TEDWomen 2015
Marlene Zuk: What we learn from insects' sex lives
Marlene Zuk: Apa yang dapat dipelajari dari kehidupan seks serangga yang menyimpang
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1,551,523 views
Marlene Zuk dengan senang hati dan teguh mempelajari serangga. Dalam ceramah yang kocak dan mencerahkan ini, ia menceritakan beberapa hal yang benar-benar menakjubkan -- tak sedikit cara-cara kreatif mereka berhubungan seks.
Marlene Zuk - Evolutionary biologist
Marlene Zuk studies insect behavior -- and how humans use animal behavior to think about how we behave ourselves. Full bio
Marlene Zuk studies insect behavior -- and how humans use animal behavior to think about how we behave ourselves. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
Jadi, orang lebih takut serangga
daripada mati.
daripada mati.
00:13
So, people are more afraid of insects
than they are of dying.
than they are of dying.
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(Tawa)
00:18
(Laughter)
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Setidaknya, itu menurut survei
"Book of Lists" tahun 1973
"Book of Lists" tahun 1973
00:20
At least, according to a 1973
"Book of Lists" survey
"Book of Lists" survey
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yang mendahului daftar daring terbaik,
terburuk, terlucu masa kini.
terburuk, terlucu masa kini.
00:25
which preceded all those online best,
worst, funniest lists that you see today.
worst, funniest lists that you see today.
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Hanya ketinggian
dan berbicara di depan umum
dan berbicara di depan umum
00:32
Only heights and public speaking
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yang mengalahkan makhluk enam kaki ini
sebagai faktor ketakutan.
sebagai faktor ketakutan.
00:35
exceeded the six-legged
as sources of fear.
as sources of fear.
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00:39
And I suspect if you had put
spiders in there,
spiders in there,
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Dan saya rasa jika Anda memasukkan
laba-laba dalam daftar itu,
laba-laba dalam daftar itu,
kombinasi serangga dan laba-laba
akan berada di urutan teratas.
akan berada di urutan teratas.
00:43
the combinations of insects and spiders
would have just topped the chart.
would have just topped the chart.
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00:48
Now, I am not one of those people.
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Nah, saya bukan salah satunya.
Saya sangat menyukai serangga.
00:50
I really love insects.
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Bagi saya mereka menarik dan indah,
00:53
I think they're interesting and beautiful,
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dan terkadang bahkan imut.
00:57
and sometimes even cute.
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(Tawa)
00:58
(Laughter)
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Dan saya bukan satu-satunya.
01:00
And I'm not alone.
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Selama berabad-abad,
beberapa pemikir ilmiah terhebat,
beberapa pemikir ilmiah terhebat,
01:01
For centuries, some
of the greatest minds in science,
of the greatest minds in science,
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dari Charles Darwin sampai E.O. Wilson,
01:05
from Charles Darwin to E.O. Wilson,
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telah menginspirasi pembelajaran
beberapa pikiran terkecil di Bumi.
beberapa pikiran terkecil di Bumi.
01:08
have drawn inspiration from studying
some of the smallest minds on Earth.
some of the smallest minds on Earth.
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01:14
Well, why is that?
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Yah, mengapa demikian?
Apa yang selalu membuat kita
kembali kepada serangga?
kembali kepada serangga?
01:16
What is that keeps us
coming back to insects?
coming back to insects?
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01:20
Some of it, of course, is just the sheer
magnitude of almost everything about them.
magnitude of almost everything about them.
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Di antaranya, hanyalah ketertarikan semata
akan hampir semua tentangnya.
akan hampir semua tentangnya.
Terdapat banyak jenis serangga
daripada jenis binatang lainnya.
daripada jenis binatang lainnya.
01:24
They're more numerous
than any other kind of animal.
than any other kind of animal.
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Kita bahkan tak tahu
ada berapa jenis spesies serangga,
ada berapa jenis spesies serangga,
01:27
We don't even know how many species
of insects there are,
of insects there are,
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karena selalu saja ada jenis baru
yang ditemukan setiap saat.
yang ditemukan setiap saat.
