TED2015
Neri Oxman: Design at the intersection of technology and biology
Neri Oxman: Dizajn na sjecištu između tehnologije i biologije
Filmed:
Readability: 5.3
2,427,289 views
Dizajnerica i arhitektica Neri Oxman je u potrazi za načinima kojim digitalna tehnologija i fabrikacija uzajamno djeluju sa biološkim svijetom. Radeći na sjecištu komputacijskog dizajna, aditivne manufakture, inženjeringa materijala i sintetske biologije, njezin labos predvodi novo doba simbioze između mikrooganizma, naših tijela, proizvoda i čak građevina.
Neri Oxman - Architect, designer
From the micro scale to the building scale, Neri Oxman imagines and creates structures and objects that are inspired, informed and engineered by, for and with nature. Full bio
From the micro scale to the building scale, Neri Oxman imagines and creates structures and objects that are inspired, informed and engineered by, for and with nature. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Two twin domes,
0
1037
2647
Dvije kupole blizanke,
00:15
two radically opposed design cultures.
1
3708
3430
dva radikalno suprotna načina dizajna.
00:19
One is made of thousands of steel parts,
2
7709
3040
Jedna je napravljena od tisuću
metalnih dijelova,
metalnih dijelova,
00:22
the other of a single silk thread.
3
10773
2776
druga od jedne niti svile.
00:26
One is synthetic, the other organic.
4
14035
2466
Jedna je sintetička, druga organska.
00:28
One is imposed on the environment,
5
16936
2277
Jedna je nametnuta okolišu,
00:31
the other creates it.
6
19237
2093
druga ga stvara.
00:33
One is designed for nature,
the other is designed by her.
the other is designed by her.
7
21666
3634
Jedna je stvorena za prirodu,
druga je stvorena od nje.
druga je stvorena od nje.
00:38
Michelangelo said that
when he looked at raw marble,
when he looked at raw marble,
8
26032
2893
Michelangelo je rekao da
gledajući neobrađeni mramor,
gledajući neobrađeni mramor,
00:40
he saw a figure struggling to be free.
9
28949
2452
vidi kip koji se bori da bude oslobođen.
00:43
The chisel was Michelangelo's only tool.
10
31425
4122
Michelangelov jedini alat bilo je dlijeto.
00:49
But living things are not chiseled.
11
37261
2184
Ali živa bića nisu izdubljena.
00:51
They grow.
12
39999
1184
Ona rastu.
00:53
And in our smallest units of life,
our cells, we carry all the information
our cells, we carry all the information
13
41999
5466
U našim najmanjim jedinicama života,
našim stanicama, nosimo informaciju
našim stanicama, nosimo informaciju
00:59
that's required for every other cell
to function and to replicate.
to function and to replicate.
14
47489
5368
potrebnu za svaku drugu stanicu da
funkcionira i da se dijeli.
funkcionira i da se dijeli.
01:06
Tools also have consequences.
15
54155
2229
Alati također imaju posljedice.
01:08
At least since the Industrial Revolution,
the world of design has been dominated
the world of design has been dominated
16
56922
4610
Nakon industrijske revolucije svijetom
dizajna su dominirale
dizajna su dominirale
01:13
by the rigors of manufacturing
and mass production.
and mass production.
17
61556
2671
surova izrada i masovna prozivodnja.
Linije sklapajućih dijelova su diktirale
svijetom napravljenim od dijelova,
svijetom napravljenim od dijelova,
01:16
Assembly lines have dictated
a world made of parts,
a world made of parts,
18
64703
3272
01:19
framing the imagination
of designers and architects
of designers and architects
19
67999
2592
zarobljavajući maštu dizajnera
i arhitekata
i arhitekata
01:22
who have been trained to think
about their objects as assemblies
about their objects as assemblies
20
70615
3104
koji su školovani da gledaju na
objekte kao na sklapajuće,
objekte kao na sklapajuće,
01:25
of discrete parts with distinct functions.
21
73743
3374
odvojene dijelove s odvojenim funkcijama.
01:30
But you don't find homogenous
material assemblies in nature.
material assemblies in nature.
22
78165
4690
Ali u prirodi se ne mogu naći
homogeni sklopivi materijali.
homogeni sklopivi materijali.
01:35
Take human skin, for example.
23
83434
2254
Uzmimo ljudsku kožu kao primjer.
01:38
Our facial skins are thin
with large pores.
with large pores.
24
86054
3568
Naša koža lica je tanka s velikim porama.
01:41
Our back skins are thicker,
with small pores.
with small pores.
25
89999
3083
Koža leđa je deblja s manjim porama.
01:45
One acts mainly as filter,
26
93559
2618
Jedna uglavnom dijeluje kao filter,
01:48
the other mainly as barrier,
27
96201
1764
a druga uglavnom kao barijera,
01:49
and yet it's the same skin:
no parts, no assemblies.
no parts, no assemblies.
28
97989
4268
a opet to je ista koža;
bez dijelova i bez sklopivih dijelova.
bez dijelova i bez sklopivih dijelova.
01:54
It's a system that gradually
varies its functionality
varies its functionality
29
102281
3365
To je sustav koji postepeno
mijenja svoju svrhu
mijenja svoju svrhu
01:57
by varying elasticity.
30
105670
1681
varirajući elastičnost.
01:59
So here this is a split screen
to represent my split world view,
to represent my split world view,
31
107835
3942
Ovdje je razdvojeni ekran koji
prikazuje moj podijeljen svjetonazor,
prikazuje moj podijeljen svjetonazor,
02:03
the split personality of every designer
and architect operating today
and architect operating today
32
111801
4404
tj. podijeljenu osobnost svakog dizajnera
i arhitekta koji rade danas,
i arhitekta koji rade danas,
02:08
between the chisel and the gene,
33
116229
2319
između dlijeta i gena,
02:10
between machine and organism,
between assembly and growth,
between assembly and growth,
34
118572
4838
između stroja i organizma,
između sklapanja dijelova i rasta,
između sklapanja dijelova i rasta,
02:15
between Henry Ford and Charles Darwin.
