TEDxZurich 2012
James B. Glattfelder: Who controls the world?
James B. Glattfelder: Tko kontrolira svijet?
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James Glattfelder proučava kompleksnost: kako je to međupovezan sustav - primjerice, jato ptica - više od zbroja svojih dijelova. Proizlazi da nam teorija kompleksnosti može razotkriti mnogo o tome kako ekonomija funkcionira. Glattfelder prezentira pionirsku studiju o tome kako kontrola teče tkivom globalne ekonomije, i o tome kako nas ranjivima čini koncentracija moći u rukama zastrašujuće malobrojnih. (Snimljeno na TEDxZurich.)
James B. Glattfelder - Complex systems theorist
James B. Glattfelder aims to give us a richer, data-driven understanding of the people and interactions that control our global economy. He does this not to push an ideology -- but with the hopes of making the world a better place. Full bio
James B. Glattfelder aims to give us a richer, data-driven understanding of the people and interactions that control our global economy. He does this not to push an ideology -- but with the hopes of making the world a better place. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
"When the crisis came,
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"U trenutku izbijanja krize,
00:18
the serious limitations of existing economic
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ozbiljna ograničenja postojećih ekonomskih
00:21
and financial models immediately became apparent."
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i financijskih modela postala su očita."
00:26
"There is also a strong belief, which I share,
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"Neki snažno vjeruju, i ja dijelim njihovo mišljenje,
00:31
that bad or oversimplistic and overconfident economics
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da je loša ili isuviše pojednostavljena
i presamouvjerena ekonomska znanost
i presamouvjerena ekonomska znanost
00:36
helped create the crisis."
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pripomogla nastajanju krize."
00:39
Now, you've probably all heard of similar criticism
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Vjerojatno ste svi čuli slične kritike
00:41
coming from people who are skeptical of capitalism.
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od ljudi koji su skeptici glede kapitalizma.
00:44
But this is different.
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Ali, ovo je nešto drugo.
00:46
This is coming from the heart of finance.
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Ovo dolazi iz srca financija.
00:50
The first quote is from Jean-Claude Trichet
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Prvi je citat Jean-Claudea Tricheta,
00:53
when he was governor of the European Central Bank.
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iz vremena dok je bio guverner
Europske središnje banke.
Europske središnje banke.
00:57
The second quote is from the head
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Drugi je citat čelnika
00:59
of the U.K. Financial Services Authority.
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Britanskog regulatora financijskih usluga (FSA).
01:02
Are these people implying
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Sugeriraju li ovi ljudi
01:04
that we don't understand the economic systems
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da mi ne razumijemo ekonomske sustave
01:07
that drive our modern societies?
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koji pokreću naša suvremena društva?
01:10
It gets worse.
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Postaje gore.
01:12
"We spend billions of dollars
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"Trošimo milijarde dolara
01:14
trying to understand the origins of the universe
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u nastojanjima da spoznamo izvore svemira
01:17
while we still don't understand the conditions
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iako istodobno još uvijek ne razumijemo preduvjete
01:21
for a stable society, a functioning economy, or peace."
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za stabilno društvo,
djelotvorno gospodarstvo, ili mir.
djelotvorno gospodarstvo, ili mir.
01:30
What's happening here? How can this be possible?
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Što se ovdje zbiva? Kako je ovo moguće?
01:32
Do we really understand more about the fabric of reality
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Znamo li doista više o tkivu
od kojeg je sazdana naša zbilja,
od kojeg je sazdana naša zbilja,
01:35
than we do about the fabric
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no što znamo o tkivu
01:37
which emerges from our human interactions?
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koje proizlazi iz naših međusobnih odnosa?
01:40
Unfortunately, the answer is yes.
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Nažalost, odgovor je da.
01:43
But there's an intriguing solution which is coming
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Ali, postoji i zanimljivo rješenje koje potječe
01:46
from what is known as the science of complexity.
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iz onoga što se naziva znanost o kompleksnosti.