01:30
because new ones
are being discovered all the time.
are being discovered all the time.
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01:33
There are at least a million,
maybe as many as 10 million.
maybe as many as 10 million.
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Ada setidaknya sejuta,
bahkan, mungkin 10 juta.
bahkan, mungkin 10 juta.
01:37
This means that you could have
an insect-of-the-month calendar
an insect-of-the-month calendar
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Ini berarti Anda bisa punya kalender
dengan "serangga di bulan ini"
dengan "serangga di bulan ini"
dan tidak mengulang spesies yang sama
selama lebih dari 80,000 tahun.
selama lebih dari 80,000 tahun.
01:41
and not have to reuse a species
for over 80,000 years.
for over 80,000 years.
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(Tawa)
01:45
(Laughter)
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Rasakan, panda dan kucing!
01:48
Take that, pandas and kittens!
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(Tawa)
01:50
(Laughter)
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Yang lebih serius lagi,
serangga itu sangat penting.
serangga itu sangat penting.
01:52
More seriously, insects are essential.
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Kita membutuhkan mereka.
01:55
We need them.
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Telah diperkirakan bahwa
satu dari tiga gigitan makanan
satu dari tiga gigitan makanan
01:57
It's been estimated
that 1 out of every 3 bites of food
that 1 out of every 3 bites of food
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ada karena penyerbuk.
02:00
is made possible by a pollinator.
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02:04
Scientist use insects to make fundamental
discoveries
discoveries
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Ilmuwan menggunakan serangga
untuk membuat penemuan mendasar
untuk membuat penemuan mendasar
tentang segalanya
dari struktur sistem syaraf
dari struktur sistem syaraf
02:08
about everything from the structure
of our nervous systems
of our nervous systems
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sampai cara kerja gen dan DNA.
02:11
to how our genes and DNA work.
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Tapi yang paling saya suka
tentang serangga
tentang serangga
02:14
But what I love most about insects
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02:16
is what they can tell us
about our own behavior.
about our own behavior.
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adalah yang bisa mereka ajarkan
tentang perilaku kita.
tentang perilaku kita.
02:19
Insects seem like they do
everything that people do.
everything that people do.
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Sepertinya serangga melakukan
segala yang manusia lakukan.
segala yang manusia lakukan.
Mereka bertemu, kawin,
bertengkar, berpisah.
bertengkar, berpisah.
02:22
They meet, they mate,
they fight, they break up.
they fight, they break up.
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02:26
And they do so with what looks
like love or animosity.
like love or animosity.
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Mereka melakukannya dengan yang terlihat
seperti cinta atau kebencian.
seperti cinta atau kebencian.
02:31
But what drives their behaviors is really
different than what drives our own,
different than what drives our own,
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Tapi apa yang menggerakkan perilaku mereka
sangat berbeda dari apa menggerakkan kita,
sangat berbeda dari apa menggerakkan kita,
dan perbedaan itu dapat
menjadi sangat mencerahkan.
menjadi sangat mencerahkan.
02:36
and that difference
can be really illuminating.
can be really illuminating.
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02:40
There's nowhere where that's more true
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Inilah tempat yang paling tepat
saat kita membahas salah satu minat
yang paling menyita pikiran kita -- seks.
yang paling menyita pikiran kita -- seks.
02:42
than when it comes to one
of our most consuming interests -- sex.
of our most consuming interests -- sex.
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Nah, saya akan bertahan
dan saya rasa saya bisa bela,
dan saya rasa saya bisa bela,
02:46
Now, I will maintain.
and I think I can defend,
and I think I can defend,
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yang mungkin seperti
pernyataan yang mengejutkan.
pernyataan yang mengejutkan.
02:48
what may seem like a surprising statement.
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02:52
I think sex in insects is more
interesting than sex in people.
interesting than sex in people.
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Saya rasa seks serangga lebih menarik
daripada seks manusia.
daripada seks manusia.
(Tawa)
02:56
(Laughter)
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Dan banyaknya keberagaman yang kita lihat
02:58
And the wild variety that we see
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membuat kita mempertanyakan
beberapa asumsi kita
beberapa asumsi kita
03:01
makes us challenge
some of our own assumptions
some of our own assumptions
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03:04
about what it means to be male and female.
