TEDGlobal 2012
Julian Treasure: Why architects need to use their ears
Julian Treasure: Zašto arhitekti trebaju koristiti svoj sluh
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Readability: 3.5
1,321,777 views
Zbog loše akustike učenici u učionicama propuste 50% onoga što nastavnici kažu, a pacijenti u bolnicama imaju problema sa spavanjem jer su neprestano pod stresom. Julian Treasure poziva dizajnere da obrate pozornost na “nevidljivu arhitekturu” zvuka.
Julian Treasure - Sound consultant
Julian Treasure studies sound and advises businesses on how best to use it. Full bio
Julian Treasure studies sound and advises businesses on how best to use it. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
It's time to start designing for our ears.
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Vrijeme je da počnemo dizajnirati za svoje uši.
00:20
Architects and designers tend to focus
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Arhitekti i dizajneri skloni su usredotočiti se
00:22
exclusively on these.
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isključivo na oči.
00:24
They use these to design with and they design for them,
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Dizajniraju njima i za njih.
00:27
which is why we end up sitting in restaurants that look
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Zato sjedimo u restoranima koji
00:29
like this — (loud crowd noise) — and sound like this,
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izgledaju ovako … i zvuče ovako --
00:31
shouting from a foot away to try and be heard
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vičemo kako bismo čuli jedni druge
00:34
by our dinner companion,
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za večerom.
00:35
or why we get on airplanes -- (flight attendant announcements) -- which cost 200 million pounds,
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Ili, zašto putujemo zrakoplovima
koji stoje 200 milijuna funti,
koji stoje 200 milijuna funti,
00:38
with somebody talking through an old-fashioned telephone handset
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a netko govori na staromodni ručni telefon
00:42
on a cheap stereo system,
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preko jeftinog stereo sustava
00:44
making us jump out of our skins.
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od kojega se ježimo.
00:46
We're designing environments that make us crazy. (Laughter)
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Dizajniramo okoliš koji nas izluđuje. (Smijeh)
00:50
And it's not just our quality of life which suffers.
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Nije samo kvaliteta života smanjena,
00:52
It's our health,
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već pati i naše zdravlje,
00:54
our social behavior, and our productivity as well.
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društveno ponašanje i produktivnost.
00:58
How does this work? Well, two ways.
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Kako to funkcionira? Na dva načina.
01:00
First of all, ambience. I have a whole TEDTalk about this.
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Prije svega, okolina. Imam cijeli jedan TEDTalk o ovome.
01:03
Sound affects us physiologically, psychologically,
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Zvuk na nas utječe na fiziološkoj, psihološkoj,
01:07
cognitively and behaviorally all the time.
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kognitivnoj i bihevioralnoj razini u svakom trenutku.
01:09
The sound around us is affecting us
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Zvuk utječe na nas
01:11
even though we're not conscious of it.
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čak i ako nismo toga svjesni.
01:13
There's a second way though, as well.
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Tu je i drugi način.
01:15
That's interference. Communication requires sending
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To je interferencija. Komunikacija zahtijeva slanje
01:18
and receiving, and I have another whole TEDTalk
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i primanje. Imam i drugi TEDTalk
01:22
about the importance of conscious listening,
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o važnosti svjesnog slušanja.
01:24
but I can send as well as I like,
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Mogu poslati poruku kako god hoću,
01:26
and you can be brilliant conscious listeners.
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a vi možete biti izvrsno svjesni slušatelji.
01:29
If the space I'm sending it in is not effective,
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No, ako prostor u kojem šaljem poruku nije učinkovit,
01:32
that communication can't happen.
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komunikacija se ne može ostvariti.
01:35
Spaces tend to include noise and acoustics.
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U prostorima uglavnom postoji buka i akustika.
01:37
A room like this has acoustics, this one very good acoustics.
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Prostorija poput ove ima svoju akustiku,
a ova konkretno ima vrlo dobru akustiku.
a ova konkretno ima vrlo dobru akustiku.
01:41
Many rooms are not so good.
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U mnogim prostorijama nije tako dobra.
01:43
Let me give you some examples from a couple of areas
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Da vam dam nekoliko primjera područja
01:45
which I think we all care about: health and education.
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do kojih nam je svima stalo: obrazovanje i zdravstvo.
01:49
(Hospital noises) When I was visiting my terminally ill father
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Kad sam posjetio svog smrtno bolesnog oca
01:51
in a hospital, I was asking myself,
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dok je bio u bolnici, pitao sam se
01:53
how does anybody get well in a place that sounds like this?