01:51
To explain what this means and what this thing is,
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Da bih objasnio što to znači i što to jest,
01:53
please let me quickly take a couple of steps back.
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dopustite mi da se nakratko vratim u prošlost.
01:57
I ended up in physics by accident.
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U fizici sam završio slučajno.
01:59
It was a random encounter when I was young,
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Bio je to slučajan susret dok sam bio još mlad,
02:02
and since then, I've often wondered
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i otad sam se često čudio
02:05
about the amazing success of physics
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nevjerojatnom uspjehu fizike
02:07
in describing the reality we wake up in every day.
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u opisivanju stvarnosti u kojoj se
svakoga dana budimo.
svakoga dana budimo.
02:11
In a nutshell, you can think of physics as follows.
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Ukratko, o fizici možete razmišljati na sljedeći način.
02:14
So you take a chunk of reality you want to understand
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Odaberite djelić stvarnosti,
kojeg želite razumjeti
kojeg želite razumjeti
02:17
and you translate it into mathematics.
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i prevedite ga u matematički jezik.
02:21
You encode it into equations.
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Pretvorite ga u jednadžbe.
02:25
Then predictions can be made and tested.
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Potom su moguća predviđanja,
kao i njihovo testiranje.
kao i njihovo testiranje.
02:28
We're actually really lucky that this works,
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Zapravo, imamo sreće što to funkcionira,
02:31
because no one really knows why the thoughts in our heads
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jer nitko doista ne zna
zašto bi misli u našim glavama
zašto bi misli u našim glavama
02:34
should actually relate to the fundamental workings of the universe.
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imale ikakve veze s temeljnim
djelovanjem svemira.
djelovanjem svemira.
02:40
Despite the success, physics has its limits.
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Unatoč tom uspjehu, i fizika ima
svojih ograničenja.
svojih ograničenja.
02:43
As Dirk Helbing pointed out in the last quote,
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Kao što je Dirk Helbing istaknuo
u posljednjem citatu,
u posljednjem citatu,
02:46
we don't really understand the complexity
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uopće ne razumijemo kompleksnost
02:48
that relates to us, that surrounds us.
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koja je u odnosu s nama, koja nas okružuje.
02:51
This paradox is what got me interested in complex systems.
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Zbog toga sam se paradoksa
zainteresirao za kompleksne sustave.
zainteresirao za kompleksne sustave.
02:56
So these are systems which are made up
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Ti su, dakle, sustavi sačinjeni
02:58
of many interconnected or interacting parts:
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od mnoštva međusobno povezanih
ili djelujućih dijelova:
ili djelujućih dijelova:
03:02
swarms of birds or fish, ant colonies,
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jata ptica ili riba, mravlje kolonije,
03:05
ecosystems, brains, financial markets.
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ekosustavi, mozgovi, financijska tržišta.
03:09
These are just a few examples.
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Ovo su tek neki primjeri.
03:13
Interestingly, complex systems are very hard to map
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Zanimljivo, kompleksne je sustave vrlo teško
03:18
into mathematical equations,
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predočiti matematičkim jednadžbama.
03:20
so the usual physics approach doesn't really work here.
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Zato uobičajeni fizikalni pristup nije ovdje primjenjiv.
03:25
So what do we know about complex systems?
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Što, dakle, znamo o kompleksnim sustavima?
03:27
Well, it turns out that what looks like complex behavior
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Znate, ono što se izvana čini
kao kompleksno ponašanje
kao kompleksno ponašanje
03:31
from the outside is actually the result
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zapravo je rezultat
03:34
of a few simple rules of interaction.
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svega nekoliko jednostavnih pravila međudjelovanja.
03:38
This means you can forget about the equations
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Znači, jednadžbe možete zaboraviti
03:42
and just start to understand the system
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i započeti s razumijevanjem sustava
03:44
by looking at the interactions,
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promatrajući međudjelovanja.
03:47
so you can actually forget about the equations
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Dakle, jednostavno zaboravite jednadžbe
03:49
and you just start to look at the interactions.
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i započnite promatrati međudjelovanja.
