologies like this
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Radim na pronalasku više načina
gdje suvremena tehnologija poput ove
gdje suvremena tehnologija poput ove
08:43
can help make the unseen seeable,
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može pomoći u pretvaranju
nevidljivog vidljivim;
nevidljivog vidljivim;
08:46
to see marine bacteria in action
and learn how they behave.
and learn how they behave.
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da vidimo morske bakterije u akciji
i naučimo kako se one ponašaju.
i naučimo kako se one ponašaju.
08:51
In doing so, we can learn how they respond
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Na taj način, možemo naučiti
kako one reagiraju
kako one reagiraju
08:53
to our actions and our behaviors
and the environment around them
and the environment around them
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na naša djelovanja i ponašanja
te na njihov okoliš,
te na njihov okoliš,
08:57
in ways that will help us
better manage our oceans.
better manage our oceans.
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na načine koji će nam pomoći
bolje kontrolirati naše oceane.
bolje kontrolirati naše oceane.
09:00
Another example of how I'm doing this
is by using microfluidics
is by using microfluidics
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Još jedan primjer toga kako to činim
je korištenje mikrofluida
je korištenje mikrofluida
09:08
to study specifically how pathogens
behave in the ocean.
behave in the ocean.
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za istraživanje posebno
kako se patogeni ponašaju u oceanu.
kako se patogeni ponašaju u oceanu.
09:11
The basic idea behind microfluidics
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Osnovna ideja oko mikrofluida je
09:13
is that you can use
nanofabrication techniques
nanofabrication techniques
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da možete koristiti
tehnike nanoproizvodnje
tehnike nanoproizvodnje
09:16
to recreate or mimic
the conditions bacteria experience
the conditions bacteria experience
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kako biste ponovo stvorili ili oponašali
uvjete koje bakterije doživljavaju
uvjete koje bakterije doživljavaju
09:20
at their own tiny scale in the ocean.
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u svojim sićušnim dimenzijama u oceanu.
09:23
What you see here is a microfluidic
chamber on a microscope slide
chamber on a microscope slide
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Ono što vidite ovdje je mikrofluidna
komora na mikroskopskom stakalcu
komora na mikroskopskom stakalcu
09:28
with a microscope lens underneath it.
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s mikroskopskom lećom ispod toga.
09:31
We use high-speed video microscopy
to record bacteria behavior.
to record bacteria behavior.
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Koristimo brzu video mikroskopiju kako
bismo zabilježili ponašanje bakterija.
bismo zabilježili ponašanje bakterija.
09:35
The colored tubing is where
bacteria and seawater flow
bacteria and seawater flow
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Obojana cijev je gdje bakterije
i morska voda protječu
i morska voda protječu
09:38
in and out of the device.
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unutra i izvan uređaja.
09:40
And it's using a device like this
that I recently discovered
that I recently discovered
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Korištenjem uređaja poput ovog,
nedavno sam otkrila
nedavno sam otkrila
09:44
that a known coral pathogen
actually has the ability
actually has the ability
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da poznati koraljni patogen
zapravo ima sposobnost
zapravo ima sposobnost
09:47
to sniff around the seawater
and hunt for corals.
and hunt for corals.
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njuškati okolo u morskoj vodi
i loviti koralje.
i loviti koralje.
09:51
Here's the video of in action.
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Evo video istog u akciji.
09:53
You'll see all of the pathogens
which are the tiny green dots on the left
which are the tiny green dots on the left
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Vidjet ćete sve patogene označene
zelenim točkama na lijevoj strani
zelenim točkama na lijevoj strani
kako počinju primjećivati koraljni sekret
koji sam stavila na desnu stranu kanala
koji sam stavila na desnu stranu kanala
09:58
start detecting the coral mucus I put
on the right side of the channel,
on the right side of the channel,
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10:02
and they swim quickly
over in that direction and stay there.
over in that direction and stay there.
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i plivaju brzo u tom smjeru
te ostaju tamo.
te ostaju tamo.
10:06
Up until now, it was thought
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Dosada se smatralo
10:08
that a pathogen would need some good luck
to find its host in the ocean.
to find its host in the ocean.
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da bi patogenu trebalo malo sreće
da nađe svog domaćina u oceanu.
da nađe svog domaćina u oceanu.
