TEDxDeExtinction
Hendrik Poinar: Bring back the woolly mammoth!
Hendrik Poinar: Oživimo vunenog mamuta!
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San je djece širom svijeta vidjeti ogromne zvijeri kako ponovno hodaju Zemljom. Bi li taj san mogao -- i trebao -- biti ostvaren? Hendrik Poinar održao je informativno predavanje o novoj -- jako -- velikoj stvari: pothvatu da stvorimo stvorenje koje izgleda jako slično našem dlakavom prijatelju, vunenom mamutu. Prvi korak, sekvencioniranje genoma vunenog mamuta, gotovo je završen. I ogroman je. (Snimljeno na TEDxDeExtinction.)
Hendrik Poinar - Evolutionary geneticist
Hendrik Poinar is a geneticist and biological anthropologist who focuses on extracting ancient DNA. He currently has his sights set on sequencing the genome of the woolly mammoth -- and cloning it. Full bio
Hendrik Poinar is a geneticist and biological anthropologist who focuses on extracting ancient DNA. He currently has his sights set on sequencing the genome of the woolly mammoth -- and cloning it. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
When I was a young boy,
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Kad sam bio mali dječak,
00:14
I used to gaze through the microscope of my father
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očevim sam mikroskopom promatrao
00:17
at the insects in amber that he kept in the house.
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okamenjene kukce u jantaru,
koje je on držao u kući.
koje je on držao u kući.
00:20
And they were remarkably well preserved,
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I bili su izvanredno dobro očuvani,
00:23
morphologically just phenomenal.
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morfološki jednostavno izvanredno.
00:25
And we used to imagine that someday,
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I zamišljali smo da će jednog dana
00:27
they would actually come to life
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oni zapravo oživjeti
00:29
and they would crawl out of the resin,
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i da će ispuzati iz smole,
00:31
and, if they could, they would fly away.
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i, ako budu mogli, odletjeti.
00:33
If you had asked me 10 years ago whether or not
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Da ste me pred 10 godina pitali
00:36
we would ever be able to sequence the genome of extinct animals,
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hoćemo li ikada moći sekvencionirati
genom izumrlih životinja,
genom izumrlih životinja,
00:39
I would have told you, it's unlikely.
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rekao bih vam da to nije vjerojatno.
00:42
If you had asked whether or not we would actually be able
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Da ste me pitali hoćemo li zapravo moći
00:43
to revive an extinct species,
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oživjeti izumrlu vrstu,
00:46
I would have said, pipe dream.
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rekao bih da je to maštarija.
00:47
But I'm actually standing here today, amazingly,
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No, zapravo stojim tu danas, začudo,
00:50
to tell you that not only is the sequencing
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kako bih vam rekao da senkvencioniranje
00:52
of extinct genomes a possibility, actually a modern-day reality,
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izumrlih genoma nije samo mogućnost,
točnije današnja stvarnost,
točnije današnja stvarnost,
00:56
but the revival of an extinct species is actually within reach,
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već je i oživljavanje izumrlih vrsta
zapravo unutar dosega naših mogućnosti,
zapravo unutar dosega naših mogućnosti,
01:00
maybe not from the insects in amber --
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možda ne kukaca iz jantara --
01:02
in fact, this mosquito was actually used
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zapravo, ovaj je komarac korišten
01:04
for the inspiration for "Jurassic Park" —
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kao inspiracija za "Jurski park" --
01:06
but from woolly mammoths, the well preserved remains
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ali vunenih mamuta da,
iz dobro očuvanih ostataka
iz dobro očuvanih ostataka
01:09
of woolly mammoths in the permafrost.
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vunenih mamuta u permafrostu.
01:11
Woollies are a particularly interesting,
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Vuneni mamuti su posebno zanimljivi,
01:13
quintessential image of the Ice Age.
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kvintesencijalni su lik Ledenog doba.
01:16
They were large. They were hairy.
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Bili su veliki. Bili su dlakavi.
01:18
They had large tusks, and we seem to have
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Imali su velike kljove i čini se da smo
01:20
a very deep connection with them, like we do with elephants.
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imali vrlo duboku povezanost s njima,
kao što imamo sa slonovima.
kao što imamo sa slonovima.