03:52
And it gets even better, because most complex systems
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Štoviše, većina kompleksnih sustava
03:55
have this amazing property called emergence.
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ima to zadivljujuće svojstvo zvano
spontano pojavljivanje.
spontano pojavljivanje.
03:58
So this means that the system as a whole
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To znači da sustav kao cjelina
04:00
suddenly starts to show a behavior
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iznenada počinje iskazivati ponašanje
04:02
which cannot be understood or predicted
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koje se ne može razumjeti niti predvidjeti
04:05
by looking at the components of the system.
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promatranjem pojedinih dijelova sustava.
04:08
So the whole is literally more than the sum of its parts.
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Cjelina je tako, doslovno, više
od zbroja vlastitih dijelova.
od zbroja vlastitih dijelova.
04:12
And all of this also means that you can forget about
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Sve to, također, znači da možete zanemariti
04:14
the individual parts of the system, how complex they are.
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pojedinačne dijelove sustava,
i njihovu kompleksnost.
i njihovu kompleksnost.
04:19
So if it's a cell or a termite or a bird,
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Prema tome, radi li se o stanici,
o termitu, ili o ptici,
o termitu, ili o ptici,
04:24
you just focus on the rules of interaction.
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samo se usredotočite na pravila međudjelovanja.
04:29
As a result, networks are ideal representations
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Posljedica je da su mreže savršen prikaz
04:33
of complex systems.
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kompleksnih sustava.
04:36
The nodes in the network
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Čvorovi u mreži
04:39
are the system's components
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su komponente sustava,
04:41
and the links are given by the interactions.
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a međudjelovanja predstavljaju
poveznice među njima.
poveznice među njima.
04:45
So what equations are for physics,
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Prema tome, što su jednadžbe za fiziku,
04:48
complex networks are for the study of complex systems.
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to su kompleksne mreže
u proučavanju kompleksnih sustava.
u proučavanju kompleksnih sustava.
04:53
This approach has been very successfully applied
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Ovaj je pristup vrlo uspješno primijenjen
04:56
to many complex systems in physics, biology,
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na mnoge kompleksne sustave
u fizici, biologiji,
u fizici, biologiji,
04:59
computer science, the social sciences,
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računalnim znanostima, društvenim znanostima.
05:03
but what about economics?
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No, što je s ekonomijom?
05:05
Where are economic networks?
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Gdje su ekonomske mreže?
05:07
This is a surprising and prominent gap in the literature.
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Ovo je iznenađujuća i istaknuta
pukotina u literaturi.
pukotina u literaturi.
05:12
The study we published last year called
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Studija koju smo prošle godine objavili pod nazivom
05:15
"The Network of Global Corporate Control"
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"Mreža globalne korporativne kontrole" -
05:18
was the first extensive analysis of economic networks.
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prva je opsežnija analiza ekonomskih mreža.
05:24
The study went viral on the Internet
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Studija se strelovito proširila Internetom
05:26
and it attracted a lot of attention from the international media.
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i privukla podosta pažnje međunarodnih medija.
05:32
This is quite remarkable, because, again,
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To je značajno zbog toga što, ponovno,
05:34
why did no one look at this before?
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zašto to nitko nije prije sagledao?
05:36
Similar data has been around for quite some time.
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Slični su podaci dostupni već neko vrijeme.
05:39
What we looked at in detail was ownership networks.
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Ono što smo mi pozornije sagledali
bile su vlasničke mreže.
bile su vlasničke mreže.
05:43
So here the nodes are companies, people, governments,
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U tom slučaju čvorovi su tvrtke, ljudi, vlade,
05:48
foundations, etc.
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zaklade i sl.
05:52
And the links represent the shareholding relations,
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Poveznice su predstavljene odnosima s ulagačima,
05:54
so Shareholder A has x percent of the shares in Company B.
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pa tako Ulagač A posjeduje X posto dionica Tvrtke B.
06:00
And we also assign a value to the company
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Također, tvrtki pridajemo vrijednost
06:02
given by the operating revenue.
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na osnovi njenih operativnih prihoda.
