TEDWomen 2015
Marlene Zuk: What we learn from insects' sex lives
Marlene Zuk: Čo sa učíme z výstredného sexuálneho života hmyzu
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Marlene Zuk nadšene a odhodlane študuje hmyz. V tejto poučnej a zábavnej prednáške sa delí o niekoľko informácií, ktoré sú naozaj prekvapivé – nielen kvôli kreatívnemu spôsobu rozmnožovania.
Marlene Zuk - Evolutionary biologist
Marlene Zuk studies insect behavior -- and how humans use animal behavior to think about how we behave ourselves. Full bio
Marlene Zuk studies insect behavior -- and how humans use animal behavior to think about how we behave ourselves. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
So, people are more afraid of insects
than they are of dying.
than they are of dying.
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Takže, ľudia sa viac boja
hmyzu než umierania.
hmyzu než umierania.
00:18
(Laughter)
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Aspoň to tvrdí Kniha zoznamov
z roku 1973, ktorá bola predchodcom
z roku 1973, ktorá bola predchodcom
00:20
At least, according to a 1973
"Book of Lists" survey
"Book of Lists" survey
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00:25
which preceded all those online best,
worst, funniest lists that you see today.
worst, funniest lists that you see today.
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všetkých tých internetových naj zoznamov.
00:32
Only heights and public speaking
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Jediné, čo predčilo šesťnohé príšerky,
00:35
exceeded the six-legged
as sources of fear.
as sources of fear.
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bol strach z výšok a strach
z hovorenia na verejnosti.
z hovorenia na verejnosti.
00:39
And I suspect if you had put
spiders in there,
spiders in there,
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A povedala by som,
že ak by sme započítali aj pavúky,
že ak by sme započítali aj pavúky,
00:43
the combinations of insects and spiders
would have just topped the chart.
would have just topped the chart.
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skončila by táto kombinácia
suverénne na prvom mieste.
suverénne na prvom mieste.
00:48
Now, I am not one of those people.
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Ja medzi týchto ľudí nepatrím.
00:50
I really love insects.
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Hmyz zbožňujem.
00:53
I think they're interesting and beautiful,
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Pripadá mi zaujímavý a krásny
00:57
and sometimes even cute.
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a niekedy aj zlatučký.
00:58
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
01:00
And I'm not alone.
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A nie som jediná.
Už po celé stáročia sa niektoré
z najväčších vedeckých osobností,
z najväčších vedeckých osobností,
01:01
For centuries, some
of the greatest minds in science,
of the greatest minds in science,
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01:05
from Charles Darwin to E.O. Wilson,
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od Charlesa Darwina po E.O. Wilsona,
01:08
have drawn inspiration from studying
some of the smallest minds on Earth.
some of the smallest minds on Earth.
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inšpirujú výskumom
tých najmenších na Zemi.
tých najmenších na Zemi.
01:14
Well, why is that?
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A prečo?
Čo nás priťahuje k hmyzu?
01:16
What is that keeps us
coming back to insects?
coming back to insects?
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01:20
Some of it, of course, is just the sheer
magnitude of almost everything about them.
magnitude of almost everything about them.
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Čiastočne je to samozrejme
ten ich obrovský počet.
ten ich obrovský počet.
Hmyz je najpočetnejšou
živočíšnou triedou na Zemi.
živočíšnou triedou na Zemi.
01:24
They're more numerous
than any other kind of animal.
than any other kind of animal.
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01:27
We don't even know how many species
of insects there are,
of insects there are,
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Ani nevieme, koľko najrôznejších
druhov hmyzu existuje,
druhov hmyzu existuje,
pretože sa stále objavujú nové a nové.
01:30
because new ones
are being discovered all the time.
are being discovered all the time.
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Je ich najmenej milión,
možno však aj 10 miliónov.
možno však aj 10 miliónov.
01:33
There are at least a million,
maybe as many as 10 million.
maybe as many as 10 million.
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01:37
This means that you could have
an insect-of-the-month calendar
an insect-of-the-month calendar
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To znamená, že keby sme mali
hmyzí kalendár, kde by každý hmyz
hmyzí kalendár, kde by každý hmyz
mal jeden mesiac, mal by 80 tisíc rokov
a ani raz by sme sa neopakovali.
a ani raz by sme sa neopakovali.
01:41
and not have to reuse a species
for over 80,000 years.
for over 80,000 years.