01:22
Maybe it's because elephants share
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Možda je to zato što su slonovi
01:25
many things in common with us.
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u mnogim stvarima slični nama.
01:27
They bury their dead. They educate the next of kin.
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Pokapaju svoje mrtve.
Educiraju potomstvo.
Educiraju potomstvo.
01:30
They have social knits that are very close.
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Održavaju vrlo bliske socijalne veze.
01:33
Or maybe it's actually because we're bound by deep time,
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Ili je to možda zato što smo povezani
milijunima godina,
milijunima godina,
01:35
because elephants, like us, share their origins in Africa
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jer slonovi, baš kao i mi,
vuku podrijetlo iz Afrike
vuku podrijetlo iz Afrike
01:39
some seven million years ago,
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od prije otprilike sedam milijuna godina,
01:41
and as habitats changed and environments changed,
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i kako su se mijenjala staništa i okoliš,
01:44
we actually, like the elephants, migrated out
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mi smo, kao i slonovi, migrirali
01:47
into Europe and Asia.
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u Europu i Aziju.
01:50
So the first large mammoth that appears on the scene
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Prvi veliki mamut koji se pojavio je
01:52
is meridionalis, which was standing four meters tall
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meridionalis, visok oko četiri metara,
01:56
weighing about 10 tons, and was a woodland-adapted species
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težak oko 10 tona,
vrsta prilagođena životu u šumi,
vrsta prilagođena životu u šumi,
01:59
and spread from Western Europe clear across Central Asia,
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proširio se iz zapadne Europe
kroz središnju Aziju,
kroz središnju Aziju,
02:02
across the Bering land bridge
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a preko Beringovog prolaza
02:05
and into parts of North America.
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i u dijelove Sjeverne Amerike.
02:07
And then, again, as climate changed as it always does,
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I onda, kad se klima promijenila
kao i uvijek,
kao i uvijek,
02:10
and new habitats opened up,
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i pojavila se nova staništa,
02:11
we had the arrival of a steppe-adapted species
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pojavila se vrsta prilagođena
životu u stepama
životu u stepama
02:14
called trogontherii in Central Asia
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zvana trogontherii, u središnjoj Aziji
02:16
pushing meridionalis out into Western Europe.
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i istisnula je meridionalisa
u zapadnu Europu.
u zapadnu Europu.
02:19
And the open grassland savannas of North America
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I široki pašnjaci sjevernoameričkih savana
02:21
opened up, leading to the Columbian mammoth,
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omogućili su pojavu kolumbijskog mamuta,
02:23
a large, hairless species in North America.
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velike, bezdlake sjevernoameričke vrste.
02:26
And it was really only about 500,000 years later
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I, zapravo,
tek nakon otprilike 500.000 godina
tek nakon otprilike 500.000 godina
02:29
that we had the arrival of the woolly,
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pojavio se vuneni mamut,
02:31
the one that we all know and love so much,
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onaj kojega svi znamo i toliko volimo,
02:33
spreading from an East Beringian point of origin
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na prostoru od istočne Beringije,
odakle je potjekao,
odakle je potjekao,
02:37
across Central Asia, again pushing the trogontherii
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pa širom središnje Azije,
ponovno istiskujući trogontherii
ponovno istiskujući trogontherii
02:40
out through Central Europe,
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kroz središnju Europu,
02:41
and over hundreds of thousands of years
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i stotinama tisuća godina
02:43
migrating back and forth across the Bering land bridge
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migrirajući preko
Beringovog prolaza i natrag
Beringovog prolaza i natrag
02:46
during times of glacial peaks
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za vrijeme vrhunaca ledenih doba
02:48
and coming into direct contact
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i dolazeći u direktan kontakt
02:50
with the Columbian relatives living in the south,
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sa svojim kolumbijskim rođacima
koji su živjeli na jugu,
koji su živjeli na jugu,
02:53
and there they survive over hundreds of thousands of years
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i tamo oni preživljavaju
stotinama tisuća godina
stotinama tisuća godina
02:56
during traumatic climatic shifts.
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tijekom traumatičnih klimatskih promjena.
02:58
So there's a highly plastic animal dealing with great transitions
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Tu imamo iznimno prilagodljivu životinju
koja se nosi s golemim promjenama
koja se nosi s golemim promjenama
03:03
in temperature and environment, and doing very, very well.