35
123434
2538
između Henryja Forda i Charlesa Darwina.
02:18
These two worldviews,
my left brain and right brain,
my left brain and right brain,
36
126734
3002
Ta dva svjetonazora,
moja lijeva i desna polutka mozga,
moja lijeva i desna polutka mozga,
02:21
analysis and synthesis, will play out
on the two screens behind me.
on the two screens behind me.
37
129760
6645
analiza i sinteza, prikazat će se
na dva ekrana iza mene.
na dva ekrana iza mene.
02:29
My work, at its simplest level,
38
137754
2446
Moj rad, na najednostavnijoj razini,
02:32
is about uniting these two worldviews,
39
140224
2735
temelji se na ujedinjenju ta dva nadzora,
02:34
moving away from assembly
40
142983
2214
odmicanjem od sklapanja
02:37
and closer into growth.
41
145221
3038
i približavanju rastu.
02:41
You're probably asking yourselves:
42
149099
2112
Vjerojatno se pitate:
02:43
Why now?
43
151235
1150
Zašto sada?
02:44
Why was this not possible 10
or even five years ago?
or even five years ago?
44
152766
3781
Zašto to nije bilo moguće prije deset
ili čak pet godina?
ili čak pet godina?
02:50
We live in a very special time in history,
45
158451
2128
Živimo u posebno doba u povijesti,
02:52
a rare time,
46
160603
2072
rijetko vrijeme,
02:54
a time when the confluence of four fields
is giving designers access to tools
is giving designers access to tools
47
162699
4579
vrijeme kada se ujedinjuju četiri polja
koja daju dizajnerima pristup alatima
koja daju dizajnerima pristup alatima
02:59
we've never had access to before.
48
167302
2250
koje nikad prije nisu imali.
03:02
These fields are computational design,
49
170205
2864
Ta polja su komputacijski dizajn
03:05
allowing us to design
complex forms with simple code;
complex forms with simple code;
50
173093
5008
koji nam omogućuje da dizajniramo
složene forme preko jednostavnog koda;
složene forme preko jednostavnog koda;
03:10
additive manufacturing,
letting us produce parts
letting us produce parts
51
178125
4034
aditivna manufaktura koji nam omgućuje
stvaranje dijelova
stvaranje dijelova
03:14
by adding material
rather than carving it out;
rather than carving it out;
52
182183
3626
dodavanjem materijala umjesto
da ga izrezbarimo;
da ga izrezbarimo;
03:17
materials engineering, which lets us
design the behavior of materials
design the behavior of materials
53
185833
3444
inženjering materijala koji nam omogućuje
dizajniranje ponašanja materijala
dizajniranje ponašanja materijala
03:21
in high resolution;
54
189301
1717
u visokoj rezoluciji;
03:23
and synthetic biology,
55
191042
1857
i sintetička biologija
03:24
enabling us to design new biological
functionality by editing DNA.
functionality by editing DNA.
56
192923
4076
koja omogućuje dizajn novih bioloških
funkcija promijenom DNA.
funkcija promijenom DNA.
03:29
And at the intersection
of these four fields,
of these four fields,
57
197491
2240
Na sjecištu tih četiri disciplina,
03:31
my team and I create.
58
199755
1713
moj tim i ja stvaramo.
03:33
Please meet the minds and hands
59
201492
2405
Molim vas upoznajte umove i ruke
03:35
of my students.
60
203921
1396
mojih studenata.
03:39
We design objects and products
and structures and tools across scales,
and structures and tools across scales,
61
207772
5661
Mi dizajniramo objekte i proizvode
i strukture i alate na svim skalama,
i strukture i alate na svim skalama,
03:45
from the large-scale,
62
213457
1771
od velikih,
03:47
like this robotic arm
with an 80-foot diameter reach
with an 80-foot diameter reach
63
215252
3516
kao što je ova robotska ruka
s promjerom dosega 25 metara,
s promjerom dosega 25 metara,
03:50
with a vehicular base that will
one day soon print entire buildings,
one day soon print entire buildings,
64
218792
4134
na mobilnoj bazi koja će uskoro
printati cijele zgrade,
printati cijele zgrade,
03:54
to nanoscale graphics made entirely
of genetically engineered microorganisms
of genetically engineered microorganisms
65
222950
4087
do grafika u nanoskali napravljene od
genetički promijenjenih mikroorganizma
genetički promijenjenih mikroorganizma
03:59
that glow in the dark.
66
227061
1380
koji svijetle u mraku.
04:01
Here we've reimagined the mashrabiya,
67
229261
2184
Iznova smo izradili mašrabiju,
04:03
an archetype of ancient
Arabic architecture,
Arabic architecture,
68
231469
3373
arhetip drevne arapske arhitekture,
04:06
and created a screen where
every aperture is uniquely sized
every aperture is uniquely sized
69
234866
3564
i stvorili ekran gdje je svaki
otvor jednake veličine
otvor jednake veličine
04:10
to shape the form of light and heat
moving through it.
moving through it.
70
238454
3586
kako bi oblikovali svijetlo
i toplinu koji se kreću kroz njih.
i toplinu koji se kreću kroz njih.
04:14
In our next project,
71
242999
1716
U sljedećom projektu,
04:16
we explore the possibility
of creating a cape and skirt --
of creating a cape and skirt --
72
244739
3210
istažili smo mogućnost
izrade ogrtača i suknje --
izrade ogrtača i suknje --
04:19
this was for a Paris fashion show
with Iris van Herpen --
with Iris van Herpen --
73
247973
3190
to smo učinili s Iris van Herpen
za Paris fashion show --
za Paris fashion show --
04:23
like a second skin
that are made of a single part,
that are made of a single part,
74
251187
2788
poput druge kože napravljene
od jednog komada,
od jednog komada,
04:25
stiff at the contours,
flexible around the waist.
flexible around the waist.