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01:45
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
01:48
Take that, pandas and kittens!
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Čo vy na to, pandy a mačiatka?
01:50
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
Ale vážne, hmyz je pre nás
nevyhnutne potrebný.
nevyhnutne potrebný.
01:52
More seriously, insects are essential.
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01:55
We need them.
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Potrebujeme ho.
01:57
It's been estimated
that 1 out of every 3 bites of food
that 1 out of every 3 bites of food
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Odhaduje sa, že každé jedno z 3 súst jedla
02:00
is made possible by a pollinator.
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je možné práve vďaka opeľovačom.
02:04
Scientist use insects to make fundamental
discoveries
discoveries
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Vedci využívajú hmyz na zásadné objavy
02:08
about everything from the structure
of our nervous systems
of our nervous systems
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týkajúce sa všetkého od štruktúry
nášho nervového systému
nášho nervového systému
02:11
to how our genes and DNA work.
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až po fungovanie génov a DNA.
02:14
But what I love most about insects
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Najviac sa mi ale na hmyze páči to,
02:16
is what they can tell us
about our own behavior.
about our own behavior.
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čo nám môže povedať
o našom vlastnom správaní.
o našom vlastnom správaní.
02:19
Insects seem like they do
everything that people do.
everything that people do.
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Vyzerá to, akoby hmyz
robil všetko to, čo ľudia.
robil všetko to, čo ľudia.
02:22
They meet, they mate,
they fight, they break up.
they fight, they break up.
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Od stretávania sa cez párenie
a boje až po rozchody.
a boje až po rozchody.
02:26
And they do so with what looks
like love or animosity.
like love or animosity.
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A to všetko s niečím, čo vyzerá
ako láska alebo nenávisť.
ako láska alebo nenávisť.
02:31
But what drives their behaviors is really
different than what drives our own,
different than what drives our own,
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To, čo ich ženie dopredu,
je ale niečo iné, ako čo ženie nás,
je ale niečo iné, ako čo ženie nás,
a práve tento rozdiel
môže byť veľmi poučný.
môže byť veľmi poučný.
02:36
and that difference
can be really illuminating.
can be really illuminating.
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02:40
There's nowhere where that's more true
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Úplne najviac sa to týka oblasti,
02:42
than when it comes to one
of our most consuming interests -- sex.
of our most consuming interests -- sex.
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ktorá nás toľko pohlcuje - sexu.
02:46
Now, I will maintain.
and I think I can defend,
and I think I can defend,
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Trvám na tom a myslím si,
že toto možno prekvapivé tvrdenie
že toto možno prekvapivé tvrdenie
02:48
what may seem like a surprising statement.
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si viem obhájiť.
02:52
I think sex in insects is more
interesting than sex in people.
interesting than sex in people.
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Myslím si, že sex u hmyzu
je zaujímavejší ako sex u ľudí.
je zaujímavejší ako sex u ľudí.
02:56
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
02:58
And the wild variety that we see
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A jeho široké spektrum, ktoré pozorujeme,
nás núti spochybňovať niektoré
naše vlastné domnienky o tom,
naše vlastné domnienky o tom,
03:01
makes us challenge
some of our own assumptions
some of our own assumptions
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03:04
about what it means to be male and female.
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čo to znamená byť muž alebo žena.
03:07
Of course, to start with,
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Napríklad,
03:09
a lot of insects don't need
to have sex at all to reproduce.
to have sex at all to reproduce.
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mnoho druhov hmyzu na reprodukciu
vôbec nepotrebuje sex.
vôbec nepotrebuje sex.
03:12
Female aphids can make little, tiny clones
of themselves without ever mating.
of themselves without ever mating.
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Samičky vošiek vedia vytvárať svoje
klony, bez toho, že by sa museli páriť.
klony, bez toho, že by sa museli páriť.
03:17
Virgin birth, right there.
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Vidíte, panenské počatie.
Priamo na vašich ružiach.
03:18
On your rose bushes.
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03:20
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
03:23
When they do have sex,
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A keď už u nich dochádza k sexu,
03:25
even their sperm is more
interesting than human sperm.
interesting than human sperm.
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aj ich ejakulát je omnoho
zaujímavejší ako ten ľudský.
zaujímavejší ako ten ľudský.
Existujú drozofily,
03:28
There are some kinds of fruit flies
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03:30
whose sperm is longer
than the male's own body.
than the male's own body.