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u temperaturi i okolišu i
snalazi se jako, jako dobro.
snalazi se jako, jako dobro.
03:06
And there they survive on the mainland until about 10,000 years ago,
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I tako oni preživljavaju na kopnu
do prije otprilike 10.000 godina,
do prije otprilike 10.000 godina,
03:10
and actually, surprisingly, on the small islands off of Siberia
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a, zapravo, začuđujuće,
na malenim otocima blizu Sibira
na malenim otocima blizu Sibira
03:13
and Alaska until about 3,000 years ago.
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i Aljaske do prije otprilike 3.000 godina.
03:15
So Egyptians are building pyramids
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Znači, Egipćani grade piramide,
03:17
and woollies are still living on islands.
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a vuneni mamuti i dalje žive na otocima.
03:20
And then they disappear.
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A onda nestaju.
03:21
Like 99 percent of all the animals that have once lived,
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Kao i 99 % svih vrsta
koje su ikada živjele,
koje su ikada živjele,
03:23
they go extinct, likely due to a warming climate
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izumiru, vjerojatno
zbog klimatskog zatopljenja
zbog klimatskog zatopljenja
03:27
and fast-encroaching dense forests
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i gustih šuma
03:29
that are migrating north,
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koje se brzo šire na sjever i,
03:30
and also, as the late, great Paul Martin once put it,
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također, kao što je pokojni,
veliki Paul Martin jednom rekao,
veliki Paul Martin jednom rekao,
03:33
probably Pleistocene overkill,
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zbog izlova u pleistocenu,
03:35
so the large game hunters that took them down.
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tako da su ih i
lovci na veliku divljač istrijebili.
lovci na veliku divljač istrijebili.
03:38
Fortunately, we find millions of their remains
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Na sreću,
milijune njihovih ostataka nalazimo
milijune njihovih ostataka nalazimo
03:40
strewn across the permafrost buried deep
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razasute po permafrostu, zakopane duboko
03:43
in Siberia and Alaska, and we can actually go up there
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u Sibiru i Aljasci i mi,
u stvari, odlazimo tamo
u stvari, odlazimo tamo
03:46
and actually take them out.
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i iskapamo ih.
03:48
And the preservation is, again,
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I očuvanje je, ponovno,
03:49
like those insects in [amber], phenomenal.
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kao i kod onih kukaca u
[jantaru], odlično.
[jantaru], odlično.
03:52
So you have teeth, bones with blood
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Tako imamo zube, kosti s krvlju,
03:55
which look like blood, you have hair,
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koje izgledaju kao krv, imamo dlaku,
03:57
and you have intact carcasses or heads
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i netaknuta trupla ili glave
03:59
which still have brains in them.
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koje još uvijek u sebi sadrže mozgove.
04:02
So the preservation and the survival of DNA
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Očuvanje i preživljavanje DNK
04:04
depends on many factors, and I have to admit,
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ovisi o mnogo čimbenika i,
moram priznati,
moram priznati,
04:06
most of which we still don't quite understand,
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većinu njih i dalje posve ne razumijemo.
04:08
but depending upon when an organism dies
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No, ovisno o tome kad organizam umre
04:11
and how quickly he's buried, the depth of that burial,
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i koliko je brzo ukopan,
kolika je dubina ukopa,
kolika je dubina ukopa,
04:15
the constancy of the temperature of that burial environment,
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i ujednačenost temperature okoliša
u kojem je ukopan,
u kojem je ukopan,
04:18
will ultimately dictate how long DNA will survive
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konačno će biti određeno
koliko dugo će DNK preživjeti
koliko dugo će DNK preživjeti
04:21
over geologically meaningful time frames.
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kroz geološki značajne vremenske okvire.
04:24
And it's probably surprising to many of you
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I vjerojatno začuđuje mnoge od vas
04:25
sitting in this room that it's not the time that matters,
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koji sjedite u ovoj sobi
da nije vrijeme ono što je važno,
da nije vrijeme ono što je važno,
04:29
it's not the length of preservation,
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niti duljina očuvanja,
04:30
it's the consistency of the temperature of that preservation that matters most.
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već je najbitnija
ujednačenost temperature tog očuvanja.
ujednačenost temperature tog očuvanja.