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tentang pandangan
terhadap jantan dan betina.
terhadap jantan dan betina.
03:07
Of course, to start with,
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Tentu saja, untuk memulainya,
banyak serangga tak perlu
berhubungan seks untuk berreproduksi.
berhubungan seks untuk berreproduksi.
03:09
a lot of insects don't need
to have sex at all to reproduce.
to have sex at all to reproduce.
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03:12
Female aphids can make little, tiny clones
of themselves without ever mating.
of themselves without ever mating.
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Kumbang betina dapat membuat klon mungil
dari diri sendiri tanpa harus kawin.
dari diri sendiri tanpa harus kawin.
03:17
Virgin birth, right there.
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Ada kelahiran perawan di sana.
03:18
On your rose bushes.
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Di semak-semak mawar Anda.
03:20
(Laughter)
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(Tawa)
03:23
When they do have sex,
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Ketika mereka berhubungan seks,
03:25
even their sperm is more
interesting than human sperm.
interesting than human sperm.
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bahkan spermanya lebih menarik
daripada sperma manusia.
daripada sperma manusia.
03:28
There are some kinds of fruit flies
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Ada semacam lalat buah
03:30
whose sperm is longer
than the male's own body.
than the male's own body.
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yang spermanya lebih panjang
daripada tubuh pejantannya.
daripada tubuh pejantannya.
03:34
And that's important because the males
use their sperm to compete.
use their sperm to compete.
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Itu penting karena pejantan menggunakan
spermanya untuk bersaing.
spermanya untuk bersaing.
03:38
Now, male insects do compete with weapons,
like the horns on these beetles.
like the horns on these beetles.
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Nah, serangga pejantan bersaing dengan
senjata, seperti tanduk pada kepik ini.
senjata, seperti tanduk pada kepik ini.
03:43
But they also compete
after mating with their sperm.
after mating with their sperm.
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Tapi mereka juga bersaing
dengan sperma setelah kawin.
dengan sperma setelah kawin.
03:48
Dragonflies and damselflies have penises
that look kind of like Swiss Army knives
that look kind of like Swiss Army knives
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Capung dan capung biru punya penis
yang hampir mirip pisau Swiss Army
yang hampir mirip pisau Swiss Army
03:53
with all of the attachments pulled out.
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dengan semua alatnya yang terbuka,
03:55
(Laughter)
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(Tawa)
03:57
They use these formidable devices
like scoops,
like scoops,
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Mereka menggunakan peralatan
yang tangguh ini seperti sendok,
yang tangguh ini seperti sendok,
04:02
to remove the sperm from previous males
that the female has mated with.
that the female has mated with.
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untuk membuang sperma pejantan
yang kawin sebelumnya dengan si betina.
yang kawin sebelumnya dengan si betina.
04:06
(Laughter)
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(Tawa)
04:08
So, what can we learn from this?
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Jadi, apa yang kita pelajari dari sini?
04:11
(Laughter)
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(Tawa)
04:17
All right, it is not a lesson in the sense
of us imitating them
of us imitating them
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Baik, ini bukan pelajaran
bahwa kita akan meniru mereka
bahwa kita akan meniru mereka
04:22
or of them setting
an example for us to follow.
an example for us to follow.
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atau mereka menjadi
contoh untuk kita ikuti.
contoh untuk kita ikuti.
04:25
Which, given this,
is probably just as well.
is probably just as well.
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Yang, mengingatnya, mungkin adil juga.
04:29
And also, did I mention sexual cannibalism
is rampant among insects?
is rampant among insects?
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Dan apakah saya bilang kanibalisme seksual
merajalela di dunia serangga?
merajalela di dunia serangga?
04:32
So, no, that's not the point.
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Jadi, bukan itu intinya.
Tapi saya pikir yang dilakukan serangga,
04:35
But what I think insects do,
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04:36
is break a lot of the rules
that we humans have about the sex roles.
that we humans have about the sex roles.
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melanggar semua aturan yang manusia punya
tentang peranan seks.
tentang peranan seks.