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ktorých ejakulát je dlhší
ako celé samčekovo telo.
ako celé samčekovo telo.
03:34
And that's important because the males
use their sperm to compete.
use their sperm to compete.
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Čo je dôležité, pretože samčekovia
svojím ejakulátom medzi sebou súperia.
svojím ejakulátom medzi sebou súperia.
03:38
Now, male insects do compete with weapons,
like the horns on these beetles.
like the horns on these beetles.
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Samčekovia často súperia aj zbraňami,
napríklad chrobáky svojimi rohmi.
napríklad chrobáky svojimi rohmi.
03:43
But they also compete
after mating with their sperm.
after mating with their sperm.
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Po párení je ale bežné,
že súperia svojím ejakulátom.
že súperia svojím ejakulátom.
03:48
Dragonflies and damselflies have penises
that look kind of like Swiss Army knives
that look kind of like Swiss Army knives
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Vážky a šidlá majú penisy,
ktoré trochu pripomínajú švajčiarske nože,
ktoré trochu pripomínajú švajčiarske nože,
03:53
with all of the attachments pulled out.
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so všetkým výsuvným vybavením.
03:55
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
03:57
They use these formidable devices
like scoops,
like scoops,
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Používajú tieto impozantné
nástroje ako lyžice,
nástroje ako lyžice,
04:02
to remove the sperm from previous males
that the female has mated with.
that the female has mated with.
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aby zo samičky vybrali ejakulát samčekov,
s ktorými sa párila predtým.
s ktorými sa párila predtým.
04:06
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
04:08
So, what can we learn from this?
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Aké ponaučenie si z toho
môžeme odniesť my?
môžeme odniesť my?
04:11
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
04:17
All right, it is not a lesson in the sense
of us imitating them
of us imitating them
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Máte pravdu, nejde úplne o to,
aby sme ich napodobňovali,
aby sme ich napodobňovali,
04:22
or of them setting
an example for us to follow.
an example for us to follow.
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alebo si z nich brali príklad.
Čo je v tomto prípade možno dobre.
04:25
Which, given this,
is probably just as well.
is probably just as well.
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A hovorila som už o hojne rozšírenom
hmyzom sexuálnom kanibalizme?
hmyzom sexuálnom kanibalizme?
04:29
And also, did I mention sexual cannibalism
is rampant among insects?
is rampant among insects?
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Takže nie, o to naozaj nejde.
04:32
So, no, that's not the point.
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Myslím si ale, že hmyz porušuje
04:35
But what I think insects do,
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04:36
is break a lot of the rules
that we humans have about the sex roles.
that we humans have about the sex roles.
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mnohé pravidlá o sexuálnych rolách,
ktorými sa riadime my ľudia.
ktorými sa riadime my ľudia.
04:43
So, people have this idea that nature
dictates kind of a 1950s sitcom version
dictates kind of a 1950s sitcom version
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Ľudia si myslia, že rolu muža a ženy,
ktorá pripomína sitkom z 50. rokov,
ktorá pripomína sitkom z 50. rokov,
04:48
of what males and females are like.
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nám diktuje príroda.
04:50
So that males are always
supposed to be dominant and aggressive,
supposed to be dominant and aggressive,
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Takže muži majú byť vždy
dominantní a agresívni,
dominantní a agresívni,
04:54
and females are passive and coy.
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ženy pasívne a poslušné.
04:55
But that's just not the case.
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Ale tak to nie je.
04:58
So for example, take katydids,
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Zoberme si napríklad saranče,
05:00
which are relatives of crickets
and grasshoppers.
and grasshoppers.
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ktoré sú príbuzné cvrčkom
a lúčnym koníkom.
a lúčnym koníkom.
Samčekovia si veľmi vyberajú,
s kým sa budú páriť,
s kým sa budú páriť,
05:03
The males are very picky
about who they mate with,
about who they mate with,
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pretože pri párení dávajú
samičke nielen svoje spermie,
samičke nielen svoje spermie,
05:07
because they not only transfer
sperm during mating,
sperm during mating,
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ale aj niečo, čo by sme mohli
nazvať svadobným darom.
nazvať svadobným darom.
05:10
they also give the female
something called a nuptial gift.
something called a nuptial gift.
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05:14
You can see two katydids
mating in these photos.
mating in these photos.
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Na týchto fotografiách vidíte
dve páriace sa saranče.
dve páriace sa saranče.