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kako itko može ozdraviti u prostoru koji zvuči tako?
01:57
Hospital sound is getting worse all the time.
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Zvukovi u bolnici postaju sve gori.
01:59
Noise levels in hospitals have doubled
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Razina buke udvostručila se
02:01
in the last few years, and it affects not just the patients
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u zadnjih nekoliko godina, što utječe i na pacijente
02:05
but also the people working there.
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i na ljude koji ondje rade.
02:07
I think we would like for dispensing errors to be zero,
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Mislim da bismo svi voljeli
da broj liječničkih pogrešaka bude nula.
da broj liječničkih pogrešaka bude nula.
02:11
wouldn't we? And yet, as noise levels go up, so do
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Pa ipak, kako se razina buke povećava,
02:14
the errors in dispensing made by the staff in hospitals.
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tako raste i broj pogrešaka bolničkog osoblja.
02:18
Most of all, though, it affects the patients,
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Najviše od svega, buka utječe na pacijente.
02:21
and that could be you, it could be me.
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To biste mogli biti vi, to bih mogao biti ja.
02:23
Sleep is absolutely crucial for recovery.
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San je od najveće važnosti za oporavak.
02:25
It's when we regenerate, when we rebuild ourselves,
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Dok se oporavljamo, dok nam se tijelo obnavlja,
02:28
and with threatening noise like this going on,
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a nalazimo se u prijetećoj okolini punoj buke,
02:31
your body, even if you are able to sleep, your body
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naše tijelo, čak i ako uspije zaspati, govori nam
02:34
is telling you, "I'm under threat. This is dangerous."
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da smo pod prijetnjom, da smo u opasnosti.
02:37
And the quality of sleep is degraded, and so is our recovery.
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Kvaliteta sna je smanjena, a time i naš oporavak.
02:40
There are just huge benefits to come
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Velike su prednosti
02:42
from designing for the ears in our health care.
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dizajniranja za uši u našem zdravstvu.
02:45
This is an area I intend to take on this year.
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To je područje kojim se namjeravam baviti ove godine.
02:48
Education.
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Obrazovanje.
02:50
When I see a classroom that looks like this,
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Kad vidim učionicu koja izgleda ovako,
02:52
can you imagine how this sounds?
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možete li zamisliti kako zvuči?
02:54
I am forced to ask myself a question.
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Prisiljen sam se zapitati:
02:56
("Do architects have ears?") (Laughter)
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„Imaju li arhitekti uši?” (Smijeh)
02:59
Now, that's a little unfair. Some of my best friends
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Dobro, to je malo nepravedno.
Neki od mojih najboljih prijatelja
Neki od mojih najboljih prijatelja
03:01
are architects. (Laughter) And they definitely do have ears.
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jesu arhitekti. (Smijeh) Oni definitivno imaju uši.
03:04
But I think sometimes they don't use them
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No, ponekad mi se čini da ih ne upotrebljavaju
03:06
when they're designing buildings. Here's a case in point.
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za dizajniranje zgrada. Evo jednog takvog slučaja.
03:09
This is a 32-million-pound flagship academy school
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Ovo je elitna škola od 32 milijuna funti
03:13
which was built quite recently in the U.K. and designed
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koja je nedavno izgrađena u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu,
03:15
by one of Britain's top architects.
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a projektirao ju je jedan od najboljih britanskih arhitekata.
03:18
Unfortunately, it was designed like a corporate
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Nažalost, dizajnirana je poput
03:20
headquarters, with a vast central atrium
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korporativnog sjedišta s velikim središnjim atrijem
03:22
and classrooms leading off it with no back walls at all.
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i učionicama oko njega, bez stražnjeg zida.
03:26
The children couldn't hear their teachers.
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Djeca uopće nisu mogla čuti nastavnike.
03:28
They had to go back in and spend 600,000 pounds
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Kasnije su morali potrošiti još 600 000 funti
03:31
putting the walls in. Let's stop this madness
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da bi izgradili zidove. Zaustavimo to ludilo
03:34
of open plan classrooms right now, please.
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s učionicama otvorenog tlocrta odmah!
03:38
It's not just these modern buildings which suffer.
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Ne pate samo moderne zgrade.
03:42
Old-fashioned classrooms suffer too.
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Pate i staromodne učionice.