04:43
So, people have this idea that nature
dictates kind of a 1950s sitcom version
dictates kind of a 1950s sitcom version
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Jadi, orang berpikir bahwa alam bekerja
seperti sitkom versi tahun 1950-an
seperti sitkom versi tahun 1950-an
04:48
of what males and females are like.
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seperti apa pejantan dan betina itu.
Jadi pejantan seharusnya
selalu dominan dan agresif,
selalu dominan dan agresif,
04:50
So that males are always
supposed to be dominant and aggressive,
supposed to be dominant and aggressive,
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04:54
and females are passive and coy.
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dan betina itu pasif dan malu-malu.
Tapi tidak seperti itu.
04:55
But that's just not the case.
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04:58
So for example, take katydids,
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Jadi contohnya, tonggeret,
yang masih saudara
dengan jangkrik dan belalang.
dengan jangkrik dan belalang.
05:00
which are relatives of crickets
and grasshoppers.
and grasshoppers.
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Pejantannya sangat pemilih
siapa yang akan mereka kawini,
siapa yang akan mereka kawini,
05:03
The males are very picky
about who they mate with,
about who they mate with,
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karena mereka tak hanya
memberikan sperma saat kawin,
memberikan sperma saat kawin,
05:07
because they not only transfer
sperm during mating,
sperm during mating,
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mereka juga memberi betina
semacam hadiah seserahan.
semacam hadiah seserahan.
05:10
they also give the female
something called a nuptial gift.
something called a nuptial gift.
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Anda bisa lihat dua tonggeret
sedang kawin di foto ini.
sedang kawin di foto ini.
05:14
You can see two katydids
mating in these photos.
mating in these photos.
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Di kedua layar ini,
pejantannya di sisi kanan,
pejantannya di sisi kanan,
05:18
In both panels,
the male's the one on the right,
the male's the one on the right,
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05:20
and that sword-like appendage
is the female's egg-laying organ.
is the female's egg-laying organ.
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dan apendiks yang seperti pedang ini
adalah organ peletak telur betina.
adalah organ peletak telur betina.
05:25
The white blob is the sperm,
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gelembung putih ini adalah sperma,
gelembung hijau ini
adalah hadiah seserahan,
adalah hadiah seserahan,
05:27
the green blob is the nuptial gift,
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dan pejantan menghasilkan ini
dari tubuhnya sendiri
dari tubuhnya sendiri
05:31
and the male manufactures
this from his own body
this from his own body
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dan sangat menguras tenaga
untuk membuatnya.
untuk membuatnya.
05:34
and it's extremely costly to produce.
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Beratnya bisa sampai
sepertiga bobot tubuhnya.
sepertiga bobot tubuhnya.
05:36
It can weigh up to a third
of his body mass.
of his body mass.
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05:39
I will now pause for a moment
and let you think about
and let you think about
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Saya akan diam sebentar
dan membiarkan Anda berpikir
dan membiarkan Anda berpikir
seperti apa jadinya jika pria,
setiap kali mereka berhubungan seks,
setiap kali mereka berhubungan seks,
05:42
what it would be like if human men,
every time they had sex,
every time they had sex,
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harus mengeluarkan sesuatu
yang beratnya 22, 27, 32 kg.
yang beratnya 22, 27, 32 kg.
05:46
had to produce something
that weighed 50, 60, 70 pounds.
that weighed 50, 60, 70 pounds.
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(Tawa)
05:52
(Laughter)
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Oke, mereka takkan dapat
melakukannya sesering itu.
melakukannya sesering itu.
05:56
Okay, they would not be able
to do that very often.
to do that very often.
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(Tawa)
05:59
(Laughter)
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Dan memang, tonggeret juga tak bisa.
06:01
And indeed, neither can the katydids.
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06:04
And so what that means
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Jadi artinya
tonggeret pejantan sangat pemilih
06:06
is the katydid males are very choosy
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pada siapa mereka akan persembahkan
hadiah seserahan ini.
hadiah seserahan ini.
06:10
about who they offer
these nuptial gifts to.
these nuptial gifts to.