05:18
In both panels,
the male's the one on the right,
the male's the one on the right,
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Samček je vždy ten vpravo
05:20
and that sword-like appendage
is the female's egg-laying organ.
is the female's egg-laying organ.
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a ten mečovitý výbežok
je samičí orgán na kladenie vajíčok.
je samičí orgán na kladenie vajíčok.
05:25
The white blob is the sperm,
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Tá biela guľôčka, to sú spermie,
05:27
the green blob is the nuptial gift,
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tá zelená je ten svadobný dar,
ktorý samček vytvára z vlastného tela,
05:31
and the male manufactures
this from his own body
this from his own body
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čo je nesmierne nákladné.
05:34
and it's extremely costly to produce.
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05:36
It can weigh up to a third
of his body mass.
of his body mass.
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Tento „dar“ môže vážiť
až tretinu hmotnosti samčeka.
až tretinu hmotnosti samčeka.
05:39
I will now pause for a moment
and let you think about
and let you think about
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Teraz sa na chvíľku odmlčím
a nechám vás premýšľať,
a nechám vás premýšľať,
aké by to bolo, keby muži
pri každom sexe museli vyprodukovať
pri každom sexe museli vyprodukovať
05:42
what it would be like if human men,
every time they had sex,
every time they had sex,
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niečo s hmotnosťou 20, 30, 35 kg.
05:46
had to produce something
that weighed 50, 60, 70 pounds.
that weighed 50, 60, 70 pounds.
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05:52
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
05:56
Okay, they would not be able
to do that very often.
to do that very often.
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Asi by to nemohli robiť príliš často.
05:59
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
06:01
And indeed, neither can the katydids.
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A presne tak to nemôžu ani saranče.
06:04
And so what that means
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A preto
06:06
is the katydid males are very choosy
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sú ich samčekovia veľmi vyberaví
06:10
about who they offer
these nuptial gifts to.
these nuptial gifts to.
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v tom, komu ponúknu svoj dar.
06:13
Now, the gift is very nutritious,
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Sarančí dar je veľmi výživný
06:15
and the female eats it
during and after mating.
during and after mating.
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a samičky ho konzumujú
počas párenia aj po ňom.
počas párenia aj po ňom.
Takže čím je dar väčší,
tým lepšie pre samčeka,
tým lepšie pre samčeka,
06:17
So, the bigger it is,
the better off the male is,
the better off the male is,
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pretože jeho spermie majú viac času na to,
06:20
because that means more time for his sperm
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aby sa dostali do samičky
a oplodnili jej vajíčka.
a oplodnili jej vajíčka.
06:22
to drain into her body
and fertilize her eggs.
and fertilize her eggs.
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06:25
But it also means that the males
are very passive about mating,
are very passive about mating,
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Znamená to ale tiež to, že samčekovia
sú ohľadom párenia veľmi pasívni,
sú ohľadom párenia veľmi pasívni,
kým samičky nesmierne
agresívne a súťaživé,
agresívne a súťaživé,
06:29
whereas the females
are extremely aggressive and competitive,
are extremely aggressive and competitive,
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pretože chcú tých výživných
svadobných darov čo najviac.
svadobných darov čo najviac.
06:33
in an attempt to get as many of these
nutritious nuptial gifts as they can.
nutritious nuptial gifts as they can.
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06:37
So, it's not exactly
a stereotypical set of rules.
a stereotypical set of rules.
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To nie je práve stereotypné správanie.
06:42
Even more generally though,
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Dokonca sa dá všeobecne povedať,
06:44
males are actually not all that important
in the lives of a lot of insects.
in the lives of a lot of insects.
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že samčekovia často nie sú
v hmyzom svete vôbec dôležití.
v hmyzom svete vôbec dôležití.
06:49
In the social insects --
the bees and wasps and ants --
the bees and wasps and ants --
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U spoločenského hmyzu,
včiel, ôs a mravcov,
včiel, ôs a mravcov,
06:54
the individuals that you see every day --
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tie, ktoré každý deň vidíte,
06:56
the ants going back and forth
to your sugar bowl,
to your sugar bowl,
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mravci lezúci tam a späť
k miske s cukrom,
k miske s cukrom,
včely poletujúce z kvetu na kvet,
06:59
the honey bees that are flitting
from flower to flower --
from flower to flower --
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07:02
all of those are always female.
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to všetko sú samičky.