03:44
A study in Florida just a few years ago found
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Prije nekoliko je godina u jednom istraživanju na Floridi
03:46
that if you're sitting where this photograph was taken
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otkriveno da, ako sjedite na mjestu
s kojeg je snimljena ova fotografija,
s kojeg je snimljena ova fotografija,
03:48
in the classroom, row four, speech intelligibility
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u četvrtom redu u učionici, razumljivost govora
03:51
is just 50 percent.
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iznosti samo 50%.
03:53
Children are losing one word in two.
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Djeca ne čuju jednu od dvije riječi.
03:56
Now that doesn't mean they only get half their education,
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To ne znači da dobiju samo pola obrazovanja,
03:58
but it does mean they have to work very hard
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ali znači da se moraju jako truditi
04:00
to join the dots and understand what's going on.
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kako bi uhvatili nit i shvatili o čemu se govori.
04:03
This is affected massively by reverberation time,
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Na to znatno utječe vrijeme odjeka,
04:06
how reverberant a room is.
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koliko dobro prostorija odjekuje.
04:08
In a classroom with a reverberation time of 1.2 seconds,
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U učionici s vremenom odjeka od 1,2 sekunde,
04:11
which is pretty common, this is what it sounds like.
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što je prilično uobičajeno, to zvuči ovako.
04:15
(Inaudible echoing voice)
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(Nerazumljiv glas uz jeku)
04:27
Not so good, is it?
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Nije baš dobro, zar ne?
04:29
If you take that 1.2 seconds down to 0.4 seconds
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Ako 1,2 sekunde smanjite na 0,4
04:33
by installing acoustic treatments, sound absorbing materials
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ugradnjom akustičnih tretmana, materijala koji upijaju zvuk
04:36
and so forth, this is what you get.
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i slično, dobijete ovo.
04:39
Voice: In language, infinitely many words can be written
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Glas: U jeziku, beskrajno mnogo riječi može biti napisano
04:43
with a small set of letters. In arithmetic,
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malim brojem slova. U aritmetici,
04:46
infinitely many numbers can be composed
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beskonačno mnogo brojeva može se složiti
04:48
from just a few digits with the help of the simple zero.
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od samo nekoliko znamenaka uz pomoć nule.
04:52
Julian Treasure: What a difference.
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Julian Treasure: Kakva razlika!
04:53
Now that education you would receive,
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Takvo obrazovanje sad možete primiti.
04:55
and thanks to the British acoustician Adrian James
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Hvala britanskome akustičaru Adrianu Jamesu
04:58
for those simulations. The signal was the same,
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za ove simulacije. Signal je bio isti,
05:01
the background noise was the same.
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kao i pozadinska buka.
05:02
All that changed was the acoustics of the classroom
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Jedino što se promijenilo jest akustika učionice
05:05
in those two examples.
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u ova dva primjera.
05:06
If education can be likened to watering a garden,
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Kad bismo poučavanje usporedili sa zalijevanjem vrta,
05:09
which is a fair metaphor, sadly, much of the water
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što je prilično dobra metafora, nažalost, puno vode
05:13
is evaporating before it reaches the flowers,
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isparava prije nego dođe do cvijeća,
05:16
especially for some groups,
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osobito kod nekih skupina,
05:18
for example, those with hearing impairment.
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primjerice onih s oštećenjima sluha.
05:21
Now that's not just deaf children. That could be any child
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No, ne radi se samo o gluhoj djeci.
To može biti bilo koje dijete
To može biti bilo koje dijete
05:24
who's got a cold, glue ear, an ear infection,
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koje je prehlađeno, ima začepljeno uho, infekciju uha
05:27
even hay fever. On a given day, one in eight children
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ili peludnu groznicu. Jedno od osmero djece
05:29
fall into that group, on any given day.
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može spadati u tu skupinu u bilo kojem trenutku.
05:32
Then you have children for whom English is a second language,
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Zatim, imamo djecu kojima je engleski drugi jezik
05:35
or whatever they're being taught in is a second language.
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ili koji god drugi jezik uče.
05:38
In the U.K., that's more than 10 percent of the school population.
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U Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu,
to je više od 10% djece školske dobi.
to je više od 10% djece školske dobi.
05:41
And finally, after Susan Cain's wonderful TEDTalk in February,
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I na kraju, nakon predivnog TEDTalka Susan Cain,
05:45
we know that introverts find it very difficult to relate
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znamo da je introvertiranoj djeci vrlo teško govoriti
05:48
when they're in a noisy environment doing group work.
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dok u bučnom okolišu rade na grupnom zadatku.
05:51
Add those up. That is a lot of children
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Zbrojite to. To je mnogo djece
05:54
who are not receiving their education properly.