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Nah, pemberian ini sangat bernutrisi,
06:13
Now, the gift is very nutritious,
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dan si betina memakannya
saat dan setelah kawin.
saat dan setelah kawin.
06:15
and the female eats it
during and after mating.
during and after mating.
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Jadi, semakin besar
semakin bagus pejantannya,
semakin bagus pejantannya,
06:17
So, the bigger it is,
the better off the male is,
the better off the male is,
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karena itu artinya spermanya lebih lama
06:20
because that means more time for his sperm
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mengalir ke tubuh betina
dan membuahi sel telurnya.
dan membuahi sel telurnya.
06:22
to drain into her body
and fertilize her eggs.
and fertilize her eggs.
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06:25
But it also means that the males
are very passive about mating,
are very passive about mating,
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Tapi itu artinya juga pejantan
sangat pasif akan perkawinan,
sangat pasif akan perkawinan,
sedangkan betinanya
sangat agresif dan kompetitif,
sangat agresif dan kompetitif,
06:29
whereas the females
are extremely aggressive and competitive,
are extremely aggressive and competitive,
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berusaha untuk mendapatkan
sebanyak mungkin hadiah seserahan.
sebanyak mungkin hadiah seserahan.
06:33
in an attempt to get as many of these
nutritious nuptial gifts as they can.
nutritious nuptial gifts as they can.
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Jadi, ini bukan serangkaian
peraturan yang stereotipikal.
peraturan yang stereotipikal.
06:37
So, it's not exactly
a stereotypical set of rules.
a stereotypical set of rules.
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06:42
Even more generally though,
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Bahkan lebih luas lagi,
pejantan sebenarnya tidak begitu penting
dalam kehidupan banyak serangga.
dalam kehidupan banyak serangga.
06:44
males are actually not all that important
in the lives of a lot of insects.
in the lives of a lot of insects.
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Pada serangga sosial --
lebah dan tawon dan semut --
lebah dan tawon dan semut --
06:49
In the social insects --
the bees and wasps and ants --
the bees and wasps and ants --
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individu yang Anda lihat setiap hari --
06:54
the individuals that you see every day --
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semut yang selalu kembali ke mangkok gula,
06:56
the ants going back and forth
to your sugar bowl,
to your sugar bowl,
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lebah madu terbang dari bunga ke bunga --
06:59
the honey bees that are flitting
from flower to flower --
from flower to flower --
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mereka selalu betina.
07:02
all of those are always female.
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07:05
People have had a hard time getting
their head around that idea for millennia.
their head around that idea for millennia.
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Orang sulit memahami ide milenium.
Peradaban Yunani kuno tahu bahwa ada
tingkatan lebah, yaitu lebah pendengung,
tingkatan lebah, yaitu lebah pendengung,
07:09
The ancient Greeks knew that there was
a class of bees, the drones,
a class of bees, the drones,
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yang lebih besar daripada lebah pekerja,
07:15
that are larger than the workers,
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meski mereka tak mengakui
kemalasan lebah pendengung
kemalasan lebah pendengung
07:17
although they disapproved
of the drones' laziness
of the drones' laziness
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karena mereka melihat lebah pendengung
hanya berdiam di sekitar sarang
hanya berdiam di sekitar sarang
07:19
because they could see that
the drones just hang around the hive
the drones just hang around the hive
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07:22
until the mating flight --
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sampai musim kawin --
mereka adalah pejantan.
mereka adalah pejantan.
07:24
they're the males.
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07:25
They hang around until the mating flight,
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Mereka menunggu sampai musim kawin,
tapi mereka tidak berpartisipasi
mengumpulkan madu atau polen.
mengumpulkan madu atau polen.
07:27
but they don't participate
in gathering nectar or pollen.
in gathering nectar or pollen.
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Yunani tak bisa tahu
jenis kelamin lebah pendengung,
jenis kelamin lebah pendengung,
07:30
The Greeks couldn't figure out
the drones' sex,
the drones' sex,
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dan sebagian karena mereka
menyadari kemampuan sengatan lebah
menyadari kemampuan sengatan lebah
07:32
and part of the confusion was that they
were aware of the stinging ability of bees
were aware of the stinging ability of bees
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tapi mereka sulit percaya
07:37
but they found it difficult to believe
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bahwa binatang yang membawa
senjata semacam itu mungkin saja betina.
senjata semacam itu mungkin saja betina.