75
253999
3050
čvrsta na konturama,
pokretljiva oko struka.
pokretljiva oko struka.
04:29
Together with my long-term
3D printing collaborator Stratasys,
3D printing collaborator Stratasys,
76
257589
4200
Zajedno sa mojim dugogodišnjim
suradnikom za 3D printanje, Stratasys,
suradnikom za 3D printanje, Stratasys,
04:33
we 3D-printed this cape and skirt
with no seams between the cells,
with no seams between the cells,
77
261813
5007
3D smo isprintali ogrtač i suknju
bez šavova između stanica,
bez šavova između stanica,
04:38
and I'll show more objects like it.
78
266844
1996
a pokazat ću vam još takvih objekata.
04:41
This helmet combines
stiff and soft materials
stiff and soft materials
79
269452
3413
Ova kaciga kombinira čvste i mekane
materijale
materijale
04:44
in 20-micron resolution.
80
272889
3112
u rezoluciji od 20 mikrona.
04:48
This is the resolution of a human hair.
81
276025
2388
To je rezolucija ljudske vlasi kose.
04:50
It's also the resolution of a CT scanner.
82
278437
2586
To je također rezolcija CT skenera.
04:53
That designers have access
83
281531
1541
Mogućnost pristupa dizajnera
04:55
to such high-resolution
analytic and synthetic tools,
analytic and synthetic tools,
84
283096
4398
takvim visoko-rezolucijskim
analitičkim i sintetičkim alatima
analitičkim i sintetičkim alatima
04:59
enables to design products that fit
not only the shape of our bodies,
not only the shape of our bodies,
85
287518
4562
omogućuje da dizajniramo produkte koji ne
samo da odgovaraju obliku naših tijela,
samo da odgovaraju obliku naših tijela,
05:04
but also the physiological
makeup of our tissues.
makeup of our tissues.
86
292104
3508
nego također i fiziološkoj naravi
naših tkiva.
naših tkiva.
Sljedeće, dizajnirali smo akustičnu
stolicu,
stolicu,
05:08
Next, we designed an acoustic chair,
87
296445
2008
stolicu koja ima strukturu, ugodna je
05:10
a chair that would be at once
structural, comfortable
structural, comfortable
88
298477
3212
05:13
and would also absorb sound.
89
301713
2324
ali i upija zvukove.
05:16
Professor Carter, my collaborator, and I
turned to nature for inspiration,
turned to nature for inspiration,
90
304529
4446
Profesor Carter, moj suradnik, i ja
tražimo nadahnuće u prirodi.
tražimo nadahnuće u prirodi.
05:20
and by designing this irregular
surface pattern,
surface pattern,
91
308999
2685
Dizajnirajući nepravilni površinski uzorak
05:23
it becomes sound-absorbent.
92
311708
2371
ona postaje upijajuća za zvuk.
05:26
We printed its surface
out of 44 different properties,
out of 44 different properties,
93
314659
3900
Isprintali smo površinu sa 44
različita svojstva
različita svojstva
05:30
varying in rigidity, opacity and color,
94
318583
3393
koja su varirala u krutosti, prozirnosti
i boji
i boji
05:34
corresponding to pressure points
on the human body.
on the human body.
95
322000
3999
koje su odgovarale točkama
pritiska na ljudsko tijelo.
pritiska na ljudsko tijelo.
05:38
Its surface, as in nature,
varies its functionality
varies its functionality
96
326023
3992
Ta površina, kao i u prirodi,
varira svoju funkcionalnost
varira svoju funkcionalnost
05:42
not by adding another material
or another assembly,
or another assembly,
97
330039
3627
ne dodavanjem drugog materijala
ili drugog dijela,
ili drugog dijela,
05:45
but by continuously and delicately
varying material property.
varying material property.
98
333690
4719
nego konstantnim i profinjenim
variranjem svojstva materijala.
variranjem svojstva materijala.
05:52
But is nature ideal?
99
340496
1817
Ali je li priroda idealna?
05:56
Are there no parts in nature?
100
344146
2142
Postoje li dijelovi u prirodi?
06:01
I wasn't raised
in a religious Jewish home,
in a religious Jewish home,
101
349185
3271
Ja nisam odgojena u pobožnom
židovskom domu,
židovskom domu,
06:04
but when I was young,
102
352480
1156
ali kad sam bila mala,
06:05
my grandmother used to tell me
stories from the Hebrew Bible,
stories from the Hebrew Bible,
103
353660
3397
moja baka mi je znala prepričavati
priče iz židovske Biblije,
priče iz židovske Biblije,
06:09
and one of them stuck with me and came
to define much of what I care about.
to define much of what I care about.
104
357081
4005
i jedna od njih je ostala urezana u meni
i definira sve do čega mi je stalo.
i definira sve do čega mi je stalo.
06:13
As she recounts:
105
361110
2008
Kako je ona prepričavala:
06:15
"On the third day of Creation,
God commands the Earth
God commands the Earth
106
363142
2943
"Na treći dan Stvaranja,
Bog zapovijedi Zemlji
Bog zapovijedi Zemlji
06:18
to grow a fruit-bearing fruit tree."
107
366109
2516
da iznikne drvo koje nosi voće."
06:20
For this first fruit tree,
there was to be no differentiation
there was to be no differentiation
108
368649
3227
U te prve voćki nije bilo razlike
06:23
between trunk, branches,
leaves and fruit.
leaves and fruit.
109
371900
4370
između stabla, grana, lišća i voća.
06:28
The whole tree was a fruit.
110
376294
2149
Cijelo drvo je bilo voće.
06:32
Instead, the land grew trees
that have bark and stems and flowers.
that have bark and stems and flowers.
111
380229
5219
Umjesto toga zemlja je iznikla drveće
s deblom, stabljikom i cvijećem.
s deblom, stabljikom i cvijećem.
06:38
The land created a world made of parts.
112
386337
3373
Zemlja je stvorila svijet sačinjen
od dijelova.
od dijelova.