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koja ne primaju obrazovanje kako bi trebala.
05:56
It's not just the children who are affected, though.
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No, nisu pogođenja samo djeca.
05:58
(Noisy conversation) This study in Germany found
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(Bučan razgovor) Istraživanje u Njemačkoj pokazalo je
06:00
the average noise level in classrooms is 65 decibels.
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da je prosječna razina buke u učionici 65 decibela.
06:03
I have to really raise my voice to talk over 65 decibels
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Moram stvarno podići glas da bih govorio uz 65 decibela,
06:08
of sound, and teachers are not just raising their voices.
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a nastavnici ne podižu samo glas.
06:11
This chart maps the teacher's heart rate
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Ovaj grafikon pokazuje brzinu otkucaja srca nastavnika
06:14
against the noise level.
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i razinu buke.
06:17
Noise goes up, heart rate goes up.
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Buka se pojačava, broj otkucaja srca također se povećava.
06:19
That is not good for you.
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To nije dobro za vas.
06:22
In fact, 65 decibels is the very level at which this big survey
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Zapravo, 65 decibela upravo je razina na kojoj,
06:26
of all the evidence on noise and health found that, that is
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kako pokazuje ovo istraživanje o povezanosti buke i zdravlja,
06:29
the threshold for the danger of myocardial infarction.
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počinje opasnost od infarkta miokarda.
06:34
To you and me, that's a heart attack.
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Za vas i mene to znači srčani udar.
06:37
It may not be pushing the boat out too far to suggest
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Ne bi bilo pretjerano reći
06:39
that many teachers are losing significant life expectancy
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da se mnogim nastavnicima
značajno smanjuje očekivana duljina života
značajno smanjuje očekivana duljina života
06:44
by teaching in environments like that day after day.
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zbog rada u ovakvom okruženju iz dana u dan.
06:48
What does it cost to treat a classroom
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Koliko stoji smanjivanje vremena odjeka
06:50
down to that 0.4-second reverberation time?
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u učionici na 0,4 sekunde?
06:53
Two and a half thousand pounds.
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Dvije i pol tisuće funti
06:56
And the Essex study which has just been done in the U.K.,
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Studija Essex provedena u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu,
06:59
which incidentally showed that when you do this,
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pokazala je, inače, da kad to učinite,
07:01
you do not just make a room that's suitable
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nećete dobiti samo prostoriju prikladnu
07:03
for hearing-impaired children, you make a room
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za djecu s oštećenjem sluha, već i prostoriju
07:05
where behavior improves, and results improve significantly,
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gdje se poboljšava ponašanje i uspjeh učenika.
07:10
this found that sending a child out of area to a school
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Pokazalo se i da slanje djeteta u drugu, udaljenu školu
07:14
that does have such a room, if you don't have one,
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koja ima takvu prostoriju, ako je vi nemate,
07:17
costs 90,000 pounds a year.
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stoji 90 000 funti godišnje.
07:20
I think the economics are pretty clear on this.
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Mislim da je s financijske strane stvar prilično jasna.
07:23
I'm glad that debate is happening on this.
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Drago mi je da se o ovome raspravlja.
07:25
I just moderated a major conference in London
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Prije nekoliko tjedana moderirao sam
veliku konferenciju u Londonu
veliku konferenciju u Londonu
07:27
a few weeks ago called Sound Education,
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pod nazivom Edukacija o zvuku,
07:29
which brought together top acousticians,
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koja je okupila najbolje akustičare,
07:31
government people, teachers, and so forth.
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ljude iz vlade, nastavnike, itd.
07:33
We're at last starting to debate this issue, and the benefits
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Napokon započinjemo tu raspravu, a rezultati koji se dobiju
07:37
that are available for designing for the ears in education,
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dizajniranjem za uši u obrazovanju
07:40
unbelievable.
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nevjerojatni su.
07:42
Out of that conference, incidentally, also came
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Iz te konferencije proizašla je
07:45
a free app which is designed to help children study
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i besplatna aplikacija osmišljena za pomoć djeci pri učenju
07:48
if they're having to work at home, for example,
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ako moraju raditi kod kuće, primjerice
07:50
in a noisy kitchen.
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u bučnoj kuhinji.
07:52
And that's free out of that conference.
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To je proizašlo besplatno iz te konferencije.
07:55
Let's broaden the perspective a little bit
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Proširimo malo perspektivu
07:58
and look at cities.
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i pogledajmo gradove.
08:00
We have urban planners.
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Imamo urbaniste.