07:40
that any animals that bore such a weapon
could possibly be a female.
could possibly be a female.
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07:43
Aristotle tried to get involved as well.
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Aristotle juga berusaha terlibat.
Dia bilang, "Oke, jika
individu penyengat itu pejantan ..."
individu penyengat itu pejantan ..."
07:46
He suggested, "OK, if the stinging
individuals are going to be the males ..."
individuals are going to be the males ..."
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Lalu ia bingung, karena bisa saja berarti
07:51
Then he got confused,
because that would have meant
because that would have meant
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pejantan juga mengurus bayi di koloni,
07:53
the males were also taking care
of the young in a colony,
of the young in a colony,
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dan ia sepertinya berpikir
itu sama sekali tak mungkin.
itu sama sekali tak mungkin.
07:56
and he seemed to think
that would be completely impossible.
that would be completely impossible.
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Ia lalu menyimpulkan bahwa mungkin
lebah punya dua organ kelamin
lebah punya dua organ kelamin
08:01
He then concluded that maybe
bees had the organs of both sexes
bees had the organs of both sexes
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pada satu individu,
08:04
in the same individual,
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yang cukup masuk akal,
beberapa binatang melakukannya,
beberapa binatang melakukannya,
08:05
which is not that far-fetched,
some animals do that,
some animals do that,
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tapi ia tak dapat
benar-benar mengungkapnya.
benar-benar mengungkapnya.
08:07
but he never really
did get it figured out.
did get it figured out.
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08:10
And you know, even today,
my students, for instance,
my students, for instance,
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Dan Anda tahu, bahkan saat ini,
murid saya, contohnya,
murid saya, contohnya,
menyebut setiap hewan yang mereka temui,
termasuk serangga, sebagai pejantan.
termasuk serangga, sebagai pejantan.
08:14
call every animal they see,
including insects, a male.
including insects, a male.
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08:19
And when I tell them
that the ferocious army-ant soldiers
that the ferocious army-ant soldiers
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Dan ketika saya memberitahu mereka
bahwa pasukan prajurit semut yang ganas
bahwa pasukan prajurit semut yang ganas
dengan rahang besar yang digunakan
untuk mempertahankan koloni,
untuk mempertahankan koloni,
08:23
with their giant jaws,
used to defend the colony,
used to defend the colony,
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semuanya selalu betina,
08:26
are all always female,
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mereka sepertinya
tak terlalu percaya pada saya.
tak terlalu percaya pada saya.
08:29
they seem to not quite believe me.
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(Tawa)
08:31
(Laughter)
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Dan tentunya semua film --
Antz, Bee Movie --
Antz, Bee Movie --
08:32
And certainly all of the movies --
Antz, Bee Movie --
Antz, Bee Movie --
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menggambarkan karakter utama
pada serangga sosial sebagai pejantan.
pada serangga sosial sebagai pejantan.
08:37
portray the main character
in the social insects as being male.
in the social insects as being male.
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08:44
Well, what difference does this make?
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Yah, apa bedanya?
Itu semua film. Itu semua fiksi.
08:46
These are movies. They're fiction.
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Ada binatang yang bicara di sana.
08:48
They have talking animals in them.
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Apa bedanya jika mereka
bicara seperti Jerry Seinfeld?
bicara seperti Jerry Seinfeld?
08:50
What difference does it make
if they talk like Jerry Seinfeld?
if they talk like Jerry Seinfeld?
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Saya rasa itu memang sangat berbeda,
08:53
I think it does matter,
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dan itu sebenarnya adalah bagian
dari masalah yang lebih penting
dari masalah yang lebih penting
08:55
and it's a problem that actually
is part of a much deeper one
is part of a much deeper one
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yang punya implikasi pada bidang
pengobatan dan kesehatan
pengobatan dan kesehatan
08:58
that has implications
for medicine and health
for medicine and health
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dan banyak aspek lainnya dalam hidup kita.