06:42
I often ask myself,
113
390514
1858
Često se pitam,
06:44
"What would design be like
if objects were made of a single part?
if objects were made of a single part?
114
392396
4293
"Kakav bi bio dizajn kada bi objekti
bili sačinjeni od jednog dijela?"
bili sačinjeni od jednog dijela?"
06:49
Would we return to a better
state of creation?"
state of creation?"
115
397412
3437
Bismo li došli na više stanje
stvaranja?
stvaranja?
06:54
So we looked for that biblical material,
116
402999
1955
I tražili smo taj biblijski materijal,
06:56
that fruit-bearing fruit tree
kind of material, and we found it.
kind of material, and we found it.
117
404978
4653
to drvo-voće tip materijala,
i pronašli ga.
i pronašli ga.
07:03
The second-most abundant biopolymer
on the planet is called chitin,
on the planet is called chitin,
118
411494
3756
Drugi najučestaliji biopolimer na planetu
je hitin,
je hitin,
07:07
and some 100 million tons of it
are produced every year
are produced every year
119
415274
3701
i otprilike se proizvede 100 milijuna tona
svake godine
svake godine
07:10
by organisms such as shrimps,
crabs, scorpions and butterflies.
crabs, scorpions and butterflies.
120
418999
3856
pomoću organizama kao što su
škampi, rakovi, škorpioni i leptiri.
škampi, rakovi, škorpioni i leptiri.
07:15
We thought if we could tune
its properties,
its properties,
121
423259
2716
Razmišljali smo da ako možemo
podesiti svojstva hitina,
podesiti svojstva hitina,
07:17
we could generate structures
that are multifunctional
that are multifunctional
122
425999
2628
možemo stvoriti strukture koje
su višefunkcionalne
su višefunkcionalne
07:20
out of a single part.
123
428651
1560
i od jednog dijela.
07:22
So that's what we did.
124
430235
1744
To smo i napravili.
07:24
We called Legal Seafood --
125
432999
1993
Nazvali smo Legal Seafood --
07:27
(Laughter)
126
435016
1036
(Smijeh)
07:28
we ordered a bunch of shrimp shells,
127
436076
2857
naručili hrpetinu ljuštura škampa
07:30
we grinded them
and we produced chitosan paste.
and we produced chitosan paste.
128
438957
3070
samljeli ih i stvorili pastu od hitina.
07:34
By varying chemical concentrations,
129
442583
1964
Varirajući koncentracije kemikalija,
07:36
we were able to achieve
a wide array of properties --
a wide array of properties --
130
444571
3294
možemo postići različita svojstva --
07:39
from dark, stiff and opaque,
131
447889
1777
od tamnog, čvrstog i mutnog,
07:41
to light, soft and transparent.
132
449690
2316
do svijetlog, mekanog i prozirnog.
07:44
In order to print the structures
in large scale,
in large scale,
133
452689
2940
Kako bismo isprintali strukture u
većoj skali,
većoj skali,
07:47
we built a robotically controlled
extrusion system with multiple nozzles.
extrusion system with multiple nozzles.
134
455653
4427
napravili smo robotski kontroliran
sustav s više brizgalica za izbacivanje.
sustav s više brizgalica za izbacivanje.
07:52
The robot would vary
material properties on the fly
material properties on the fly
135
460390
3158
Robot varira svojstva materijala
spontano
spontano
07:55
and create these 12-foot-long structures
made of a single material,
made of a single material,
136
463572
5103
i stvara ovakve strukture dugačke
3.5 metra sačinjene od jednog materijala,
3.5 metra sačinjene od jednog materijala,
08:00
100 percent recyclable.
137
468699
2742
ujedno 100% reciklirajuće.
08:03
When the parts are ready,
they're left to dry
they're left to dry
138
471465
2674
Kada su dijelovi gotovi,
ostavljamo ih da se posuše
ostavljamo ih da se posuše
08:06
and find a form naturally
upon contact with air.
upon contact with air.
139
474163
3579
i dobe oblik na prirodan način
u kontaktu sa zrakom.
u kontaktu sa zrakom.
08:10
So why are we still
designing with plastics?
designing with plastics?
140
478313
3929
Zašto onda još uvijek dizajniramo
s plastikom?
s plastikom?
08:15
The air bubbles that were a byproduct
of the printing process
of the printing process
141
483999
3463
Mjehurići zraka koji su popratni
prozivod printanja
prozivod printanja
08:19
were used to contain
photosynthetic microorganisms
photosynthetic microorganisms
142
487486
2876
upotrebljeni su za uzgoj
fotosintetskih mikroorganizama
fotosintetskih mikroorganizama
koji su se prvi puta pojavili na planetu
prije 3,5 milijarde godina,
prije 3,5 milijarde godina,
08:22
that first appeared on our planet
3.5 billion year ago,
3.5 billion year ago,
143
490386
2873
08:25
as we learned yesterday.
144
493283
1562
kao što smo naučili jučer.
08:27
Together with our collaborators
at Harvard and MIT,
at Harvard and MIT,
145
495999
2587
Zajedno sa našim suradnicima
na Harvard-u i MIT-u,
na Harvard-u i MIT-u,
uklopili smo bakterije
koje su bile genetički modificirane
koje su bile genetički modificirane
08:30
we embedded bacteria
that were genetically engineered
that were genetically engineered
146
498610
2753
08:33
to rapidly capture carbon
from the atmosphere
from the atmosphere
147
501387
3142
da brzo absorbiraju ugljik iz atmosfere
08:36
and convert it into sugar.
148
504553
2007
i pretvaraju ga u šećer.
08:39
For the first time,
149
507449
1787
Po prvi puta,
08:41
we were able to generate structures
that would seamlessly transition
that would seamlessly transition
150
509260
3966
uspjeli smo stvoriti strukture
koje bez šavova prelaze
koje bez šavova prelaze
08:45
from beam to mesh,
151
513250
3334
iz snopa u mrežu
08:48
and if scaled even larger, to windows.