07:05
People have had a hard time getting
their head around that idea for millennia.
their head around that idea for millennia.
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Ľuďom trvalo celé tisícročia,
kým sa s tým zmierili.
kým sa s tým zmierili.
07:09
The ancient Greeks knew that there was
a class of bees, the drones,
a class of bees, the drones,
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V starovekom Grécku sa vedelo,
že medzi včelami sú trúdy,
že medzi včelami sú trúdy,
ktorí sú väčší ako robotnice
07:15
that are larger than the workers,
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a hoci odsudzovali lenivosť trúdov,
07:17
although they disapproved
of the drones' laziness
of the drones' laziness
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pretože videli, že sa len
tak ponevierajú okolo úľov,
tak ponevierajú okolo úľov,
07:19
because they could see that
the drones just hang around the hive
the drones just hang around the hive
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kým nepríde k svadobnému letu –
07:22
until the mating flight --
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boli to len samčekovia.
07:24
they're the males.
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Iba tak nečinne čakajú na párenie,
07:25
They hang around until the mating flight,
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ale nijako sa nezúčastňujú
zberu nektáru alebo peľu.
zberu nektáru alebo peľu.
07:27
but they don't participate
in gathering nectar or pollen.
in gathering nectar or pollen.
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Gréci nemohli prísť na pohlavie trúdov,
07:30
The Greeks couldn't figure out
the drones' sex,
the drones' sex,
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a čiastočne aj preto,
že nemohli uveriť tomu,
že nemohli uveriť tomu,
07:32
and part of the confusion was that they
were aware of the stinging ability of bees
were aware of the stinging ability of bees
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07:37
but they found it difficult to believe
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že by zviera disponujúce takou
zbraňou ako je včelie žihadlo
zbraňou ako je včelie žihadlo
07:40
that any animals that bore such a weapon
could possibly be a female.
could possibly be a female.
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mohla byť samička.
07:43
Aristotle tried to get involved as well.
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Zapojil sa do toho aj Aristoteles.
07:46
He suggested, "OK, if the stinging
individuals are going to be the males ..."
individuals are going to be the males ..."
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Začal: „Dobre, ak tí, čo majú žihadlá,
sú samčekovia...“
sú samčekovia...“
07:51
Then he got confused,
because that would have meant
because that would have meant
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Potom sa zarazil, lebo to by znamenalo,
07:53
the males were also taking care
of the young in a colony,
of the young in a colony,
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že samčekovia sa tiež starajú o mladé,
07:56
and he seemed to think
that would be completely impossible.
that would be completely impossible.
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a to mu pripadalo absolútne nemožné.
08:01
He then concluded that maybe
bees had the organs of both sexes
bees had the organs of both sexes
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Potom prišiel k názoru, že včela
má zrejme orgány oboch pohlaví,
má zrejme orgány oboch pohlaví,
08:04
in the same individual,
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čo nie je úplne mimo,
08:05
which is not that far-fetched,
some animals do that,
some animals do that,
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u niektorých druhov to tak býva,
08:07
but he never really
did get it figured out.
did get it figured out.
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ale nikdy neprišiel na to,
ako je to naozaj.
ako je to naozaj.
08:10
And you know, even today,
my students, for instance,
my students, for instance,
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A vlastne aj dnes,
napríklad niektorí moji študenti
napríklad niektorí moji študenti
08:14
call every animal they see,
including insects, a male.
including insects, a male.
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považujú každé zviera, ktoré vidia,
vrátane hmyzu, za samčeka.
vrátane hmyzu, za samčeka.
08:19
And when I tell them
that the ferocious army-ant soldiers
that the ferocious army-ant soldiers
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A keď im poviem,
že tí zúriví mravčí vojaci
že tí zúriví mravčí vojaci
08:23
with their giant jaws,
used to defend the colony,
used to defend the colony,
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s ohromnými hryzadlami,
ktoré bránia kolóniu,
ktoré bránia kolóniu,
sú všetko samičky,
08:26
are all always female,
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nevyzerajú, že by mi tak celkom verili.
08:29
they seem to not quite believe me.
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08:31
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
A samozrejme všetky filmy o hmyze
– Mravec Z, Pán Včielka –
– Mravec Z, Pán Včielka –
08:32
And certainly all of the movies --
Antz, Bee Movie --
Antz, Bee Movie --
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zobrazujú hlavného hrdinu
spoločenského hmyzu ako samčeka.
spoločenského hmyzu ako samčeka.