10:13
But simply by watching
and observing, we can learn
and observing, we can learn
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No, samo gledajući
i promatrajući, možemo naučiti
i promatrajući, možemo naučiti
10:16
that these bacteria are very well adapted
to seeking out their victims.
to seeking out their victims.
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da su ove bakterije vrlo dobro prilagođene
za traženje svojih žrtava.
za traženje svojih žrtava.
10:21
These micro-channels are bringing
us closer than ever before
us closer than ever before
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Ovi mikrokanali dovode nas
bliže nego ikad prije
bliže nego ikad prije
10:24
to understanding how bacteria
navigate that big blue ocean.
navigate that big blue ocean.
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razumijevanju kako se bakterije
kreću velikim plavim oceanom.
kreću velikim plavim oceanom.
10:28
It turns out that this pathogen
can even detect the coral mucus
can even detect the coral mucus
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Ispada da ovaj patogen
može opaziti koraljni sekret
može opaziti koraljni sekret
10:34
when I dilute it 20,000 fold.
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i kad ga razrijedim 20.000 puta.
10:37
So these bacteria are very well adapted
to hunting down these corals.
to hunting down these corals.
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Dakle, ove bakterije su vrlo dobro
prilagođene za lovljenje ovih koralja.
prilagođene za lovljenje ovih koralja.
10:43
I'm currently testing
different environmental conditions
different environmental conditions
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Trenutno istražujem
različite uvjete okoliša
različite uvjete okoliša
10:47
to see what scenarios make
this pathogen more or less capable
this pathogen more or less capable
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kako bih vidjela koji scenariji čine
ovaj patogen više ili manje sposobnim
ovaj patogen više ili manje sposobnim
10:51
of hunting corals.
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u lovljenju korala.
10:52
By learning more
about what triggers the hunt,
about what triggers the hunt,
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Boljim znanjem o tome što potiče lov,
10:55
we should be able to find ways
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trebali bismo moći naći načine
10:57
to help slow down or prevent this disease.
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kako pomoći usporiti
ili spriječiti ovu bolest.
ili spriječiti ovu bolest.
11:00
There's also some evidence
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Postoji i nešto dokaza
11:02
that the healthy microbes on the coral
can fight off the pathogen
can fight off the pathogen
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da se zdravi mikrobi na koralju
mogu boriti protiv patogena,
mogu boriti protiv patogena,
11:07
if the conditions are right.
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ako su uvjeti povoljni.
11:09
So, one final image of a coral
and its healthy bacteria.
and its healthy bacteria.
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Dakle, jedna konačna slika koralja
i njegovih zdravih bakterija.
i njegovih zdravih bakterija.
11:13
I hope you've enjoyed this short journey
into our microbial oceans
into our microbial oceans
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Nadam se da ste uživali u ovom kratkom
putovanju u naše mikrobne oceane
putovanju u naše mikrobne oceane
11:16
and that the next time you
look out at the sea,
look out at the sea,
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i da ćete sljedeći put
kad budete gledali u more,
kad budete gledali u more,
11:19
you'll take in a deep breath
of fresh ocean air and wonder:
of fresh ocean air and wonder:
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duboko udahnuti svježi
oceanski zrak i pomisliti:
oceanski zrak i pomisliti:
11:22
What else are all
of the unseen microbes doing
of the unseen microbes doing
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Što još ovi nevidljivi mikrobi rade
11:25
to keep us and our oceans healthy?
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kako bi nas i naše oceane
održali zdravima?
održali zdravima?
11:27
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Melissa Garren - Marine biologistMelissa Garren is a molecular and marine biologist with a passion for unlocking the mysteries of our ocean's ecosystems and finding new avenues for conservation.
Why you should listen
Melissa Garren studies marine microbes to better understand how pollution and climate change are destroying coral reefs and effecting our environment. Working under a fellowship from the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute she began using molecular techniques to study microbial life in the ocean. At the Costa Rican wildlife refuge, Melissa helped spearhead a long-term monitoring project as well as educational initiatives. After recently receiving her Ph.D. in Marine Biology from the Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, she is now using microfluidic technology to understand the living ecosystem of coral reefs in a postdoctoral position at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Melissa Garren | Speaker | TED.com