04:34
So if we were to go deep now within the bones
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Znači, ako bi sada promotrili kosti
04:37
and the teeth that actually survived the fossilization process,
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i zube koji su preživjeli
proces fosilizacije,
proces fosilizacije,
04:40
the DNA which was once intact, tightly wrapped
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DNK koji je jednom bio netaknut,
čvrsto omotan
čvrsto omotan
04:43
around histone proteins, is now under attack
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oko proteina histona, sada je pod napadom
04:46
by the bacteria that lived symbiotically with the mammoth
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bakterija koje su živjele u
simbiozi s mamutom
simbiozi s mamutom
04:49
for years during its lifetime.
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godinama, za vrijeme njegovog života.
04:50
So those bacteria, along with the environmental bacteria,
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I te bakterije,
kao i bakterije iz okoliša,
kao i bakterije iz okoliša,
04:54
free water and oxygen, actually break apart the DNA
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oslobađaju vodu i kisik,
zapravo, razbijaju DNK
zapravo, razbijaju DNK
04:57
into smaller and smaller and smaller DNA fragments,
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na sve manje i manje fragmente DNK,
05:00
until all you have are fragments that range
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sve dok jedino što imamo
nisu samo fragmenti
nisu samo fragmenti
05:02
from 10 base pairs to, in the best case scenarios,
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od 10 baznih parova do,
u najboljim slučajevima,
u najboljim slučajevima,
05:05
a few hundred base pairs in length.
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nekoliko stotina baznih parova u duljini.
05:07
So most fossils out there in the fossil record
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Tako da je najveći
broj fosila u evidenciji
broj fosila u evidenciji
05:10
are actually completely devoid of all organic signatures.
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zapravo potpuno lišen
svake organske strukture.
svake organske strukture.
05:12
But a few of them actually have DNA fragments
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Ali nekoliko njih zapravo
imaju DNK fragmente
imaju DNK fragmente
05:15
that survive for thousands,
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koji preživljavaju tisućama,
05:17
even a few millions of years in time.
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čak i milijunima godina.
05:20
And using state-of-the-art clean room technology,
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I koristeći najnoviju
"clean room" tehnologiju
"clean room" tehnologiju
05:23
we've devised ways that we can actually pull these DNAs
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osmislili smo načine na koje
možemo izdvojiti ovaj DNK
možemo izdvojiti ovaj DNK
05:25
away from all the rest of the gunk in there,
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od ostalih supstanci,
05:28
and it's not surprising to any of you sitting in the room
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i nikome od vas nije iznenađujuće
05:30
that if I take a mammoth bone or a tooth
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da, ukoliko uzmem mamutovu kost ili zub
05:32
and I extract its DNA that I'll get mammoth DNA,
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i izdvojim njegov DNK,
dobijem mamutov DNK,
dobijem mamutov DNK,
05:35
but I'll also get all the bacteria that once lived with the mammoth,
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ali, također dobijem i sve bakterije
koje su nekoć živjele s mamutom,
koje su nekoć živjele s mamutom,
05:39
and, more complicated, I'll get all the DNA
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i, nešto složenije, dobijem sav DNK
05:41
that survived in that environment with it,
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koji je preživio u tom okolišu s njim,
05:43
so the bacteria, the fungi, and so on and so forth.
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dakle, bakterije, gljivice itd.
05:46
Not surprising then again that a mammoth
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Ponovno, nije iznenađujuće da će mamut
05:49
preserved in the permafrost will have something
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očuvan u permafrostu imati
05:51
on the order of 50 percent of its DNA being mammoth,
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približno oko 50% svog DNK,
05:53
whereas something like the Columbian mammoth,
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dok će nešto poput kolumbijskog mamuta,
05:55
living in a temperature and buried in a temperate environment
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koji je živio i bio ukopan
u umjerenoj klimi
u umjerenoj klimi
05:58
over its laying-in will only have 3 to 10 percent endogenous.
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imati samo 3-10 % DNK.