08:37
portray the main character
in the social insects as being male.
in the social insects as being male.
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08:44
Well, what difference does this make?
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Aký je v tom rozdiel?
08:46
These are movies. They're fiction.
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Sú to filmy, je to fikcia.
08:48
They have talking animals in them.
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Sú tam hovoriace zvieratá.
08:50
What difference does it make
if they talk like Jerry Seinfeld?
if they talk like Jerry Seinfeld?
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No a čo?
Hlavne, že ich nahovoril Jerry Seinfeld.
Hlavne, že ich nahovoril Jerry Seinfeld.
08:53
I think it does matter,
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Podľa mňa na tom záleží
a ide o problém, ktorý je
v skutočnosti omnoho hlbší
v skutočnosti omnoho hlbší
08:55
and it's a problem that actually
is part of a much deeper one
is part of a much deeper one
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a jeho dôsledky pozorujeme
v medicíne a starostlivosti o zdravie
v medicíne a starostlivosti o zdravie
08:58
that has implications
for medicine and health
for medicine and health
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09:02
and a lot of other aspects of our lives.
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a ešte v ďalších aspektov nášho života.
09:05
You all know that scientists
use what we call model systems,
use what we call model systems,
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Všetci vieme, že vedci pracujú
s tzv. modelovými systémami,
s tzv. modelovými systémami,
ktoré spočívajú v tom,
že ostatné zvieratá, vrátane ľudí,
že ostatné zvieratá, vrátane ľudí,
09:09
which are creatures --
white rats or fruit flies --
white rats or fruit flies --
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09:12
that are kind of stand-ins
for all other animals, including people.
for all other animals, including people.
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zastupujú laboratórne myši
alebo drozofily.
alebo drozofily.
09:17
And the idea is
that what's true for a person
that what's true for a person
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Vychádza sa z toho,
že čo platí pre človeka,
že čo platí pre človeka,
09:20
will also be true for the white rat.
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platí aj pre laboratórne myši.
09:22
And by and large,
that turns out to be the case.
that turns out to be the case.
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Čo je nakoniec väčšinou aj pravda.
09:25
But you can take the idea
of a model system too far.
of a model system too far.
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Je ale možné, že s modelovými
systémami zachádzame príliš ďaleko.
systémami zachádzame príliš ďaleko.
09:29
And what I think we've done,
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A ja si myslím,
09:32
is use males, in any species,
as though they are the model system.
as though they are the model system.
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že sme prijali správanie samcov,
akéhokoľvek druhu, za náš modelový systém.
akéhokoľvek druhu, za náš modelový systém.
09:37
The norm.
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Ako normu.
09:38
The way things are supposed to be.
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Ako spôsob, akým sa veci majú diať.
09:41
And females as a kind of variant --
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A samičky berieme ako takú alternatívu,
09:44
something special that you only study
after you get the basics down.
after you get the basics down.
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niečo zvláštne, na čo sa zameriame
až vtedy, keď máme preštudované základy.
až vtedy, keď máme preštudované základy.
09:49
And so, back to the insects.
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Späť k hmyzu.
09:52
I think what that means
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Myslím, že to znamená,
09:53
is that people just couldn't see
what was in front of them.
what was in front of them.
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že ľudia skrátka nevideli to,
čo mali priamo pod nosom.
čo mali priamo pod nosom.
09:56
Because they assumed that the world's
stage was largely occupied by male players
stage was largely occupied by male players
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Predpokladali totiž, že javisko svet
je plné mužských hercov
je plné mužských hercov
10:03
and females would only have
minor, walk-on roles.
minor, walk-on roles.
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a samičky sa len sem-tam
objavia vo vedľajšej roli.
objavia vo vedľajšej roli.
10:07
But when we do that, we really miss out
on a lot of what nature is like.
on a lot of what nature is like.
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Keď sa na to ale dívame takto,
o podstate prírody nám toho veľa uniká.
o podstate prírody nám toho veľa uniká.
10:13
And we can also miss out on the way
natural, living things, including people,
natural, living things, including people,
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A tiež nám môže uniknúť, ako sa normálne
živé bytosti, vrátane ľudí,
živé bytosti, vrátane ľudí,
10:20
can vary.
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môžu od seba líšiť.