152
516608
2395
i ako se skala još poveća, u prozore.
08:52
A fruit-bearing fruit tree.
153
520019
1556
Drvo-voće.
08:54
Working with an ancient material,
154
522626
2686
Radeći sa drevnim materijalom
08:57
one of the first lifeforms on the planet,
155
525336
2639
jednim od prvih oblika života na planetu,
08:59
plenty of water and a little bit
of synthetic biology,
of synthetic biology,
156
527999
3976
mnoštvo vode i malo sintetičke biologije,
09:03
we were able to transform a structure
made of shrimp shells
made of shrimp shells
157
531999
3507
uspijeli smo pretvoriti strukturu
sačinjenu od ljusaka škampa
sačinjenu od ljusaka škampa
09:07
into an architecture
that behaves like a tree.
that behaves like a tree.
158
535530
3567
u arhitekturu koja se ponaša kao drvo.
09:11
And here's the best part:
159
539724
2301
I što je najbolje:
objekti koji su dizajnirani da
budu biorazgradivi,
budu biorazgradivi,
09:14
for objects designed to biodegrade,
160
542049
1947
09:16
put them in the sea,
and they will nourish marine life;
and they will nourish marine life;
161
544020
2911
stavite ih u more
i hranit će morski svijet;
i hranit će morski svijet;
09:19
place them in soil,
and they will help grow a tree.
and they will help grow a tree.
162
547740
3826
stavite ih u zemlju
i pomoć će u rastu drveta.
i pomoć će u rastu drveta.
09:24
The setting for our next exploration
using the same design principles
using the same design principles
163
552415
4017
Okolina za naše sljedeće istraživanje
uz iste principe dizajna,
uz iste principe dizajna,
09:28
was the solar system.
164
556456
1721
bila je Sunčev sustav.
09:30
We looked for the possibility
of creating life-sustaining clothing
of creating life-sustaining clothing
165
558693
4282
Tražili smo načine kreairanja
odjeće koja održava na životu
odjeće koja održava na životu
09:34
for interplanetary voyages.
166
562999
2168
tijekom međuplanetarnih putovanja.
09:38
To do that, we needed to contain bacteria
and be able to control their flow.
and be able to control their flow.
167
566707
5038
Kako bi to učinili, trebali smo pohraniti
bakterije i kontrolirati njihov protok.
bakterije i kontrolirati njihov protok.
09:43
So like the periodic table, we came up
with our own table of the elements:
with our own table of the elements:
168
571769
4560
Poput periodnog sustava elemenata, mi smo
osmislili svoju tablicu elemenata:
osmislili svoju tablicu elemenata:
09:48
new lifeforms that
were computationally grown,
were computationally grown,
169
576353
3389
nove oblike života koji rastu
komputacijski,
komputacijski,
09:51
additively manufactured
170
579766
2041
aditivno manufaktirani
09:53
and biologically augmented.
171
581831
2448
i biološki poboljšani.
09:58
I like to think of synthetic biology
as liquid alchemy,
as liquid alchemy,
172
586096
3525
Volim gledati na sintetičku biologiju
kao tekuću alkemiju,
kao tekuću alkemiju,
10:01
only instead of transmuting
precious metals,
precious metals,
173
589645
2739
samo što umjesto mijenjanja
dragocijenih metala,
dragocijenih metala,
10:04
you're synthesizing new biological
functionality inside very small channels.
functionality inside very small channels.
174
592408
3739
mi sintetiziramo nove biološke funkcije
unutar vrlo malih kanala.
unutar vrlo malih kanala.
10:08
It's called microfluidics.
175
596171
2348
To se zove mikrofluidnost.
10:11
We 3D-printed our own channels
in order to control the flow
in order to control the flow
176
599067
4175
Mi smo isprintali u 3D kanale
koji će kontrolirali tok
koji će kontrolirali tok
10:15
of these liquid bacterial cultures.
177
603266
2364
tih tekućih bakterijskih kultura.
10:19
In our first piece of clothing,
we combined two microorganisms.
we combined two microorganisms.
178
607432
4001
U našoj prvom komadu odjeće, iskombinrali
smo dvije vrste mikroorganizama.
smo dvije vrste mikroorganizama.
10:23
The first is cyanobacteria.
179
611457
1911
Prve su cijanobakterije.
10:25
It lives in our oceans
and in freshwater ponds.
and in freshwater ponds.
180
613392
2976
One žive u oceanima
i slatkovodnim lokvama.
i slatkovodnim lokvama.
10:28
And the second, E. coli, the bacterium
that inhabits the human gut.
that inhabits the human gut.
181
616392
3923
Druge, E. coli su bakterije koje
naseljavaju ljudski probavni trakt.
naseljavaju ljudski probavni trakt.
10:32
One converts light into sugar,
the other consumes that sugar
the other consumes that sugar
182
620862
3573
Jedna pretvara svjetost u šećer,
druga konzumira taj šećer
druga konzumira taj šećer
10:36
and produces biofuels
useful for the built environment.
useful for the built environment.
183
624459
3349
i stvara biogoriva
korisna za graditeljstvo.
korisna za graditeljstvo.
10:39
Now, these two microorganisms
never interact in nature.
never interact in nature.
184
627832
4487
Ta dva mikroorganizma nikada
nisu bili u interakciji u prirodi.
nisu bili u interakciji u prirodi.
10:44
In fact, they never met each other.
185
632343
1858
U stvari nikada se nisu upoznali.
10:46
They've been here,
engineered for the first time,
engineered for the first time,
186
634225
3179
Oni su ovdje inžinjirani
po prvi puta
po prvi puta
10:49
to have a relationship
inside a piece of clothing.
inside a piece of clothing.
187
637428
3356
kako bi imali interakciju
unutar komada odjeće.
unutar komada odjeće.
10:53
Think of it as evolution
not by natural selection,
not by natural selection,
188
641340
3635
Gledajte na to ne kao evoluciju
prirodnom selekcijom,
prirodnom selekcijom,
10:56
but evolution by design.