06:05
So ownership networks reveal the patterns
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Tako vlasničke mreže otkrivaju obrasce
06:08
of shareholding relations.
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odnosa među ulagačima.
06:11
In this little example, you can see
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Na ovom jednostavnom primjeru možete vidjeti
06:13
a few financial institutions
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nekoliko financijskih institucija
06:15
with some of the many links highlighted.
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s nekim poveznicama istaknutijim u mnoštvu drugih.
06:19
Now you may think that no one's looked at this before
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Možete pomisliti da nitko ovo ranije nije sagledao
06:22
because ownership networks are
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zato što su vlasničke mreže
06:24
really, really boring to study.
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stvarno, stvarno dosadne za proučavanje.
06:27
Well, as ownership is related to control,
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Međutim, budući da je vlasništvo
u izravnoj vezi s kontrolom,
u izravnoj vezi s kontrolom,
06:31
as I shall explain later,
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kao što ću kasnije obrazložiti,
06:33
looking at ownership networks
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promatranje vlasničkih mreža
06:34
actually can give you answers to questions like,
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može vam, zapravo, dati odgovore na pitanja poput:
06:37
who are the key players?
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Tko su ključni igrači?
06:39
How are they organized? Are they isolated?
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Kako su oni organizirani?
Jesu li izdvojeni?
Jesu li izdvojeni?
06:41
Are they interconnected?
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Jesu li međusobno povezani?
06:42
And what is the overall distribution of control?
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I kakva je ukupna raspodjela kontrole?
06:46
In other words, who controls the world?
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Drugim riječima, tko kontrolira svijet?
06:50
I think this is an interesting question.
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Mislim da je to zanimljivo pitanje.
06:52
And it has implications for systemic risk.
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I ima utjecaja na sistemski rizik.
06:56
This is a measure of how vulnerable a system is overall.
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Ovo je mjera ukupne ranjivosti sustava.
07:01
A high degree of interconnectivity
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Visok stupanj međusobne povezanosti
07:04
can be bad for stability,
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može loše utjecati na stabilnost,
07:07
because then the stress can spread through the system
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jer se pritisak tad može proširiti sustavom
07:10
like an epidemic.
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poput pošasti.
07:13
Scientists have sometimes criticized economists
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Znanstvenici su katkad kritizirali ekonomiste
07:16
who believe ideas and concepts
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koji vjeruju da su zamisli i koncepti
07:18
are more important than empirical data,
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važniji od empirijskih podataka,
07:21
because a foundational guideline in science is:
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jer temeljna smjernica u znanosti glasi:
07:25
Let the data speak. Okay. Let's do that.
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Neka podaci govore.
Dobro. Učinimo to.
Dobro. Učinimo to.
07:28
So we started with a database containing
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Stoga smo započeli s bazom podataka o
07:30
13 million ownership relations from 2007.
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13 milijuna vlasničkih odnosa od 2007.
07:35
This is a lot of data, and because we wanted to find out
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To je mnogo podataka,
i zato što smo željeli otkriti
i zato što smo željeli otkriti
07:37
who rules the world,
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tko vlada svijetom,
07:40
we decided to focus on transnational corporations,
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odlučili smo se usredotočiti na
transnacionalne korporacije;
transnacionalne korporacije;
07:44
or TNCs for short.
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ukratko, na TNC-ove.
07:45
These are companies that operate in more than one country,
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Takve tvrtke posluju u više od samo jedne zemlje,
07:49
and we found 43,000.
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i pronašli smo ih 43.000.
07:51
In the next step, we built the network around these companies,
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U sljedećem smo koraku izgradili
mrežu oko tih tvrtki,
mrežu oko tih tvrtki,
07:55
so we took all the TNCs' shareholders,
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i uzeli smo u obzir sve njihove dioničare,
07:58
and the shareholders' shareholders, etc.,
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i dioničare njihovih dioničara, itd.