08:02
Where are the urban sound planners?
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A gdje su urbanisti za zvuk?
08:05
I don't know of one in the world, and the opportunity is there
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Ne znam ni za jednog na svijetu i tu je prilika
08:08
to transform our experience in our cities.
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da promijenimo naš doživljaj gradova.
08:11
The World Health Organization estimates
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Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija procjenjuje
08:13
that a quarter of Europe's population is having its sleep
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da četvrtina stanovništva Europe
ima problema sa spavanjem
ima problema sa spavanjem
08:16
degraded by noise in cities. We can do better than that.
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zbog buke u gradovima. Možemo mi i bolje od toga.
08:20
And in our offices, we spend a lot of time at work.
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U uredima provedemo puno vremena.
08:22
Where are the office sound planners?
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Gdje su urbanisti zvuka za urede?
08:25
People who say, don't sit that team next to this team,
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Ljudi koji će reći da ne smjestite
ta dva tima jedan pored drugog
ta dva tima jedan pored drugog
08:27
because they like noise and they need quiet.
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jer jedni vole buku, a drugima treba tišina.
08:29
Or who say, don't spend all your budget on a huge screen
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Ili koji vam savjetuju da ne kupite velik, skup ekran
08:32
in the conference room,
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za konferencijsku dvoranu,
08:33
and then place one tiny microphone
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a onda stavite jedan sićušni mikrofon
08:35
in the middle of a table for 30 people. (Laughter)
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na sredinu stola za 30 ljudi. (Smijeh)
08:38
If you can hear me, you can understand me
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Ako me čujete, onda me možete razumjeti
08:40
without seeing me. If you can see me without hearing me,
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ako me i ne vidite. Ako me vidite, a da me ne čujete,
08:44
that does not work.
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to ne funkcionira.
08:46
So office sound is a huge area, and incidentally,
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Mnogo se može raditi na zvuku u uredima, a pokazalo se
08:49
noise in offices has been shown to make people
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da su zbog buke u uredima
08:51
less helpful, less enjoy their teamwork,
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ljudi manje spremni pomoći, manje vole timski rad
08:54
and less productive at work.
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i manje su produktivni.
08:56
Finally, we have homes. We use interior designers.
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Na kraju, imamo domove. Imamo dizajnere interijera.
08:59
Where are the interior sound designers?
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Gdje su dizajneri zvuka za interijere?
09:01
Hey, let's all be interior sound designers,
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Budimo svi dizajneri zvuka u interijerima,
09:05
take on listening to our rooms and designing sound
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slušajmo svoje prostorije i dizajnirajmo zvukove
09:08
that's effective and appropriate.
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koji su učinkoviti i prikladni.
09:09
My friend Richard Mazuch, an architect in London,
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Moj prijatelj Richard Mazuch, arhitekt u Londonu,
09:12
coined the phrase "invisible architecture."
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smislio je izraz “nevidljiva arhitektura”.
09:14
I love that phrase.
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Volim taj izraz.
09:16
It's about designing, not appearance, but experience,
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Radi se o dizajniranju doživljaja, a ne izgleda,
09:21
so that we have spaces that sound as good as they look,
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tako da imamo prostore koji jednako dobro zvuče i izgledaju,
09:25
that are fit for purpose, that improve our quality of life,
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koji su svrsishodni, koji poboljšavaju kvalitetu života,
09:28
our health and well being, our social behavior
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zdravlje, dobrobit, društveno ponašanje
09:31
and our productivity.
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i produktivnost.
09:33
It's time to start designing for the ears.
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Vrijeme je da počnemo dizajnirati za svoje uši.
09:37
Thank you. (Applause)
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Hvala vam. (Pljesak)
09:40
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
09:41
Thank you. (Applause)
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Hvala vam. (Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Julian Treasure - Sound consultantJulian Treasure studies sound and advises businesses on how best to use it.
Why you should listen
Julian Treasure is the chair of the Sound Agency, a firm that advises worldwide businesses -- offices, retailers, airports -- on how to design sound in their physical spaces and communication. He asks us to pay attention to the sounds that surround us. How do they make us feel: productive, stressed, energized, acquisitive?
Treasure is the author of the book Sound Business, a manual for effective sound use in every aspect of business. His most recent book, How to be Heard: Secrets for Powerful Speaking and Listening, based on his TED Talk, offers practical exercises to improve communication skills and an inspiring vision for a sonorous world of effective speaking, conscious listening and understanding. He speaks globally on this topic.
Julian Treasure | Speaker | TED.com