189
644999
1818
nego evoluciju po dizajnu.
10:59
In order to contain these relationships,
190
647515
2199
Kako bi održali taj odnos,
11:01
we've created a single channel
that resembles the digestive tract,
that resembles the digestive tract,
191
649738
4105
stvorili smo jedan kanal
koji podsjeća na probavni trakt,
koji podsjeća na probavni trakt,
11:05
that will help flow these bacteria
and alter their function along the way.
and alter their function along the way.
192
653867
4502
a pomoći će u toku tih bakterija
i putem mijenjati njihovu funkciju.
i putem mijenjati njihovu funkciju.
11:10
We then started growing
these channels on the human body,
these channels on the human body,
193
658822
3629
Onda smo počeli uzgajati te kanale
na ljudskom tijelu
na ljudskom tijelu
11:14
varying material properties
according to the desired functionality.
according to the desired functionality.
194
662475
3329
i mijenjali svojstva materijala
prema željenoj svrsi.
prema željenoj svrsi.
11:17
Where we wanted more photosynthesis,
we would design more transparent channels.
we would design more transparent channels.
195
665828
4530
Tamo gdje smo željeli više fotosinteze,
dizajnirali smo prozirnije kanale.
dizajnirali smo prozirnije kanale.
11:23
This wearable digestive system,
when it's stretched end to end,
when it's stretched end to end,
196
671101
5104
Taj nosivi probavni sustav
kada se rastegne od početka do kraja,
kada se rastegne od početka do kraja,
11:28
spans 60 meters.
197
676229
2064
proteže se preko 60 metara.
11:30
This is half the length
of a football field,
of a football field,
198
678317
2658
To je pola dužine nogometnog igrališta
11:32
and 10 times as long
as our small intestines.
as our small intestines.
199
680999
3349
i 10 puta dulje od našeg tankog crijeva.
11:37
And here it is for the first time
unveiled at TED --
unveiled at TED --
200
685612
2708
I ovdje po prvi puta u TED-u
objelodanjujemo javnosti --
objelodanjujemo javnosti --
11:40
our first photosynthetic wearable,
201
688344
2103
našu prvu fotosintetsku odjeću,
11:42
liquid channels glowing with life
inside a wearable clothing.
inside a wearable clothing.
202
690471
3620
tekuće kanale koji svijetle životom
unutar nosive odjeće.
unutar nosive odjeće.
11:46
(Applause)
203
694694
1128
(Pljesak)
11:47
Thank you.
204
695846
3049
Hvala.
11:51
Mary Shelley said, "We are unfashioned
creatures, but only half made up."
creatures, but only half made up."
205
699871
3976
Mary Shelley je kazala, "Mi smo nepotpuna
bića, samo polovično napravljena."
bića, samo polovično napravljena."
11:55
What if design could provide
that other half?
that other half?
206
703871
3881
Što ako bi dizajn mogao
dopuniti drugu polovicu?
dopuniti drugu polovicu?
11:59
What if we could create structures
that would augment living matter?
that would augment living matter?
207
707776
4807
Što ako bi mogli stvarati strukture koje
bi mogle poboljšati živu tvar?
bi mogle poboljšati živu tvar?
12:06
What if we could create
personal microbiomes
personal microbiomes
208
714035
3433
Što ako bi mogli stvarati
osobne mikrobiome
osobne mikrobiome
12:09
that would scan our skins,
repair damaged tissue
repair damaged tissue
209
717492
3875
koji bi skenirali našu kožu,
popravili oštećena tkiva
popravili oštećena tkiva
12:13
and sustain our bodies?
210
721391
1729
i održavala naša tijela?
12:16
Think of this as a form of edited biology.
211
724062
2913
Gledajte na to kao na oblik
uređivačke biologije.
uređivačke biologije.
12:18
This entire collection, Wanderers,
that was named after planets,
that was named after planets,
212
726999
3976
Cijela kolekcija "Istraživači"
nazvana prema planetima,
nazvana prema planetima,
12:22
was not to me really about fashion per se,
213
730999
2658
meni osobno nije bila zbog mode
12:25
but it provided an opportunity
to speculate about the future
to speculate about the future
214
733681
3359
nego je dala mogućnost
spekuliranja o budućnosti
spekuliranja o budućnosti
12:29
of our race on our planet and beyond,
215
737064
2622
naše rase na planetu i izvan,
12:31
to combine scientific insight
with lots of mystery
with lots of mystery
216
739710
3731
kako bi spojili znanstveni uvid
i mnoštvo zagonetki
i mnoštvo zagonetki
12:35
and to move away
from the age of the machine
from the age of the machine
217
743465
3321
te kako bi se maknuli dalje od
doba strojeva
doba strojeva
12:38
to a new age of symbiosis
between our bodies,
between our bodies,
218
746810
3476
u novo doba simbioze
između naših tijela,
između naših tijela,
12:42
the microorganisms that we inhabit,
219
750310
2439
mikroorganizama koji nas nastanjuju,
12:44
our products and even our buildings.
220
752773
1928
proizvoda i čak građevina.
12:46
I call this material ecology.
221
754725
2842
Ja to zovem materijalnom ekologijom.
12:49
To do this, we always need
to return back to nature.
to return back to nature.
222
757591
4577
Kako bi to učinili, trebamo se vratiti
prirodi.
prirodi.
12:54
By now, you know that a 3D printer
prints material in layers.
prints material in layers.
223
762999
3998
Do sada znate da 3D printer
printa materijale u slojevima.
printa materijale u slojevima.
12:59
You also know that nature doesn't.
224
767759
1912
Također znate da priroda to ne čini.
13:02
It grows. It adds with sophistication.
225
770182
3500
Ona raste. Dodaje sa profinjenošću.
13:06
This silkworm cocoon, for example,
226
774102
2564
Ova kukuljica dudovog svilca, na primjer,
13:08
creates a highly
sophisticated architecture,
sophisticated architecture,
227
776690
3320
stvara vrlo profinjenu građevinu,
13:12
a home inside which to metamorphisize.