08:00
all the way upstream, and we did the same downstream,
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odozdo prema gore, i odozgo prema dolje,
08:03
and ended up with a network containing 600,000 nodes
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i okončali s mrežom od 600.000 čvorova
08:07
and one million links.
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i milijun poveznica.
08:08
This is the TNC network which we analyzed.
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Ovo je mreža TNC-ova, koju smo razmatrali.
08:12
And it turns out to be structured as follows.
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Ispostavilo se da je strukturirana na sljedeći način.
08:15
So you have a periphery and a center
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Postoji periferija i centar
08:17
which contains about 75 percent of all the players,
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koji sadrži oko 75% svih igrača,
08:22
and in the center there's this tiny but dominant core
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i u centru se nalazi ta sićušna,
ali dominantna jezgra
ali dominantna jezgra
08:25
which is made up of highly interconnected companies.
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sačinjena od međusobno visokopovezanih tvrtki.
08:30
To give you a better picture,
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Radi bolje ilustracije,
08:33
think about a metropolitan area.
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zamislite velegradsko područje.
08:34
So you have the suburbs and the periphery,
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Ako su ondje predgrađa i periferija,
08:37
you have a center like a financial district,
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te središte grada kao što je to
financijska četvrt,
financijska četvrt,
08:39
then the core will be something like
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tad će jezgra biti nešto poput
08:41
the tallest high rise building in the center.
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najvišeg nebodera u tom središtu.
08:44
And we already see signs of organization going on here.
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Ovdje su već vidljivi znakovi organiziranja...
08:49
Thirty-six percent of the TNCs are in the core only,
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36% TNC-ova nalaze se samo u jezgri,
08:55
but they make up 95 percent of the total operating revenue
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ali zarađuju 95% ukupnih operativnih prihoda
08:59
of all TNCs.
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svih TNC-ova.
09:02
Okay, so now we analyzed the structure,
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Dakle, raščlanili smo strukturu,
09:05
so how does this relate to the control?
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no u kakvom je ona odnosu s kontrolom?
09:08
Well, ownership gives voting rights to shareholders.
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Vlasništvo osigurava dioničarima
glasačka prava.
glasačka prava.
09:12
This is the normal notion of control.
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To je uobičajeno shvaćanje kontrole.
09:15
And there are different models which allow you to compute
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Postoje različiti modeli koji vam
omogućuju izračunati
omogućuju izračunati
09:18
the control you get from ownership.
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kontrolu koju vam vlasništvo osigurava.
09:21
If you have more than 50 percent of the shares in a company,
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Posjedujete li više od 50% dionica tvrtke,
09:24
you get control,
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zadobivate kontrolu,
09:25
but usually it depends on the relative distribution of shares.
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ali ona obično ovisi o relativnoj raspodjeli dionica.
09:31
And the network really matters.
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A mreža je uistinu bitna.
09:33
About 10 years ago, Mr. Tronchetti Provera
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Prije 10-ak godina, g. Tronchetti Provera
09:36
had ownership and control in a small company,
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raspolagao je i vlasništvom i nadzorom
u maloj tvrtki,
u maloj tvrtki,
09:39
which had ownership and control in a bigger company.
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koja je pak imala vlasničkih udjela i nadzor
u većoj tvrtki.
u većoj tvrtki.
09:43
You get the idea.
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Jasno vam je.
09:44
This ended up giving him control in Telecom Italia
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U konačnici je zadobio kontrolu u Telecom Italia
09:48
with a leverage of 26.
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s utjecajem u razini od 26.
09:51
So this means that, with each euro he invested,
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To znači da je svakim uloženim eurom
09:55
he was able to move 26 euros of market value
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uspio pokrenuti 26 eura tržišne vrijednosti
09:59
through the chain of ownership relations.
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kroz lanac vlasničkih odnosa.
10:02
Now what we actually computed in our study
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Ono što smo doista izračunavali u našoj studiji
10:05
was the control over the TNCs' value.
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bila je kontrola nad vrijednošću TNC-ova.
10:09
This allowed us to assign a degree of influence
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Na osnovi toga smo svakome dioničaru
10:12
to each shareholder.