09:02
and a lot of other aspects of our lives.
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Anda tahu bahwa ilmuwan menggunakan
yang disebut sebagai sistem model,
yang disebut sebagai sistem model,
09:05
You all know that scientists
use what we call model systems,
use what we call model systems,
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yang merupakan makhluk hidup --
tikus putih atau lalat buah --
tikus putih atau lalat buah --
09:09
which are creatures --
white rats or fruit flies --
white rats or fruit flies --
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semacam perwakilan binatang lainnya,
termasuk manusia.
termasuk manusia.
09:12
that are kind of stand-ins
for all other animals, including people.
for all other animals, including people.
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Dan gagasannya bahwa
yang berlaku pada manusia
yang berlaku pada manusia
09:17
And the idea is
that what's true for a person
that what's true for a person
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juga berlaku juga pada tikus putih.
09:20
will also be true for the white rat.
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Dan secara keseluruhan,
ternyata itu adalah masalahnya.
ternyata itu adalah masalahnya.
09:22
And by and large,
that turns out to be the case.
that turns out to be the case.
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Tapi Anda dapat memakai ide
sistem model itu terlalu jauh.
sistem model itu terlalu jauh.
09:25
But you can take the idea
of a model system too far.
of a model system too far.
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09:29
And what I think we've done,
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Dan yang saya pikir
telah kita lakukan adalah
telah kita lakukan adalah
menggunakan pejantan di spesies apapun,
seolah mereka sistem model.
seolah mereka sistem model.
09:32
is use males, in any species,
as though they are the model system.
as though they are the model system.
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Normanya.
09:37
The norm.
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09:38
The way things are supposed to be.
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Yang sudah seharusnya.
Dan betina adalah semacam variasi --
09:41
And females as a kind of variant --
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09:44
something special that you only study
after you get the basics down.
after you get the basics down.
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hal istimewa yang hanya akan Anda pelajari
setelah Anda menguasai dasarnya.
setelah Anda menguasai dasarnya.
09:49
And so, back to the insects.
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Jadi, kembali ke serangga.
Saya rasa itu artinya
09:52
I think what that means
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manusia tak bisa melihat
yang ada di depan mata mereka.
yang ada di depan mata mereka.
09:53
is that people just couldn't see
what was in front of them.
what was in front of them.
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Karena mereka menganggap bahwa
panggung dunia dikuasai pejantan
panggung dunia dikuasai pejantan
09:56
Because they assumed that the world's
stage was largely occupied by male players
stage was largely occupied by male players
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dan betina hanya akan mendapat
peran minor, asal lewat saja.
peran minor, asal lewat saja.
10:03
and females would only have
minor, walk-on roles.
minor, walk-on roles.
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10:07
But when we do that, we really miss out
on a lot of what nature is like.
on a lot of what nature is like.
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Tapi ketika kita berpikiran seperti itu,
banyak yang kita lewatkan tentang alam.
banyak yang kita lewatkan tentang alam.
10:13
And we can also miss out on the way
natural, living things, including people,
natural, living things, including people,
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Dan kita juga melewatkan betapa beragamnya
alam, makhluk hidup, termasuk manusia.
alam, makhluk hidup, termasuk manusia.
10:20
can vary.
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Saya kira itulah alasan
kita memakai pejantan
kita memakai pejantan
10:22
And I think that's why we've used males
as models in a lot of medical research,
as models in a lot of medical research,
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sebagai model dalam
banyak penelitian medis,
banyak penelitian medis,
sesuatu yang kini kita tahu
bisa menjadi masalah
bisa menjadi masalah
10:27
something that we know now to be a problem
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10:29
if we want the results to apply
to both men and women.
to both men and women.
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jika kita ingin hasilnya dapat berlaku
baik bagi pria maupun wanita.
baik bagi pria maupun wanita.
10:34
Well, the last thing
I really love about insects
I really love about insects
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Yah, hal terakhir yang saya suka
tentang serangga
tentang serangga
adalah yang banyak orang takutkan.