228
780034
2801
dom unutar kojeg metamorfizira.
13:14
No additive manufacturing today gets even
close to this level of sophistication.
close to this level of sophistication.
229
782859
5652
Niti jedna aditivna manufaktura danas nije
ni blizu toj razini profinjenosti.
ni blizu toj razini profinjenosti.
13:20
It does so by combining not two materials,
230
788535
3072
To se postiže kombinacijom ne
dva materijala,
dva materijala,
13:23
but two proteins
in different concentrations.
in different concentrations.
231
791631
3309
nego dva proteina
u različitim koncentracijama.
u različitim koncentracijama.
13:27
One acts as the structure,
the other is the glue, or the matrix,
the other is the glue, or the matrix,
232
795487
3996
Jedan djeluje kao struktura,
drugi kao ljepilo, ili kao kalup,
drugi kao ljepilo, ili kao kalup,
13:31
holding those fibers together.
233
799507
2421
koji drži ta vlakna na mjestu.
13:33
And this happens across scales.
234
801952
1760
I to se događa na svim skalama.
13:36
The silkworm first attaches itself
to the environment --
to the environment --
235
804717
2732
Dudov svilac se prvo prihvati za okoliš --
13:39
it creates a tensile structure --
236
807473
2016
stvara napetu strukturu --
13:41
and it then starts spinning
a compressive cocoon.
a compressive cocoon.
237
809513
3097
i onda počne plesti
zbijenu kukuljicu.
zbijenu kukuljicu.
13:44
Tension and compression,
the two forces of life,
the two forces of life,
238
812999
3531
Napetost i sažimanje,
dvije životne sile,
dvije životne sile,
13:48
manifested in a single material.
239
816554
3054
očitovane u jedom materijalu.
13:53
In order to better understand
how this complex process works,
how this complex process works,
240
821337
3211
Kako bi bolje razumjeli
kako taj složeni proces radi,
kako taj složeni proces radi,
13:56
we glued a tiny earth magnet
241
824572
2187
zalijepili smo mali magnet
13:58
to the head of a silkworm,
to the spinneret.
to the spinneret.
242
826783
2999
na glavu dudovog svilca, na žlijezdu.
14:01
We placed it inside a box
with magnetic sensors,
with magnetic sensors,
243
829806
2948
Smjestili smo ga unutar kutije
s magnetskim senzorima
s magnetskim senzorima
14:04
and that allowed us to create
this 3-dimensional point cloud
this 3-dimensional point cloud
244
832778
3087
što nam je omogućilo da stvorimo
trodimenzionalni oblak točaka
trodimenzionalni oblak točaka
14:07
and visualize the complex architecture
of the silkworm cocoon.
of the silkworm cocoon.
245
835889
4942
i vizualiziramo složenu arhitekturu
kukuljice dudovog svilca.
kukuljice dudovog svilca.
14:13
However, when we placed
the silkworm on a flat patch,
the silkworm on a flat patch,
246
841736
3654
Međutim, kada smo smjetili
dudovog svilca na ravnu podlogu,
dudovog svilca na ravnu podlogu,
14:17
not inside a box,
247
845414
1738
ne u kutiju,
14:19
we realized it would spin a flat cocoon
248
847176
3191
shvatili smo da plete ravnu kukuljicu
14:22
and it would still
healthily metamorphisize.
healthily metamorphisize.
249
850391
2977
i svejedno je zdravo metamorfizirao.
14:25
So we started designing different
environments, different scaffolds,
environments, different scaffolds,
250
853781
3985
Počeli smo dizajnirati različite
okoliše, različite podloge,
okoliše, različite podloge,
14:29
and we discovered that
the shape, the composition,
the shape, the composition,
251
857790
2735
i otkrili da su oblik, sastav,
14:32
the structure of the cocoon, was directly
informed by the environment.
informed by the environment.
252
860549
3713
stuktura kukuljice direktno
određena okolišem.
određena okolišem.
14:36
Silkworms are often boiled to death
inside their cocoons,
inside their cocoons,
253
864866
4353
Dudovi svilci su često skuhani
na smrt unutar svojih kukuljica,
na smrt unutar svojih kukuljica,
14:41
their silk unraveled and used
in the textile industry.
in the textile industry.
254
869243
3182
njihova svila se odmotova i koristi
u tekstilnoj industriji.
u tekstilnoj industriji.
14:44
We realized that designing these templates
allowed us to give shape to raw silk
allowed us to give shape to raw silk
255
872933
6459
Shvatili smo da dizajniranjem tih kalupa
omogućujemo oblikavanje sirove svili
omogućujemo oblikavanje sirove svili
14:51
without boiling a single cocoon.
256
879416
3070
bez kuhanja ijedne kukuljice.
14:54
(Applause)
257
882950
3243
(Pljesak)
14:58
They would healthily metamorphisize,
258
886217
2722
Oni bi zdravo metamorfizirali,
15:00
and we would be able
to create these things.
to create these things.
259
888963
2530
a mi možemo stvarati te stvari.
15:03
So we scaled this process up
to architectural scale.
to architectural scale.
260
891517
3107
Povećali smo skalu do arhitektonskog
nivoa.
nivoa.
15:07
We had a robot spin
the template out of silk,
the template out of silk,
261
895170
3131
Robot je pleo kalup iz svile,
a mi smo ju smjestili na naše mjesto.
15:10
and we placed it on our site.
262
898325
1680
15:12
We knew silkworms migrated
toward darker and colder areas,
toward darker and colder areas,
263
900489
4884
Znali smo da će dudovi svilci migrirati
prema tamnijim i hladnijim područjima
prema tamnijim i hladnijim područjima
15:17
so we used a sun path diagram
to reveal the distribution
to reveal the distribution
264
905397
3320
i napravili smo dijagram putanje
sunca kako bi otkrili raspodjelu
sunca kako bi otkrili raspodjelu
15:20
of light and heat on our structure.