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dodjeljivali stupanj utjecajnosti.
10:14
This is very much in the sense of
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To je vrlo slično
10:17
Max Weber's idea of potential power,
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zamisli o potencijalnoj moći, Maxa Webera,
10:20
which is the probability of imposing one's own will
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tj. vjerojatnosti nametanja vlastite volje
10:24
despite the opposition of others.
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unatoč suprotstavljanju drugih.
10:28
If you want to compute the flow in an ownership network,
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Želite li izračunati tok u vlasničkoj mreži,
10:32
this is what you have to do.
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evo što trebate učiniti.
10:34
It's actually not that hard to understand.
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Nije to osobito teško razumjeti.
10:36
Let me explain by giving you this analogy.
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Poslužit ću se sljedećom usporedbom...
10:39
So think about water flowing in pipes
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Zamislite vodu kako kola cijevima
10:42
where the pipes have different thickness.
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različitih debljina.
10:45
So similarly, the control is flowing in the ownership networks
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Slično tome, kontrola teče vlasničkim mrežama
10:50
and is accumulating at the nodes.
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i nakuplja se u čvorovima.
10:54
So what did we find after computing all this network control?
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Što smo, dakle, otkrili nakon
izračunavanja sve te mrežne kontrole?
izračunavanja sve te mrežne kontrole?
10:58
Well, it turns out that the 737 top shareholders
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Proizlazi da 737 najkrupnijih dioničara
11:03
have the potential to collectively control
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imaju potencijal skupno nadzirati
11:06
80 percent of the TNCs' value.
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80% vrijednosti TNC-ova.
11:11
Now remember, we started out with 600,000 nodes,
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Sjećate se?
Krenuli smo od 600.000 čvorova,
Krenuli smo od 600.000 čvorova,
11:14
so these 737 top players
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što znači da ovih 737 krovnih igrača
11:18
make up a bit more than 0.1 percent.
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čini zajedno tek nešto više od 0.1%.
11:21
They're mostly financial institutions in the U.S. and the U.K.
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Uglavnom su to američke i britanske
financijske institucije.
financijske institucije.
11:26
And it gets even more extreme.
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No, to nije sve.
11:29
There are 146 top players in the core,
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U jezgri nalazimo 146 najvećih igrača
11:33
and they together have the potential to collectively control
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koji zajedno imaju potencijal skupno kontrolirati
11:37
40 percent of the TNCs' value.
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40% vrijednosti TNC-ova.
11:43
What should you take home from all of this?
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I što biste iz ovoga mogli naučiti?
11:46
Well, the high degree of control you saw
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Visok stupanj kontrole, što ste ga vidjeli,
11:49
is very extreme by any standard.
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vrlo je drastičan po svim mjerilima.
11:54
The high degree of interconnectivity
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Visok stupanj međusobne povezanosti
11:57
of the top players in the core
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najvećih igrača u jezgri
11:59
could pose a significant systemic risk to the global economy
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mogao bi predstavljati znatan sistemski rizik
za globalnu ekonomiju.
za globalnu ekonomiju.
12:04
and we could easily reproduce the TNC network
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Lako bismo mogli reproducirati
mrežu TNC-ova
mrežu TNC-ova
12:08
with a few simple rules.
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sa svega nekoliko jednostavnih pravila.
12:10
This means that its structure is probably the result
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To znači da je njihova struktura vjerojatno
12:12
of self-organization.
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posljedica samoorganiziranja.
12:14
It's an emergent property which depends
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Ono je proizlazeće svojstvo koje ovisi
12:17
on the rules of interaction in the system,
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o pravilima međudjelovanja u sustavu,
12:20
so it's probably not the result of a top-down approach
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pa vjerojatno nije posljedica nekih
autoritarnih utjecaja
autoritarnih utjecaja
12:24
like a global conspiracy.
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poput globalne zavjere.
12:27
Our study "is an impression of the moon's surface.
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Naša je studija "dojam o površini Mjeseca.
12:30
It's not a street map."
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Ona nije plan grada."