06:02
But we've come up with very clever ways
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No, dosjetili smo se vrlo pametnih načina
06:04
that we can actually discriminate, capture and discriminate,
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na koje zapravo možemo
razlikovati i izdvojiti
razlikovati i izdvojiti
06:07
the mammoth from the non-mammoth DNA,
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DNK mamuta od drugih DNK,
06:09
and with the advances in high-throughput sequencing,
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i, s napretkom u sekvencioniranju,
06:12
we can actually pull out and bioinformatically
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možemo izvaditi i bioinformatički
06:15
re-jig all these small mammoth fragments
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ponovno složiti sve te male fragmente
06:18
and place them onto a backbone
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i smjestiti ih u DNK okosnicu
06:20
of an Asian or African elephant chromosome.
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kromosoma azijskog ili afričkog slona.
06:23
And so by doing that, we can actually get all the little points
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I tako, čineći to,
zapravo možemo dobiti sve točke
zapravo možemo dobiti sve točke
06:25
that discriminate between a mammoth and an Asian elephant,
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diskriminacije između
mamuta i azijskog slona,
mamuta i azijskog slona,
06:28
and what do we know, then, about a mammoth?
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i što, onda, znamo o mamutu?
06:31
Well, the mammoth genome is almost at full completion,
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Pa, mamutski genom
je skoro potpuno kompletiran,
je skoro potpuno kompletiran,
06:34
and we know that it's actually really big. It's mammoth.
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i znamo da je zapravo jako velik.
Ipak je to mamut.
Ipak je to mamut.
06:38
So a hominid genome is about three billion base pairs,
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Tako se genom hominida sastoji od
oko tri milijarde baznih parova,
oko tri milijarde baznih parova,
06:41
but an elephant and mammoth genome
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no genom slona ili mamuta
06:42
is about two billion base pairs larger, and most of that
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je za oko dvije milijarde
baznih parova veći i većinom
baznih parova veći i većinom
06:45
is composed of small, repetitive DNAs
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je sastavljen od malih,
ponavljajućih dijelova DNK
ponavljajućih dijelova DNK
06:48
that make it very difficult to actually re-jig the entire structure of the genome.
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zbog čega je zapravo vrlo teško
ponovno posložiti čitavu strukturu genoma.
ponovno posložiti čitavu strukturu genoma.
06:52
So having this information allows us to answer
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Ova informacija nam pruža odgovor
06:55
one of the interesting relationship questions
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na jedno od
najzanimljivijih pitanja o vezi
najzanimljivijih pitanja o vezi
06:57
between mammoths and their living relatives,
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između mamuta i njihovih živućih rođaka,
06:59
the African and the Asian elephant,
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afričkog i azijskog slona,
07:01
all of which shared an ancestor seven million years ago,
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koji su svi imali zajedničkog pretka
prije sedam milijuna godina,
prije sedam milijuna godina,
07:04
but the genome of the mammoth shows it to share
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no genom mamuta pokazuje da on dijeli
07:06
a most recent common ancestor with Asian elephants
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najbližeg zajedničkog pretka
s azijskim slonom, prije
s azijskim slonom, prije
07:09
about six million years ago,
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oko šest milijuna godina,
07:11
so slightly closer to the Asian elephant.
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dakle, mamut je
nešto srodniji azijskom slonu.
nešto srodniji azijskom slonu.
07:13
With advances in ancient DNA technology,
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S napretkom u DNK tehnologiji,
07:16
we can actually now start to begin to sequence
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sada možemo započeti sekvencionirati
07:18
the genomes of those other extinct mammoth forms that I mentioned,
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genome drugih izumrlih vrsta mamuta
koje sam spomenuo,
koje sam spomenuo,
07:21
and I just wanted to talk about two of them,
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a želim razgovarati samo o dvije vrste,
07:23
the woolly and the Columbian mammoth,
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vunenom i kolumbijskom mamutu,
07:25
both of which were living very close to each other
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koji su živjeli vrlo blizu jedan drugome
07:27
during glacial peaks,
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u vrijeme vrhunaca ledenih doba,
07:30
so when the glaciers were massive in North America,
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i masivnih glečera u Sjevernoj Americi,
07:32
the woollies were pushed into these subglacial ecotones,
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te su tad vuneni potisnuti
na subglacijalne ekosustave
na subglacijalne ekosustave
07:35
and came into contact with the relatives living to the south,
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i došli su u kontakt sa svojim rođacima
koji su živjeli na jugu,
koji su živjeli na jugu,
07:38
and there they shared refugia,
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i tamo su dijelili refugij,
07:40
and a little bit more than the refugia, it turns out.