10:22
And I think that's why we've used males
as models in a lot of medical research,
as models in a lot of medical research,
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A je to tým, že sme pri mnohých lekárskych
výskumoch vychádzali z mužských modelov,
výskumoch vychádzali z mužských modelov,
10:27
something that we know now to be a problem
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čo sa ukazuje ako problém,
10:29
if we want the results to apply
to both men and women.
to both men and women.
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ak chceme aplikovať výsledky
na mužov aj na ženy.
na mužov aj na ženy.
10:34
Well, the last thing
I really love about insects
I really love about insects
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No a to posledné, čo na hmyze
naozaj zbožňujem,
naozaj zbožňujem,
10:37
is something that a lot of people
find unnerving about them.
find unnerving about them.
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je niečo, čo ostatných ľudí deptá.
10:40
They have little, tiny brains
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Majú maličké mozgy
10:42
with very little cognitive ability,
the way we normally think of it.
the way we normally think of it.
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s nízkou kognitívnou schopnosťou,
aspoň v zmysle, ako ich chápeme my.
aspoň v zmysle, ako ich chápeme my.
10:46
They have complicated behavior,
but they lack complicated brains.
but they lack complicated brains.
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Ich správanie je zložité,
ale ich mozgy nie.
ale ich mozgy nie.
10:51
And so, we can't just think of them
as though they're little people
as though they're little people
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A tiež ich nemôžeme brať
ako maličkých ľudí,
ako maličkých ľudí,
10:57
because they don't do things
the way that we do.
the way that we do.
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pretože veci nerobia ako my.
11:00
I really love that it's difficult
to anthropomorphize insects,
to anthropomorphize insects,
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Veľmi sa mi páči, že je ťažké
hmyz antropomorfizovať,
hmyz antropomorfizovať,
11:04
to look at them and just think of them
like they're little people
like they're little people
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pozerať sa naň ako na maličkých ľudí
11:08
in exoskeletons, with six legs.
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s vonkajšou kostrou a šiestimi nohami.
11:10
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
11:12
Instead, you really have to accept them
on their own terms,
on their own terms,
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Namiesto toho ho musíme brať taký, aký je,
11:15
because insects make us question
what's normal and what's natural.
what's normal and what's natural.
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pretože hmyz nás núti pochybovať o tom,
čo je normálne a prirodzené.
čo je normálne a prirodzené.
11:21
Now, you know, people write fiction
and talk about parallel universes.
and talk about parallel universes.
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Poznáte to, ľudia píšu fikcie
a hovoria o paralelných vesmíroch.
a hovoria o paralelných vesmíroch.
11:26
They speculate about the supernatural,
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Dumajú nad nadprirodzeným svetom,
11:29
maybe the spirits of the departed
walking among us.
walking among us.
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nad dušami mŕtvych nad nami.
11:34
The allure of another world
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Kúzlo iných svetov je to,
11:37
is something that people say is part of
why they want to dabble in the paranormal.
why they want to dabble in the paranormal.
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čo ľudia uvádzajú ako dôvod
svojho záujmu o paranormálne javy.
svojho záujmu o paranormálne javy.
11:44
But as far as I'm concerned,
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Ale pokiaľ ide o mňa,
11:46
who needs to be able to see dead people,
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prečo by som mala chcieť
vidieť mŕtvych ľudí,
vidieť mŕtvych ľudí,
11:48
when you can see live insects?
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keď môžem vidieť živý hmyz?
11:51
Thank you.
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Ďakujem.
11:52
(Applause)
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(potlesk)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Marlene Zuk - Evolutionary biologistMarlene Zuk studies insect behavior -- and how humans use animal behavior to think about how we behave ourselves.
Why you should listen
Marlene Zuk is a biologist and writer who researches animal behavior and evolution, mostly using insects as subjects. Zuk is interested in the ways that people use animal behavior to think about human behavior, and vice versa, as well as in the public's understanding of evolution. She teaches graduate and undergraduate courses in the Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior at the University of Minnesota -- including a seminar called “What’s the Alternative to Alternative Medicine?”
In addition to publishing numerous scientific articles, Zuk has published four books for a general audience: Sexual Selections: What We Can and Can’t Learn About Sex from Animals; Riddled with Life: Friendly Worms, Ladybug Sex, and the Parasites That Make Us Who We Are; Sex on Six Legs: Lessons on Life, Love and Language from the Insect World; and most recently, Paleofantasy: What Evolution Really Tells Us About Sex, Diet and the Way We Live.
Marlene Zuk | Speaker | TED.com