12:31
So you should take the exact numbers in our study
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Stoga uzmite egzaktne numeričke pokazatelje
iz naše studije
iz naše studije
12:34
with a grain of salt,
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sa zrnom soli,
12:35
yet it "gave us a tantalizing glimpse
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premda nam je "pružila primamljiv tračak svjetla
12:39
of a brave new world of finance."
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vrlog novog svijeta financija."
12:43
We hope to have opened the door for more such research in this direction,
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Nadamo se da smo odškrinuli vrata
brojnim sličnim istraživanjima,
brojnim sličnim istraživanjima,
12:47
so the remaining unknown terrain will be charted in the future.
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i da će preostalo nepoznato zemljište
biti ucrtano u budućnosti.
biti ucrtano u budućnosti.
12:52
And this is slowly starting.
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I polako se to pokreće...
12:54
We're seeing the emergence of long-term
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Primjećujemo da se pojavljuju dugoročni
12:57
and highly-funded programs which aim at understanding
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i izdašno financirani programi
usmjereni k razumijevanju
usmjereni k razumijevanju
13:00
our networked world from a complexity point of view.
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našeg umreženog svijeta
iz perspektive kompleksnosti.
iz perspektive kompleksnosti.
13:05
But this journey has only just begun,
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Međutim, ovo smo putovanje tek započeli,
13:07
so we will have to wait before we see the first results.
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i morat ćemo se još strpjeti
do prvih rezultata.
do prvih rezultata.
13:12
Now there is still a big problem, in my opinion.
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Po mom mišljenju, još uvijek postoji velik problem.
13:16
Ideas relating to finance, economics, politics,
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Predodžbe koje imamo o financijama,
ekonomiji, politici,
ekonomiji, politici,
13:21
society, are very often tainted
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društvu, nerijetko su zatrovane
13:24
by people's personal ideologies.
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našim osobnim ideologijama.
13:28
I really hope that this complexity perspective
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Iskreno se nadam da nam ovo
gledište o kompleksnosti
gledište o kompleksnosti
13:32
allows for some common ground to be found.
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pruža priliku da iznađemo neku zajedničku osnovu.
13:38
It would be really great if it has the power
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Bilo bi uistinu sjajno kad bi nam moglo
13:40
to help end the gridlock created by conflicting ideas,
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pomoći okončati ovu zavrzlamu koju stvaraju
suprotstavljene zamisli,
suprotstavljene zamisli,
13:46
which appears to be paralyzing our globalized world.
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i koja, čini se, paralizira naš
globalizirani svijet.
globalizirani svijet.
13:51
Reality is so complex, we need to move away from dogma.
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Stvarnost je toliko kompleksna da
se moramo osloboditi dogmi.
se moramo osloboditi dogmi.
13:55
But this is just my own personal ideology.
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No, ovo je tek moja osobna ideologija.
13:58
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
14:00
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
James B. Glattfelder - Complex systems theoristJames B. Glattfelder aims to give us a richer, data-driven understanding of the people and interactions that control our global economy. He does this not to push an ideology -- but with the hopes of making the world a better place.
Why you should listen
First a physicist and then a researcher at a Swiss hedge fund, James B. Glattfelder found himself amazed by the level of understanding we have in regards to the physical world and universe around us. He wondered: how can we move toward a similar understanding of human society?
This question led him to the study of complex systems, a subject he now holds a Ph.D in from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. Glattfelder is co-head of quantitative research at Olsen Ltd in Zurich, an FX investment manager focusing on market-stabilizing algorithms. In 2011, he co-authored the study “The Network of Global Corporate Control,” which went viral in the international media and sparked many controversial discussions. The study looked at the architecture of ownership across the globe, and computed a level of control exerted by each international player. The study revealed that less than 1% of all the players in the global economy are part of a highly interconnected and powerful core which, because of the high levels of overlap, leaves the economy vulnerable.
In his free time, Glattfelder enjoys snowboarding, rock climbing, surfing and listening to electronic music.
James B. Glattfelder | Speaker | TED.com