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a čini se i malo više od refugija.
07:42
It looks like they were interbreeding.
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Čini se da su se međusobno razmnožavali.
07:45
And that this is not an uncommon feature
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Izgleda da to nije rijetka pojava
07:47
in Proboscideans, because it turns out
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kod surlaša, jer ispada
07:48
that large savanna male elephants will outcompete
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da će veliki mužjaci slonova
iz savane nadvladati
iz savane nadvladati
07:51
the smaller forest elephants for their females.
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manje šumske slonove
u borbi za njihove ženke.
u borbi za njihove ženke.
07:54
So large, hairless Columbians
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Tako su veliki,
bezdlaki kolumbijski mamuti
bezdlaki kolumbijski mamuti
07:57
outcompeting the smaller male woollies.
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nadvladali manje vunene mužjake.
07:59
It reminds me a bit of high school, unfortunately.
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Nažalost,
to me malo podsjeća na srednju školu.
to me malo podsjeća na srednju školu.
08:01
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
08:04
So this is not trivial, given the idea that we want
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Ovo nije trivijalna činjenica,
s obzirom na ideju da
s obzirom na ideju da
08:06
to revive extinct species, because it turns out
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oživljavamo izumrle vrste, jer ispada kako
08:08
that an African and an Asian elephant
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se afrički i azijski slon
08:10
can actually interbreed and have live young,
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mogu međusobno razmnožavati i
imati potomke,
imati potomke,
08:12
and this has actually occurred by accident in a zoo
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i da se ovo, zapravo, slučajno dogodilo
08:14
in Chester, U.K., in 1978.
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u zoološkom vrtu u Chesteru,
VB, 1978. godine.
VB, 1978. godine.
08:18
So that means that we can actually take Asian elephant chromosomes,
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To, dakle, znači da možemo uzeti
kromosome azijskog slona,
kromosome azijskog slona,
08:21
modify them into all those positions we've actually now
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modificirati ih u sve one pozicije
koje možemo
koje možemo
08:23
been able to discriminate with the mammoth genome,
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razlikovati od genoma mamuta,
08:25
we can put that into an enucleated cell,
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staviti to u stanicu
kojoj smo uklonili jezgru,
kojoj smo uklonili jezgru,
08:28
differentiate that into a stem cell,
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diferencirati ju u matičnu stanicu,
08:30
subsequently differentiate that maybe into a sperm,
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potom to možda diferencirati u spermu,
08:33
artificially inseminate an Asian elephant egg,
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umjetno oploditi
jajnu stanicu azijskog slona,
jajnu stanicu azijskog slona,
08:35
and over a long and arduous procedure,
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i, dugom i napornom procedurom,
08:38
actually bring back something that looks like this.
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vratiti u život nešto što izgleda ovako.
08:42
Now, this wouldn't be an exact replica,
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No, to ne bi bila identična kopija,
08:43
because the short DNA fragments that I told you about
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zbog nedostajućih DNK fragmenata
o kojima sam govorio
o kojima sam govorio
08:46
will prevent us from building the exact structure,
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koji nas sprječavaju da
izgradimo identičnu strukturu
izgradimo identičnu strukturu
08:48
but it would make something that looked and felt
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no, imali bi nešto što izgleda
08:50
very much like a woolly mammoth did.
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prilično slično kao što je
izgledao vuneni mamut.
izgledao vuneni mamut.
08:53
Now, when I bring up this with my friends,
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Kada ovo spomenem u društvu prijatelja,
08:56
we often talk about, well, where would you put it?
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često raspravljamo gdje bi ga,
zapravo, smjestili?
zapravo, smjestili?
08:58
Where are you going to house a mammoth?
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Gdje bi mogli smjestiti mamuta?
09:00
There's no climates or habitats suitable.
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Nema odgovarajućih
staništa niti podneblja.
staništa niti podneblja.
09:02
Well, that's not actually the case.
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No, to zapravo i nije tako.
09:04
It turns out that there are swaths of habitat
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Ispada da postoje široka podneblja
09:06
in the north of Siberia and Yukon
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na sjeveru Sibira i Yukona, u koja bi
09:09
that actually could house a mammoth.