265
908741
2149
svjetla i topline u našoj strukturi.
15:23
We then created holes, or apertures,
266
911692
2510
Tada smo stvorili rupe ili otvore
15:26
that would lock in the rays
of light and heat,
of light and heat,
267
914226
3749
koje su mogle propustiti zrake
svjetla i toplinu
svjetla i toplinu
15:29
distributing those silkworms
on the structure.
on the structure.
268
917999
3715
te tako razmještati dudove svilce
na strukturi.
na strukturi.
15:34
We were ready to receive the caterpillars.
269
922777
2373
Bili smo spremni za doček gusjenica.
15:37
We ordered 6,500 silkworms
from an online silk farm.
from an online silk farm.
270
925174
3719
Naručili smo 6 500 dudovih svilca
preko online farme svile.
preko online farme svile.
15:42
And after four weeks of feeding,
they were ready to spin with us.
they were ready to spin with us.
271
930031
3928
Nakon četiri tjedna hranjenja,
bili su spremni da pletu s nama.
bili su spremni da pletu s nama.
15:45
We placed them carefully
at the bottom rim of the scaffold,
at the bottom rim of the scaffold,
272
933983
3532
Pažljivo smo ih položili
na donji obruč podloga
na donji obruč podloga
15:49
and as they spin they pupate,
they mate, they lay eggs,
they mate, they lay eggs,
273
937539
4436
i kako pletu, pupaju,
pare se, liježu jaja
pare se, liježu jaja
15:53
and life begins all over again --
just like us but much, much shorter.
just like us but much, much shorter.
274
941999
5105
i život počinje iznova --
baš kao i u nas, samo puno kraće.
baš kao i u nas, samo puno kraće.
16:00
Bucky Fuller said that tension
is the great integrity,
is the great integrity,
275
948300
4745
Bucky Fuller je kazao da napetost
daje cjelovitost,
daje cjelovitost,
16:05
and he was right.
276
953069
1623
i bio je u pravu.
16:06
As they spin biological silk
over robotically spun silk,
over robotically spun silk,
277
954716
3722
Kako oni pletu biološku svilu
preko robotski predene svile,
preko robotski predene svile,
16:10
they give this entire
pavilion its integrity.
pavilion its integrity.
278
958462
2664
daju cijelom paviljonu cjelovitost.
16:13
And over two to three weeks,
279
961150
1850
I nakon dva do tri tjedna,
16:15
6,500 silkworms spin 6,500 kilometers.
280
963024
4655
6 500 dudovih svilca su ispleli
6 500 kilometra.
6 500 kilometra.
16:19
In a curious symmetry, this is also
the length of the Silk Road.
the length of the Silk Road.
281
967703
3673
Zanimljiva paralela jest da je to ujedno
i dužina Puta svile.
i dužina Puta svile.
16:24
The moths, after they hatch,
produce 1.5 million eggs.
produce 1.5 million eggs.
282
972837
3855
Nakon što se izliježu, moljci
proizvedu 1,5 milijuna jajašca.
proizvedu 1,5 milijuna jajašca.
16:28
This could be used for 250
additional pavilions for the future.
additional pavilions for the future.
283
976716
4114
To bi se moglo iskoristiti za 250
dodatnih paviljona u budućnosti.
dodatnih paviljona u budućnosti.
16:33
So here they are, the two worldviews.
284
981639
3065
I tako, ovdje su predstavljena
dva svjetonazora.
dva svjetonazora.
16:36
One spins silk out of a robotic arm,
285
984728
3767
Jedan prede svilu iz robotske ruke,
16:40
the other fills in the gaps.
286
988519
2332
a drugi puni praznine.
16:44
If the final frontier of design
is to breathe life into the products
is to breathe life into the products
287
992182
3781
Ako je posljednja granica dizajna
udahnuti život u proizvode
udahnuti život u proizvode
16:47
and the buildings around us,
288
995987
1794
i građevine koje nas okružuju,
16:49
to form a two-material ecology,
289
997805
2170
da bi stvorili ekologiju dva materijala,
16:51
then designers must unite
these two worldviews.
these two worldviews.
290
999999
3604
tada dizajneri trebaju ujediniti ta dva
svjetonazora.
svjetonazora.
16:55
Which brings us back, of course,
to the beginning.
to the beginning.
291
1003627
3777
Što nas vraća na početak, naravno.
17:00
Here's to a new age of design,
a new age of creation,
a new age of creation,
292
1008121
3603
Nazdravljam novom dobu dizajna,
novom dobu stvaranja
novom dobu stvaranja
koje nas vodi od dizajna
inspiranog prirodom
inspiranog prirodom
17:03
that takes us from
a nature-inspired design
a nature-inspired design
293
1011748
3348
17:07
to a design-inspired nature,
294
1015120
2855
do priorode inspirirane dizajnom,
17:09
and that demands of us for the first time
295
1017999
3976
što od nas po prvi put zahtjeva
17:13
that we mother nature.
296
1021999
4143
da smo mi majka prioroda.
17:18
Thank you.
297
1026793
1034
Hvala.
17:19
(Applause)
298
1027851
6996
(Pljesak)
17:26
Thank you very much. Thank you.
299
1034871
2104
Puno vam hvala. Hvala.
17:28
(Applause)
300
1036999
3000
(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Neri Oxman - Architect, designerFrom the micro scale to the building scale, Neri Oxman imagines and creates structures and objects that are inspired, informed and engineered by, for and with nature.
Why you should listen
Neri Oxman creates designs that usher the next building revolution by constructing products that transcend parts and assemblies. Head of the Mediated Matter research group at the MIT Media Lab, an architect and designer, she leads the search for ways in which digital fabrication technologies interact with natural environments and the biological world. Oxman’s approach, termed "Material Ecology," spans biology, computation, materials and digital fabrication. Her works are included in permanent collections in museums worldwide including the MoMA, Centre Pompidou, the Boston MFA and the Smithsonian Institution.
Neri Oxman | Speaker | TED.com