10:37
is something that a lot of people
find unnerving about them.
find unnerving about them.
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Mereka punya otak yang kecil mungil
10:40
They have little, tiny brains
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dengan sedikit kemampuan kognitif,
cara berpikir kita pada umumnya.
cara berpikir kita pada umumnya.
10:42
with very little cognitive ability,
the way we normally think of it.
the way we normally think of it.
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10:46
They have complicated behavior,
but they lack complicated brains.
but they lack complicated brains.
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Mereka punya perilaku rumit,
tapi dengan otak yang tidak rumit.
tapi dengan otak yang tidak rumit.
10:51
And so, we can't just think of them
as though they're little people
as though they're little people
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Jadi, kita tak dapat memandang mereka
seolah mereka itu manusia kecil
seolah mereka itu manusia kecil
karena mereka tak bertindak seperti kita.
10:57
because they don't do things
the way that we do.
the way that we do.
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Saya menyukai kenyataan bahwa sulit
untuk mengantropomorfisme serangga,
untuk mengantropomorfisme serangga,
11:00
I really love that it's difficult
to anthropomorphize insects,
to anthropomorphize insects,
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melihat mereka dan berpikir
bahwa mereka manusia kecil
bahwa mereka manusia kecil
11:04
to look at them and just think of them
like they're little people
like they're little people
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berkerangka eksternal, dengan enam kaki.
11:08
in exoskeletons, with six legs.
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11:10
(Laughter)
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(Tawa)
Justru, Anda sungguh harus
menerima mereka apa adanya mereka,
menerima mereka apa adanya mereka,
11:12
Instead, you really have to accept them
on their own terms,
on their own terms,
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karena serangga membuat kita berpikir
apa yang normal dan apa yang alamiah.
apa yang normal dan apa yang alamiah.
11:15
because insects make us question
what's normal and what's natural.
what's normal and what's natural.
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11:21
Now, you know, people write fiction
and talk about parallel universes.
and talk about parallel universes.
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Nah, Anda tahu, orang menulis fiksi
dan berbicara tentang dunia paralel.
dan berbicara tentang dunia paralel.
Mereka berspekulasi
tentang dunia supernatural,
tentang dunia supernatural,
11:26
They speculate about the supernatural,
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mungkin roh orang meninggal
berjalan di sekitar kita.
berjalan di sekitar kita.
11:29
maybe the spirits of the departed
walking among us.
walking among us.
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11:34
The allure of another world
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Pikatan dunia lain adalah yang dikatakan
sebagai sedikit alasan
sebagai sedikit alasan
11:37
is something that people say is part of
why they want to dabble in the paranormal.
why they want to dabble in the paranormal.
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mengapa mereka tertarik
dengan dunia paranormal.
dengan dunia paranormal.
11:44
But as far as I'm concerned,
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Tapi sejauh pengamatan saya,
siapa yang mau bisa melihat orang mati,
11:46
who needs to be able to see dead people,
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jika Anda bisa melihat serangga hidup?
11:48
when you can see live insects?
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11:51
Thank you.
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Terima kasih.
11:52
(Applause)
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(Tepuk tangan)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Marlene Zuk - Evolutionary biologistMarlene Zuk studies insect behavior -- and how humans use animal behavior to think about how we behave ourselves.
Why you should listen
Marlene Zuk is a biologist and writer who researches animal behavior and evolution, mostly using insects as subjects. Zuk is interested in the ways that people use animal behavior to think about human behavior, and vice versa, as well as in the public's understanding of evolution. She teaches graduate and undergraduate courses in the Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior at the University of Minnesota -- including a seminar called “What’s the Alternative to Alternative Medicine?”
In addition to publishing numerous scientific articles, Zuk has published four books for a general audience: Sexual Selections: What We Can and Can’t Learn About Sex from Animals; Riddled with Life: Friendly Worms, Ladybug Sex, and the Parasites That Make Us Who We Are; Sex on Six Legs: Lessons on Life, Love and Language from the Insect World; and most recently, Paleofantasy: What Evolution Really Tells Us About Sex, Diet and the Way We Live.
Marlene Zuk | Speaker | TED.com