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mogli smjestiti mamuta.
09:10
Remember, this was a highly plastic animal
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Opet,
bila je to vrlo prilagodljiva životinja
bila je to vrlo prilagodljiva životinja
09:12
that lived over tremendous climate variation.
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koja je preživjela
ogromne klimatske varijacije.
ogromne klimatske varijacije.
09:15
So this landscape would be easily able to house it,
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Tako da bi se lako
mogla smjestiti u ovo područje,
mogla smjestiti u ovo područje,
09:18
and I have to admit that there [is] a part of the child in me,
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i moram priznati da postoji dijete u meni,
09:21
the boy in me, that would love to see
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dječak u meni koji bi volio
09:23
these majestic creatures walk across the permafrost
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vidjeti ova veličanstvena bića
kako hodaju permafrostom
kako hodaju permafrostom
09:26
of the north once again, but I do have to admit
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sjevera još jednom, no moram priznati
09:28
that part of the adult in me sometimes wonders
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da se odrasli dio mene ponekad pita
09:30
whether or not we should.
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bismo li to smjeli učiniti.
09:33
Thank you very much.
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Hvala vam puno.
09:34
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
09:39
Ryan Phelan: Don't go away.
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Ryan Phelan: Nemojte otići.
09:41
You've left us with a question.
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Imamo pitanje za vas.
09:43
I'm sure everyone is asking this. When you say, "Should we?"
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Sigurna sam da se svi pitamo sljedeće.
Kad kažete: "Bismo li smjeli?",
Kad kažete: "Bismo li smjeli?",
09:46
it feels like you're reticent there,
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čini se kao da ste suzdržani
po tom pitanju,
po tom pitanju,
09:49
and yet you've given us a vision of it being so possible.
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a ipak ste nam to prezentirali
kao nešto vrlo ostvarljivo.
kao nešto vrlo ostvarljivo.
09:52
What's your reticence?
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Zbog čega vaša suzdržanost?
09:53
Hendrik Poinar: I don't think it's reticence.
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Ne mislim da je suzdržanost.
09:54
I think it's just that we have to think very deeply
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Samo mislim da trebamo dobro razmisliti
09:58
about the implications, ramifications of our actions,
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o posljedicama naših djela,
10:01
and so as long as we have good, deep discussion
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i sve dok vodimo
dobru i kvalitetnu raspravu
dobru i kvalitetnu raspravu
10:03
like we're having now, I think
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poput ove sada, mislim da
10:05
we can come to a very good solution as to why to do it.
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možemo doći do dobrog zaključka
o tome zašto to učiniti.
o tome zašto to učiniti.
10:08
But I just want to make sure that we spend time
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No, samo želim da si prvo uzmemo
10:09
thinking about why we're doing it first.
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vremena i razmislimo zašto to činimo.
10:11
RP: Perfect. Perfect answer. Thank you very much, Hendrik.
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RP: Savršeno. Savršen odgovor.
Puno vam hvala, Hendrik.
Puno vam hvala, Hendrik.
10:14
HP: Thank you. (Applause)
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HP: Hvala vama.
(Pljesak)
(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Hendrik Poinar - Evolutionary geneticistHendrik Poinar is a geneticist and biological anthropologist who focuses on extracting ancient DNA. He currently has his sights set on sequencing the genome of the woolly mammoth -- and cloning it.
Why you should listen
As a child Hendrik Poinar never imagined that the insects his father kept around the house, extinct and preserved in amber, could someday be brought to life. Well that's exactly what Poinar has devoted his career to doing. Today he is a molecular evolutionary geneticist and biological anthropologist at McMaster University in Ontario, where he is the principal investigator at the Ancient DNA Centre. Poinar's focus is on extracting and preserving DNA from paleontological remains -- precisely what he thought impossible as a kid.
And Poinar's newest project is much, much bigger than those insects from his childhood: He wants to bring back the woolly mammoth. In 2006 he and his team started working on sequencing the mammoth genome, based on DNA extracted from well-preserved remains found in Yukon and Siberia. With the mapping nearly complete, Poinar will next turn to engineering an animal very closely resembling the woolly mammoth.
Hendrik Poinar | Speaker | TED.com